1. , , -, - , , - - - - - - , 2006 1- 1200 .. 1700 2- 3- 10 20 4- 15

2. 5- 8 6- ( Chronic Kidney Diseases) 7- 40 1% , 8- 0.5% 20-25% 9- 10- 50 ( 10%) 11- 12- . , 1954 ( ) ( renal fascia) 115 170 11-14 , 6 3 , (renal hilum) , (renal capsule) 3. ( parenchyma) ( renal cortex) ( renal medulla) , , , (Nephrons) , ( renal corpuscle) ( renal tubule) , , , ( papilla) ( minor calyx) , ( major calyces) (renal pelvis) 4. - , , (extracellular fluid volume) , , II, , , , , 180 , 2 , - - - , (pH) - (HCO3) - 5. ( plasma osmolality) (antidiuretic hormone) (ADH) , ( Principal Cells) (aquaporins) , ( vasa recta) , () (single effect) ( ADH) ( aquaporins) (ADH) . , - countercurrent system , 6. - , , , , II , , , II , 7. , , ( ) - ( ) , - = , , , ADH, 815 , 10-20 8. 1- - 85% 2- Capillaries Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Arteriole , U Ultrafiltration - 9. (Non-selective & Passive) , (...) 20 (, , , , , , ) , ( ) Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR ... 125 115 ... ( Systole & Diastole) - ( ) 80 mm 180 mm ... 80mm ... 180 mm ... ... 1- 2- 3 - - ... - 10. ... ... PCT , , - S1 S2 S3 Na+/K+ ATPase 65 % 11. 50 % 300 mOsM 300 mOsM 100 % , , , - 50% , ... 300 mOsM - 1200 mOsM 12. 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 13. - 1200 mOsM ( Epithelium) Na-K-2Cl ( ) - / , , 1200 mOsM - 100 mOsM , Efferent arteriole () (Gradient) interstitium 25 %, 25 % 40% DCT PCT 14. ... , () ... ( ) 15-20% , , ( - ) - () ... / , / ... - ... / / / ... () WNK ( ) - 15. - , - 5% 24% (ADH) -2 , , 16. ( - ) - ... / 1200 mOsm/L ( ) 1200 ml/day GFR 0.66% , ... , ( ) 1- - , , () ... , ... 17. 2- - - 1 - - ... 3- , , 5 15 - - - , -2 , 20 30 , 40% () , 18. 24 30 .. 24 300 . . 20-40 -2 ( ) Glomerular Filtration Rate ( ) GFR Microalbuminuria ( ) 30 .. 24 - 300 .. 24 , 19. GFR 10 ml , , ( ) ( ) - , - ............ 20. , , - 21. - 94 45 , 18 130 80 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ... ( , , , ) ... - , Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) , ( ) 0.8 . 22. (, , - Electrolytes, ) Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - 10 .. Semipermeable membrane Diasylate fluid Diffusion & Osmosis 10 .. - Kidney Failure - breathlessness, , , , 300 500 , - - 30 ( ) 23. - .. ? .. () .. , .. , (, ) 24. , , , (, ) .. , (Tourniquet) , , 25. ( Internal Jugular, Subclavian or Femoral vein) - , , 26. 12 3 4 250-300 .. , , 27. , () () 34 , , . . ( Reverse Osmosis Plant ) ? , , ? , , , , .. , , 28. - ? , , , , , / - ( ) - 29. , 50,000 , , , 1.5%, 2.5% 4.25% 30. , - CAPD , - , 5-6 .. - , 31. (PET) ... , 24 , , , KT/V 32. , , , () , IPD 36 30 40 33. , .... , , , , , , , ( - ), , 10-12 34. 10-15 5-10 , ? 18 55 - , , , , , , - ( ) ( ) ? -, , 65 35. ? , , , , - ? , ? - , , 36. CMV EBV ,DTPA GFR , .. ... 100 % - 3-4 (Rt. Iliac Artery & Vein) 24 , , 37. ? , , , - ( ) ( ), , ? , , , , , , 38. , , , , - , , , - , . . . . . . 2011 ( ) () ( ) -( ) 225-250 39. , ,