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Chemical Based Management of Heat Stress in Mustard
Vol. 33, No. 4, October-December 2015 2819
* C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat - 385506,India.
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Chemical Based Management of Heat Stress in Mustard (Brasicajuncea L Czern
and Coss)
Khiladkar Ganesh C., H.S. Bhadauria, R.M. Chauhan and K. Suresh*
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted on mustard (Brasica juncea L Czern & Cross) during rabi season of 2010-11 atMain Castor and Mustard Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar, Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagarto study the chemical based management of heat stress in mustard. The treatments consisted 12 possible combinations of twolevels of sowing dates in main plot and six levels of chemicals in sub-plot. The results revealed that the foliar application of75 ppm salicylic acid and KH2PO4 with first date of sowing 20th October, 2010 when compared with the control were foundsuperior for raceme length (13.84%), number of siliqua on main raceme (16.27%), crop growth rate (44.73%), relativegrowth rate (42.10%), relative water content (24.04%), seed yield per plant (19.83%) and oil content (11.52%). While inthe second date of sowing 20th November, 2010 the foliar application of 75 ppm salicylic acid and KH2PO4 when comparedwith the control increased raceme length (21.49%), number of siliqua on main raceme (24.39%), relative growth rate(49.31%), seed yield per plant (21.77%) and decreased results were observed in crop growth rate (41.75%), relative watercontent (14.62%) and oil content (10.93%).
Keywords: Dates of sowing, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, mustard.
INTRODUCTION
Mustard (Brassica juncea L Czern and Coss) is oneof the most ancient oilseed crop belongs to the familycruciferous (Syn. bressicacae) and genus brassica. Thecrop is cultivated almost throughout the country forits high quality oil and has tremendous potentialexport in the world. Mustard is grown during rabiseason in Gujarat. Mustard being a cool season croprequires optimum temperature range 6-26°C forbetter growth and development. High temperaturestress adversely affects plant growth, developmentand crop yield. According to recent study (Lobeland Asner 2003) each degree centigrade increases inaverage growing season temperature reduce cropyield up to 17 percent. High temperature in Brassicainhibits plant development and caused flowerabortion with appreciable loss in seed yield.Flowering stage have a strong influence on seedyield with rise of 30°C of maximum dailytemperature, the seed yield decline. (Nuttall et al.1992). Chemical like salicylic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can play relieve high
temperature effect from the mustard by increasingactivity of antioxidant enzymes. Salicylic acid playdiverse physiological role in plants includingthermogenesis, flower induction, nutrient uptake,stomata movement photosynthesis and enzymeactivities (Hayet et al. 2007). Potassium di-hydrogenphosphate improved accumulation of water byenhancing the leaf water potential and this mighthave led to higher CO2 exchange rate and hence thepositive effect of potassium as a nutrient to maintainthe water status of plant, and help in osmoticadjustment there by restricts the water loss from cell.Hence the present investigation was undertaken tostudy the effect of chemical based management ofheat stress in mustard under agro-climatic conditionsof North Gujarat region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasonof 2010-11 at the Main Castor and Mustard ResearchStation, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada AgriculturalUniversity, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat. The soil was
Khiladkar Ganesh C, H.S. Bhadauria, R.M. Chauhan and K. Suresh
2820 International Journal of Tropical Agriculture © Serials Publications, ISSN: 0254-8755
sandy in texture with PH 7.4, EC 0.18 dSm-1, availableN 138 kg/ha, available P2O5 32.93 kg/ha, availableK2O 279 kg/ha respectively. The experiment was laidout in split plot design with 4 replications. Allpossible 12 treatment combinations consisting of twodates of sowing viz., 20th October (D1) and 20th
November (D2) as main plot treatments, six spraylevels viz., Control (F1), Foliar spray of water (F2),Foliar spray of Salicylic acid 50 ppm (F3), Foliar sprayof Salicylic acid 75 ppm (F4), Foliar spray ofPotassium di-hydrogen phosphate 50 ppm (F5), Foliarspray of Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate 75 ppm(F6) as sub plot treatments. Mustard variety GM 3was sown in rows at 30 cm apart on 20th Octoberand 20th November. A common irrigation was givenimmediately after sowing the crop for satisfactoryseed germination and proper establishment of crop.Other agronomical operations were followed as perrecommendations made for the mustard in theregion. The five plants were randomly selected fromeach net plot. Each selected plant was labelled foreasy identification. The same five plants wereharvested separately for post-harvest study. Anotherfive plants selected for destructive parameters. Themean of five observation plants were used forcalculating sampling values of growth parameters,yield attributes and yield. The experimental datawere statistically analyzed for level of significanceand pooled analysis for both the dates of sowing.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of date of sowing on physiological charactersand yield:
Significantly maximum raceme length, number ofsiliqua on main raceme, crop growth rate, relativegrowth rate, relative water content, seed yield perplant and oil content were recorded when the cropsowed at 20th October,2010 (D1). Whereas, minimumvalues of physiological characters as well as yieldwere observed when the crop sowed at 20th
November, 2010 (D2). The mean seed yield increasedunder D1 over D2. Increase in yield under D1 mightbe due to the fact that during the first date of sowinghigh temperature stress was not occurred. Theoptimum temperatures resulted in improvement inrelative water content, seed yield per plant as wellas increased Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and RelativeGrowth Rate (RGR) resulting in more efficientpartitioning of dry matter to the yield attributingparts of the plant. Late sowing reduced the growthphase leading to lower photosynthesis and dry
Tab
le 1
Effe
ct o
f d
ate
of s
owin
g an
d ch
emic
al t
reat
men
ts o
n ph
ysio
logi
cal
char
acte
rs
Trea
tmen
tsC
rop
Gro
wth
Rel
ativ
e Gro
wth
Rel
ativ
e wat
erR
acem
e Le
ngth
No.
of s
iliqu
aSe
ed y
ield
/O
ilR
ate
Rat
eco
nten
ton
mai
nrac
eme
plan
tco
nten
t(m
g/ c
m2 /
day)
(mg/
g/da
y)(c
m)
(%)
60 D
AS
80 D
AS
A. M
ain
Plot
(Sow
ing
Dat
e)20
th O
ctob
er (
D1)
2.98
2.88
51.4
132
.41
74.5
439
.86
12.5
340
.64
20th
Nov
embe
r (D
1)2.
792.
8248
.91
30.9
871
.50
33.8
210
.49
36.7
6SE
m ±
0.03
0.05
1.38
0.71
0.56
0.43
0.12
0.40
C.D
. at
5 %
0.09
NS
NS
NS
1.66
1.28
0.36
1.24
C.V
. (%
)12
.07
11.7
614
.56
11.9
28.
126.
255.
767.
62
B. S
ub P
lot
(Che
mic
al T
reat
men
t)C
ontr
ol (
F 1)2.
121.
9943
.09
29.4
168
.88
33.0
010
.11
35.4
8Fo
liar
sp
ray
of w
ater
(F 2)
2.22
2.20
46.2
331
.72
72.8
835
.25
11.2
337
.11
Foli
ar s
pra
y of
Sal
icyl
ic a
cid
50
pp
m (
F 3)3.
293.
4952
.05
34.6
573
.63
38.5
012
.38
38.0
4Fo
liar
sp
ray
of S
alic
ylic
aci
d 7
5 p
pm
(F 4)
3.77
3.83
56.4
535
.14
79.0
040
.13
13.7
139
.65
Foli
ar s
pra
y of
Pot
assi
um
di-
hyd
roge
n p
hos
ph
ate
50 p
pm
(F 5)
3.30
3.09
51.2
330
.41
67.5
032
.63
12.3
838
.11
Foli
ar s
pra
y of
Pot
assi
um
di-
hyd
roge
n p
hos
ph
ate
75 p
pm
(F 6)
3.59
3.68
52.8
330
.81
73.7
538
.63
13.6
839
.23
SEm
±0.
150.
101.
431.
0075
.50
39.7
50.
160.
69C
.D.
at 5
%0.
440.
304.
292.
951.
330.
710.
472.
07
Inte
ract
ion
effe
cts o
f Dat
e of
Sow
ing
× C
hem
ical
sSE
m ±
0.21
0.15
2.03
1.42
1.89
1.00
0.28
0.98
C.D
. at
5 %
0.62
0.43
5.83
4.09
5.43
2.89
1.12
3.2
C.V
. (%
)10
.14
10.6
48.
118.
997.
185.
474.
088.
21
Chemical Based Management of Heat Stress in Mustard
Vol. 33, No. 4, October-December 2015 2821
matter accumulation. The findings are in closeagreement with the results obtained by Shivani et al.(2002), Panda et al. (2004) and Loyal et al. (2006).
Different date of sowing schedules significantlyaffected the oil content which were observed 40.46%in first date of sowing as against 36.76% in scheduledate of sowing. During second date of sowing hightemperature stress occurred due to that reductionwas registered. The results are consistent with thefindings of Singh et al. (2002) and Bala et al. (2011).
Oil content was significantly increased with 75ppm salicylic acid (F4) over rest of the treatments.Higher concentration of nutrients in seed along withhigher seed yield under foliar spray of salicylic acidresulted in higher uptake of nutrients. The incrementin oil content might be due to the increase invegetative growth and monoterpins biosynthesis.The results are in conformity with the findings ofSingh et al. (2002), Bala et al. (2011) and Sharma et al.(2013), in mustard.
Interaction effect of date of sowing and chemicaltreatments:
Significantly, the higher growth components, seedyield, oil content were recorded when the crop wasgrown on 20th October,2010 (D1) along with theapplication of 75 ppm salicylic acid (F4) (D1×F4).Treatment combination D1×F6 recorded significantlyhigher seed yield then the rest of the combinations,but it remained at par with D1×F4 combinations.
Due to early date of sowing along withapplication of salicylic acid might have increasedphysiological processes by scavenging reactiveoxygen species (ROS) which usually produced duringterminal heat stress. These results are in closeagreement of the results obtained by Afroz et al.(2011) and Orabi et al. (2011).
REFERENCE
Afroz, M.M. (2011), Effect of sowing date and seed rate onyield performance of two mustard varieties. JBAU, 9(1):5-8.
Bala, P. (2011), Yield response of mustard to sowing datelibyan agriculture research center. International Journalof Agronomy, 2(3): 112-117.
Hayat, Q. Hayat, S. Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A. (2010), Effectof exogenous salicylic acid under changingenvironment: A review. Environ. Exp. Bot, 68: 14-25.
Lobel, G. H. and Asner, P.K. (2003), Effect of hightemperature on crop growth and yield. Progress. Agric.49: 23-99.
Tab
le 2
Inte
ract
ion
effe
ct o
f d
ate
of s
owin
g an
d c
hem
ical
tre
atm
ents
on
phy
siol
ogic
al c
hara
cter
s.
Leve
ls o
fC
rop
Gro
wth
Rel
ativ
e Gro
wth
Rel
ativ
e Wat
erR
acem
e len
gth
No.
of s
iliqu
aSe
ed y
ield
Oil
cont
ent
Dat
e of
Rat
eR
ate
Con
tent
(cm
)on
mai
npe
r pl
ant
(%)
Che
mic
al(m
g/cm
2 /da
y)(m
g/g/
day)
(%)
race
me
(g)
trea
tmen
tsso
win
g/
D1
D2
D1
D2
60 D
AS
80 D
AS
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
F 12.
152.
122.
311.
8541
.12
39.0
529
.69
27.7
370
.00
60.2
536
3111
.32
10.4
237
.23
33.7
2F 2
2.48
2.32
2.44
2.08
51.1
841
.27
32.0
531
.37
72.5
065
.25
4035
11.3
711
.00
38.1
234
.09
F 33.
483.
103.
573.
4154
.96
49.1
339
.09
30.2
177
.50
70.0
041
4012
.65
12.1
239
.32
36.7
5F 4
3.85
3.64
3.99
3.65
57.0
555
.84
38.4
531
.82
81.2
576
.75
4341
14.1
213
.03
42.0
837
.21
F 53.
892.
723.
412.
4153
.97
50.4
931
.88
30.9
473
.00
72.8
535
3112
.65
12.0
738
.35
37.8
6F 6
3.84
3.44
3.57
3.21
55.2
548
.41
29.1
432
.48
74.0
073
.55
4139
14.0
213
.32
39.7
938
.66
S.Em
±0.
210.
152.
031.
422.
031.
421.
861.
470.
481.
80C
. D. a
t 5%
0.62
0.43
5.83
4.09
5.83
4.09
5.35
4.24
1.12
5.4
Khiladkar Ganesh C, H.S. Bhadauria, R.M. Chauhan and K. Suresh
2822 International Journal of Tropical Agriculture © Serials Publications, ISSN: 0254-8755
Loyal, K. S. Das, B. Singh, R. and Mohanty, A. K. (2006),Influence of the thermal environment on phenology,growth and development of mustard varieties. Journalof Oils and Crops, 16(2): 283-290.
Nutthal, G.S. (1992), Effect of salicylic acid allevatesdecreases in photosynthesis under heat stress andaccelerates recovery in sunflower. J. Plant Physio, 57(3): 407-310.
Orabi, S.R. (2011), Increasing resistance to oxidativedamage in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plant byexogenous application of salicylic acid andpaclobutrazaol. J. Plant Physiology. 160: 485-492.
Panda, B.B. Shivay, Y.S. and Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2004),Growth and development of Indian mustard (Brassica
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Sharma, P. Sardana, V. Banga, S.S. (2013), Effect ofSalicylic Acid on Growth and Seed Filling in Indianmustard (Brassica juncea L.) under High TemperatureStress. Society for plant research Vol. 26(1): 243-248.
Shivani and Kumar, S. (2002), Response of Indian mustard(Brassica juncea) to sowing date and row spacing inmid hills of Sikkim under rainfed conditions. Indian.J. Agron., 47(3): 405-410.
Singh, A. Dhingra, K. K. Singh, S. and Singh, M.P. (2002),Effect of sowing time and plant density on growth,yield and quality of Ethopian mustard (Brassicacarinata L. Br.). J. Sci. Indian. Res., 39(4): 471-475.
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