Matter and Energy

Presentation by Liannette Bellido Cintrón

Natural Sciences2˚ ESO

I.E.S. FRANCISCO RODRÍGUEZ MARÍN

TRANSFORMATIONS

A body has been transformed when it experiences:

• Any kind of change.• Interactions with another object. • To transform matter it is necessary to have

a physical agent to make it possible.

Types of systems of matter

• Open system: Matter and energy are exchanged with another.

• Closed system: It is only possible to exchange energy.

• Isolated system: it is not possible to exchange anything.

This type of system does not exist but can be explained with an insulated container.

• PHYSICAL AGENTS: HEAT AND WORK.

WORK: • In scientific terms, it is possible to apply a force

but not work at the same time. If you want to do work it is absolutely necessary to move the object to which you apply the force. This is just because:

W = F · d

•where W is work; F is force and d is the distance the object is moved by the force.

HEAT:

• It is the transfer of energy from one body to another as a result of a difference in temperature.

Types of transformations

• A transformation is any change that a body can experience, for example:

- change of position.- Increase or decrease of temperature.- Change of form.- A change in the volume.

Types of energy

• 1. MECHANICAL ENERGY: This is the combination of two kind of energy.

- Kinetic energy: energy produced by things in motion.

KE= ½ m v2

- Potential enegy: is due to the object position.

PE= m·g·h

2. CHEMICAL ENERGY: It is absorbed or emitted by a chemical reaction. A good example could be combustion, where large amounts of energy are emitted.

3. ELECTRICAL ENERGY: Is produced by a battery. It is due to the movement of electrons.

4. NUCLEAR ENERGY: This is energy stored in the nuclei of atoms. There are two types of nuclear energy:

A. Nuclear fission. In this process, the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more parts, realeasing a vast amount of energy. The fuel is uranium or plutonium.

A. Nuclear fusion. In this process, the nucleus of an atom joins to other nuclei to form a heavier atom. A vast amount of energy it is also produced. This type of energy is produced in the Sun and all the stars.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY• The law of conservation of energy states that

the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant.

- A consequence of this law is that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

A. FOSSIL FUELS.Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of microorganism, plants and animals buried millions of years ago. Over time, the effects of heat, pressure and bacteria transformed this organic matter into fossil fuels.

The main fossil fuels are:- OIL. A naturally occurring

thick, flammable liquid. In the mid-20th century, oil replaced coal as the principal source of energy.

- COAL. An organic sedimentary rock formed from plant material.

- NATURAL GAS. A gaseous fossil fuel, consisting mainly of methane. It is found in oil fields, natural gas fields, and coal beds.

• URANIUM. Uranium is a naturally ocurring element found in rock, soil and water.Uranium (or plutonium) is used to provide nuclear energy. At nuclear plants, uranium atoms are split by nuclear fission in a nuclear reactor. The energy released is used to heat water. The vapour produced by the hot water drives a turbine which generates electrical energy.

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES USES

COAL ·The most abundant fossil fuel.· Easy and cheap to convert into energy.

· Extraction can be dangerous.· Pollution:combustion produces carbon dioxide emissions.

· Production of:Electricity, heat, steel.

OIL · Produces more heat than coal.· Easier to extract than coal.· Easy to transport.

· Resources are limited.· Extraction and transformation can harm the enviroment.· Pollution: burning oil releases carbon dioxide.

Production of: electricy, fuel for vehicles, heat, chemicals such as fertilizers, plastics…

GAS · Cleaner than coal and oil.· Easy to transport in pipelines.

· Requires extensive processing.·very toxic.· Leaks can cause explotions

Production of: electricity, heat (for homes), automobile fuel.

URANIUM ·Small amount of uranium produce large amount of energy.· It does not pollute the atmosphere.

· Generates highly contaminating nuclear waste.· An accident can release dangerous radioactive substances.

Production of: electricity, heat.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

• Renewable energy sources are energy resources which are replenished continuously and naturally.

Can you name some?

Solar Energy

• This is energy derived from sunlight. It is used to generate heat and electricity. Solar energy is generated by photovoltaic solar panels. It can be used directly or be transformated into a different type of energy.

Hydroelectric Energy

• This is energy produced by the movement of water. Hydroelectric energy is cheap to produce and does not pollute the environment.

Eolic Energy

• This is kinetic energy produced by the wind. Eolic energy is produced on wind farms which consist of dozens of wind turbines placed in rows. Wind moves the sails of the wind turbine. This mechanical energy drives an electrical generator, which produces electricity.

Geothermal Energy

• This is energy generated by the heat from within the Earth. Geothermical stations are built in areas with volcanic activity or with geysers and natural hot-water springs.

Tidal Energy

• This is energy generated from ocean movement, mainly from tides. In a tidal power station energy is generated by the difference in height between high and low tide.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

ADVANTAGES DISADAVANTAGES USES

HYDROLECTRIC

· Unlimited source of energy.·clean energy source.· Low usage and maintenance costs.

· High transportation costs.· Negative environmental impact.· Dependent on weather conditions.

· Provides heat and electricity for homes and industry.

SOLAR Unlimited source of energy.·clean energy source.· Low maintenance costs.

· Availability affected by latitude, seasons, cloudiness, etc.· Requires large area to collect.

· Production of heat and electricity

EOLIC Unlimited source of energy.·clean energy source.· Low installation and maintenance costs.· High efficiency.

· Wind is intermittent and inconsistent.· Difficult to store.·Requires large areas.· Wind turbines are loud.· Interferes with radars, televisions and radio.· Danger to birds.

· Transformed directly into electricity.

Renewable energy sources (II)

ADVANTAGES DISADAVANTAGES USESGEOTHERMAL ·Clean energy source.

. Non dependent on weather conditions unlike solar or eolic energy.

· Negative environmental impact.·Installation is difficult and costly.

· Tranformed directly into electricity.

TIDAL · Unlimited source of energy.·Clean energy source.. Non dependent on weather conditions unlike solar or eolic energy.

· Low efficient.· Negative environmental impact.· Limited to certain coastal areas.

Tranformed directly into electricity.

Could you mention ways to save energy at home?