dryland and highlanders cows ; dinamics of rural economies in java mountain range case at desa...

7/23/2019 Dryland and Highlanders Cows ; Dinamics of Rural Economies in Java Mountain Range Case at Desa Nongkojajar

1/172

^JEMOMH OMH PMVKHJ UAHE EZHZHE7 NKHMLKCM JCAHALK

VJNJPMMH NK VJEZHZHEMH GMUM

CMPZP NJPM HAHECAGMGMT/ VMPZTZMH =;96mh =;26mh

PCTKVPK

Aojb 7

Ekomhe ^tk Pzdjc~k

65! 4:>;;6! PM! =>=>=

GZTZPMH KOLZ PJGMTMB

IMCZO^MP KOLZ DZNM[M

ZHKYJTPK^MP EMNGMB LMNM

46=4


2/172

NT[OMHN MHN BKEBOMHNJTP @AUP 7 N[HMLK@P AI TZTMO

J@AHALKJP KH GMYM LAZH^MKH TMHEJ

@MPJ M^ NJPM HAHECAGMGMT/ VMPZTZMH =;96p,=;26p

ZHNJTETMNZM^J ^BJPKP

D{ 7

Ekomhe ^tk Pzdjc~k

65! 4:>;;6! PM! =>=>=

NJVMT^LJH^ AI BKP^AT[

IM@ZO^[ AI @ZO^ZTMO P@KJH@JP

EMNGMB LMNM ZHKYJTPK^[

46=4


3/172

ky

BMOMLMH VJHEJPMBMH

Pctkvpk khk nk~jtklm aojb Vmhk~km Zgkmh

Imczo~mp Kolz Dznm{m Zhkyjtpk~mp Emngmb Lmnm

Vmnm ~mheemo ((((( Ac~adjt 46=4

Nt( Mezp Pzukeh{a

Cj~zm! Vjhezgk Z~mlm

Zgk Hzetaba/ P(P(/ L(M(

Vjhezgk! Pjctj~mtkp

Ntp( Lm`blajn Jiijhnbkj/ L( Bzl

Vjhezgk! Vjldkldkhe


4/172

y

BMOMLMH LA^A

Pmokhe Hemoim~jbmbk Umj

Gmhemh Pjvjt~k Vabah Vkpmhe/ Djtdzmb Pjcmok Cjlznkmh Lm~k

,Pmt~aha Cmt~anktnga,

Uj Nah~ Tjmn mhn Utk~j Vaj~t{ Dj`mzpj k~p @z~j( Uj Tjmnmhn Utk~j

Vaj~t{ Dj`mzpj Uj Mtj Ljldjtp ai ~bj Bzlmh Tm`j

,Njmn Vaj~ Pa`kj~{,


5/172

yk

BMOMLMH VJTPJLDMBMH

Pctkvpk khk pm{m vjtpjldmbcmh zh~zc7

Moomb P(U(^

Cmhgjhe Hmdk Lzbmllmn P(M(U

Dmvmc nmh Kdz

Cmcmc nmh Cjnzm Cjvahmcmhcz

Nmh Pjlzm Lmhzpkm Nk Dzlk Khk {mhe Vjthmb Pm{m Cjhmo


6/172

ykk

CM^M VJHEMH^MT

Dkplkoombbkttablmhkttabkl(

Tmpm p{zczt ~jtoklvmbcmh cjvmnm Moomb PU^ nmh Cmhgjhe Hmdk

Lzbmllmn PMU m~mp oklvmbmh tmblm~ pjt~m cmtzhkmh{m pjbkheem

vjhzokpmh pctkvpk khk nmvm~ ~jtpjojpmkcmh( Djtdmemk bmomhemh nmh

tkh~mhemh nmoml vtapjp vjhejtgmmh {mhe djtmckdm~ ~jtozh~m,ozh~mh{m

vjh{jojpmkmh pctkvpk khk cmtjhm cj~knmclmlvzmh vjhzokp ljhem~zt

umc~z/ pjbkheem vjh{jojpmkmh ~zokpmh ljhgmnk pmhem~ ~jtomldm~(

Natahemh cjozmtem/ cmumh nmh pmbmdm~ omb {mhe ljldzm~ vjhzokp

ljhgmnk djtpjlmhem~ zh~zc ljh{jojpmkcmh pctkvpk khk(

Cjlmlvzmh vjhzokp {mhe pmhem~ ~jtdm~mp ~jtdmh~z njhemh

dmh~zmh pjlzm vkbmc {mhe ~jomb ljldjtkcmh dmh~zmh lm~jtk nmh

latmo( Bmh{m z`mvmh ~jtklm cmpkb {mhe dkpm vjhzokp djtkcmh cjvmnm

pjlzm vkbmc {mhe ~jomb ljldmh~z vjh{jojpmkmh pctkvpk khk7

=( Nt( Lmtemhm/ pjdmemk Cj~zm Gztzpmh Pjgmtmb nmh napjhvjhemgmt( Djtdmemk cjlznmbmh p{mtm~ mcmnjlkc nmh

mnlkhkp~tmpk {mhe nkdjtkcmh pjbkheem vjhzokpmh pctkvpk khk

~knmc ljhemomlk bmldm~mh(

4( Ntp( Lm`blajn Jiijhnbkj/ L( Bzl/ pjomcz napjh vjldkldkhepctkvpk {mhe pznmb ljldjtkcmh djek~z dmh{mc lmpzcmh memt


7/172

ykkk

vjhzokpmh cmt{m ~zokp khk ljhgmnk ojdkb dmkc( ^jtklm cmpkb pm{m

pmlvmkcmh cmtjhm djtpjnkm ljhemoacmpkcmh pjnkck~ umc~zh{m

zh~zc dkldkhemh pctkvpk nk pjom pjom cjpkdzcmh djokmz

pjdmemk cjvmom Cmh~at Mtpkv Zhkyjtpk~mp Emngmb Lmnm(

0( Pjoztzb p~mi vjhemgmt Gztzpmh Kolz Pjgmtmb {mhe ~knmc nmvm~nkpjdz~cmh pm~z vjtpm~z( Cjpmdmtmh nmh njnkcmpk ljtjcm

nmoml ljhemgmt ljldjtkcmh vjhzokp vjlmbmlmh

vjlmbmlmh dmtz nmoml dknmhe cjpjgmtmbmh( Ljtjcm gzem

pjdmemk `mldzc memt vjhzokp ekm~ nmoml ljldm`m dzcz/ pjt~m

ljh`mtk tjijtjhpk nmh kcz~ djtemdzhe nmoml djtdmemk nkpczpk(

^mhvm gmpm ljtjcm ~knmc lzheckh pm{m ljhnmvm~cmh kolz nmh

vjhemomlmh pjvjt~k pmm~ khk(

>( Pjoztzb Hmtmpzldjt {mhe vjhzokp umumh`mtmk/ vmc Bmtk{mh~a/vmc Pzejhe/ Vmc Dmldmhe Ktmumh/ Vmc Tznk~a/ vmc Pzvtmv~a/

vmc Pmztk/ vmc Hzt{mh~a/ vmc Pzvmtlmh/ vmc Pzlmt{aha/ vmc

Cmplmh/ vmc Paj~mh~a/ Vmc Bmtpaha/ {mhe ~jomb ~jom~jh nmh

pmdmt ljhjtklm vjhzokp nk tzlmb/ ~jemomh nmh cmh~at ljtjcm(

Tmpm ~jtklm cmpkb nmh vjtlabahmh lmmi {mhe pj~kheek,

~kheekh{m pm{m pmlvmkcmh cjvmnm vmc Dmldmhe Ktmumh pjdmemk

cjvmom njpm Hahecagmgmt {mhe ~jomb ljldjtkcmh djtdmemk

cjlznmbmh mnlkhkp~tmpk nmh vjhemcpjpmh nm~m njpm( Cjvmnm


8/172

kr

vmc Tznk~a/ lmmi pmlvmk pctkvpk khk pjojpmk djozl paumh cj

tzlmb( ^jtklm cmpkb zh~zc ~jlvm~ hekhmv/ pjoklz~/ hmpk

gmezhe/ nmh adtaomh bmhem~ djtpmhnkhe ctj~jc nmh cavk(

:( Pjoztzb p~mi vjtvzp~mcmmh Imczo~mp Kolz Dznm{m/vjtvzp~mcmmh vzpm~ ZEL/ vjtvzp~mcmmh vzpm~ p~znk vjnjpmmh

ZEL/ p~mi cmh~at Cjpdmheokhlmp cmdzvm~jh Vmpztzmh/ nmh

p~mi cmh~at Dmnmh Vzpm~ P~m~kp~kc cmdzvm~jh Vmpztzmh {mhe

~jomb dmh{mc ljldmh~z vjhzokp(

9( Cjozmtem vjhzokp/ ~jtz~mlm cjnzm atmhe ~zm/ Pz~tkpha nmh MhkcMvtk{mhk( Zh~zc cmcmc vjtjlvzmh pm{m/ Pjv~k ^tkphmpmtk/ nmh

cmcmc kvmt/ Lzbmllmn Mezp Zdmknkomb pjt~m cjnzm

cjvahmcmh Hmalk Cmoknm Ljknk ^kmtm nmh Lzbmllmn Bmykmt

Dmkbmck( ^jtklm cmpkb pznmb pmhem~ pmdmt ljhmh~k cmt{m

pctkvpk khk(

5( Pjoztzb pmznmtm vjhzokp nk cjozmtem djpmt lmbmpkpum KolzPjgmtmb mhecm~mh 4665/ {mk~z 7 Khnktm/ Ga/ Hkom/ / Kumh/ Mek~/

Mpjv/ Ukonmh/ Tkhm/ ^avkc/ Mtki/ Vapmh/ Bmh,bmh/ Yj/ Vjvjh/

Imtkp/ Lk~m/ Hmhm/ lmp Ekimtk/ Czthkmumh/ Mhntk/ Tkick/ Dahk/

Dm{z/ Tkwm/ Pk~m/ Emokb/ Kplk/ Nklvko(

Mcbkt cm~m/ cmt{m khk ~knmc ojvmp nmtk djtdmemk cjcztmhemh/

lmpkb gmzb nmtk cm~m pjlvzthm( Pjemom pmtmh nmh lmpzcmh mcmh


9/172

r

vjhzokp ~jtklm njhemh omvmhe nmnm( Pjlaem ~zokpmh khk nmvm~

ljldjtkcmh lmpzcmh nmh djtlmhimm~ dmek pjlzm vkbmc/ cbzpzph{m

`kyk~mp mcmnjlkcm ZEL nmoml ljlmbmlk vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh nmh

vj~jthmcmh pzpz pmvk vjtmb nk cmdzvm~jh Vmpztzmh/ cbzpzph{m {mhe

~jtoj~mc nk njpm Hahecagmgmt

[ae{mcmt~m/ == Ac~adjt 46=4

Vjhzokp


10/172

rk

MDP^TMCPK

Pctkvpk djtgznzo ^jemomh omh Pmvkhj Uahe Ezhzhe 7 Nkhmlkcm

Jcahalk Vjnjpmmh nk Vjezhzhemh Gmum/ Cmpzp Njpm Hahecagmgmt/Vmpztzmh =;96mh,=;26mh khk ljldmbmp ~jh~mhe vjtzdmbmh izhepk

ombmh vjt~mhkmh nmh vj~jthmcmh tmc{m~ pjdmemk lm~m vjh`mbmtkmhhah,vjt~mhkmh nk Njpm Hahecagmgmt/ Cj`mlm~mh ^z~zt/ Cmdzvm~jh

Vmpztzmh( Mokb vjcjtgmmh nmtk vj~mhk ombmh cjtkhe cj vj~jthmc pzpzpmvk vjtmb ljtzvmcmh mckdm~ nmtk cjlmlvzmh cavjtmpk ljhgmnkkhp~k~zpk vjh~khe vjoavat vjheejtmc vjtjcahalkmh njpm(

Vjhjok~kmh khk ljheezhmcmh lj~anj vjhjok~kmh pjgmtmb {mhe

nkomczcmh njhemh jlvm~ ~mbmv/ {mk~z7 vjt~mlm/ vjh`mtkmh pzldjt

{mhe nkiaczpcmh vmnm vjheezhmmh lj~anj pjgmtmb okpmh( Cjnzm/yjtkikcmpk {mhe nkomczcmh njhemh ljldmhnkhecmh nm~m {mhenkvjtaojb nmtk lj~anj umumh`mtm njhemh nm~m,nm~m {mhe ~jt`m~m~

nmoml mtpkv njpm lmzvzh gzthmo( Cj~kem/ pkh~jpm njhemhljheezhmcmh mhmokpm nmh kh~jtvtj~mpk djtnmpmtcmh djtdmemk cahpjv

{mhe nkvjtaojb nmtk tjijtjhpk vzp~mcm/ ~jtz~mlm dzcz( Cjjlvm~/vjhzokpmh {mhe nkomczcmh njhemh pkp~jlm~kp nmh ctahaoaekp memtvjhjok~kmh khk nmvm~ nkvmbmlk njhemh calvtjbjhpki

Djtnktkh{m cavjtmpk vmnm mumo ~mbzh =;96mh nmh djtcjldmhe

pjlmckh vjpm~ vmnm mumo =;26mh ljtzvmcmh ~aheemc vjh~khe

vjtcjldmhemh njpm Hahecagmgmt( Vmnm tjh~mhe ~mbzh nkpjdz~/ vj~mhkljlzomk ljlymtkmpk zpmbm vjt~mhkmh ljtjcm djtgmomh djtktkhemhnjhemh vj~jthmcmh pzpz( Vtapjp mokb ~mhmlmh ~jemomh ~jtgmnk cmtjhmpjlmckh dmh{mch{m cjdz~zbmh ~jtbmnmv ~mhmlmh ~mhmlmh zh~zclmcmhmh ~jthmc pjvjt~k tzlvz~ emgmb( Gmezhe/ cj~jom vabah/ nmhpjdmekmh cj`ko vmnk emem djt~zcmt izhepk nmtk bmpko vmhjh cah~mhljhgmnk ~mhmlmh zh~zc ljljhzbk cjdz~zbmh lmcmhmh vacac( Mvjoljtzvmcmh vkokbmh ~mhmlmh djtkcz~h{m pj~jomb zpmbm khk lzomk

ljhmlvmccmh bmpko {mhe ojdkb ljhezh~zhecmh nkdmhnkhe gmezhenmh cj~jom vabah(

Pzpz djtvjtmh om{mch{m ~mhmlmh cah~mh vjheemh~k gmezhenjhemh cavjtmpk pjdmemk vjhmlvzhe( Lj~anj ctjnk~ {mhe nk~jtmvcmhcavjtmpk ljlznmbcmh vj~mhk,vj~jthmc ljhnmvm~cmh zmhe cah~mhnjhemh ljldm{mt djtzvm pzpz pjdmemk mhepztmh( Ljtjcm dkpm

ljhnmvm~cmh zmhe cah~mh pjumc~z umc~z nkdz~zbcmh/ nmh dkpmljhmdzhe djtzvm pzpz zh~zc cjdz~zbmh {mhe mcmh nm~mhe(


11/172

rkk

Cavjtmpk ljhgmnk ~aoac zczt cjdjtbmpkomh nk Hahecagmgmt(

Cjpjgmb~jtmmh vj~mhk,vj~jthmc ljhzgz cj mtmb {mhe ojdkb dmkc(

Vj~jthmcmh pmvk vjtmb lmlvz ljhebknzvk lm{atk~mp vjhnznzc(Vjhnmvm~mh lmp{mtmcm~ njpm ~knmc bmh{m nkezhmcmh zh~zc

cjdz~zbmh bknzv lkhklzl( Vj~mhkvj~mhk pzdpkp~jh djt~tmhiatlmpkljhgmnk vj~jthmc vj~jthmc njhemh ~mtmi bknzv ojdkb om{mc( Tmnka/

~jojykpk/ tzlmb tzlmb dm~m/ vjhnknkcmh mnmomb pmomb pm~z dzc~kvj~mhk,vj~jthmc lmlvz ljh`zczvk cjdz~zbmh ~knmc bmh{m vmhemh(

Cjdjtbmpkomh nmh cjlmgzmh vmnm nmpmth{m ~j~mv ljhkldzocmhmckdm~ dmkc nmh dztzc( Ljhmhml ~mhmlmh ~jemomh ~knmc omek ljhgmnk

cjkhekhmh ljhnmpmt vj~mhk,vj~jthmc( Cjdkmpmmh ljhmhml gmezhe{mhe nkumtkpcmh pj`mtm ~ztzh,~jlztzh ~jtckckp( Vj~mhk pjdmemk

vjcjtgmmh ~j~mv nmh vj~jthmc pjdmemk vjcjtgmmh pmldkomh djtemh~kvapkpk( Lmp{mtmcm~ njpm ojdkb ljlkokb ljhgmnk vj~jthmc pmldkopjpjcmok djt`a`ac ~mhml nk ~jemomh ljtjcm( ^mhmlmh gmezhe ~knmcomek ~jtokbm~ nk bmlvmtmh omhnp`mvj njpm Hahecagmgmt( Pjgmc ~mbzh

=;26mh/ vj~jthmcmh pzpz pmvk vjtmb ljhgmnk ~tmnkpk dmtzlmp{mtmcm~ njpm( Djtemh~k/ nmtk vj~mhk,vj~jthmc ljhgmnk vj~jthmc,

vj~mhk(

Cm~m czh`k 7 ~jemomh/ cavjtmpk/ pzpz pmvk/ vjt~mhkmh/ vj~jthmcmh/vjezhzhemh


12/172

rkkk

MDP^TM@^

^bkp ~bjpkp kp jh~k~ojn mp Nt{omhn mhn Bkebomhnjtp àup 7N{hmlk`p ai Tztmo Jàhalkjp kh Gmym Lazh~mkh Tmhej @mpj m~ Njpm

Hahecagmgmt Vmpztzmh m~ =;96p,=;26p( ^bkp ~bjpkp kp njp`tkdkhemdaz~ ~bj `bmhej ai izh`~kah ai vjavoj vomh~m~kahp mhn imtlp mp hah

metk`zo~ztj a``zvm~kah kh Njpm Hahecagmgmt/ ^z~zt pzdnkp~tk`~/Vmpztzmh tjejh`{( ^bj gadp `bmhejn ital nt{ omhn imtljtp ~adjàlj nmkt{ lkoc imtljtp nzj ~a ~bj jiij`~ ai àavjtm~kah mdkok~kjp mp~bj lap~ klvat~mh~ khp~k~z~kah ubk`b dtkhe klvat~mh~ taoj mp mvkahjjt ai tztmo jàhalk`p m`~kym~atp(

^bkp tjpjmt`b kp zpkhe bkp~atk`mo tjpjmt`b lj~banaoae{ ~bm~

àhpkp~p ai iazt p~jvp( ^bj iktp~ kp bjztkp~k` ubk`b ia`zpjn d{ ~bj

zpmej ai atmo bkp~at{( ^bj pjàhn kp yjtkik`m~kah ubk`b ump àhnz`~jnuk~b àlvmtkhe ~bj nm~m ~bm~ ad~mkhjn ital kh~jtykju ~aumtn ~bj nm~mubk`b tjàtnjn kh mt`bkyjp mhn gazthmop( ^bj ~bktn kp ~bj p{h~bjpkp

uk~b mhmo{pkp mhn kh~jtvtj~m~kah dmpjn ah lmh{ àh`jv~p ubk`b umpad~mkhjn ital lmh{ tjijtjh`jp vtklmtko{ ital daac( ^bj iazt~b kp

p{p~jlm~k` mhn `btahaoaek` vta`jpp ai utk~khe kh atnjt ~bkp tjpjmt`b`mh dj zhnjtp~aan àlvtjbjhpkyjo{ d{ ~bj tjmnjtp(

^bj jrkp~jh`j ai àavjtm~kah kh jmto{ =;96p mhn k~p etauh zv

tmvkno{ kh jmto{ =;26p kp ~bj klvat~mh~ dmpj njyjoavljh~ ai Njpm

Hahecagmgmt( Kh ~bm~ vjtkan ~bj imtljtp djekh ~a nkyjtpki{ ~bjkt

metk`zo~ztmo dzpkhjpp uk~b nmkt{ imtlp( ^bj vta`jpp ai puk~`bkhe ~a

nt{ imtl a``ztp dj`mzpj njlmhn ai mh{ ckhn ai vomh~p iat okyjp~a`c

ijjnkhe ump kh`tjmpkhe( @ath/ `mppmym/ mhn plmoo mlazh~ ai vmnn{

ememujtj `bmhekhe k~p izh`~kah ital `mpb `tav ~a vomh~ ubk`b izoikoo

vtklmtko{ iaanp hjjn( Mvvoj kp ~bj hjr~ ckhn ai vomh~ `bak`j mi~jt ~bkp

jiiat~ ejhjtm~khe vtaik~mdoj tjpzo~ ~bmh àth mhn `mppmym(

Lkoc bmp vom{jn taoj okcj `mpb `tav pzdp~k~z~jp àthp mhn

àavjtm~kah mp ~bj àooj`~at( @tjnk~ lj~ban ubk`b ump àhnz`~jn d{

àavjtm~kah lmcjp ~bj imtljtp jmpkjt ~a ej~ `mpb lahj{ uk~bnjvapk~khe lkocp mp ~bjkt khp~mooljh~ ~a àavjtm~kah( ^bj{ `mh ej~ ~bj

`mpb mh{~klj ubjh ~bj{ hjjn mhn mopa lmcj lkocp njvapk~ iat ~bjkt

iz~ztj hjjnp(


13/172

rky

@aavjtm~kah `mh dj m pz``jppizo p~mhnmtn kh Hahecagmgmt( ^bj

Imtljtp vtapvjtk~{ kp laykhe iatumtn ~a dj m dj~~jt àhnk~kah( ^bj

nmkt{ imtlp `mh izoikoo molap~ vjavoj hjjnp( Tztmo khàlj ha~ aho{ zpjiat izoikoo ~bjkt lkhklmo nmko{ hjjnp( ^bj imtljtp pzdpkp~jh`j

~tmhpiatlkhe djàlj okyjp~a`c imtljtp uk~b dj~~jt }zmok~{ ai okij(

Tmnkap/ ~jojykpkahp/ bazpjp mhn jnz`m~kah mtj jyknjh`jp ~bm~ okyjp~a`c

imtljtp `mh àyjt ~bjkt hjjnp ha~ gzp~ iat iaanp(

Dmpk`moo{ m`bkjyjljh~ mhn njyjoavljh~ moum{p tmkpj da~b eaan

mhn dmn jiij`~p( @zo~kym~khe kh nt{ omhnp ukoo ha~ dj imtljt dmpk`

vtj~jhpkah mh{latj( Haumnm{p bjkt bmdk~p ~a vomh~ àthp ubk`b

ejhjtm~jn ital ~bj jonjtp mtj nj`tjmpkhe( ^bj vapk~kah ai imtljt mp

~bj lmkh gad mhn okyjp~a`c imtljt mp ~bj pknj gad mtj hau puk~`bjn(

Tztmo mtj vtjijt djàlj okyjp~a`c imtljtp mhn palj~kljp ~bj{

`zo~kym~j ~bjkt nt{ omhn( @ath ikjonp ujtj ha~ pjjh mh{ latj kh

Hahecagmgmt omhnp`mvj( Pkh`j =;26p nmkt{ imtljtp mtj djàlj m hju

tztmo ~tmnk~kah( K~ bmp `bmhejn ital vztj imtljtp djàlj okyjp~a`c

imtljtp(

Cj{uatnp 7 nt{ omhn/ àavjtm~kah/ nmkt{ lkoc/ metk`zo~ztj/ okyjp~a`c/

lazh~mkhp tmhej(


14/172

ry

NMI^MT KPK

Bmomlmh

CM^M VJHEMH^MT((yk

MDP^TMCPKr

MDP^TM@^(rkk

NMI^MT KPKrky

NMI^MT ^MDJOryk

NMI^MT ETMIKC NMH NMI^MT EMLDMT(rykk

NMI^MT OMLVKTMH((rykkk

NMI^MT KP^KOMB((((rkr

DMD

K( VJHNMBZOZMH=M( Om~mt Djomcmhe((=D( Vacac Vjtlmpmombmh nmh Tzmhe Okheczv Vjhjok~kmh((=:@(^zgzmh Vjhjok~kmh(=2N(^khgmzmh Vzp~mcm(=;J( Lj~anj nmh Pzldjt(4=I( Pkp~jlm~kcm Vjhzokpmh40

KK( VJT^MHKMH VJEZHZHEMH 7 PJDZMB VJTDMHNKHEMH(4:M(^jtlkhaoaek Vjt~mhkmh Vjezhzhemh((4:D( Vj~jthmcmh Pmvk Vjtmb(((:6

KKK( HAHECAGMGMT/ NJPM [MHE ^JTZP DJTCJLDMHE((:0M( Cahnkpk Ejaetmikp/ Bkp~atkp/ nmh Papkmo Hahecagmgmt(( :5D(

^mhmb nmh Vjlmhimm~mhh{m nk Hahecagmgmt(( 92@( Vjt~mhkmh Vjezhzhemh Ombmh Cjtkhe(( 26

KY( VJ^JTHMCMH PMVK VJTMB TMC[M^ NMH CAVJTMPK(( ;5M( Pzpz Pmvk Vjtmb Hahecagmgmt( ;5D( Pkp~jl Zvmb Vj~jthmcmh Pmvk Vjtmb( ==6@( Dmheck~ Cjldmok Pj~jomb Dmhectz~ ==9


15/172

ryk

Y( CJPKLVZOMH( =06NMI^MT VZP^MCM =0>OMLVKTMH((( =>6


16/172

rykk

NMI^MT ^MDJO

^mdjo bmomlmh

=( Ombmh Cjtkhe {mhe Nk~mhmlk Vmomukgmnk Khnahjpkm Nkcm~jeatkcmh Djtnmpmt

Vmnm Gjhkp ^mhmlmh Zh~zc ^mbzh =;92 nmh =;5: ( >6

4( Vjtpjh~mpj zh~zc tm~mtm~m bmpkovjt~mhkmh nk ~kem cmpzp mtjm (( >9

0( Ctahaoaek jyaozpk vjezhzhemh ~jheejt (( 90>( Tjnkp~tkdzpk ^mhmb ~mbzh =;94 nk ~kmv~kmv

nzpzh njpm Hahecagmgmt (( 5=

:( Ozmp ~mhmb {mhe nklkokck pjdmekmhcjvmom cjozmtem pjdjozl nmh pjpznmb

ljhnmvm~cmh tjnkp~tkdzpk ~mhmb (( 5>

9( Bmpko pzpz oacmo/ klvat nmh cahpzlpk pzpz nk Khnahjpkm =665( Nm~m cavjtmpk CVPV Pj~km Cmumh

Tjh~mhe ^mbzh =;52~mbzh =;2> ( ==5

2( Bmtem pzpz [mhe Nkdjok Hjp~oj nmtk Cavjtmpkvjt Pjv~jldjt =;26 =4:


17/172

rykkk

NMI^MT ETMIKC

Etmikc bmomlmh

=( Lanjo Vjt~mhkmh Vjezhzhemh Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt(( >44( Lanjo Vjt~mhkmh Vjezhzhemh Gmh Ukoojl Hkddjtkhe((>>0( Lanjo vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt :6>( Vapkpk Hahecagmgmt nk Ojtjhe ^jhemb Vjezhzhemh ^jheejt (2>

NMI^MT EMLDMT

Emldmt bmomlmh

=( Vapkpk Oj~mc Ejaetmikp Njo~m Hahecagmgmtnk Vjezhzhemh ^jheejt ((( 94

4( Vapkpk Oj~mc Ejaoaekp Njo~m Hahecagmgmt ((( 9:0( Vjheztzp Cavjtmpk CVPV Pj~km Cmumh ~mbzh =;95 (((( =65>( Lanjo Cmhnmhe Pmvk Zh~zc Pmvk Vjtmb nk Hahecagmgmt ( =44


18/172

rkr

NMI^MT OMLVKTMH

Bmomlmh

=( Ia~a ~jlvm~ vj~jthmcmh pmvk vjtmb (( =>64( Ia~a ~jlvm~ vj~jthmcmh pmvk vjtmb (( =>=0( Ia~a ~jlvm~ ljh{klvmh pjcmokezp ljhgjlzt gmezhe =>4>( Ia~a tzlmb/ ~jemomh/ nmh vjlmhnmhemh nk pjck~mt =>0:( Ia~a tzlmb ~mlvmc njvmh (( =>>9( Ia~a ~jlvm~ vjh{klvmhmh gmezhe memt ~knmc tzpmc nklmcmh

bjumh,bjumh cj`ko ( =>:

5( Ia~a vjezhzhemh ^jheejt nmh vjezhzhemh Ngjldmhemh =>92( Ia~a cjdzh mvjo nk njpm Hahecagmgmt =>5;( Ia~a cavjtmpk Pj~km Cmumh Hahecagmgmt (( =>2=6(Nmi~mt Zpzo Tjnkp~tkdzpk M~mp ^mhmb (( =>;==(Nmi~mt mheea~m cavjtmpk ~mbzh =;2= (( =:6=4(Nmi~mt Bmc Lkokc/ Bmc Ezhm Dmhezhmh/

Bmc Vmcmk nmh ^mhmb Umcmi =:=


19/172

rr

NMI^MT KP^KOMB

Lzmtm 7 zgzhe nmtk pzhemk {mhe djtmnm nk omz~(

Djtmkt vm{mz(

^mhmb tmum 7 ~mhmb ejldzt/ ljlkokck cmnmt mkt {mhetjom~kyj ojdkb ~kheek(

Jtapk 7 vjhekckpmh cjpzdztmh ~mhmb aojb mkt nmhm~mz mhekh(

Pompb mhn dzth 7 lanjo vjt~mhkmh njhemh `mtm ljldzcmombmh dmtz/ dkmpmh{m ~mhmb~mhmb bz~mh(

Bzlzp 7 lm~jtkmo ~mhmb {mhe pmhem~ pzdzt(

Nmjtmb yzocmhkc 7 ~mhmb njhemh ~khecm~ cjpzdztmh `zczv~kheek mckdm~ ~jtvmmh njdz oj~zpmh ezhzhe djtmvk(

Ktkempk 7 pkp~jl vjhemktmh pmumb(

^mhmb cmvzt!cmtp 7 ~mhmb {mhe ~jtdjh~zc nmtk vtapjpvjhejtmpmh cmtmhe tm~zpmh ~mbzh(

Njo~m 7 ojldmb/ `jczhemh nkmh~mtm dzck~dzck~(

Jtzvpk 7 ezeztmh ombmt vkgmt ezhzhe djtmvk(

Cmonjtm 7 cmumb ezhzhe djtmvk(

^mhmb djhecac 7 ~mhmb {mhe nklkokck njpm/ nkpjtmbcmhcjvmnm vjtmhecm~ pjdmemk emgk(

^mhmb ezh~mk 7 ~mhmb {mhe nklkokck aojb vjhnznzc nk ozmt

ukom{mb ~mhmb ~jtpjdz~ djtmnm(

Kh~jhpkikcmpk 7 vjhkhecm~mh

Tjcaljhnmpk 7 pmtmh/ ljhemhgztcmh/ zpzomh


20/172

rrk

Vjt cmvk~m 3 vjt pm~z atmhe nmoml pm~z ~mbzh

Vjhnjtjv 7 vj~mhk ~zhmckplm {mhe djcjtgm pjdmemkdztzb ~mhk zvmbmh(

Calank~mp 7 dmtmhe nmemhemh z~mlm(


21/172

DMD =

VJHNMBZOZMH

M( Om~mt DjomcmheLjhmtkc zh~zc ljokbm~ ojdkb omhgz~ bzdzhemh mh~mtm vj~mhk

nmh pkp~jl cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb nk vjnjpmmh Gmum( Nmoml dmh{mc

p~znk ljhejhmk lmpmomb metmtkm/ djdjtmvm vjhnmvm~ zlzl

ljh{m~mcmh dmbum vjt~mhkmh pmokhe djtcmk~mh njhemh cjvjlkokcmh

~mhmb( Lmpmomb lmpmomb ljhejhmk vjtzdmbmh nmoml vaom

vjhezmpmmh ~mhmb ljlkokck klvokcmpk yjtdmo njhemh vjtzdmbmh

p~tzc~zt papkmo vjnjpmmh/ vjhkhecm~mh vtanzcpk nmh vjtdmkcmh

nkp~tkdzpk bmpko vjt~mhkmh=( Ljhztz~ Pmt~aha Cmt~anktnga/ nkp~tkdzpk

~mhmb ljlkokck bzdzhemh pjdmd mckdm~ njhemh cjlkpckhmh nmh

vjhnmvm~mh {mhe ~knmc ljtm~m4(

= Bkta{apbk Cmha/Pkp~jl Vjlkokcmh ^mhmb nmh Lmp{mtmcm~Njpm nk Gmum Vmnm Mdmn RKR nmoml Ezhmumh Uktmnk nmh P(L(V

^gahntahjeata "jnp(+/ Nzm Mdmn Vjhezmpmmh ^mhmb 7 Vaom Vjhezmpmmh^mhmb nmtk Lmpm cj Lmpm"Gmcmt~m 7 [m{mpmh Adat Khnahjpkm/ =;2>+/bol( 42(

4 Pmt~aha Cmt~anktnga/ Lmp{mtmcm~ Vjnjpmmh Nmoml

Vjldmhezhmh 7 Ljhejldmhecmh ^jchaoaek Djtumgmb Lmhzpkmuk/Vtkplm/ Ha( 9 "Gmcmt~m 7 OV0JP/ =;5;+/ bmo( :(


22/172

4

Pjdmekmh djpmt ukom{mb vjnjpmmh gmum ljlkokck balaejhk~mp

nmoml dknmhe jcahalk {mhe nk~mhnmk njhemh djt~zlvzh{m vmnm

pjc~at pjc~at vjt~mhkmh( Gmum " cbzpzph{m Gmum ^klzt nmh Gmum

^jhemb + ~jomb ljhgmnk cmumpmh vjt~mhkmh pjgmc djtmdmn mdmn

pkoml0( Vjt~mhkmh njhemh lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhkh{m {mhe balaejh/

p~mehmh/ ljldmek cjlkpckhmh djtpmlm/ djtvaom bknzv pzdpkp~jh

pjt~m ~knmc lmlvz ljh`mvmk vjt~zldzbmh jcahalk nmh

lanjthkpmpk>( Bmo khk djtomhgz~ pmlvmk vmpcm cjljtnjcmmh {mhe

nkpjdz~ Ejjt~w pjdmemk khyaozpk vjt~mhkmh:( Pjdzmb ~jpkp {mhe

ljhnmvm~ dmh{mc vjh{mhecmomh hmlzh ~j~mv ljhgmnk tzgzcmh(

^aheemc vjh~khe ljhejhmk lmpmomb vjt~mhmbmh nk Khnahjpkm

mnmomb cj~kcm nkzhnmhecmhh{m Metmtkp`bj Uj~nmh Metmtkp`b Djpozk~

~mbzh =256/ {mhe cjlznkmh djtklvokcmpk vmnm vjheezhmmh ~mhmb

0 Ujt~bjkl/ U(I/ Lmp{mtmcm~ Khnahjpkm Nmoml ^tmhpkpk"[ae{mcmt~m 7 ^kmtm Um`mhm/ =;;;+/ bol( 4(

> Itmhp Bzpcjh nmh Djgmlkh Ubk~j/ Jcahalk Vaok~kcVjldmhezhmh Vjnjpmmh nmh P~tzc~zt Metmtkm nk Gmum nmomlVtkplm/ ha( > "~mbzh RYKKK/ =;2;+/ bol(=2,=;

: Ejjt~w ljheezhmcmh kp~komb khyaozpk zh~zc ljheemldmtcmhnjetmnmpk vjheezhmmh ombmh vjt~mhkmh nk vjnjpmmh Gmum( Mvm {mhenkm pjdz~ njhemh cjlkpckhmh djtpmlm mnmomb nmlvmc nmtkcj~klvmhemh cjvjlkokcmh nmh vjhezmpmmh ~mhmb( Okbm~ @okiiatnEjjt~w/ Khyaozpk Vjt~mhkmh 7 Vtapjp Vjtzdmbmh Jcaoaek nk Khnahjpkm"Gmcmt~m 7 Dbtm~mtm Cmt{m Mcpmtm/ =;20+(


23/172

0

pj`mtm jijc~ki aojb vjtzpmbmmh vjtzpmbmmh pump~m9( ZZ Metmtkm

=256 ljlkpmbcmh mh~mtm ~mhmb hjemtm nmh ~mhmb lkokc vjhnznzc(

Kh~k nmtk ZZ khk mnmomb ~mhmb {mhe ~knmc nmvm~ nkdzc~kcmh aojb

vjhnznzc pjdmemk ~mhmb lkokc ljtjcm nkgmnkcmh pjdmemk ~mhmb

hjemtm5(

Vjtzdmbmh vjtzdmbmh {mhe ~jtgmnk vmnm p~m~zp cjvjlkokcmh

~mhmb pj~jomb ~mbzh =256 ~knmc `zczv djtmt~k2 pmlvmk nktaldmch{m

pkp~jl cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb njhemh Zhnmhe Zhnmhe Vacac Metmtkm

"ZZVM+ ~mbzh =;96( Ljh`mheczv vmh`m "oklm+ vtaetml/ pjdmemk

djtkcz~ 7 vjldmbmtzmh bzczl metmtkm3 vjhebmvzpmh bmc bmc

mpkhe nmh cahpjpk cahpjpk caoahkmo m~mp ~mhmb3 ljhemcbktk

vjhebkpmvmh ijanmo pj`mtm djtmhepzt mhepzt3 vjtaldmcmh

ljhejhmk vjlkokcmh nmh vjhezmpmmh ~mhmb pjt~m bzdzhemh bzczl

{mhe djtpmhecz~mh njhemh vjhezpmbmmh ~mhmb3 nmh vjtjh`mhmmh

9 Bkta{apbk Cmha/ av( `k~(/ bol( 0=(

5 P(L(V ^gahntahjeata/ Hjemtm Metmtkp Khecmtk Metmtkm 7Vjldmhezhmh Njpm nmh Cjlkpckhmh nk Khnahjpkm"Dmhnzhe 7 Mcm~kem/4662+/ bol( 06=(

2 Vjhej`zmokmh zh~zc ukom{mb yatp~jhomhnjh "[ae{mcmt~m nmh

Pztmcmt~m+( Lkhklmo mnm nzm vjtzdmbmh djpmt nmoml vjhezmpmmhnmh cjvjlkokcmh bmc m~mp ~mhmb nk Pztmcmt~m vmnm mumo mdmn 46(

Ojdkb omhgz~ ljhejhmk omhntjiatl nk ukom{mb khk/ okbm~ Pajekgmh~aVmnla/ Omhntjiatl nmh Ejtmcmh Vta~jp Vj~mhk Com~jh =;:; =;9:"[ae{mcmt~m 7 Ljnkm Vtjppkhna/ 4666+/ bol( 4:09(


24/172

>

vjtpjnkmmh/ vjtzh~zcmh nmh vjheezhmmh dzlk/ mkt/ znmtm/ nmh

cjcm{mmh moml {mhe ~jtcmhnzhe nknmomlh{m pjt~m vjheezhmmh

pj`mtm djtjh`mhm pjpzmk njhemh nm{m cjpmheezvmh nmh

cjlmlvzmh;( ZZVM =;96 ljoj~mccmh nmpmt nmpmt omhntjiatl=6/

pjt~m nmpmt nmpmt zh~zc ljhezdmb p~tzc~zt jcahalk metmtkp

ljhgmnk p~tzc~zt jcahalk {mhe djtnmpmtcmh vjtcjldmhemh khnzp~tk

nmh metmtkp {mhe pjkldmhe==( Zhnmhe zhnmhe khk {mhe hmh~kh{m

nkbmtmvcmh mcmh ljheztmhek ujujhmhe {mhe djtojdkbmh nmtk ~zmh

~mhmb/ ljhebmvzp pkpm pkpm ijanmokplj/ nmh ljhebmvzp nalkhmpk

umtkpmh bzczl caoahkmo njhemh ljhnmpmtcmh tmh`mhemh ZZVM vmnm

; Dajnk Bmtpaha/ Bzczl Metmtkm Khnahjpkm Gkokn = "Gmcmt~m 7Ngmldm~mh/ =;94+/ bol( 0(

=6 Vjheezhmmh kp~komb omhntjiatlljhem`z vmnm vakh cj jlvm~vmh`m vtaetml ZZVM/ vjtaldmcmh ljhejhmk vjlkokcmh nmh

vjhezmpmmh ~mhmb/ ljhekhem~ omvatmh khk mcmh iaczp vmnmtjnkp~tkdzpk ~mhmb( Kp~komb tjiatlm metmtkm mcmh nkezhmcmh gkcm cmpzp~jomb ljozmp vmnm cjpjoztzbmh nmtk vmh`m vtaetml( Okbm~ kdkn(Pajekgmh~a Vmnla ljlmchmk kp~komb omhntjiatlnmoml mt~k ozmp nmhnmoml mt~k pjlvk~( Nmoml mt~k ozmp mnmomb vjtaldmcmh bzczl

metmtkm {mhe omlm cj mtmb tjiatlmpk metmtkm/ {mhe djtmt~k ~knmc bmh{mvmnm vjlkokcmh nmh vjhezmpmmh ~mhmb( Pjnmhecmh nmoml mt~k pjlvk~ljhzhgzccmh vjtzdmbmh ljhejhmk vjlkokcmh nmh vjhezmpmmh

~mhmb( Okbm~ Pajekgmh~a Vmnla/ av(`k~(/ bol( 55(

== P(L(V ^gahntahjeata/ av( `k~(/ bol( 06>(


25/172

:

bzczl mnm~=4( ^zgzmh mcbkt ZZVM mnmomb vjhk~kcdjtm~mh vmnm

vjhezmpmmh pzldjt nm{m moml "pmomb pm~zh{m mnmomb ~mhmb+ zh~zc

cjpjgmb~jtmmh tmc{m~ "klvojljh~mpk nmtk ZZN =;>: vmpmo 00+(

Cjeah`mhemh vaok~kc vmnm vjt~jhembmh njcmnj =;96mh

ljh{jdmdcmh ZZVM nkvj~k,jpcmh nmh vtaetml omhntjiatl

nkbjh~kcmh( Vjhebjh~kmh khk pmhem~ djtcmk~mh njhemh kpz dmbum

omhntjiatlljtzvmcmh pmomb pm~z vjh{jdmd ejtmcmh 06 Pjv~jldjt=0(

Tjyaozpk djtomhgz~ njhemh vtaetml DKLMP vmnm mcbkt njcmnj =;96mh

{mhe ljhemumok ~jtgmnkh{m tjyaozpk bkgmz " mcbkt lmpm vjljtkh~mbmh

Pajcmtha pjdjhmth{m ~jomb lzh`zo dkdk~ dkdk~ tjyaozpk njhemh

zvm{mzvm{m ctjnk~ tkhemh/ vjh{zozbmh vjt~mhkmh nmh vjheezhmmh

dkdk~ zheezo zh~zc bmpko {mhe ojdkb dmkc=>+( DKLMP ljhk~kcdjtm~cmh

vmnm vjheezhmmh kolz vjhej~mbzmh nmh ~jchaoaek nmoml ~tmnkpk

lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk ~tmnkpkahmo zh~zc ljhkhecm~cmh bmpko bmpko

vjt~mhkmh ljtjcm=:( Cahnkpk {mhe cjlznkmh ljhgmnk lmpmomb

=4 Ljtzvmcmh ~mheemvmh cmzl calzhkp Khnahjpkm ~jtbmnmv

TZZ Metmtkm {mhe pjejtm mcmh nkzhnmhecmh( Okbm~ Bmtkmh Tmc{m~/ 4>Pjv~jldjt =;96(

=0 (L(V ^gahntahjeata/ av( `k~(/bol( 065(

=> Itmhp Bzpcjh nmh Djgmlkh Ubk~j/ av( `k~(/ bol( 06(

=: Itmhp Bzpcjh/ Tjykju ai Metk`zo~ztmo mhn TztmoNjyjoavljh~ kh Khnahjpkm nmoml ^bj Gazthmo ai Mpkmh P~znkjp/ Yao(>4/ Ha( = "Hayjldjt =;24+/ bol( 44=(


26/172

9

nkcjlznkmh bmtk( Vjomcpmhmmh vtaetml njhemh lj~anj ~av,nauh

ljldmum lanjthkpmpk ~jchaoaek vjt~mhkmh cj mtmb {mhe ~knmc

nkbmtmvcmh( Cj~knmclmlvzmh vj~mhk zh~zc ljhjtklm ~jchaoaek dmtz

ljhgmnk pjdzmb mompmh omkh cjhmvm nmoml djdjtmvm bmo tjyaozpk bkgmz

ljhemomlk cjlmhnjemh nmh p~mehmpk( Vj~mhk njpm ~knmc lmlvz

djtmnmv~mpk njhemh khaympk {mhe ~jtgmnk vmnm okheczhemh vjnjpmmh=9(

Nk omkh vkbmc/ ~tmnkpk vj~mhk vjheemtmv njhemh pkp~jl zvmb dmuah

~knmc omek imlkokmt( Ljlkhgml kp~komb Nahhjt/ pmomb pm~z cahpjczjhpk

nmtk jcpvmhpk ~mhmb~mhmb vjt~mhkmh {mk~z ljhebkomheh{m ~mhmb

~mhmb calzhmo {mhe nkejldmomcmh(=5

Lanjthkpmpk {mhe pmtm~ njhemh zhpzt nkvmcpmcmh nmoml

tjyaozpk bkgmz djtmckdm~ dmkc nmh dztzc vmnm vtapjp

vjomcpmhmmhh{m( Nk pm~z pkpk/ tm~m tm~m bmpko vmnk ljhkhecm~=2/

hmlzh nk pkpk omkh/ cahpjczjhpk lzh`zo njhemh djtcztmheh{m

=9Emt{ Bmhpjh/ Jvkpanj kh Tztmo Lanjthkwm~kah 7 Vtadojlp kh^bj Dklmp Vtaetml nmoml Khnahjpkm/ Yao( ==/ "Mvtko =;5=+/ bol( 90 ,2=(

=5 Gmh Ukoojl Hkddjtkhe/ Zvomhn @zo~kym~kah mhn Pako

@ahpjtym~kah kh Okljp~ahj Tjekahp ah Gmymp Paz~b @amp~ 7 ^btjjBkp~atk`mo @mpj P~znkjp nmoml Vj~jt Daalemmtn/ncc "jn(+/ VmvjtOmhnp`mvjp 7 Jrvoatm~kahp kh ~bj Jhyktahljh~mo Bkp~at{ ai Khnahjpkm"Ojknjh 7 CK^OY Vtjpp/ =;;5+/ bol(=::

=2 Itmhp Bzpcjh nmh Djgmlkh Ubk~j/ av( `k~(/ bol( 45(


27/172

5

cjdz~zbmh ~jhmem cjtgm nmoml pjc~at vjt~mhkmh=;/ {mhe djtnmlvmc

dztzc vmnm ztdmhkpmpk lmp{mtmcm~ nk vjnjpmmh gmum(46

^jcmhmh

djpmt ~jtgmnk vmnm cahpjv paoknmtk~mp vjnjpmmh gmum nmh ljcmhkplj

vjt~mhkmh ~tmnkpkahmo pjt~m vj~mhk ~mhvm ~mhmb {mhe gzlombh{m ojdkb

nmtk pj~jhemb nmtk gzlomb vjhnznzc vjnjpmmh gmum(4= Pjomkh k~z/

cahpjczjhpk cahpjczjhpk lanjthkpmpk ljldmum vjhkhecm~mh

yaozlj vtanzcpk {mhe ljlkokck klvokcmpk vmnm va~jhpk tzpmch{m

okheczhemh moml(44

Ukom{mb vjezhzhemh ljhmtkc zh~zc nk~jok~k djtcmk~mh njhemh

pjc~at pjc~at vjt~mhkmh nmh cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb( Cmgkmh ljhejhmk

lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk vjezhzhemh {mhe nkomczcmh Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt40 nk

nzm njpm ukom{mb vjezhzhemh Dtala ljhjlzcmh djdjtmvm bmo

ljhmtkc {mhe nmvm~ nkcmgk ojdkb nmoml( Atmhe ezhzhe "uahe ezhzhe+

=; V( Ymh Njt Jhe/ Tjyaozpk Nmoml Vjt~mhkmh Khnahjpkm1Vmhnmhemh Gmhecm Vmhgmhe Ljhejhmk Vtanzc~kyk~mp ^jhmem CjtgmVjt~mhkmh nmoml ^balmp Okhndomn "jn(+/ Iahnmpk Bkp~atkp JcahalkKhnahjpkm"[ae{mcmt~m 7 VPMM^ ZEL/ 4664+/ bol( >00(

46P(L(V( ^gahntahjeata( Tjyaozpk Bkgmz nmh Vjtzdmbmh Papkmonk Vjnjpmmh Gmum nmoml Vtkplm/ Ha( 4 "^mbzh RKR/ =;;6+/ bol( 4;6(

4= Itmhp Bzpcjh/ oa`( `k~(

44 Mh~bah{ Eknnjhp/ Cahpjczjhpk Cahpjczjhpk Lanjthk~mp"[ae{mcmt~m 7 Ctjmpk Um`mhm/ 466;+/ bol( =6(

40 Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ Ejejt ^jheejt 7 Vjtzdmbmh Papkmo nmhVjtcjombkmh Vaok~kc"[ae{mcmt~m 7 OCKP/ =;;;+(


28/172

2

ljheknjh~kikcmpk nktk ljtjcm djtdjnm njhemh atmhe nm~mtmh tjhnmb

"uahe hemtj+( Ljtjcm ljhemheemv ~kmv lmhzpkm pmlm/ ~mhvm ljokbm~

nmtk p~m~zp papkmo nmh gmdm~mh( Pkp~jl cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb ~knmc

nkcjhmo/ dmbcmh ljtjcm ~knmc ljhejhmo pkp~jl dmek bmpko/ pjum

~mhmb/ m~mzvzh bzdzhemh vm~tah cokjh( Njhemh ~knmc mnmh{m

bktmtck nmoml vtapjpimtlkhe/ ljhmhnmcmh ~kvkph{m p~tm~kikcmpk papkmo

nkmh~mtm ljtjcm( Nk pkhk ~knmc mnm atmhe {mhe nmvm~ ljljtkh~mb

atmhe omkh/ cm~m atmhe ezhzhe(4> Pjcmokvzh vjth{m~mmh khk

djtojdkbmh/ hmlzh pj`mtm zlzl nmvm~ nkdjhmtcmh(

djtcjdmokcmh njhemh lk~ap ~jh~mhe atmhe atmhe gmum {mhe

~mc vtanzc~ki nmh lmomplmompmh/ nmh gzem adpjpk vjhzokpmh kolkmb

~jh~mhe ~mhmb~mhmb nk nm~mtmh tjhnmb {mhe bzdzhemhh{m njhemh

vmgmc vmhjh caoahkmo/ Vj~jt Daalemmtn ljheemldmtcmh vjtlzommh

nmh ~tmhpiatlmpk {mhe pmhem~ ~kdm ~kdm nmtk vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh

nklzomk pjck~mt =966 njhemh ljhemnavpk lmcmhmh vacac nzhkm dmtz

pjlm`ml ~mhmlmh gmezhe nmh ~zldzbmh ~jldmcmz( Ljheezhmcmh

pzldjt pzldjt mtpkv {mhe nkkh~jtvtj~mpkcmh njhemh pmhem~ ~jok~k/

Daalemmtn ljhemk~cmh bzdzhemh mh~mtm cjnzm ~mhmlmh khk zh~zc

ljldzm~ pjlm`ml pcjlm {mhe pmhem~ calvojcp nmtk pkp~jl

vjt~mhkmh {mhe bmlvkt nk~jlzcmh nmtk djtdmemk cjvzomzmh pjomlm

4>Kdkn(/ bol( >:(


29/172

;

tm~zpmh ~mbzh( @m~m~mh `m~m~mh nmh imc~m vjh~khe {mhe nkm pata~k

pmomb pm~zh{m mnmomb gmezhe djtcjldmhe dmkc nk ukom{mb

vjezhzhemh( Bmo khk ljhgmnk pmomb pm~z imc~at vjhmtkc cjnm~mhemh

ojdkb dmh{mc atmhe zh~zc ~kheemo nmh ljhj~mv nk vzh`mc cj~kheekmh(

Pjomkh k~z/ vjhkhnmpmh nmh cj~knmcmlmhmh vaok~kc nk nm~mtmh tjhnmb

ljh{jdmdcmh djdjtmvm atmhe ljomtkcmh nktk cj vjezhzhemh/

ljh{zpzh cjldmok/ ljtaldmc gm~k nktk ljtjcm ljhgmnk bkebomhnjtp

m~mz ~tkdjp nk okhecmtmh ozmt nmtk cah~tao hjemtm( Nk umc~z {mhe

pmlm/ djtnmlvkhemhh{m gzlomb vtanzcpk gmezhe nmh ~jldmcmz ~knmc

pjt~m ljt~m ljhgmnkcmh ljtjcm ~jtkpaompk( Ljtjcm ~j~mv ljhgmokh

kcm~mh njhemh vmpmt nk nm~mtmh tjhnmb/ pjvjt~k vjheezhmmh ctjnk~

nmh vjldm{mtmh vmgmc(4:

^mhmb nk ukom{mb vjezhzhemh vmnm mumoh{m ljtzvmcmh bz~mh

gm~k "dmh{mc {mhe nkcjoaom vjljtkh~mb caoahkmo+ nmh bz~mh bz~mh

okmt "ukonbaz~ dappjh+( Bz~mh bz~mh okmt ljhemomlk mokb izhepk

ljhgmnk nmjtmb vjt~mhkmh njhemh pkp~jl vjt~mhkmh djtvkhnmb m~mz

pompb mhn dzth( Pjgmc metmtkp`bj uj~=256/ ~mhmb~mhmb nk cmumpmh

bz~mh okmt nmjtmb nm~mtmh tjhnmb nmvm~ nklmhimm~cmh vj~mhk/ ~j~mvk

cmumpmh ojtjhe vjezhzhemh nkmumpk aojb vjljtkh~mb ezhm

4: ^mhkm Lzttm{ Ok "jnp(+/ ^tmhpiatlkhe ~bj Khnahjpkmh Zvomhnp 7Lmtekhmok~{ Vaujt mhn Vtanz`~kah P~znkjp kh Jhyktahljh~moMh~btavaoae{/ " Mlp~jtnml 7 ^m{oat ) Itmh`kp j,Okdtmt{/ 466: +( Bol(RKR(


30/172

=6

ljheztmhek tjpkca vjhetzpmcmh pzldjt mkt/ dmhgkt nmh ~mhmb oahepat

nk nm~mtmh tjhnmb( Cmumpmh bz~mh okmt ~jtpjdz~ pjgmc mumo =22;

"Dap`b Tjeojljh~ nmoml Ojldmtmh Hjemtm >>;2+ ojdkb nkvjtcj~m~

vjheezhmmhh{m( Dmbcmh/ vjljtkh~mb pmlvmk ljldjh~zc pjdzmb

atemhkpmpk/ Dap`bujwjhzh~zc ljheztzpk lmpmomb khk(49 Vj~mhk {mhe

khekh ljheezhmcmh cmumpmh bz~mh okmt pjdmemk ombmh vjt~mhkmh

bmtzp ljhnmi~mtcmh ~mhmb ~jtpjdz~ vmnm vjljtkh~mb( Pjbkheem vmnm

mumo ~mbzh =;66mh ~jtgmnk vjh`m~m~mh ~mhmb pj`mtm djpmtdjpmtmh

nk cmumpmh bz~mh bz~mh okmt ojtjhe vjezhzhemh {mhe nzozh{m

nkczmpmk vj~mhk pjdmemk ombmh vjt~mhkmh(

Zh~zc cjvtmc~kpmh nmh mompmh vaok~kc/ gzlomb lmp{mtmcm~ {mhe

~kheemo nk vjezhzhemh Mpkm ^jheemtm pmhem~ nktjljbcmh(45 ^mc mnm

`m~m~mh `m~m~mh tjplk {mhe ljhebk~zhe vavzompk nk vjezhzhemh/

~j~mvk gzlomb lmhzpkm {mhe bknzv nk nmh pjck~mt bz~mh m~mz ljtjcm

{mhe djtemh~zhe pj`mtm omhepzhe nmvm~ nkpmtkhe 7 pzldjt ~mc tjplk

"Dmvvjhmp =;;0+ ljh{jdz~ =4 gz~m atmhe/ pjljh~mtm k~z pzldjt omkh

ljlvjtcktmcmh ljh`mvmk gzlomb 96 gz~m atmhe( Dmh{mc nkmh~mtm

ljtjcm bknzv nk vjezhzhemh djt~zgzmh zh~zc ljhjtzpcmh

49 P(L(V ^gahntahjeata/ Hjemtm Metmtkp/ bol( 06:(

45Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt/ @bmhekhe Nt{omhn Metk`zo~ztj kh Jmp~jthDmok nmoml Tjmnkhe Tjom~jn ~a ~bj Kh~jhpkik`m~kah ai Metk`zo~ztj khGmymp @tk~k`mo Zvomhnp/ " ~knmc nk~jtdk~cmh/ =;;6 +/ bol( RRK(


31/172

==

cj~ztzhmh/ {mhe omkh dmtzdmtz khk djtlketmpk zh~zc ljh`mtk ~mhmb

nmh lm~m vjh`mbmtkmh42

(

Jcpvoak~mpk ~mhmb nk vjezhzhemh ^jheejt pznmb nklzomk pjgmc

vjt~jhembmh mdmn =2 njhemh lketmpk djpmt djpmtmh vjhnznzc

Lmnztm cj ~klzt Gmum( Ljh`mvmk vzh`mch{m vmnm ~mbzh =;06

njhemh vjt~mldmbmh vjhnznzc ljh`mvmk ;2>6; gkum pjgmc ~mbzh

=265( Lm{atk~mp ljtjcm djtnalkpkok nk ukom{mb ojtjhe ~jhemb {mhe

`zczv pzdzt zh~zc nk~mhmlk( Pjnkck~ ljhemomlk vjhztzhmh lmpm

Lmomkpj/ vjhnznzcmh Gjvmhe nmh tjyaozpk ikpkc/ hmlzh vtapjp

kh~jhpkikcmpk ombmh djtomhgz~ pmlvmk vjt~jhembmh mdmn 46 njhemh

pjlmckh ~kheekh{m kh~jhpk~mp kh~jtmcpk mh~mtm vjhnznzc nm~mtmh

~kheek nmh nm~mtmh tjhnmb4;(

Vjhkhecm~mh vtanzcpk djtmp nm~mtmh tjhnmb nk Mpkm nk ~mbzh

=;96mh {mhe ~jtgmnk mckdm~ kh~jhpkikcmpk vjt~mhkmh djtdmoz~ ~jchaoaek

~knmc nkkldmhek njhemh vjtpjdmtmh nk ukom{mb nm~mtmh ~kheek(

Nkijtjhpkmpk nmh cj~klvmhemh ~jtgmnk pmlvmk vjljtkh~mb pmnmt mcmh

bmo khk nmh ljlzomk ljtjyaozpk,bkgmzcmh ~mhmlmh ~mhmlmh pjomkh

djtmp pj~jomb =;26mh( Hmlzh/ bmo khk lmpkb djtmnm nk mtjm mdz

mdz( Caldkhmpk mh~mtm djtmp nmh ~mhmlmh vmhemh hah djtmp

42 ^mhkm Lztm{ Ok/av(`k~(/ bol( RKY(

4; Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/av(`k~(/ bol( =9(


32/172

=4

nklzomk njhemh aemb,aembmh( Vjtbm~kmh cbzpzp nmtk vjljtkh~mb

ljh{mhecz~ cjdkgmcmh ~mhmlmh vmhemh hah djtmp dmtz lzh`zo nk

Tjh`mhm Vjldmhezhmh Oklm ^mbzh "TJVJOK^M KY+ cztzh umc~z

=;2> =;2;( Mh~mtm =;96mh =;26mh/ cj~kcm djtmp ~jomb pznmb

nklmhgmcmh pjgmc omlm/ ~mhmlmh vmhemh hah djtmp lmpkb

nkmhmc~ktkcmh( Pk~zmpk {mhe ~jtgmnk nk vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh cztzh

umc~z k~z lktkv bm~k lmhzpkm {mhe nkomhnm cjlztzhemh/ djtezom~

nkmh~mtm cmdz~ {mhe ljh{joklz~k(

Pjcmokvzh mckdm~h{m djtdjnm,djnm/ pjlzm k~z vmnm mcbkth{m

ljhezdmb djh~zc lmp{mtmcm~ njpm( Tjyaozpk nmh vjtzdmbmh djpmt

djpmtmh m~mp ~mhmb nmh vjt~mhkmh cztzh umc~z =;96mh =;26mh

nmh pj~jombh{m ljhnm~mhecmh bmobmo dmtz pjvjt~k dmtmhedmtmhe

cahpzlpk nmh vjhmhmlmh lanmo nmtk ozmt( Dmek vmtm vj~mhk lkpckh/

bmo khk pmhem~ ~knmc ljhezh~zhecmh( Cj~jtdm~mpmh m~mp mpj~ ~mhmb

nmh lanmo pjt~m khitmp~tzc~zt ljh{jdmdcmh lahavaok nmh

cjpjgmb~jtmmh nkvjemhe aojb vj~mhk cm{m(06

Okheczhemh {mhe ~mc ljhnzczhe zh~zc bknzv hatlmo/

njhemh cahnkpk kcokl ojdkb jcp~tkl nmtkvmnm cahnkpk hatlmo/ cah~zt

~mhmb {mhe ~mc tm~m nmh djtdzck~ dzck~/ ljhj~mvcmh Hahecagmgmt

djtmnm vmnm ukom{mb ejaetmikp {mhe jcpjh~tkc( ^kvj ~kvj bmdk~m~

06 P(L(V( ^gahntahjeata/ Tjyaozpk Bkgmz/ bol( 42;(


33/172

=0

pjvjt~k cmumpmh ~tavkp/ cmumpmh cz~zd/ m~mz nmjtmb nm~mtmh ~kheek

pjnkck~ dmh{mc ljlvjhemtzbk cjdznm{mmh( Cmtjhm/ cm~m Bzh~khe~ah/

~jtnmvm~ pkim~ pkim~ cjcz~zdmh vmnm atmhe Jpckla nmh pkim~ pkim~

~tavkp vmnm atmhe Gmum( Vmnm cahnkpk njlkckmh/ lmhzpkm vmp~k

ljlkokck nm{m ~mbmh nmh mnmv~mpk zh~zc ljldzm~ m~mz ljh`kv~mcmh

`mtm ljhem~mpkh{m(

Cjdznm{mmh lmp{mtmcm~ Hahecagmgmt nkdjh~zc aojb cahnkpk

cahnkpk okheczhemhh{m( Dm~mpmhdm~mpmh {mhe nkdjtkcmh okheczhemh

zh~zc cjdznm{mmh lmhzpkm ljh{jdmdcmh cjdznm{mmh ~jtpjtj~/ m~mz

njhemh cm~m omkh/ nkdkhecmk vmnm dm~mp dm~mp ~jtpjdz~(

Mh~tavaejaetmik m~mz vapkdkokplj {mhe ljhgmnk `kcmo dmcmo

vjhnjcm~mh jcaoaek dznm{m/ ljhztz~ Ejjt~w/ ljumckok `mtm vmhnmhe

khk(0=

0= Cjnzm vjhnjcm~mh khk {mhe nkezhmcmh Ejjt~w zh~zcljlzomk ljhgjompcmh jcaoaek dznm{m/ pjcmokezp {mhe nkctk~kc nmoml

pmomb pm~z cmt{mh{m( Mh~tavaejaetmik mnmomb `mtm zh~zcljhezhecmvcmh djtnmpmt vjh{joknkcmh ljhejhmk djtmvm gmzb nmhdmemklmhm `mtmh{m cjdznm{mmh lmhzpkm k~z nkdjh~zc aojb cahnkpk cahnkpk okheczhemh( vapkdkokplj ljlmhnmhe/ okheczhemh ~knmcpjdmemk pjdmd/ ljomkhcmh pjlm~m lm~m pjdmemk vjldm~mp m~mz

vjh{jojcpk( Cjnzm `mtm khk vmnm lzomh{m ljlkpmbcmh cmt{mlmhzpkm nmh vtapjp moml ljhgmnk cjdznm{mmh nmh okheczhemh/pmldko ljokbm~h{m pmokhe ljlvjhemtzbk( Lanjo khk/ vmnm mcbkth{mbmh{m ljlzh`zocmh gmumdmh vmokhe zlzl/ kmomb dmbum ~knmcpjvjhzbh{m cjdznm{mmh nkvjhemtzbk aojb okheczhemh/ vzhpjdmokch{m( okbm~ @okiiatn Ejjt~w/ av(`k~(/ bol( 4,0(


34/172

=>

Dmek vj~mhk ezhzhe/ lzh`zo ~jcmhmh zh~zc ljh{jpzmkcmh nktk

njhemh lmp{mtmcm~ gmum {mhe ojdkb ozmp( Pkp~jl vjt~mhkmh ljtjcm

{mhe ~jtcjpmh ~jt~z~zv nkvmcpm zh~zc ljhjtklm vjtzdmbmh nmh

vjldmbmtzmh( Kcm~mh kcm~mh ~tmnkpkahmo pjlmckh ljojlmb nk

nmjtmb {mhe ~jtokdm~ tjyaozpk bkgmz nmh lanjthkpmpk vjt~mhkmh(04

^jtgmnk nkijtjhpkmpk papkmo njhemh lzh`zoh{m cjomp cjomp vj~mhk

djtombmh nmh dztzb ~mhk(00 Tjyaozpk bkgmz dzcmhomb pzm~z

vjh{jpzmkmh nktk ~jtbmnmv ~jchaoaek m~mz vmpmt pj`mtm lzthk( K~z

pjlzm ~knmc ojdkb nmtk pzm~z tjyaozpk kh~jetm~ki {mhe ojdkb ozmp/ {mhe

~jomb ljhmtkc ukom{mb vkheektmh "vjezhzhemh+ cj nmoml jcahalk nmh

czo~zt khnahjpkm lanjth(0>

04 P(L(V( ^gahntahjeata/ av(`k~(/ bol( 069(

00Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ ^bj Vtadojl ai Vtjijtjh`j((/ bol( 920(

0> Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ Ejejt ^jheejt((/ bol( =2(


35/172

=:

D( Vacac Vjtlmpmombmh nmh Tzmhe Okheczv Vjhjok~kmhDjtnmpmt vmnm om~mt djomcmhe nk m~mp/ lmcm vacac

vjtlmpmombmh vjhjok~kmh khk mnmomb tjpvah lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk

vjezhzhemh ~jtbmnmv vjtaldmcmh p~m~zp cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb nmh

lanjthkpmpk nmoml pjc~at pjc~at vjt~mhkmh pjt~m vj~jthmcmh {mhe

ljhgmnk dmekmh ~mc ~jtvkpmbcmh( Ljhmtkc zh~zc nkcmgk ojdkb omhgz~

cmtjhm tjpvah {mhe lzh`zo nmtk lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk vjezhzhemh

djtdjnm njhemh lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk nm~mtmh tjhnmb( Nmtk vacac

vjtlmpmombmh nk m~mp nmvm~ nkztmkcmh ljhgmnk djdjtmvm vjt~mh{mmh

vjhjok~kmh/ pjdmemk djtkcz~( "=+ Dmemklmhm pkp~jl cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb

lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk vjezhzhemh1 "4+ Dmemklmhm vjhemtzb tjiatlmpk

metmtkm ~jtbmnmv p~m~zp cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb1 "0+ Mvm tjpvah {mhe

ljtjcm omczcmh ~jtbmnmv lanjthkpmpk vjt~mhkmh1 ">+ Pjgmzb lmhm

vjtzdmbmh {mhe ~jtgmnk ~jtbmnmv pkp~jl vjt~mhkmh ~tmnkpkahmo/ mckdm~

nmtk lanjthkpmpk1 ":+ Mvm vjtmh cavjtmpk pjdmemk pmomb pm~z khp~k~zpk

vjheejtmc tanm vjtjcahalkmh njpm1

Tzmhe okheczv vjhjok~kmh khk mnmomb nm~mtmh ~kheek ^jheejt/

cmdzvm~jh Vmpztzmh njhemh iaczp nmjtmb nk njpm Hahecagmgmt(

Hahecagmgmt " hmlm omkh nmtk njpm Uahapmtk + ljtzvmcmh pjdzmb

njpm nk cj`mlm~mh ^z~zt pjom~mh ca~m vjomdzbmh Vmpztzmh nmh

Vtadaokheea/ nkpjdjomb ~klzt omz~ ca~m Lmomhe nmh dmtm~ omz~


36/172

=9

Ozlmgmhe( Njpm khk djtmnm nk cj~kheekmh =666 lj~jt0: nk m~mp

vjtlzcmmh omz~ {mhe ~jtemdzhe nmoml cmumpmh nm~mtmh ~kheek

~jheejt ukom{mb vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh ojtjhe ~jhemb( Lm{atk~mp lm~m

vjh`mbmtkmh vjhnznzc pjdmemk vj~mhk nmh vj~jthmc( Oj~mc

ejaetmikph{m {mhe djtmnm nk vjezhzhemh ljhgmnkcmh Hahecagmgmt

pjdmemk nmjtmb {mhe pmhem~ knjmo zh~zc nk~mhmlk bmpko vjt~mhkmh

ombmh cjtkhe pjvjt~k dzmb dzmbmh/ pm{ztmh/ gmezhe/ cj~jom nmh

pjdmemk ozldzhe pzpz pmvk vjtmb(

Pjomkh djtààc ~mhml/ vj~jthmcmh pmvk vjtmb ljtzvmcmh

lm~m vjh`mbmtkmh vjh~khe vj~mhk nk Hahecagmgmt( Vj~jthmcmh lzh`zo

pjgmc ~mbzh =;== {mhe nknktkcmh aojb atmheatmhe Djomhnm njhemh

~zgzmh ljh`zczvk cjdz~zbmh vmhemh ljtjcm(09 Pj~jomb

cjljtnjcmmh/ vj~jthmcmh nkmldko mokb aojb vjhnznzc( Vj~jthmcmh

vj~jthmcmh tmc{m~ {mhe lzh`zo cjlznkmh ojdkb ~jtkh~jetmpk njhemh

nkdmhezhh{m cavjtmpk cavjtmpk pzpz zh~zc ojdkb ljhkhecm~cmh

cah~tao/ vtanzcpk nmh cjpjgmb~jtmmh dmek vj~mhk(05

0:b~~v7!!uuu(jmp~gmym~tmyjojt(àl!1v


37/172

=5

Dm~mpmh ~jlvatmo vjhjok~kmh nklzomk vmnm ~mbzh =;96mh nmh

nkmcbktk vmnm ~mbzh =;26mh( ^mbzh =;96mh nkvkokb cmtjhm

cj~klvmhemh vmnm p~m~zp cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb nmh vtapjp tjnkp~tkdzpk

~mhmb lzomk ljhnmvm~cmh vjtbm~kmh {mhe cjlznkmh djtcjldmhe

pmlvmk vmnm vjtzlzpmh Zhnmhe Zhnmhe Vacac Metmtkm ~mbzh

=;96( Mnmvzh njcmnj ~mbzh =;26mh nkvkokb cmtjhm djtcjldmheh{m

tjyaozpk bkgmz pjdmemk pkldao lanjthkpmpk lmp{mtmcm~ njpm ljh`mvmk

~k~kc mcbkt vjtgmomhmhh{m( Tjyaozpk nmoml pjc~at vjt~mhkmh khk pjnkck~

dmh{mc mcmh ljlvjhemtzbk vjtcjldmhemh oacmok~mp nk vjezhzhemh

gmum(


38/172

=2

@(^zgzmh Vjhjok~kmhVjhjok~kmh khk djt~zgzmh zh~zc ljhej~mbzk vjldmtzmh nmh

vjtzdmbmh {mhe ~jtgmnk vmnm lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk vjezhzhemh mckdm~

nmtk tjyaozpk nmoml pjc~at metmtkm nmh vjt~mhkmh,vj~jthmcmh(

Vjtzdmbmh ljh{mhecz~ m~mp nkp~tkdzpk/ p~m~zp cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb

nmh lanjthkpmpk {mhe pmhem~ lmppki vmnm pjc~at pjc~at vjt~mhkmh,

vj~jthmcmh( Khitmp~tzc~zt/ em{m bknzv/ ~tmnkpk memlm nmh djdjtmvm

bmo ljhemomlk vjtejpjtmh cj~kcm lanjthkpmpk ljh{jh~zb ukom{mb

vjezhzhemh Gmum( Tjpvah pjdmemk mckdm~ nmtk lanjthkpmpk vmnm

lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk vjezhzhemh djozl dmh{mc nkzomp nmh nkcmgk(

Vmnmbmo/ bmo khk `zczv vjh~khe zh~zc ljokbm~ mvmcmb ~jtnmvm~

vjtdjnmmh tjpvah mh~mtm lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk vjezhzhemh nmh

lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk nm~mtmh tjhnmb(

Pjdmemk pjdzmb cmt{m/ vjhjok~kmh khk nkbmtmvcmh nmvm~ ljhgmnk

vjojhecmv nmh vjldmhnkhe zh~zc vjhjok~kmh vjhjok~kmh {mhe ~jomb

mnm pjdjozlh{m/ cbzpzph{m vmnm cmgkmh pjgmtmb czmh~k~m~ki njhemh

~jlm pjgmtmb papkmo vjnjpmmh(


39/172

=;

N(^khgmzmh Vzp~mcm^khgmzmh vzp~mcm djtnmpmt vmnm djdjtmvm ~zokpmh {mhe vjthmb

ljhecmgk ~jh~mhe vjt~mhkmh nmh vj~jthmcmh/ lmpmomb lmpmomb

metmtkm nmh djdjtmvm {mhe ljldmbmp vj~mhk vj~mhk ezhzhe/ {mk~z

cmt{m Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt Ejejt ^jheejt 7 Vjtzdmbmh Papkmo nmh

Vjtcjombkmh Vaok~kc {mhe pmhem~ nj~mko ljldmbmp ljhejhmk

cjbknzvmh vj~mhk vj~mhk vjezhzhemh ~jheejt( ^tmnkpk/ pjgmtmb

vjt~mhkmh/ tjyaozpk bkgmz/ pjt~m vjt~mtzhemh vaok~kc nmh memlm(

Mt~kcjo P(L(V ^gahntahjeata {mhe djtgznzo/ Tjyaozpk Bkgmz nmh

Vjtzdmbmh Papkmo nk Vjnjpmmh Gmum pmomb pm~z ~zokpmh {mhe

ljldmbmp ljhejhmk om~mt djomcmhe nmh nmlvmc nmtk tjyaozpk bkgmz

{mhe lzh`zo vmnm lmpm lmpm mumo vjljtkh~mbmh atnj dmtz(

Vjldmbmpmh pmlvmk vmnm kh~jhpkikcmpk vjt~mhkmh/ vjomvkpmh papkmo

nmh vjheezhmmh ~mhmb(

^zokpmh Itmhp Bzpcjh nmh Djhgmlkh Ubk~j/ Jcahalk Vaok~kc

Vjldmhezhmh Vjnjpmmh nmh P~tzc~zt Metmtkm nk Gmum( Cmt{m khk

iaczp vmnm vtapjp ~tmhpiatlmpk lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk vmnm lmpm

caoahkmo pmlvmk vmp`m cjljtnjcmmh( Cjpjhgmhemh papkmo/ nkp~tkdzpk

~mhmb {mhe ~knmc ljtm~m/ lanjthkpmpk pjc~at vjt~mhkmh/ nmh

vjhezmpmmh ombmh(


40/172

46

^zokpmh B( Bzk~jlm Vj~jthmcmh nk Nmjtmb ^tavkp 7 Mt~k

Jcahalk nmh Cjlmlvzmhh{m( Pmomb pm~z ~zokpmh {mhe ljldmbmp

pjc~at vj~jthmcmh njhemh pznz~ vmhnmhe kolz papkmo( Cmt{m khk

`zczv vjh~khe zh~zc ljhgjompcmh vj~jthmcmh nk Khnahjpkm(

Cbzpzph{m vmnm vjhjok~kmh khk {mhe mcmh nkomczcmh nk nmjtmb

ozldzhe ~jthmc(

Cmt{m cjoklm {mk~z dzcz {mhe nkjnk~atk aojb P(L(V

^gahntahjeata nmh Ezhmumh Uktmnk/ Nzm Mdmn Vjhezmpmmh ^mhmb(

Dzcz khk `zczv vjh~khe zh~zc ljhgjompcmh vtapjp pjt~m vjtzdmbmh

cbzpzph{m vmnm cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb nk Khnahjpkm( Pmomb pm~z mt~kcjo

~zokpmh Bkta{apbk Cmha ljhgmnk tzgzcmh vjh~khe zh~zc ljokbm~

bzdzhemh mh~mtm vjhezmpmmh nmh cjvjlkokcmh ~mhmb ~jtbmnmv

pjc~atpjc~at vjt~mhkmh(

Dzcz {mhe nkjnk~atk aojb Vj~jt Daalemmtn02 ljhgmnk vjh~khe

zh~zc ljokbm~ pjgmtmb okheczhemh/ cbzpzph{m ~zokpmh Gmh Ukoojl

Hkddjtkhe Zvomhn @zo~kym~kah mhn Pako @ahpjtym~kah kh Okljp~ahj

Tjekahp ah Gmymp Paz~b @amp~ 7 ^btjj Bkp~atk`mo @mpj,P~znkjp(

Vjldmbmpmh nk ~kem vjezhzhemh gmum "vjezhzhemh Pjtm{z Pjom~mh/

Gmum Dmtm~3 ezhzhe Pjuz/ Gmum ^jhemb3 vjezhzhemh Lmomhe

02 Vj~jt Daalemtn/ ncc "jn(+/ Vmvjt Omhnp`mvjp 7 Jrvoatm~kah kh~bj Jhyktahljh~mo Bkp~at{ ai Khnahjpkm"Ojknjh 7 CK^OY Vtjpp/ =;;5+(


41/172

4=

Pjom~mh/ Gmum ^klzt+ ljhgmnk nm~m vjldmhnkhe vjh~khe zh~zc

ljokbm~ cmpzp omkh njhemh cahnkpk ejaetmikp {mhe pjtzvm njhemh

vjezhzhemh ~jheejt(

Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt/ Tjmnkhe Tjom~jn ~a ~bj Kh~jhpkik`m~kah ai

Metk`zo~ztj kh Gmymp @tk~k`mo Zvomhnpnmoml pjdzmb czlvzomh ~zokpmh

{mhe ~knmc nk~jtdk~cmh pmhem~ vjh~khe zh~zc ljlmbmlk vjt~mhkmh

ombmh cjtkhe/ cbzpzph{m {mhe djtmnm nk ukom{mb vjezhzhemh(

Vjhjok~kmh {mhe nkomczcmh nk Dmok ljhebmpkocmh ~jpkp vjh~khe

ljhejhmk bzdzhemh mh~mtm lanjthkpmpk vjt~mhkmh {mhe nkomczcmh

vjljtkh~mbmh atnj dmtz ~jtbmnmv cj`jhnjtzhemh ~mhmlmh {mhe

nk~mhml vj~mhk vjezhzhemh(

J( Lj~anj nmh PzldjtLj~anj vjhjok~kmh ljheezhmcmh lj~anj pjgmtmb njhemh

omhecmb omhecmb pjdmemk djtkcz~ 7 vjhjh~zmh ~avkc/ vjhezlvzomh

pzldjt/ yjtkikcmpk/ kh~jtvtj~mpk nmh vjhzokpmh0;( Pzldjt vjhjok~kmh

mcmh ljheezhmcmh mtpkv/ catmh/ lmgmomb/ umumh`mtm pjt~m djdjtmvm

~zokpmh nmh dzcz pjdmemk pzldjt pzldjt vtkljt lmzvzh

pjczhnjt( Lj~anj vjhjok~kmh umumh`mtm njhemh phau dauokhe mcmh

ojdkb nalkhmh nkezhmcmh cmtjhm ljhekhem~ vjhjok~kmh khk ljlkokck

0; Czh~aukga{a/ Vjhemh~mt Kolz Pjgmtmb/ "[ae{mcmt~m 7 Djh~mhe/466:+/ bol( ;6(


42/172

44

dm~mpmh ~jlvatmo {mhe `zczv cah~jlvatjt( Gkcm nktm~m,tm~m/ ~kmv

nzpzh nmtk > nzpzh {mhe mnm nk njpm Hahecagmgmt nkumckok 4,0

hmtmpzldjt umumh`mtm( Vjhjozpztmh pzldjt pzldjt ~jtpjdz~

mcmh nkomczcmh djtnmpmt vmnm cjpjpzmkmh hmtmpzldjt njhemh ~jlm

nmh ~avkc {mhe nkvkokb( Pzldjtpzldjt ~jtpjdz~ nkvjtaojb nmtk mtpkv

Nmjtmb Gmum ^klzt/ vjtvzp~mcmmh ZEL/ vjtvzp~mcmmh Pjcaomb

^kheek Vjt~mhmbmh Hmpkahmo/ vjtvzp~mcmmh Vzpm~ P~znk Vjnjpmmh/

vjtvzp~mcmmh Zhkyjtpk~mp Mktomheem/ / nkhmp nmh dmnmh , dmnmh

vjljtkh~mb/ vjtvzp~mcmmh Imczo~mp Kolz Dznm{m ZEL/

vjtvzp~mcmmh gztzpmh Pjgmtmb Imczo~mp Kolz Dznm{m ZEL/

vjtvzp~mcmmh gztzpmh Mh~tavaoaek Dznm{m Imczo~mp Kolz Dznm{m

ZEL/ pjt~m caojcpk vtkdmnk(

Ctk~kc pzldjt ~jtbmnmv vtkljt lmzvzh pjczhnjt mcmh

nkomczcmh pj~jomb nm~m nm~m nkvjtaojb nmh nkczlvzocmh( Bmo khk

nkomczcmh zh~zc ljhnmvm~cmh cjmpokmh nmh ctjnkdkok~mp pzldjt(

Pzldjt pzldjt {mhe ~jomb nkpjojcpk mcmh ljomozk vtapjp

kh~jtvtj~mpk {mhe ljhebmpkocmh imc~m imc~m pjgmtmb( Imc~m imc~m

~jtpjdz~ mcmh nktjcahp~tzcpk ljhgmnk vjhnmbzozmh nmh kpk nmtk

vjhzokpmh( Vmnm ~mbmv mcbkt/ cjpklvzomh mcmh ljhgmnk vjhz~zv

pjdmemk gmumdmh m~mp vjt~mh{mmh vjt~mh{mmh vjhjok~kmh {mhe ~jomb

nktzlzpcmh(


43/172

40

I( Pkp~jlm~kcm VjhzokpmhPkp~jlm~kcm vjhzokpmh nkezhmcmh memt vjhjok~kmh ~jtpzpzh

njhemh tmvk( Vmnm dmd pm~z {mhe djtkpk vjhnmbzozmh/ omvatmh khk

ljhgjompcmh ljhejhmk om~mt djomcmhe vjhzokpmh/ tzlzpmh lmpmomb/

tzmhe okheczv/ ~zgzmh/ ~khgmzmh vzp~mcm/ pzldjt nmh lj~anj pjt~m

pkp~jlm~kcm vjhzokpmh(

Dmd nzm ljldmbmp djdjtmvm ~zokpmh zh~zc ljtzlzpcmh nmh

ljldmhnkhecmh ~jtlkhaoaek~jtlkhaoaek {mhe nkvmcmk nmoml cmgkmh

vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh( Vjtdmhnkhemh ljhejhmk ~zokpmh ~zokpmh

{mhe ljldmbmp ~jh~mhe vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh ljhgmnk cahpjh

nmoml dmd khk( Dmd pjomhgz~h{m ljldmbmp ljhejhmk cahnkpk

ejaetmikp pjt~m papkmo jcahalk vaok~kc lmp{mtmcm~ hahecagmgmt(

Vmnm dmd khk ljldmbmp vzom ljhejhmk tjyaozpk metmtkm mumo ~mbzh

=;96mh djpjt~m nmlvmch{m vmnm vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh( Kh~k nmtk

dmd jlvm~ mnmomb dmemklmhm cavjtmpk pjdmemk pacaeztz

vjtjcahalkmh ljhgmnk pmomb pm~z imc~at vjh{jdmd ljozmph{m

vj~jthmcmh pmvk vjtmb nk njpm Hahecagmgmt( Pzd dmd ~kem/ {mhe

ljhgmnk kh~k ~zokpmh khk ljldmbmp ~jh~mhe njpm pjdmemk jh~k~mp

lmp{mtmcm~ ljhemomlk pjtdzmh pjtdzmh lanjthkpmpk( Cavjtmpk

pjdmemk pmomb pm~z zgzhe ~aldmc nkzomp pjcalvtjbjhpki lzheckh(

Lanjthkpmpk/ nmoml bmo khk ljokheczvk pjc~at vjt~mhkmh nmh cavjtmpk


44/172

4>

ljtzvmcmh omhecmb mumo cj~jtdzcmmh lmp{mtmcm~ vj~mhk ezhzhe

~jtbmnmv cjbknzvmh papkmo {mhe ojdkb ozmp(

Dmd ~jtmcbkt/ dmd oklm djtkpk cjpklvzomh/ {mhe ljtzvmcmh

gmumdmh nmtk vjt~mh{mmh nmh vjtlmpmombmh nmoml vjhjok~kmh(


45/172

DMD KK

VJT^MHKMH VJEZHZHEMH 7 PJDZMB VJTDMHNKHEMH

M(^jtlkhaoaek Vjt~mhkmh Vjezhzhemh@zczv pzok~ zh~zc ljhecm~jeatkcmh pjvjt~k mvm lanjo nmh

vjhmlmmh {mhe `a`ac zh~zc nkpjdz~ pjdmemk vjt~mhkmh

vjezhzhemh( Djdjtmvm vjhjok~k ljheezhmcmh imc~at imc~at nmh

p{mtm~ p{mtm~ {mhe djtdjnm zh~zc ljlkomb lkomb memt ljhgmnk

va~ahemh va~ahemh dmhezhmh ~jtlkhaoaek {mhe ljhnjcm~k pjpzmk(

Djdjtmvm {mhe omkh ~mc ~jtomoz ljlvjnzokcmh nmh ljlvjtnjdm~cmh

cmtjhm pmhem~ tjom~ki nmh ~mc mnm dm~mpmh {mhe gjomp zh~zc p{mtm~

p{mtm~ ~jtpjdz~/ pjbkheem ~jtomoz lzozclzozc gkcm bmtzp ~jtcztzhe

vmnm ~jtlkhaoaek khk( Pj~knmch{m/ ~jtnmvm~ ~kem cm~jeatk djpmt {mhe

nmvm~ nk~mtkc nmtk p{mtm~p{mtm~ ~jtpjdz~ zh~zc ljldjnmcmh mh~mtm

vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh nmh vjt~mhkmh nm~mtmh tjhnmb 3 vjt~mlm

mnmomb djtnmpmt vmnm cj~kheekmh/ cjnzm zh~zc ~mhmlmh {mhe nmvm~

~zldzb m~mz ~mhmlmh ojdkb nktjcaljhnmpkcmh nk~mhml nmh {mhe

cj~kem pjgmzb lmhm ~mhmb ljlkokck cj~jtpjnkmmh mkt(


46/172

49

Pjdjozl ljtmldmb cj vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh/ ~jpkp ljhmtkc

nmtk ^mhkm Lzttm{ Ok=

ljhgmnk cjtmhecm djtvkckt zh~zc

ljheemldmtcmh pjozc djozc ~jh~mhe mvm {mhe nkpjdz~ njhemh

vjezhzhemh( Vjhecm~jeatkmh djtnmpmtcmh ikpkc djh~mhemh moml/ Ok

ljheezhmcmh lj~anj {mhe nkm pjdz~ njhemh ljhnjikhkpkcmh njhemh

djdmp "oaapjo{ njikhjn+/ pjdzmb `mtm {mhe ljhztz~ Ok/ ~knmc mcmh

~jtczheczhe vmnm dm~mpmh dm~mpmh mdpaoz~( Ljpckvzh lmz ~knmc

lmz bmtzp nkgmdmtcmh cmtjhm ~jomb ljhgmnk cjdkmpmmh vtkdzlk nk

djdjtmvm cjvzomzmh nmh vjhzokpmh kolkmb nk Mpkm ^jheemtm/ hmlzh/

dm~mpmh dm~mpmh {mhe ~mc ~jtomoz cj~m~ mcmh nkdjtomczcmh zh~zc

ljhnjikhkpkcmh vjezhzhemh( Vjezhzhemh mnmomb dmekmh ~jhemb {mhe

djtdzck~ dzck~ pmlvmk djh~mhe {mhe djtezhzhe ezhzhe nmtk

vjtlzcmmh ojtjhe {mhe ~jtgmo/ pcjlm nmh cah~zt ~mhmb {mhe ~mc tm~m

nmh nm~mtmh ~kheek nmoml pznz~ cjlktkhemh {mhe pmhem~ `ztml( Vmnm

nkpczpk nkpczpk {mhe ljldmbmp ~jh~mhe ~mhmb/ lanjo ktkempk {mhe

pmhem~ knjh~kc njhemh vjt~mhkmh pmumb dmpmb pmhem~ gjomp ~knmc

nmvm~ ck~m ~jlzcmh nk pkhk( Vjezhzhemh dzcmh vzom nmjtmb nk pjck~mt

= ^mhkm Lzttm{ Ok "jn(+/ ^tmhpiatlkhe ~bj Khnahjpkmh Zvomhnp 7Lmtekhmok~{ Vaujt mhn Vtanz`~kah P~znkjp kh Jhyktahljh~moMh~btavaoae{" Mlp~jtnml 7 ^m{oat ) Itmh`kp j,Okdtmt{/ 466: +/ bol(RYK(


47/172

45

vkheektmh vmh~mk/ lzmtm m~mz nm~mtmh moozykmo/ ~mhmb tmum/ lmzvzh

~mhmb njhemh dmhgkt lzpklmh4

(

^mc mnm pm~z kp~komb vzh nmoml dmbmpm kheetkp nmh dmbmpm

Khnahjpkm zh~zc ljheemldmtcmh cahnkpk papkmo nmh djh~mhemh ikpkc

nmtk pjdzmb ukom{mb vjezhzhemh( Lktkv njhemh cj~kcm mcmh

ljhemt~kcmh ~jtlkhaoaek vjoapac/ cmnmhe bmtzp ljheezhmcmh

daahkjp/ ~jlvm~ nk mh~mb djtmh~mb/ jh~mb nklmhm( ^mc ~jtcj`zmok

vjhempapkmpkmh bknzv nk ozmt hjemtm "p~m~jojpp+/ {mhe pjdjhmth{m

~knmc `a`ac zh~zc ljheemh~kcmh ~jtlkhaoaek vjoapac( Djek~z vzom

njhemh ~jtlkhaoaek vjnmomlmh( Nkemh~k njhemh ~bj kh~jtkatvzh ~knmc

pjpzmk {mhe vmnm cah~jc vjlmcmkmhh{m nkezhmcmh nk Khnahjpkm

zh~zc ljh{jdz~ nmjtmb {mhe gmzb nmtk vzpm~ vjljtkh~mbmh(0

Vjezhzhemh pjomoz djtcaojtmpk njhemh cj~jtdjomcmhemh/

cjlkpckhmh/ cjdanabmh/ cj~knmc~jtm~ztmh nmh vjhaomcmh zh~zc

bknzv pjom{mch{m umtem hjemtm {mhe hatlmo>( Mheemvmh ojdkb

vtklk~ki nkdmhnkhe nm~mtmh tjhnmb/ mnmomb pjdzmb vtjlkp {mhe

pmhem~ nkmheemv dkmpm pjomkh cjpmh hjem~ki omkh {mhe nklzh`zocmh(

^jtz~mlm nk nmjtmb nmjtmb ozmt lmh`mhjemtmh{m Khnahjpkm

4Kdkn

0Kdkn

>Kdkn(/ bol( 0(


48/172

42

pjvjt~k Cmoklmh~mh nmh Vmvzm:( Pm~z cmck djtvkgmc vmnm imc~m nmh

pzldz pjgmtmb/ zh~zc ljh{jdz~ vtklk~ki m~mz ~tmnkpkahmo/ pjnmhecmh

cmck {mhe pm~zh{m djtnktk nk m~mp cjckhkmh/ `mtm vmhnmhe pmm~ khk/

zh~zc ljh{jdz~ lanjthk~mp(

Nkca~alk nm~mtmh ~kheek nmh nm~mtmh tjhnmb lktkv njhemh

~tmnkpkahmo nmh lanjth( Nklmhm Cjlzh`zomh mh~k ~jpkp djthmnm

vapk~ki ljhezldmt cjpmh/ pmomb pm~zh{m pjdmemk `mtm lmhzpkm

ljhebzdzhecmh cjdjdmpmh nmh kh~jetk~mp nktk njhemh lmp{mtmcm~

nmh ljhgmem cjojp~mtkmh okheczhemh( Hmlzh/ nk pmm~ {mhe pmlm/ kpz

cjojp~mtkmh okheczhemh/ ljhgmnk tjojymh cmtjhm djdjtmvm ~zokpmh

ljlzh`zocmh cjpklvzomh hjem~ki vmnm cahnkpk okheczhemh

vjezhzhemh(

Jtapk "{mhe djdjtmvm cmok nk~znzbcmh vmnm lanjo vjt~mhkmh

vjtomnmhemh+/ mnmomb pmomb pm~z {mhe `zczv pjtkzp nkpata~k nmoml

vjtlmpmombmh vjezhzhemh( ^mhmb njhemh cahnkpk djtdzck~ dzck~

pmhem~ djt~kvj ~mhmb bz~mh njhemh cjpzdztmh {mhe

ljhecbmum~ktcmh9( @m~m~mh vmokhe omlm ljhzokp pjgmc mdmn =2 nmh

: Gajo P( Cbmh/ @zo~ztmokpkhe ^bj Khnahjpkmh Zvomhnp nmoml^mhkm Lzttm{ Ok/ kdkn(/ bol( 2=(

9 Pzpjha Dznknmtpaha nmh Vmzo Dztejtp/ Iatjp~o{ mhn Oa`mo@allzhk~kjp ai Gmym kh ^klj ai mhn ^ztlako/ =;>4 4666 nmomlVj~jt Daalemmtn/ncc "jn(+/ Lznnkjn Um~jtp 7 Bkp~atk`mo mhn


49/172

4;

=; ~jomb ~jtgmnk jtapk ~mhmb {mhe pmhem~ pjtkzp5( Vjtcjdzhmh cavk

ljhemumok `m~m~mh`m~m~mh vjhetzpmcmh ~mhmb cmtjhm ~knmc mnmh{m

cahpjtympk ~mhmb nk nmoml cjdkmpmmh vj~mhk cmom ljhmhml cavk {mhe

djtmckdm~ vmnm njetmnmpk cjpzdztmh ~mhmb {mhe pmhem~ pjtkzp2(

Nmjtmb nmjtmb vjtcjdzhmh {mhe djtmokb izhepk ljhgmnk

vjtomnmhemh ombmh cjtkhe ljhemomlk jtapk nmoml ~mtmi {mhe pmhem~

ljhecbmum~ktcmh( Vjojvmpmh cjpzdztmh ~mhmb ljh`mvmk 4 > `l nk

nmjtmb {mhe ~jomb ~jtjtapk/ dmbcmh pmlvmk cjomvkpmh cjtmp {mhe

~jtvmcpm bmtzp nk~kheemocmh cmtjhm pmlm pjcmok ~knmc nmvm~ omek

nkvmcmk zh~zc vjt~mhkmh;( Jtapk {mhe pmhem~ ctk~kp gzem mcmh

@ah~jlvatmt{ Vjtpvj`~kyjp ah Lmhmejljh~ ai Iatjp~ mhn Ikpbjtkjp khKpomhn Paz~bjmp~ Mpkm"Ojknjh 7 CK^OY Vtjpp/ =;;5+/ bol( 0:5(

5 C(I( Ukjtpzl/ Jtapk/ vjtcjldmhemh Nmjtmb Vjnjpmmh nmhBz~mh nk Vzomz Gmumnmoml Tjmnkhe Tjom~jn ~a ~bj Kh~jhpkik`m~kah aiMetk`zo~ztj kh Gmymp @tk~k`mo Zvomhnp/ " ~knmc nk~jtdk~cmh/ =;;6 +/ bol(

>(

2Kdkn(

; Nk Ezhzhe Cknzo lkpmoh{m/ vjtzdmbmh vjtzdmbmh nmomlvjlmcmkmh ~mhmb nmh ljhztzhh{m vjhebmpkomh mckdm~ jtapkljhebmpkocmh nm~m {mhe ljh`jhemhecmh( ^mbzh =;46/ vmnk vmnmvjt~mhkmh ombmh dmpmb pjozmp 9(=66 bm/ gmezhe 5(=66 bm/ nmh

pkhecahe 5(566 bm njhemh lmpkhelmpkhe bm ljhebmpkocmh cztmheojdkb =;/ : cukh~mo( Cztzh umc~z 0> ~mbzh/ vmnm =;:>/ vjheezhmmh~mhmb ljhkhecm~ `zczv djpmt/ {mhe djtdmhnkhe ~jtdmokc njhemhbmpko( Vmnk vmnm vjt~mhkmh ombmh dmpmb pjozmp :(;66 bm/ gmezhe46(:66 bm/ nmh pkhecahe :5(666 bm/ hmlzh vjhebmpkomh tm~m tm~mvjt bm,h{m bmh{m ljh`mvmk =0/2 cukh~mo( Okbm~ kdkn(/ bol( 42(


50/172

06

djtmckdm~ vmnm ukom{mb ukom{mb nk ojtjhe ojtjhe dzck~ nmh mtjm

vjhmhmlmh vmnk ombmh dmpmb {mhe ~zldzb nk ukom{mb dmumbh{m=6

(

^khecm~ cjlmlvzmh vjheemtmv/ nmoml bmo khk vj~mhk nmh okheczv

vjhej~mbzmh vjt~mhkmh {mhe cztmhe ljlmnmk ljhgmnk imc~at calvok~

jtapkjtapk ombmh ~jtgmnk( Vjtcjldmhemh vjhztzhmh czmok~mp ~mhmb

ljlmcpm vjljtkh~mb caoahkmo nk ~mbzh =256 ljhejozmtcmh

vjtkhem~mh ljhejhmk dmbm{m jtapk/ nmh nk ~mbzh =25>== ljhj~mvcmh

vjtm~ztmh vjljtkh~mb ~jh~mhe vjheemtmvmh ~mhmb nklmhm

vjhemuj~mh nmh ljhgmem cjpzdztmh ~mhmb ljhgmnk p{mtm~ dmek

vjheemtmv(

=6Kdkn(/ bol( =(

== Bmo khk ~jt`mh~zl nmoml P~mm~pdomn=25> {mhe nkcjozmtcmhdjtpmlmmh njhemh $Nalkjhyjtcomtkhe zh~zc Pzlm~jtm$(Naljkhyjtcomtkhe mnmomb vjtm~ztmh {mhe ~jt`mh~zl nmoml vmpmo =metmtkp`bj djpozk~/ {mhe ljtjdz~ ~mhmb ~mhmb ~knmc djtbmc lkokc

ljhgmnk ~mhmb Hjemtm( Vjtm~ztmh khk ljhebmtzpcmh memt pztm~ kwkhvjldzcmmh ombmh dmtz nkcjozmtcmh aojb vjgmdm~ vmnm ~khecm~cj`mlm~mh/ dzcmh njpm( Hmlzh/ vjtm~ztmh khk dmh{mc nkmdmkcmh/

{mhe ljhemckdm~cmh jtapk nk vjezhzhemh pjlmckh ljldztzc( Okbm~vzom Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ Ejejt ^jheejt 7 VjtzdmbmhPapkmo nmh Vjtcjombkmh Vaok~kc"[ae{mcmt~m 7 OCKP/ =;;;+/bol( 5;(


51/172

0=

Pkim~ khk/ bmlvkt zlzl ~jtgmnk nk nmoml vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh(

Cjtjh~mhmh ~mhmb ~jtbmnmv jtapk nmh njetmnmpk cjpzdztmh( ^mhmb

~jemo nk vjezhzhemh ~knmc ljlkokck nm{m ~mbmh jcaoaekp pjvjt~k

pmumb {mhe djtktkempk( Dkom nkdjtnm{mcmh pj`mtm kh~jhpki nmh ~jtzp

ljhjtzp/ lmcm km mcmh cjbkomhemh cjpzdztmh( ^jtcjhm mhekh nmh

ckckpmh mkt bzgmh gzem mcmh ljh{jdmdcmh jtapk( Cmtjhm k~z ~knmc

ljhebjtmhcmh dkom pjgmtmb vjt~mhkmh nk vjezhzhemh ^jheejt mnmomb

pjgmtmb ctkpkp jcaoaek {mhe ~jtzpljhjtzp=4

Pkpk vapk~ki nmtk nkca~alk dmkc,dztzc pmhem~ nkojlmbcmh aojb

cj~knmcgjompmh ~khnmcmh~khnmcmh vjheemtmvmh ~mhmb {mhe nkmldko

nmoml ljhejoaom okheczhemh vjezhzhemh( Pjdmekmh djpmt nm~mtmh

~kheek nk ukom{mb Khnahjpkm ~knmc `a`ac njhemh pcjlm zlzl {mhe

ljlvjtokbm~cmh vjtdjnmmh {mhe nkbmnmvk tzmhe tzmhe atemhkpmpk

papkmo( Vmtm vj~mhk khk ~knmc okmt lmzvzh gkhmc( Bz~mh djomh~mtm "

vjtdzck~mh nmh bz~mh {mhe lmpkb momlk + nkhanmk nmtk cjbmnktmh

lmhzpkm nmh mc~kyk~mp vjt~mhkmh( Mc~kyk~mp vjt~mhkmh {mhe

djtomhepzhe nk nm~mtmh ~kheek ~mlvmch{m ~jtomoz pzok~ zh~zc

ljljhzbk pacahemh cjtkhnzmh nmtk cjbknzvmh vj~mhk "vjmpmh~ ai

okij+ {mhe nk Khnahjpkm ~jomb nkpkldaocmh njhemh vj~mhk vmnk( Dmek

ljtjcm {mhe ljhnzczhe knj ~tmnkpkahmo/ vjt~mhkmh tmlmb

=4kdkn/ bol( 49(


52/172

04

okheczhemh nk nmjtmb bz~mh/ nmh {mhe ~jomb pkmv ljheemdzhecmh

cahpjv bz~mh djomh~mtm nmh vjtomnmhemh/ vjezhzhemh mnmomb

bmlvmtmh ~mhmb {mhe pmhem~ tzlk~( Mnm pjnkck~ cjpjvmcm~mh

dmemklmhm cmtmc~jtkp~kc vjezhzhemh nmh cjcztmhemhh{m/ mcmh

djtzdmb cj vjt~mhkmh tmlmb okheczhemh/ njhemh nkzpzocmhh{m

lanjo lanjo vjtzdmbmh nmh lankikcmpk " cahpjtympk/ bz~mh

jcp~tmcpk/ vmt~kpkvmpk nmh nzczhemh lmp{mtmcm~/ vjt~mhkmh

vjtcjdzhmh/ pjt~m ~tmhplketmpk +( Lmcm pmhem~ ~knmc ljhebjtmhcmh/

gkcm vmnm cjlznkmh bmtk cjojp~mtkmh okheczhemh nk vjezhzhemh mcmh

pmhem~ djt~jh~mhemh njhemh cjkhekhmh lmhzpkm ljojp~mtkcmh moml/

cah~tmnkc~ki=0(

@okiiatn Ejjt~w/ ljlkokck vmhnmhemh omkh ljhejhmk bmo khk(

Cjtzpmcmh bz~mh {mhe nk~znzbcmh "~jtz~mlm nkpjdmdcmh vmnm lanjo

pompb mhn dzth+ pmhem~ ljh{jpm~cmh( Gkcm nkokbm~ nmtk pznz~

vjomnmhe/ vjldmcmtmh bz~mh {mhe pznmb nk~jdmhe vmnm nmpmth{m

mnmomomb `mtm zh~zc ljlvjt`jvm~ vtapjp vjldzpzcmh nmh pjcmokezp

ljhemtmbcmh vtapjp k~z pjnjlkckmh tzvm pjbkheem wm~ lmcmhmh

{mhe nkojvmpcmh mcmh ~jtpjtmv pjdmh{mc lzheckh cj nmoml ~mhmlmh

vjhebmpko vmhemh {mhe pznmb nkvkokb( Vtavatpk {mhe `zczv djpmt nmtk

jhjtek lkhjtmo nmh bzlzp {mhe ljhebknzvk ~mhmlmh omnmhe djtmpmo

=0 ^mhkm Lzttm{ Ok "jnp(+/ av( `k~(/ bol( 42(


53/172

00

nmtk mdz pkpm vjldmcmtmh( Gmnk/ cjpjlvzthmmh vtapjp vjldmcmtmh

ljhgmnk imc~at {mhe lmbmvjh~khe dmek vjomnmhe( Vtapjp khk/

ljlkhgml cmoklm~ Ejjt~w/ ljlkhnmbcmh jhjtek {mhe ~jtpklvmh

nmoml ~zldzb ~zldzbmh bz~mh ~tavkp {mhe pzdzt cj nmoml

~mhmlmh vmhemh {mhe ljhemokt cj ~zdzb lmhzpkm nmoml gzlomb

{mhe pmhem~ djpmt=>(

^jtlkhaoaek vjt~mhkmh/ ljh{mldzhe mvm {mhe mcmh nkpjdz~

pjdmemk vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh/ lzheckh ~knmc pjoaheemt kp~komb

vjezhzhemh( Bmo khk djtnmpmt vmnm gjomph{m imc~at imc~at vjlkpmb

lmpkhelmpkhe cm~jeatk( Hmlzh/ ~mc pjcj~m~ Khnahjpkm ozmt yjtpzp

Khnahjpkm nmoml=:( Vjnjpmmh gmum ljlkokck ~jtlkhaoaek pjhnktk zh~zc

ljhgjompcmh vjtdjnmmh mh~mt ~kmv ~kmv lanjo vjt~mhkmh=9( Kp~komb

pmumb/ nkezhmcmh zh~zc nmjtmb njhemh cjlmlvzmh zh~zc

=> @okiiatn Ejjt~w/ Khyaozpk Vjt~mhkmh 7 Vtapjp Vjtzdmbmh Jcaoaeknk Khnahjpkm"Gmcmt~m 7 Dbtm~mtm Cmt{m Mcpmtm/ =;20+/ bol( 4=,44(

=: Khnahjpkm nmoml yjtpzp Khnahjpkm ozmt mnmomb kp~komb {mhenkezhmcmh @okiiatn Ejjt~w zh~zc ljldmek ljhgmnk nzm cm~jeatk/ukom{mb vjt~mhkmh Khnahjpkm( Khnahjpkm nmoml ljokvz~k/ pjdmekmhdjpmt Gmum "gmum dmekmh dmtm~ omz~/ gmum dmekmh ~jhemb/ gmum dmekmh~klzt/ dmok dmekmh pjom~mh/ nmh oaldac dmekmh dmtm~+( Khnahjpkm ozmt

ljokvz~k ukom{mb nk ozmt Khnahjpkm nmoml( Vjldmekmh khk nknmpmtcmhvmnm cjvmnm~mh vjhnznzc/ djpmt cj`koh{m vjheezhmmh ~mhmb/ nmhlanjo vjt~mhkmh " Khnahjpkm nmoml djt`ktkcmh pmumb/ pjnmhecmh

Khnahjpkm ozmt djt`ktkcmh omnmhe +( Okbm~ @okiiatn Ejjt~w/ kdkn(

=9 ^mhkm Lzttm{ Ok "jnp(+/ av( `k~(/ bol( 92(


54/172

0>

ljldzm~ pkp~jl ktkempk {mhe nmvm~ ljhemoktk ~mhmb pjvmhgmhe ~mbzh/

m~mz nmjtmb njhemh kh~jhpk~mp bzgmh {mhe `zczv ~kheek( Dkmpm

nkezhmcmh zh~zc ~mhmlmh ~mhmlmh njhemh lanjo vjt~mhkmh vmnk

dmpmb=5/ {mhe vmnm zlzlh{m djtvjtmh pjdmemk ~mhmlmh z~mlm/

njhemh cm`mhecm`mhemh pjdmemk ~mhmlmh vjtmokbmh(

^jemo "~jemomh+ mnmomb kp~komb zh~zc cztmhe ojdkb ljh{jdz~

nmjtmb njhemh cj~jtpjnkmmh mkt ~mc ~jtomoz dmh{mc( ^mhmb {mhe

~jtcahnkpkcmh zh~zc vjhmhmlmh ~mhmlmh {mhe ~mc dz~zb mkt ~jtomoz

dmh{mc pjvjt~k vmnk( Vjhmhmlmh ombmh cjtkhe njhemh ~mhmlmh

~mbzhmh {mhe ljhnalkhmpk pjgjhkp gmezhe=2( ^jemomh ~mc ~jtomoz

ljldz~zbcmh pkp~jl ktkempk {mhe ~jtomoz calvojcp om{mch{m

vjt~mhkmh pmumb(

Eaea "gmum+ m~mz omnmhe mnmomb nmjtmb nkdmumb lanjo

vjt~mhkmh {mhe djtvkhnmb vkhnmb/ nklmhm vtapjp vjldjtpkbmh

~mhmb ljheezhmcmh `mtm ~jdmhe nmh dmcmt "pompb mhn dzth+( ^mhmb

~mhmb bz~mh nmh vjezhzhemh ~mc djtbmc lkokc {mhe cjlznkmh pjtkhe

nkezhmcmh zh~zc vjtomnmhemh mcmh nk~kheemocmh pj~jomb nkezhmcmh

=5 Gmh Ukoojl Hkddjtkhe/ Zvomhn @zo~kym~kah mhn Pako

@ahpjtym~kah kh Okljp~ahj Tjekahp ah Gmymp Paz~b @amp~ 7 ^btjjBkp~atk`mo @mpj P~znkjp nmoml Vj~jt Daalemmtn/ncc "jn(+/ VmvjtOmhnp`mvjp 7 Jrvoatm~kahp kh ~bj Jhyktahljh~mo Bkp~at{ ai Khnahjpkm"Hj~bjtomhnp 7 CK^OY Vtjpp/ =;;5+/ bol( =::(

=2Kdkn(


55/172

0:

= 4 ~mbzh cmtjhm vtapjp njetmnmpk cjpzdztmh ~mhmb=;( Omnmhe/

ljhztz~ Eaztaz/ pj`mtm emtkp djpmt nmvm~ nkztmkcmh ljhgmnk jlvm~

`ktk7 "=+ nkgmomhcmh nk ~mhmb ~tavkp {mhe ejtpmhe3 "4+ djtzvm ~jchkc

vjt~mhkmh jojljh~jt ~mhvm ljheezhmcmh mom~mom~ cj`zmok cmlvmc3

"0+ cjvmnm~mh vjhnznzc tjhnmb3 nmh ">+ ljh{mhecz~ ~khecm~

cahpzlpk {mhe tjhnmb46( ^knmc mnmh{m vjldmgmcmh/ cjdz~zbmh

~jhmem cjtgm {mhe tjom~ki pjnkck~/ ~knmc ljheezhmcmh bjumh m~mzvzh

vjlzvzcmh/ nmh ~knmc mnmh{m cahpjv cjvjlkokcmh vtkdmnk mnmomb

`ktk omkh {mhe nkcjlzcmcmh Vjowjt( Pjnmhecmh djtnmpmt ~kvj/ nmvm~

nkdjnmcmh ljhgmnk nzm( ^kvj vjt~mlm ljtzvmcmh lketmpk mh~mtm

vjhnznzc nmh ombmh vjt~mhkmh pj`mtm djtpmlmmh/ njhemh itjczjhpk

{mhe pmlm nmoml cztzh pjckmh umc~z nmh ~kvj {mhe cjnzm mnmomb

ta~mpk ~mhmb/ nklmhm ~jlvm~ ~kheemo cztmhe ojdkb ~j~mv/ pjnmhecmh

=; Bz~mh {mhe nklmcpzn vmnm vjt~jhembmh mdmn 46 mcmhljlkokck mt~k ~mhmb bz~mh m~mz nmjtmb bz~mh/ dzcmh bmh{m nmjtmb{mhe nkvjhzbk njhemh ~zldzbmh bz~mh( ^mhmb bz~mh ljtzgzc vmnm

~mhmb hjemtm {mhe nknjpmkh aojb bzczl pjdmemk nmjtmb bz~mh {mhelzheckh djtbz~mh/ m~mz dkpm pmgm ~knmc( Zhnmhe zhnmheCjbz~mhmh halat : ~mbzh =;95 ljh{jdz~ nmjtmb cmumpmh bz~mhnmtk ukom{mb mnlkhkp~tmpk Caoahkmo Bkhnkm Djomhnm cjldmok cj cah~taoHjemtm/ nmh vjljtkh~mb ljlvjtaojb bmc zh~zc ljhnjpmkh mtjm mvm

vzh {mhe djtmnm nk dmumb cah~tao hjemtm/ pmomb pm~zh{m zh~zccjdz~zbmh mcmh ~mhmb vjt~mhkmh mckdm~ nmtk vjt~zldzbmhvjhnznzc( Okbm~ Pzpjha Dznknmtpaha nmh Vmzo Dztejtp/ av(`k~(/ bol(

0::(

46 @okiiatn Ejjt~w/ av(`k~(/ bol( =:(


56/172

09

{mhe djtvkhnmb mnmomb ~mhmb ~mhmb vjtomnmhemhh{m( Gkcm

nkemldmtcmh mcmh djtdjh~zc pjlm`ml okhecmtmh/ {mhe ljhejokokhek

nmjtmb vjhnznzc4=( Nmtk `mtm pompb mhn dzthpmlvmk `mtm djtààc

~mhml vjtpmumbmh/ omnmhe nmvm~ nkoj~mccmh vmnm ~mbmv vjtmokbmh

{mhe ~jtgmnk mh~mtm lanjo vjt~mhkmh djtdztz nmh ljtmlz pmlvmk

vmnm djtààc ~mhml {mhe ljhj~mv(

Mnmvzh {mhe cjjlvm~ mnmomb vjcmtmhemh( Kp~komb omkh zh~zc

ljh{jdz~ ~mlmh tzlmb "balj emtnjh+( Vjcmtmhemh mnmomb lanjo

~jtdmkc {mhe pmlm pjcmok ~knmc lktkv njhemh ~mlmh tzlmb {mhe

nklkokck tzlmb tzlmb ~tmnkpkahmo Jtavm44( Djdjtmvm vjhjok~k

ljlkokck njikhkpk {mhe bmlvkt pjtzvm djtnmpmt cjlktkvmh {mhe

ljhejtz`z~ vmnm pjdzmb `ktk/ {mk~z vjcmtmhemh nmvm~ nkvmp~kcmh

~jtoj~mc nk pjck~mt tzlmb( Emtnjh `zo~ztj/ ~mhmb nk bmomlmh tzlmb/

cjdzh tzlmb/ baljp~jmn mtjm/ nmh emdzhemh mh~mtm cjdzh

`mlvztmh njhemh vjcmtmhemh tzlmb/ mnmomb djdjtmvm njikhkpk {mhe

4= Eatnah N( ^m{oat/ Palj @tav Nkp~tkdz~kahp d{ ^tkdjp khZvomhn Paz~bjmp~ Mpkm nmoml Paz~bujp~jth Gazthmo ai Mh~btavaoae{/Yao( ;/ Ha( 0 "Mz~zlh/ =;:0+/ bol( 4;5(

44 Lmtgah Ctao/ @bmhekhe baljemtnjhp kh zvomhn gmym 7 ^bjjiij`~p ai @bmhekhe Pa`kmo Jàhalk` @ahnk~kahp ah ~bj Zpj ai GmymhjpjBaljemtnjhp 3 m @mpj P~zn{ kh ûa Ykoomejp kh Ezhzhe Cknzo Nkp~tk`~/Gmym/ Khnahjpkm "[ae{mcmt~m 7 Imczo~mp Cjbz~mhmh Zhkyjtpk~mpEmngmb Lmnm/ =;;4+/ Bol( 5(


57/172

05

nkvmvmtcmh40( Vjcmtmhemh/ {mhe ljhem`z vmnm ~mhmb nk pjck~mt

tzlmb " bmomlmh tzlmb + nmoml bmo khk ljlkokck bzdzhemh nmh

gmtmc {mhe pmhem~ djtnjcm~mh( Zh~zc vmtm vjhnznzc/ vjcmtmhemh

ljtzvmcmh ~jlvm~ {mhe h{mlmh nmh djtizhepk pjdmemk dmekmh nmtk

vtanzcpk ~mhmlmh nmh vj~jthmcmh tzlmbmh( Njhemh cm~m omkh/

vjcmtmhemh ljtzvmcmh pjdzmb pkp~jl cjbknzvmh {mhe pmokhe

djtcmk~mh,djtnjcm~mh mh~mtm lmhzpkm/ ~zldzbmh/ bjumh/ ~mhmb nmh

mkt4>(

C( I( Ukjtpzl ljheezhmcmh/ dmbcmh oklm cm~jeatk zh~zc

ljldjnmcmh vjheaombmh nmoml ~mhmb ~mhmb vjt~mhkmh4:/ njhemh

p{mtm~ p{mtm~ nk ~kmv ~kmv cm~jeatk {mhe pjnkck~ ljldkhezhecmh(

Vjt~mlm/ vjhmhmlmh vmnk njhemh ktkempk 3 cjnzm/ vjhmhmlmh vmnk

omnmhe {mhe djtzlzt pj~mbzh 3 cj~kem/ vjhmhmlmh nk vjcmtmhemh

njhemh `mlvztmh ~zldzbmh ~zldzbmh m~mz ~mhmlmh ~mhmlmh

40 Emtnjh `zo~ztj " ^jtl/ =;:0+/ ~mhmb nk bmomlmh tzlmb "

Vjhh{ nmh Pkhemtkldzh/ =;50 +/ cjdzh tzlmb " Tmlpm{ nmhUkjtpzl/ =;5> +/ baljp~jmn mtjm " Bmtuaan/ =;5: +/ emdzhemhmh~mtm cjdzh `mlvztmh njhemh vjcmtmhemh tzlmb " P~aojt/ =;5: +(Okbm~/ A~~a Pajlmtua~a/ Kngmb Pajlmtua~a/ Cmt{aha/ J( L(Pajcmt~mnktjngm nmh Tmlomh/ ^bj Gmymhjpj Balj 7 Emtnjh mp mh

Kh~jetm~jn Meta J`ap{p~jl nmoml Tjmnkhe Tjom~jn/ bol(4(

4>Kdkn

4: C(I( Ukjtpzl/ av(`k~(/ bol( 0(


58/172

02

djtzlzt = ~mbzh nmh {mhe ojdkb nmtk pm~z ~mbzh 3 cjjlvm~/

vjtcjdzhmh njhemh ~mhmlmh ~mhmlmh jcpvat {mhe djtzlzt

vmhgmhe 3 nmh {mhe ~jtmcbkt/ ~mhmb bz~mh(

Nzm cm~jeatk {mhe ~jomb nkpjdz~ nk m~mp ljlkokck djdjtmvm

cjojlmbmh vmnm p{mtm~p{mtm~ {mhe nkvjtzh~zccmh zh~zc ljlkomb

~kmv ~kmv vjhebzhk cm~jeatk/ mvmomek zh~zc ljhnjikhkpkcmh {mhe

cjlznkmh mcmh nkpjdz~ pjdmemk vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh( Omnmhe nmh

~jemomh lkpmo/ ~knmc ljlkokck vjtpmlmmh p{mtm~/ njhemh pm~z nmh

{mhe omkh pjdjhmth{m pmheezv ljhekpk( Pjvj~mc ~mhmb vjt~mhkmh

lmpzc nmoml cm~jeatk omnmhe gkcm djtvkhnmb vkhnmb( ^mc ~jtomoz

ljlvjnzokcmh nklmhm ~mhmb ~jtpjdz~/ cmtjhm bz~mh nmh ~mhmb {mhe

~mc djtbmc lkokc {mhe dkpm nk~jdmp nmvm~ ~jtoj~mc nklmhmvzh( ^mhmb

{mhe lmpzc nmoml cm~jeatk omnmhe nmvm~ vzom nkcm~jeatkcmh ~jemomh/

gkcm ~mhmb nmoml cahnkpk pzok~ zh~zc ljhnmvm~cmh mkt m~mz

ljldmhezh pkp~jl ktkempk {mhe dmkc( Dmbcmh nmvm~ vzom lmpzc

cm~jeatk vjcmtmhemh cmtjhm cm~jeatk khk bmh{m ljh{mtm~cmh pjpzm~z

{mhe pjnjtbmhm/ djtmnm nk bmomlmh tzlmb "~mlmh tzlmb+49(

49 Dmemklmhm vzh djdjtmvm vjhzokp djtlmpmomb njhemhljldjnmcmh mh~mtm njikhkpk vjcmtmhemh/ ~jemomh nmh pmumb( Gzthmo^kgnp`btki~ yaat bj~ Dkhhjhomhnp`b Djp~zzt ljhnkpctkvpkcmhvjcmtmhemh pjdmemk cjdzh/ hmlzh bmtzp ljhemldko ~jlvm~ nkpjdmekmh tzlmb( Mopa ^jttm " =;:> + ljhgjompcmh vjcmtmhemh pjdmemk~mhmb {mhe djtpkim~ cjvjlkokcmh khnkyknz/ nkpjck~mt tzlmb/ {mhenk~mhmlk djtdmemk `mlvztmh ~zldzbmh {mhe ljlkokck lmpm bknzv


59/172

0;

Vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh nknalkhmpk aojb vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe

"~jemomh!nt{omhn+ {mhe pznmb mnm nk cjvzomzmh hzpmh~mtm pjgmc

djtmdmn mdmn pkoml( Cahnkpk vjezhzhemh {mhe cztmhe ààc zh~zc

vjt~mhkmh pmumb dmpmb ljlmcpm vj~mhk vjezhzhemh ljh`mtk

mo~jthm~ki ~mhmlmh {mhe nmvm~ djt~mbmh njhemh pjnkck~ mkt( Nk pkpk

omkh/ ~jcmhmh vjhnznzc {mhe `zczv ~kheek ljlmcpm vj~mhk ombmh

dmpmb " pmumb + ljldmdm~ ojtjhe ezhzhe zh~zc djtààc ~mhml

njhemh bmpko vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe "gmezhe/ vmnk eaea/ cj~jom/ zdk

tmldm~/ cjh~mhe/ nmh omkhomkh+45(

Bmpko vjt~mhkmh ~jemomh nkpjdz~ njhemh vmomukgm( Kp~komb khk

nkezhmcmh zh~zc ~zldzbmh {mhe pjtzlvzh njhemh tzlvz~/ cm`mhe

cm`mhemh/ zldkzldkmh( Gjhkp ~mhmlmh vmomukgm pjvjt~k gmezhe/

patezl/ cjnjomk/ cm`mhe ~mhmb/ cm`mhe bkgmz/ cj~jom/ vmnk eaea nmh

cjh~mhe( Pjnmhecmh pm{ztmh pjt~m dzmb dzmbmh nkmheemv ~knmc

cjpjoztzbmh ljumckok mvm {mhe nkpjdz~ ~mhmlmh vmomukgm42(

omlm( Pajlmtua~a nmh @btkp~mh~{ " =;2: + ljhnjikhkpkcmhvjcmtmhemh pjdmemk ~mhmb nkpjck~mt tzlmb/ {mhe dkmpmh{m " ~mvk ~mcpjomoz + nk~mhmlk njhemh `mlvztmh ~mhmlmh {mhe ljlkokck izhepkcjpjbm~mh " pjlm`ml mva~kc bknzv/ jcahalk nmh papkmo czo~ztmo

dmek pk vjlkokc( Okbm~ Lmtgah Ctao/ av(`k~(/ Bol( 2(

45Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt/ @bmhekhe Nt{omhn Metk`zo~ztj kh Jmp~jth

Dmok nmoml Tjmnkhe Tjom~jn(( bol( =2(

42 [apbkhatk Lataacm nmh Bjhh{ Lm{taumhk/ Zvomhn Jàhal{kh Gmym Zvomhn Jàhal{ kh Gmym 7 M Vjtpvj`~kyj ai m Pa{djmh,dmpjn


60/172

>6

^mdjo = Nmjtmb Ombmh Cjtkhe {mhe Nk~mhmlk Vmomukgm nk Khnahjpkm

Nkcm~jeatkcmh Djtnmpmt Vmnm Gjhkp ^mhmlmh Zh~zc ^mbzh =;92 nmh

=;5: "nmoml =666 bjc~mt+

Gjhkp ^mhmlmh =;92 =;5:

Dmbmh vacac

Gmezhe

Vmnk emem

Cj~jom vabah

cjh~mhe

0446

=9:5

=:60

>6>

4>>:

==9=

=>=6

066

@mpb

@jhecjb

Cjomvm

Cavk

Cmvzc

^jldmcmz " ymtkj~mp

oacmo +

5:/2

=:;6/>

4;;/>

=:4/:

=40/2

4=9

4=;:/2

0:2/;

0==

=09/;

Pzldjt 7 Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt/ @bmhekhe Nt{omhn Metk`zo~ztj khJmp~jth Dmok nmoml Tjmnkhe Tjom~jn ~a ~bj Kh~jhpkik`m~kah aiMetk`zo~ztj kh Gmymp @tk~k`mo Zvomhnp/ " ~knmc nk~jtdk~cmh/ =;;6 +/ bol(0:(

Imtlkhe P{p~jl"@EVT^ @jh~tj+/ Bol( RKKK( Okbm~ vzom @okiiatn Ejjt~w/Khyaozpk Vjt~mhkmh 7 Vtapjp Vjtzdmbmh Jcaoaek nk Khnahjpkm "Gmcmt~m 7Dbtm~mtm Cmt{m Mcpmtm/ =;20+/ bol( =0(


61/172

>=

Vjtozmpmh vjtcjdzhmh vjtcjdzhmh ~mhmlmh jcpvat nmh

vjldzcmmh ombmh nk mdmn =; djtklvokcmpk vmnm ljhkhecm~h{m

vjhmhmlmh ~mhmlmh~mhmlmh ombmh cjtkhe {mhe djtzlzt vmhjh =

~mbzhmh/ pjgjhkp gmezhe nmh pkhecahe( Bmo khk cmtjhm vjhmhmlmh

vmnk/ nk djdjtmvm ~jlvm~ pznmb ~mc omek ljljhzbk lmcmhmh nmpmt

dmek vjhnznzc {mhe lmckh djt~mldmb( Cmtjhmh{m lmcm vjtcjdzhmh

vjtcjdzhmh {mhe pznmb nk~kheemocmh/ pjvjt~k vjtcjdzhmh cavk/

djtmokb izhepk ljhgmnk ~mhmlmh~mhmlmh ombmh cjtkhe4;(

Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ {mhe pmhem~ cahpjh njhemh vjezhzhemh

^jheejt ~mc ~jtomoz vjnzok njhemh vjhecm~jeatkmh vjt~mhkmh djtnmpmt

cj~kheekmh( Nkm bmh{m ljldmek ljhgmnk 4 cm~jeatk( Nm~mtmh tjhnmb

njhemh ~mhmlmh vmnk nmh ezom {mhe djtktkempk/ nklmhm ~jtnmvm~

pmumb nkpjokhek vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe "~jemomh+ nmh nm~mtmh ~kheek(

Nm~mtmh ~kheek nkdmek ljhgmnk 4 ukom{mb {mhe nkpjdz~ njhemh ojtjhe

m~mp nmh ojtjhe ~jhemb/ nklmhm ombmh {mhe nmvm~ nk~mhmlk nk ukom{mb

khk djtzvm ~jemomh06(

4; C(I( Ukjtpzl/ av(`k~(/ bol( :(

06 Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ av(`k~(/ bol( =4(


62/172

>4

Ukom{mb ojtjhe ~jhemb ljldjh~mhe mh~mtm cj~kheekmh 966

pmlvmk =466 lj~jt( Nk~zldzbk ~mhmlmh pjlm`ml gmezhe "~mhmlmh

z~mlm+/ pkhecahe/ cavk/ `jhecjb/ pjt~m djdjtmvm ~mhmlmh pzd~tavkp(

Ukom{mb ojtjhe m~mp ljldjh~mhe nk cj~kheekmh mh~mtm =466 pmlvmk

4:66 lj~jt nk m~mp vjtlzcmmh omz~( Ukom{mb khk ljtzvmcmh pmomb

pm~z ukom{mb {mhe ljlkokck ~khecm~ cjpzdztmh pmhem~ ~kheek cmtjhm

njdz nmh mdz yzocmhkc ezhzhe djtmvk( Kcokl pmhem~ nkhekh/ `a`ac

zh~zc ~mhmlmh pm{zt/ dmumhe ljtmb/ cadkp/ uat~jo/ nmh cjh~mhe0=(

Etmikc = Lanjo Vjt~mhkmh Vjezhzhemh Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt

,mhecm nmoml etmikc ljhzhgzccmh cj~kheekmh nk m~mp vjtlzcmmh omz~

Pzldjt 7 nkaomb nmtk Tadjt~ U( Bjihjt/ Ejejt ^jheejt 7 Vjtzdmbmh

Papkmo nmh Vjtcjombkmh Vaok~kc"[ae{mcmt~m 7 OCKP/ =;;;+/ bol( =4(

0= Kdkn(


63/172

>0

Gmh ukoojl Hkddjtkhe ojdkb calvojcp ljhejhmk p{mtm~ p{mtm~

khk/ umomzvzh bmh{m ljheezhmcmh vm~acmh =666 lj~jt nk m~mp

vjtlzcmmh omz~ zh~zc ljldm~mpk vjezhzhemh nmh nm~mtmh tjhnmb(

Pjojdkbh{m/ nkm ljokbm~ nmtk cmpzp vjt cmpzp {mhe ~jtgmnk nk ~kem

~jlvm~ djtdjnm( Vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh "zvomhn imtlkhe+ nmh

vjhmhmlmh vjezhzhemh "zvomhn `zo~kym~kah+ ljtzvmcmh ~jtlkhaoaek

{mhe nkezhmcmh pj~jomb Tz~bjhdjte "=;26+ nmh Vmo~j "=;2;+ nmh

dmh{mc vjhjok~k omkh/ zh~zc ljh{jdz~ vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe njhemh

~mhmlmh ~mbzhmh nk ukom{mb ~tavkp ~mhvm ljlmhimm~cmh mkt bzgmh

m~mz ktkempk04(

Kp~komb khk nkmldko nmtk imc~m dmbum pkp~jl vjt~mhkmh {mhe

ljhnalkhmpk nk nm~mtmh ~kheek/ pjomoz djtdzck~ dzck~ m~mz mtjm

vjezhzhemh njhemh `jczhemh `jczhemh cj`ko( Njhemh njlkckmh/

vjtdjnmmh cj~kheekmh vmnm `jczhemh `jczhemh ~kmv ~kmv ~jlvm~

njhemh pmhem~ tjom~kih{m ktkempk nk nm~mtmh tjhnmb nmh ukom{mb nk

okhecmtmh ozmt nm~mtmh ~kheek ljh{jdmdcmh pzm~z ~jlvm~ gkcm khekh

nkcm~mcmh vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh pmhem~ ~jtemh~zhe pk~zmpk nmh

cahnkpk cj~kheekmh( Nk djdjtmvm ~jlvm~ njhemh cj~kheekmh cztmhe/

pmhem~ ljlzheckhcmh zh~zc ljomczcmh ktkempk nkcmtjhmcmh

`jczhemh`jczhemh nkpjck~mtmh dzck~ ljlzheckhcmh bmo ~jtpjdz~(

04 Gmh Ukoojl Hkddjtkhe/ av(`k~(/ bol( =:0(


64/172

>>

Cj~kheekmh nk ukom{mb vzh`mc nmh ukom{mb nk okhecmtmh ozmt nm~mtmh

~kheek lzheckh djtdjnm/ djek~z vzom nk pjck~mtmh mtjm nm~mtmh {mhe

lmlvz ljomczcmh pkp~jl vjhemktmh ktkempk( Mtjm nm~mtmh ~kheek

pmhem~ nklzheckhcmh nk~jlzcmh nk cj~kheekmh {mhe tjom~ki tjhnmb

pjbkheem ~knmc bmtzp dkhezhe njhemh cahpjv nm~mtmh ~kheek {mhe

nmoml cah~jcp lmp{mtmcm~ gmum mnmomb nmjtmb ojtjhe yzocmhkc nk

m~mp =666 lj~jt nk m~mp vjtlzcmmh omz~00(

Etmikc 4 Lanjo Vjt~mhkmh Vjezhzhemh Gmh Ukoojl Hkddjtkhe

,mhecm nmoml etmikc ljhzhgzccmh cj~kheekmh nk m~mp vjtlzcmmh omz~

Pzldjt 7 nkaomb nmtk Gmh Ukoojl Hkddjtkhe/ Zvomhn @zo~kym~kah mhn

Pako @ahpjtym~kah kh Okljp~ahj Tjekahp ah Gmymp Paz~b @amp~ 7 ^btjjBkp~atk`mo @mpj P~znkjp nmoml Vj~jt Daalemmtn/ncc "jn(+/ Vmvjt

Omhnp`mvjp(/ bol( =::(

00kdkn(/ bol( =:>(


65/172

>:

Cmgkmh {mhe nkomczcmh Hkddjtkhe ojdkb vmnm dmemklmhm

vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh lmlvz djt~mbmh nk ~mhmb cmvzt nk djdjtmvm

~jlvm~ vjezhzhemh gmum( ^kem vjezhzhemh {mhe ljldjh~mhe nk

njcm~ ukom{mb vmh~mk pjom~mh gmum nkvkokb cmtjhm djdjtmvm mompmh/

mh~mtm omkh ~kmv ~kmv vjezhzhemh ljlkokck cmtmc~jtkp~kc {mhe

djtdjnm nmoml ljldjtk vjhemtzb vmnm vjtcjldmhemh pjgmtmb nmtk

~kmv ~kmv mtjm nm~mtmh ~kheek ~jtpjdz~( Dmemklmhmvzh/ ~kem nmjtmb

~jtpjdz~ ~jomb djtdmek `jtk~m/ dmbum pmlvmk mdmn cjpjldkomh djomp/

ljtjcm pjlzm nkezhmcmh zh~zc ljhgmnk nmjtmb vkheektmh "okhecmtmh

ozmt+/ ~jtkpaompk/ nmh nmjtmb {mhe gmtmhe vjhnznzc/ {mhe nknalkhmpk

bz~mh nmh ~zldzbmh bz~mh(

^kem vjezhzhemh {mhe nkpjdz~ mnmomb vjezhzhemh Pjtm{z nk

vtaykhpk Gmum ^jhemb/ ezhzhe Pjuz nk nmjtmb kp~kljum [ae{mcmt~m

nmh vjezhzhemh Lmomhe Pjom~mh nk vtaykhpk Gmum ^klzt( Bmpko vmhjh

nk cj~kem ukom{mb ~jtpjdz~ nknalkhmpk aojb gmezhe nmh cj~jom!zdk(

Bmpko vmhjh vmnk eaea ~knmc ojdkb nmtk pj~jhemb nmtk cjpjoztzbmh

bmpko vmhjh/ dmbcmh cj~jom!zdk ljhjlvm~k ztz~mh ~jtm~mp vjtaojbmh

bmpko vmhjh0>(

0> Vjtpjh~mpj nkaomb nmtk kdkn(/ bol( =:2(


66/172

>9

^mdjo 4 Vjtpjh~mpj zh~zc tm~m tm~m bmpko vjt~mhkmh nk ~kem cmpzp

mtjm

ha( p~znk cmpzp Vmnk eaea Gmezhe Cj~jom! zdk

, zdkmh

= vjezhzhemh Pjtm{z

Pjom~mh

2/ 94 * =6/ >9 * 26/ ;4 *

4 ezhzhe Pjuz =6/ ; * , 2;/ = *

0 vjezhzhemh Lmomhe

Pjom~mh

45/ =; * 09/ 65 * 09/ 5> *

Pzldjt 7 nkaomb nmtk Gmh Ukoojl Hkddjtkhe/ Zvomhn @zo~kym~kahmhn Pako @ahpjtym~kah kh Okljp~ahj Tjekahp ah Gmymp Paz~b @amp~ 7^btjj Bkp~atk`mo @mpj P~znkjp nmoml Vj~jt Daalemmtn/ncc "jn(+/

Vmvjt Omhnp`mvjp 7 Jrvoatm~kahp kh ~bj Jhyktahljh~mo Bkp~at{ aiKhnahjpkm"Hj~bjtomhnp 7 CK^OY Vtjpp/ =;;5+/ bol( =:2(

Nm~m nm~m {mhe ~jomb nkvmvmtcmh nk m~mp ~jomb ljldzc~kcmh

dmbum vjt~mhkmh omnmhe cjtkhe ljhnalkhmpk vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh

{mhe nklahavaok ~mhmb ~mhmb cmvzt!cmtp khk( Vjt~mhkmh ljtjcm

{mhe ojdkb iaczp vmnm ~mhmlmh gmezhe nmtkvmnm vmnk ljhezm~cmh

~jpkp mnmh{m ~tmnkpk/ em{m bknzv/ nmh kh~jtmcpk papkmo {mhe djtdjnm

mh~mtm vjt~mhkmh nm~mtmh tjhnmb {mhe knjh~kc njhemh vjhebmpko vmnk

nmh vjt~mhkmh nm~mtmh ~kheek {mhe knjh~kc njhemh vjhebmpko gmezhe(


67/172

>5

Vmhjh vmnk njhemh pkp~jl ~jdmpmh nmh vjldmekmh bmpko vjt~mhkmh

njhemh pkp~jl dmuahpmhem~ lzheckh ~knmc ljhgmnk ~tmnkpk nalkhmh

nmoml vjt~mhkmh vjezhzhemh(

Ojdkb pvjpkikc omek/ ~zokpmh khk mcmh djtmhecm~ njhemh mvm {mhe

nkpjdz~ Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt pjdmemk nt{omhn metk`zo~ztj/ cbzpzph{m

vmnm dmekmh vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe nk vjezhzhemh( Ukom{mb

vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe nkdmek ljhgmnk 0 cm~jeatk djtnmpmt vmnm

cj~kheekmh ~mhmb( [mhe vjt~mlm mnmomb cm~jeatk ukom{mb nk ckpmtmh

emtkp vmh~mk0:/ cjnzm ljtzvmcmh nmjtmb vjnmomlmh/ nmh {mhe cj~kem

kmomb nmjtmb nk ojtjhe ezhzhe09( Compkikcmpk khk djtzgzhe vmnm

vjtdjnmmh cahpjh~tmpk bmpko vjt~mhkmh nk lmpkhe lmpkhe cm~jeatk(

Ukom{mb vmh~mk djtmnm vmnm cj~kheekmh 6 066 lj~jt nvo " nk m~mp

vjtlzcmmh omz~ +/ njhemh bmpko vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe djtzvm gmezhe

"lm{atk~mp+/ cj~jom/ zdk gmomt/ dzh`kp/ cjomvm nmh vmojl oah~mt(

0: @amp~mo wahj/ ljtzvmcmh ukom{mb vjtdm~mpmh mh~mtm ~mhmbnmh omz~/ mh~mtm mkt mpkh nmh mkt ~mumt/ m~mz {mhe dkmpm nkpjdz~

njhemh mkt vm{mz( Cj~`bzl " =;54 + ljhnjikhkpkcmh pjdmemk nmjtmbljojdmt nmtk ombmh cjtkhe ~jvk vmh~mk nmh djtdm~mpmh njhemh ukom{mbomz~( Jcaoaek nk ukom{mb khk/ pmhem~ nkhmlkp/ hmlzh ~jtdm~mp zh~zcnkezhmcmh lmhzpkm( Bmh{m djdjtmvm ~zldzbmh {mhe lmlvz bknzvnmh djt~mbmh nk mkt ~mumt {mhe pznmb ljhemomlk vjhj~tmpk mkt omz~(

Pmomb pm~zh{m bz~mh dmcmz( Okbm~ Ejatej M Char nmh ^j~pzaLk{mdmtm/ @amp~mo Wahj Tjpazt`j Njyjoavljh~ mhn @ahpjtym~kah khPaz~bjmp~ Mpkm 7 Uk~b Pvj`kmo Tjijtjh`j ~a Khnahjpkm " Zhjp`a Jmp~

Ujp~ @jh~tj/ Gmcmt~m 7 =;2> +/ bol( ;(

09 Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt/ av(`k~(/ bol( 0(


68/172

>2

Ukom{mb vjnmomlmh djtmnm nk cj~kheekmh 6 >66 lj~jt nvo( Bmpko

vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe lm{atk~mp mnmomb cjomvm( Ljlmhimm~cmh

ombmh capahe nkpjck~mt ~mhmlmh cjomvm/ vj~mhk ljheezhmcmh pkp~jl

~zlvmhe pmtk05 mh~mtm cjomvm {mhe nkcaldkhmpkcmh njhemh cj~jom/

cj~jom tmldm~/ vkpmhe nmh zldk zldkmh( Ukom{mb vjezhzhemh

ljldjh~mhe vmnm cj~kheekmh :66 =466 lj~jt nk m~mp vjtlzcmmh

omz~ njhemh bmpko vjt~mhkmh ombmh cjtkhe djtzvm gmezhe/ vmnk eaea/

cj~jom tmldm~/ nmh dmumhe02(

Vj~mhk ombmh cjtkhe nk ukom{mb vmh~mk0;/ djtmc~kyk~mp pjomlm

lzpkl bzgmh/ nkmh~mtm dzomh hayjldjt nmh ljk( Ljtjcm

ljheezhmcmh lanjo vjt~mhkmh ~zlvmhe pmtk/ zh~zc ~mhmlmh cj~jom

vabah nmh cj~jom tmldm~/ {mhe nkpkpkvk njhemh cm`mhe ljtmb( Vabah

cjomvm ljtzvmcmh ~mhmlmh vmokhe nalkhmh( Pjomkh nkmldko dzmbh{m/

dm~mhe vabah cjomvm nkezhmcmh zh~zc p~ac cm{z dmcmt( Dzmb {mhe

nkbmpkocmh nmtk vabah vmojl oah~mt nkaomb ljhgmnk ezom gmum(

Djdjtmvm vj~mhk ljhmhml `mdmk nmh ~jldmcmz zh~zc ~mhmlmh

05 ^zlvmhe pmtk mnmomb `mtm djt~mhk njhemh ljheemdzhecmh

~mhmlmh nk pm~z ~mhmb vjt~mhkmh( Lkpmo/ ljhmhml cj~jom vabah {mhenk pjompjom ~kmv vabah nkpjokhek njhemh ~mhmlmh pm{zt(

02 Lmtc Vaiijhdjtejt/ av( `k~(/ bol( 46

0;kdkn(/ bol( 9(


69/172

>;

cah~mh>6( Djdjtmvm {mhe omkh ljljokbmtm ~jthmc zh~zc p~ac vzvzc

nmh cjdz~zbmh bknzv pjbmtkbmtk(

Vj~mhk ombmh cjtkhe nk ukom{mb vjnmomlmh>=/ lmpkb

ljhemhnmocmh cjomvm pjdmemk pmomb pm~z ~mhmlmh z~mlm/ nkpmlvkhe

gmezhe( Cm`mhe cm`mhemh nmh pm{ztmh nk~mhml nk vjcmtmhemh

tzlmb( Djdjtmvm ~mhmlmh {mhe nk~zlvmhepmtkcmh ljlkokck izhepk

ojdkb/ pmomb pm~zh{m nkezhmcmh zh~zc `mpb `tav(

Vj~mhk ombmh cjtkhe nk ukom{mb vjezhzhemh>4/ ~knmc ljlkokck

vkokbmh dmh{mc zh~zc ljlkokb ~mhmlmh mvm {mhe mcmh nk~mhml nk

ombmh ombmh cjtkhe ljtjcm( Pzbz {mhe ojdkb nkhekh ljh{jdmdcmh

dryland and highlanders cows ; dinamics of rural economies in java mountain range case at desa...

Documents