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Kanzariya, Chetankumar M ., 2005, ધોરણ સાતના જીવિવજ્ઞાનના અ યાપનમા ંિવિડયો, િનદશર્ન અને વઅ યયન સાિહ યની અસરકારકતા, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University

http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/19 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.

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© The Author

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This thesis, directed and surpervised by the

Candidate's guide has been accepted by the

Faculty of Education, Saurashtra University,

Rajkot, in the fulfilment of te requirements

for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY(EDUCATION)

Tital :

Candidate :

STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY PH.D. RULES

ORD PH. 7

I hereby declare that

(A) The recearch work embodied in this thesis on

'The Effectiveness of Video, Demonstration and Self

Learning material in teaching of Biology of

Standard Seven' Submitted for Ph.D. Degree has

not been submitted for my other degree of this on

any other University on any previous occasion.

(B) To the best of my knowledge no work of this type has

been reported on the above subject. Since I have

discovered new relation of facts, this work can be

considered to be contribution to the advancement of

knowledge on Psychology and Education.

(C) All the work presented in the thesis is original and

where ever reference have been made to the work of

others, it has been clearly indicated as such and the

sources of informaion included in the bibliography.

5°õ[y[ k¬ip¡^_ lj®_u gpNZu kp\¡ kp¥ â\d fS|> L$fy¬ Ry>¬.

M|bS> DÐkpl - fk`|h®L$ klp_yc|r[\u dpN®]$i®_ `|fy¬ `pX$u

k¬ip¡^_dp¬ Arhf[`Z¡ q]$ipk|Q_ L$f_pf âõ[y[ k¬ip¡^__p

dpN®]$i®L$ X$pµ. l¬kpbl¡_ ipl_p¡ ù]$e ̀ |h®L$ F>Z õhuL$pf L$fy¬ Ry>¬.

X$pµ. A¡Q.Ap¡.Å¡ju, X$pµ. A¡d.ku._¬]$pZu, X$pµ. q]$_¡iQ¬Ö

k¡S>`pg, âp. ârhZcpB cpg, X$pµ. Ar_g A¬bpkZp hN¡f¡A¡

S>ê$qfep[ kde¡ ep¡Áe dpN®]$i®_ A_¡ dygpL$p[ `|fp¬ `pX$ep¬ R>¡. X$pµ.

d_lfcpB W$pL$f, X$pµ. A¡_.A¡k.]$p¢Np, X$pµ. A¡d.A¡k. dp¡rgep, X$pµ.

Nufpb¡_ ipl, X$pµ. L¡$.A¡k.rgrMep [\p X$pµ. bmh¬[cpB ìepk¡

L$pe®dp¬ ArhõdfZue klL$pf Apàep¡ R>¡.

âõ[y[ k¬ip¡̂ _ dpV¡$ ×íe-îpìe L¡$k¡V$ [¡dS> r_]$i®__p

kp^_p¡ A_¡ k¬ip¡^__p âep¡Ndp¬ X$pµ. _f¡ÞÖLy$dpf fphg,

S>N]$uicpB L$ZTfuep, L$_ycpB âÅ`r[, cpBgpgcpB NyS>®f¡

A¬N[ gpNZuAp¡\u klL$pf Ap`u dpfp¡ DÐkpl h^pep£ R>¡.

îu A¡Q.L¡$.Ly$dpf ipmp gvbX$u, _Nf `prgL$p ipmp _¬. 1

gvbX$u, ̀ Npf L¡$ÞÖ ipmp c©Ny`yf A_¡ âp\rdL$ ipmp L$pfp¡g [¡dS>

[¡ ipmp_p ApQpep£, rinL$p¡ A_¡ rhÛp\wAp¡_p DÐkpl_p L$pfZ¡

dpfy¬ L$pe® kfm bÞey¬ R>¡.

âõ[y[ k¬ip¡^_dp¬ âÐen - `fp¡n klL$pf Ap`_pf [dpd

A_Dëg¡rM[ ìeqL$[Ap¡ dpV¡$ `Z A¬[:L$fZ`|h®L$ Apcpf_u

gpNZu ìeL$[ L$fy¬ Ry>¬.

F>Z õhuL$pf

" Nu[p¬iy k]$_ '36, NpeÓu kp¡kpeV$u,_hp bk õV¡$ÞX$ kpd¡,gvbX$u.

(Q¡[_ A¡d. L$ZTqfep)

A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p

‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$

ædp¨L$

11111 kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_

1.1 c|rdL$p

1.2 kdıep L$\_

1.3 AÊepk_p l°[yAp°

1.4 AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°

1.` D–L$Î`_p

1.6 iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°

1.7 AÊepk_y¨ dl“h

1.8 AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°

1.9 lh° `R>u_p ‚L$fZp°_u Í$`f°Mp

22222 k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp

2.0 ‚pı[prhL$

2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°

2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p `k¨]$Nu

2.3 kdunp dpV°$ rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[

2.4 kïp°^_p°_u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°

2.4.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe) A_° r_]$iÆ_

kpdN∞u_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z

2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h

2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h

2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p“dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z

2.5 AÊepk k¨b¨û `|h£ \e°gp kïp°^_p°_u kdunp

2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p kïp°^_p°

2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p ùA°Q.X$u. L$np_p

kïp°^_p°

1 \u 12

01

02

02

03

06

09

10

11

12

13 \u 63

13

13

14

15

15

15

16

17

18

25

26

27


ædp¨L$

2.5.1.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$. L$np_p

kïp°^_p°

2.5.1.3 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p ıh[¨” kïp°^_p°

2.5.2 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_p kïp°^_p°

2.5.2.1 r_]$iÆ_$ A¨N°_p ùA°Q.X$u. L$np_p

kïp°^_p°

2.5.2.2 r_]$iÆ_$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$. L$np_p

kïp°^_p°

2.5.2.3 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_p ıh[¨” L$np_p kïp°^_p°

2.5.3.1 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A¨N°_p ùA°Q.X$u.

L$np_p kïp°^_p°

2.5.3.2 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$.

L$np_p kïp°^_p°

2.6 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u rhriÛV$[p

33333 kïp°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° kïp°^_ ep°S>_pkïp°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° kïp°^_ ep°S>_pkïp°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° kïp°^_ ep°S>_pkïp°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° kïp°^_ ep°S>_pkïp°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° kïp°^_ ep°S>_p

3.0 kdıep_p° D]π$Nd

3.1 Ïep`rh

3.2 _d|_p `k¨]$Nu

3.3 kïp°^_ `Ÿr[

3.4 ‚pep°rNL$ kïp°^_

3.5 ‚pep°rNL$ kïp°^__u gpnrZL$[pAp°

3.6 ‚pep°rNL$ ep°S>_pAp°

3.7 ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__u ‚pep°rNL$ ep°S>_pAp°

3.8 ‚p‡[ dprl[u_p `©\L$L$fZ_u fu[

44444 D`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_p

4.1 ‚ı[ph_p

35

38

44

45

45

46

48

51

62

64 \u 77

64

65

66

67

68

71

74

76

77

78 \u 112

78


ædp¨L$

4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e krl[_u

`Ÿr[_u `k¨]$Nu

4.3 rhrX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ ‚eyqL$[ dpV°$

rhjehı[y_u `k¨]$Nu

4.4 D`L$fZ k¨fQ_p

4.4.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_u k¨fQ_p

4.4.f r_]$iÆ__p kp^_p°_u k¨fQ_p

4.4.3 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u k¨fQ_p

4.4.3.1 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨ ıhÍ$`

4.4.3.2 fQpe°g ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨ ıhÍ$`

A_° `qfQe

4.4.5 ‚r[cph NyZp¨L$_ `”L$

4.4.6 D—f L$kp°V$u

4.5 fQpe°g kp^_p° A_° kprl–e_p Dèp°N A¨N° dpNÆ]$iÆL$

k|Q_p°

4.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p Dèp°N A¨N° rinL$p° dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL

bpb[p°

4.5.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p A¬ep`_L$peÆ ]$fÁep_ rh¤p\wAp°

dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°

4.5.3 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N° rinL$p° dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°

4.5.4 r_]$iÆ_ ]$fÁep_ rh¤p\wAp° dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°

4.5.5 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p Dèp°N A¨N° rinL$p° dpV°$

dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°

4.5.6 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p Dèp°N A¨N° rh¤p\uÆAp°

dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°

4.6 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u ‚ep°N ep°S>_p_u gpnrZL$[pAp°

4.6.1 Ap¨[qfL$ e\pÆ[[p

4.6.2 bp¸ e\pÆ\[p

79

79

81

81

83

88

92

93

94

95

98

99

99

100

101

101

102

102

103

104


ædp¨L$

4.7 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ__p kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_

kprl–e_p° ‚ep°Np–dL$ Adg

4.7.1 ipmp `k¨]$Nu A_° S|>\ fQ_p

4.7.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e

‹pfp ‚pep°rNL$ L$peÆ_y¨ Apep°S>_

4.7.3 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZ

4.7.4 r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZ

4.7.5 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZ

4.8 A¬ep`_ l°[y_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ Apep°S>_

`̀̀̀̀ dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_

5.1 ‚pı[prhL$

5.2 ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°gp L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° `f ‚ep°N_u

Akf

5.2.1 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f

`∞ep°N_u Akf

5.2.2 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u

`f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.2.3 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f

`∞ep°N_u Akf

5.2.4 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u

`f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.3 ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.3.1 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f

`∞ep°N_u Akf

5.3.2 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f

`∞ep°N_u Akf

105

106

108

108

110

110

111

113 \u 163

113

115

115

117

119

120

122

122

124


ædp¨L$

5.3.3 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f

`∞ep°N_u Akf

5.3.4 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f

`∞ep°N_u Akf

5.4 ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.4.1 il°fu L$ydpfp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°

`f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.4.2 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g

‚r[cphp° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.4.3 N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°

`f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.4.4 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g

‚r[cphp° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf

5.5 ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_° ‚r[cphp°_p

‚p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^

5.6 rhı[pf_p k¨]$c£ ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p°

h√Q°_p° [aph[

66666 kpfpï, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfpï, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfpï, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfpï, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfpï, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°

6.1 kpfpï

6.2 [pfZp°

6.3 i•nrZL$ arg[p\p°Æ

6.4 cpqh kïp°^__ A¨N°_u cgpdZp°

k¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQ

`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ

`qfriÛV$-1 Arc‚pephrg

126

128

130

130

132

134

136

138

151

164 \u 201

164

184

199

200

202 \u 213

214


ædp¨L$

`qfriÛV$-2 [S>πop° A_° rinL$p°_u k|rQ

`qfriÛV$-3 rhqXep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e

b_phhp A¨N°_p Arc‚pep°dp¨ d°mh°g NyZ A_°

æd_u kpfZu

`qfriÛV$-4 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_u qıæ‡V$

`qfriÛV$-5 h°bkpBV$ ‹pfp d°mh°g r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_u dprl[u

`qfriÛV$-6 r_]$iÆ__p kp^_p°_u ep]$u

`qfriÛV$-7 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ krl[_u `Ÿr[ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp

rinZL$peÆ dpV°$_p `pW$ Apep°S>__u Í$`f°Mp

`qfriÛV$-8 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u QL$pkZu dpV°$ S>°d_°

dp°L$g°g [° [S>πop° A_° rhje r_ÛZp[p°_u k|rQ

`qfriÛV$-9 rhje r_ÛZp[p° A_° [S>πop°_° ıh-A¬ee_

kprl–e_u QL$pkZu dpV°$ gMhpdp¨ Aph°g `”_u

_L$g

`qfriÛV$-10 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e

`qfriÛV$-11 ‚r[cph NyZp¨L$_ `”L$

`qfriÛV$-12 ‚\d L$kp°V$u

`qfriÛV$-13 q‹[ue L$kp°V$u

`qfriÛV$-14 [©[ue L$kp°V$u

`qfriÛV$-15 ipmp A_° [pfuMhpf A¬ee_ - A¬ep`_ L$peÆ_y¨

kde`”L$

`qfriÛV$-16 il°fu Ly$dpf, il°fu L$fiep, N∞pÁe Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe

L$fiepAp°_p ‚\d L$kp°V$u_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1,2,3

_p NyZ


L$fiepAp°_p q‹[ue L$kp°V$u_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1,2,3

_p NyZ

216

218

219

272

277

283

308

309

310

444

445

448

450

454

456

457


ædp¨L$


L$fiepAp°_p [©[ue L$kp°V$u_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1,2,3

_p NyZ


L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$fÁep_ ‚r[cph_p ‚pep°rNL$

S|>\ - 1,2,3 _p NyZ

458

459

kpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQ æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$

ædp¨L$

1 2.1 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ kïp°^_p°.

2 2.2 ]$f°L$ L$npA° \e°g kïp°^_p°_u rhN[ ]$ipÆh[u kpfZu

3 2.3 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p kïp°^_p°_y¨

kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd

4 2.4 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p kïp°^_p°_y¨

kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd

5 2.5 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p ıh[¨” kïp°^_p°_y¨ kdunp–dL$

`qfZpd

6 2.6 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_p ùA°Q.X$u., A°d.A°Xπ$. A_° ıh[¨” L$np_p

kïp°^_p°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd

7 2.7 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A¨N°_p ùA°Q.X$u. L$np_p

kïp°^_p°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd

8 2.8 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$. L$np_p kïp°^_p°_y¨

kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd

9 3.1 rhı[pf A_° ≈r[ dyS>b k¨øepAp° ]$ipÆh[u kpfZu

10 5.1 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p

‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu

11 5.2 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p

‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu

12 5.3 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p


13 5.4 il°fu LfiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p


14 5.5 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p


15 5.6 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p


14

25

33

37

43

47

50

60

66

115

116

117

118

119

120

æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$

ædp¨L$

16 5.7 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p


17 5.8 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p


18 5.9 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p

rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu

19 5.10 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p

kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu

20 5.11 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


21 5.12 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


22 5.13 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


23 5.14 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


24 5.15 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


25 5.16 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


26 5.17 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


27 5.18 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


28 5.19 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


29 5.20 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


121

122

123

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127

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134


ædp¨L$

30 5.21 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


31 5.22 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


32 5.23 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


33 5.24 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p


34 5.25 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°

‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd





37 5.28 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°

A_° ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd





40 5.31 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°






43 5.34 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°


135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148


ædp¨L$





46 5.37 il°fu Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpf_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ `f_p

‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f

A¨N°_u kpfZu

47 5.38 il°fu L$fiep A_° N∞pÁe L$fiep_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ `f_p


A¨N°_u kpfZu

48 5.39 il°fu Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpf_p r_]$iÆ_$ `f_p ‚ep°Npfi[°

g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu

49 5.40 il°fu L$fiep A_° N∞pÁe L$fiep_p r_]$iÆ_ `f_p ‚ep°Npfi[°

g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u

kpfZu

50 5.41 il°fu Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpf_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e$ `f_p


A¨N°_u kpfZu

51 5.42 il°fu L$fiep A_° N∞pÁe L$fiep_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e `f_p


A¨N°_u kpfZu

52 5.43 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp

rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p

æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu

53 5.44 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p



149

150

151

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154

155

155


ædp¨L$

54 5.45 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp



55 5.46 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp



56 5.47 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p



57 5.48 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$

‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


58 5.49 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp



59 5.50 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p



60 5.51 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp



61 5.52 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp



62 5.53 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p



156

157

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ædp¨L$

63 5.54 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$

‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p


162

1

`∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1

kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_

1.11.11.11.11.1 c|rdL$pc|rdL$pc|rdL$pc|rdL$pc|rdL$p

]$f°L$ eyN_u ]$f°L$ `m k¨æpsfi[_u S> lp°e R>°. kdpS>_u kp\° rinZ_u A_°rinZ_p bm° kdpS>_u rnr[≈° l¨d°ip¨ rhı[f[u ≈e R>°.

d_yÛe `∞pL©$r[L$ Ahı\pdp¨ l[p° –epf° `∞L©$r[_y¨ r_funZ L$f[p° Nep°, `∞L©$r[A_° [°_p r_edp°_° kdS>[p° Nep°, rhQpf[p° Nep° _° kyk¨ıL©$[ [\p kpdprS>L$ bfiep°.dp_hdp¨ fl°gu rS>opkph©q— A° Ly$]$f[_p¨ flıep°_p° [pN d°mhhp_p° `∞e–_ L$ep£ _°`qfh[Æ__p° ̀ h_ a|̈L$pep°. kpdprS>L$, fpS>L$ue n°”° ̀ qfh[Æ_ \eÿ _° S|>_u dpfie[pAp°S>X$d|m\u ^fpipeu \B NB. æpsfi[_p Ap L$pmdp¨ rinZ bpL$p[ flu iL°$ Mfy¨ ?_p, rinZ° `Z L$fhV$ b]$gu_° Apd|g `qfh[Æ__° h^phu gu^y¨, `°ıV°$gp°TuA° L$¸y¨R>° L°$ “ dp_h_u S>fid≈[ iqL$[Ap°_p° Ly$]$f[u, kyk¨N[ A_° ̀ ∞pNr[L$ rhL$pk A°V$g°rinZ ” 1

fhufi÷_p\ V$pNp°f, Np¨^u∆, rNSy>cpB b^°L$p A_° ‚. q”h°]$u S>°hpL°$mhZuL$pfp°A° rinZdp¨ bpmL$_° dl“h_y¨ NŒey¨ R>°. rinL$L°$fi÷u A¬ep`_rh¤p\wL°$fi÷u bfiey¨ R>°. `∞. q”h°]$uA° L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ ‘ bpmL$ q]$Ïe[p_p° `∞r[r_r^ R>°,bpmL$ rS>opkp_u ∆h¨[ Q•[fied|r[Æ R>°. ’ bpmL$_u rS>opkp_° ∆h¨[ fpMhp_ÿ QfdA_° `fd L$peÆ ipmp A_° rinL$_y¨ R>° . Ap`Zu d|mc|[ af≈°dp¨ h•opr_L$ dp_k,dp_h[php]$, rS>opkp [\p ky^pfZp_u cph_p L°$mhhp_u ]$f°L$ _pNqfL$_u afS>

`f cpf d|L$ep° R>°. Apd afS>dp¨ `Z h•opq_L$ ArcNd, ip°^ A_° ky^pfZp_uhp[ R>°. rinZ_y¨ L°$fi÷rbfi]y$ [p° rhQpfArcÏeqL$[ R>°. ip°^, _hu_ rhQpf A_°kŷ pfZp_° A¨[° _hu_[p, ̀ ∞Nr[ A_° Ap ŷr_L$[p S>fid° R>°, S>° ÏeqL$[ [\p kdpS>_°∆h¨[ fpM° R>°.

ipmp `Z kdpS>_° ∆h¨[ fpM_pf A°L$ dl“h_y¨ `qfbm R>°, Ap\urinZdp¨ `Z _hu_ `∞ep°Np° A_° k¨ip°^_p° \[p¨ fl° R>°. `∞–e°L$ nZ° k≈Æ[p¨ op_A_° dprl[uA° rinZ_° _hy¨ S> ıhÍ` bˇey¨ R>°. rhop_ A_° V°$Lπ_p°gp°rS>_p rhL$pk°lfZapm cfu R>° _° ]$f°L$ n°”dp¨ ̀ N °̀kpfp° L$ep£ R>°. rinZ ̀ Z V°$Lπ_p°gp°rS>_u d]$]$\uh^pf° AkfL$pfL$ A_° fk`∞]$ bfiey¨ R>°. A¬ep`__° A¤[_[p_p° Ap°` Ap‡ep° R>°

1

dp°[ucpB d. `V°$g, rinZ_u Asıd[p, ‚\d Aph©r[, `pgX$u,

Ad]$php]$, d°kkÆ bu.A°k.ipl,2001, `©ÛW$-4.

2

rhrh^ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° `∞eyqL$[Ap°A°, Ap\u $`∞ep°S>L°$ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° `∞eyqL$[Ap°\uA¬ep`_ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°_u AkfL$pfL$[p h^° L°$ L°$d [° QL$pkhp `∞ı[y[ `∞ep°Nlp\ êp£ l[p°.

1.21.21.21.21.2 kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_

dl]π Aï° Ap`Z° –ep¨ bp•sŸL$ A_° [pqLÆ$L$ bpb[p°_° rhi°j dl“h Ap`hpdpÄph° R>°. rh¤p\wAp°_u ArcÏeqL$[ A_° [°Ap°_p kïp°^_p–dL$ rhL$pk [fa ]y$gÆnk°hp[y¨ lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. rinZdp¨ A_° Mpk L$fu_° rhop_rinZdp¨ rh¤p\w_pkïp°^_p–dL$ rhL$pk_° h^y dl“h A`phy¨ ≈°BA°; [° dpV$° [gıìw `Ÿr[Ap°A`_phhu ≈°BA°. Ap`Zp hNÆrinZ_u$ i•nrZL$ ̀ Ÿr[Ap° A_° ̀ ∞eyqL$[Ap° A¨N°Ap`Zu ≈N©r[ A_° r_ÛW$p Ap°R>u `X$[u lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. Aphp rhQpfp°_° L$pfZ°kdıep kyf°M, ı`ÛV$ b_[u NB.

`∞ep°S>L°$ `p°[p_u kdıep_° Ap `∞dpZ° iÂ]$ıhÍ` Ap`°g l[y¨ :

“ ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop__p A¬ep`_dp¨ rhqX$ep°, r_]$iÆ_ A_°ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u AkfL$pfL$[p. ”

1.31.31.31.31.3 AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°

`∞ı[y[ AÊepk_p dyøe l°[yAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[p :

1. NyS>fp[ fpS>e_p ^p°fZ kp[_p `∞h[Ædp_ `pW$e`yı[L$_p ∆hrhop__pA°L$dp°dp¨\u rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e [•epf \BiL°$ [°hp A°L$dp° A¨N° Arc`∞pep° d°mhhp.

2. rhop__p [Sπ>op° ‹pfp d°mh°gp Arc`∞pep°_p Ap^pf° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$,r_]iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u fQ_p L$fhu.

3. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° ̀ ∞ep°N]$frdep_ A_° `∞ep°Npfi[° AÊepk L$fhp°.

4. `∞ep°N ]$fÁep_ rh¤p\wAp°_p rinL$p° ‹pfp `∞ep°N `f–h°_p `∞r[cphp°≈Zhp dpV°$ `∞r[cph NyZp¨L$_ `”L$_u fQ_p L$fhu.

5. `∞ep°N ]$fÁep_ rinL$p° ‹pfp `∞r[cphp° ≈Zhp.6. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e Ap ”Z°e `Ÿr[Ap°_u

AkfL$pfL$[p_p° AÊepk ‚ep°Npfi[° dm°g ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p° Dèp°N L$fu_°rhı[pf A_° ≈[ue[p_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ L$fhp°.

7. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e Ap ”Z°e `Ÿr[Ap°_u

3

`pfı`qfL$ AkfL$pfL$[p_p° AÊepk ‚ep°Npfi[° dm°g ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p° Dèp°NL$fu_° rhı[pf A_° ≈[ue[p_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ L$fhp°.

1.41.41.41.41.4 AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°

DèyÆL$[ l°[yAp°_p k¨]$c£ `∞ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ _uQ° dyS>b_p `p¨Q `∞L$pf_pQgp° Aphfu g°hpep l[p :

1.1.1.1.1. ıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qg

S>° Qg Afie Qgp° `f Akf L$f° R>°, [° AkfL$[pÆ Qg_° ıh[¨” Qg L$l° R>°.`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ rhrh^ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u ^p°fZ kp[_p

rh¤p\wAp°_u rhop_ rhje_u i•nrZL$ rkrŸ `f AkfL$pfL$[p QL$pkhpdp¨ Aphul[u. Ap\u, `∞ep°S>L°$ ıh[¨” Qg [fuL°$ rhrh^ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap° ıhuL$pfu l[u.

ıh[¨” Qg A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[_u ”Z L$npAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[u :

L$np : 1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ krl[_u `Ÿr[L$np : 2 r_]$iÆ_L$np : 3 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e

2.2.2.2.2. `f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg

ıh[¨” Qg_p° Adg L$fhp\u L°$ [°dp¨ a°fapf L$fhp\u S>° Qgdp¨ a°fapf \pe R>°[° Akf `pd_pf Qg_° `f[¨” Qg L$l° R>°.

A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u ^p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp°_u rhop_ rhje_ui•nrZL$ rkrŸ `f \[u Akf [`pku l[u. Ap\u `∞ep°S>L°$ rhop_ rhje `f_urh¤p\wAp°_u i•nrZL$ rkrŸ_° `f[¨” Qg [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf°g.

3.3.3.3.3. `qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg

ıh[¨” Qg A_° ̀ f[¨” Qg h√Q°_p k¨b¨^ ̀ f Akf L$f[p Qg_° ̀ qfh[ÆL$Qg L$l° R>°.

`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp dpV°$_p`∞ep°Ndp¨ b° Qgp°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ `y_fph[Æ_ lp\ êyØ l[y¨. Ap b° Qgp°dp¨ ≈[ue[pA_° rhı[pf_u L$np ¬ep_dp¨ gu^p¨ l[p¨. [°\u `∞ep°S>L°$ `qfh[ÆL$ Qg [fuL°$ b° Qgp°≈[ue[p A_° rhı[pf_° ıhuL$pepÆ l[p. [°d_u L$npAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[u :

4

µ ^p°fZ (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-1)L$np : ^p°fZ kp[

µ rhje (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-2)∆hrhop__p¨ `∞L$fZ 12,13,14,15,19,20

µ rhı[pf (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-3)L$np : 1 il°fuL$np : 2 N∞pÁe

µ ≈[ue[p (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-4)L$np : 1 Ly$dpfp°L$np : 2 L$fiepAp°

4.4.4.4.4. A¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ Qg

`∞ep°N ]$fÁep_ ıh[¨” Qg rkhpe_p Afie Qgp°_u `f[¨” Qg `f \[uAkf_° [V$ı\ L°$ r_e¨q”[ b_ph° R>°, [°hp Qgp°_° A¨Ly$ri[ Qgp° L$l° R>°.

A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp_p `∞ep°Ndp¨ A¨Ly$ri[ Qgp°Ap `∞dpZ° l[p :

1. ^p°fZ2. rhje3. A°L$d4. rinZ dp¬ed`. ipmp èpÆhfZ6. rhı[pf7. `∞ep°N L$peÆ_p° kdeNpmp°

5.5.5.5.5. Ap¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w Qg

ıh[¨” Qg_p Adg ]$fÁep_ L°$V$gpL$ Qgp°_u `f[¨”Qg `f Akf \[ulp°e R>°. [°hp `f[¨” Qg `f Akf L$f[p `f¨[y S>°_y¨ r_funZ _ \B iL°$ L°$ S>°_° dpù_ iL$pe, aL$[ [°_u ^pfZp L$fu iL$pe [°hp Qg_° Ap¨[fh[w Qg L$l° R>°.

`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ kdpe°gp Ap¨[fh[w Qgp° Ap `∞dpZ°_p ıhuL$pepÆ l[p.1. AÊepkdp¨ rhje `f–h° fk A_° D–kpl2. rhqX$ep°, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e L$peÆæd_u _hu_[p3. Afie ‹pfp dm[u d]$]$4. rh¤p\w_p Of_y¨ èpÆhfZ5. S|>\p° h√Q° \[u Ap¨[fræep

6. rinL$_u A¬ep`_nd[p

6

1.51.51.51.51.5 D–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_p

`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ l°[yAp°_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu D–L$Î`_pAp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu S>°

_uQ° `∞dpZ° R>° :

1. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.

f. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.

3. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.

4. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.

5. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

6. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

7. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

8. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

9. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

10. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,

7

r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

11. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

12. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

13. il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

14. il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

15. il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.

16. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

17. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

18. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.

19. N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

20. N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

21. N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.

22. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

23. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.

24. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.

8

25. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp° A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

26. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp° A_° N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

27. r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp° A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

28. r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp° A_° N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

29. ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ee_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp° A_° N∞pÁeLy$dpfp°_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.

30. ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ee_ `pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp° A_° N∞pÁeL$fiepAp°_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

31. il°fu L$ydpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

32. il°fu L$ydpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p rinZL$peÆ_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

33. il°fu L$ydpfp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp qinZL$peÆ_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

34. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

35. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_prinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

36. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L° $k°V$ ‹pfprinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

37. N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

38. N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p rinZL$peÆ_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

39. N∞pÁe L$ ydpfp ° °_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L ° $k°V$ ‹pfpqinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.

40. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.

41. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_prinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[

9

_lv lp°e.42. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L° $k°V$ ‹pfp

rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_lv lp°e.

1.61.61.61.61.6 iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°

∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°

NyS>fp[ fpS>e ipmp `pW$e `yı[L$ d¨X$m ‹pfp B.k.1999 dp¨ `∞L$pri[

^p°fZ kp[ dpV°$_p rhop__p `yı[L$dp¨ Aph[p ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°.

A¬ep`_A¬ep`_A¬ep`_A¬ep`_A¬ep`_

r_L$p°]≤$p°h_p d[° A¬ep`_ L$peÆ A°V$g° rh¤p\wAp° ‹pfp \[p A¬ee__°klpeL$ A°hu rinL$ A_° rh¤p\wAp°_u `∞h©r—Ap°_p° kd|l.

rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$

kp¨cmu A_° ≈°B iL$pe [°hu ¬hq_dyq]≤$[ A_° ◊Ìedyq]≤$[ L°$k°V.$ `∞ep°S>L°$≈[° ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°_p ◊Ìedy]≤$Z A_° ¬hq_dy]≤$Z L$f°gu rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$.

r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$

S>° A¬ep`_ L$peÆdp¨ QpVÆ$, dp°X°$g, `∞ep°N, rQ”, _d|_pAp°_p° dyøe–h°Dèp°N (r_]$iÆ_) lp°e A_° L$\_, QQpÆ, `∞Òp°—fu_p° klpeÍ` Dèp°N lp°e [°hpA¬ep`__° r_]$iÆ_ NZhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.

ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e

_p_p-_p_p dy]$pAp°dp¨ rhcprS>[ L$f°g A_° kfm fu[° kd∆ iL$pe [°hukfm cpjpdp¨ fS|> L$fpe°g, krQ” [\p g°rM[ A¬ee_ kprl–e S>°_u d]$]$\urh¤p\wAp° rinL$_u d]$]$ hNf, Ap` d°m° ıhNr[A° A¬ee_ L$fu iL°$ [°hÿ A¬ee_kprl–e.AkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[p

rhrcfi_ iÂ]$L$p°j_p Ap^pf° A\Æ ≈°[p¨ AkfL$pfL$[p cphhpQL$ köp R>°.

10

d|m köp Akf, hı[y_p° kpfp° L°$ dpW$p° `∞cph L°$ R>p` A°V$g° AkfL$pfL$[p. ApdL$p°B`Z hı[y_p `∞cph_y¨ `∞dpZ.

`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ AkfL$pfL[p A°V$g° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u ^p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp°_u i•nrZL$ qkqŸ D`f_u Akf_y¨`∞dpZ.

`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_pDèp°N\u L$f°g i•nrZL$ `∞ep°N_p A¨[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$uAp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q°_p°

[aph[.

1.71.71.71.71.7 AÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“h

`∞ı[y[ AÊepk rhop_ rhje_p ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°_u rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pk[p° lp°hp\u hNÆrinZ_uAkfL$pfL$[p dpV°$ _p¢^`p” R>°. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e‹pfp rhi°j A¬ep`_ L$peÆ \B iL°$ S>°dp¨ bpmL$p°_u d|mc|[ h©r—Ap°_y¨ E¬hwL$fZL$fu iL$pe R>°.

A¬ee_ `∞qæep_° AkfL$pfL$ b_phhp dpV°$ ApS>° i•nrZL$ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS>_pDèp°N_y¨ `∞dpZ h¬eÿ R>°. “ A°S>eyL°$i_ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS> ÏephlpqfL$ ep `∞ep°Np–dL$A¬ee_ R>°. S>°_p° Dÿ°i, `pW$e`yı[L$, rinZkpdN∞u, rinZrhr^, i•nrZL$hp[phfZ, rh¤p\uÆ-rinL$_p¨ h[Æ_ Ïehlpf [\p [°d_u h√Q°_p A_yep°N_°r_e¨q”[ L$fu h^ydp¨ h^y i•nrZL$ `∞cph `p\fhp_p° R>°.” 2

D`fp°L$[ bpb[p° ≈°[p¨ hNÆrinZdp¨ ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp° dpV°$ rhqX$ep°L°$k°V,$ kp^_p°_y¨ r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e S>°hu ̀ ∞eyqL$[Ap° Ar[ DèyL$[NZphu iL$pe. [°\u `∞ı[y[ AÊepk Ap ◊qÛV$A° dl“h_p° b_u fl° R>°. k¨n°`dpÄÊepk_y¨ dl“h Ap dyS>b R>° :

1. ApS>° S>epf° rhop_ rinZ _ufk, iyÛL$ A_° r_∆Æh b_u Ney¨ R>° –epf°rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e krl[_p° `∞ep°N rhop_rinZ_° k-fk A_° ∆h¨[ b_phu iL$i°.

2. rh¤p\wAp°_u A\ÆN∞lZnd[pdp¨ h^pfp° L$fhp dpV°$ kïp°^_p–dL$ Ap^pf`|fp° `pX$hpdp¨ `∞ı[y[ AÊepk A–e¨[ Dèp°Nu \i°.

3. rhop_ rhje_p ∆hrhop_ A°L$dp°dp¨ L¨$V$pmpS>_L$ rhjep¨Np°_° fk ∞̀]$ A_°

2

iiuL$p¨[ Ace¨L$f A_° Afie, i•nqZL$ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS>_p° hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rhr_ep°N,

(‚\d Aph©r—, rbgudp°fp, Óu f¨N rinZ dlprh¤pge, 1991) `©-7.

11

kfm b_phhp dpV°$ `∞eyqL$[Ap° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ `∞ı[y[ AÊepk klpeÍ`\i°.

4. ^p°fZ kp[_p rhop_ `pW$e`yı[L$_p L°$V$gpL$ ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°_urhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e D`L$fZ Í`°D`gÂ^ \i°.

5. rinL$_u N°flpS>fu L°$ L$p°B Ar_√R>_ue b_php° il°fdp¨ b_° –epf° ApQpeÆipmpdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp ^p°fZ kp[_p°∆hrhop__p° AÊepkæd Qpgy fpMu iL$i°.

6. `∞ı[y[ AÊepk kqæe A_° D–kplu rinL$p°_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_°r_]$iÆ_ dpV°$_p¨ kp^_p°_u fQ_p dpV°$ dprl[u `|fu `pX$u iL$i°.

7. AÊepk_° A¨[° `∞p‡[ \[p¨ `qfZpdp° `f\u L$B `Ÿr[ L°$V$gu AkfL$pfL$ R>°[° ≈Zu iL$pi°. [° `qfZpdp°_° Ap^pf° rinL$ [\p ApQpeÆ [° `Ÿr[_pAdg ‹pfp kpfp¨ `qfZpdp° `∞p‡[ L$fu iL$i°.

8. AÊepk_° A¨[° `∞p‡[ \[p `qfZpdp° `f\u ^p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp°_udpV°$ L$B `Ÿr[ AkfL$pfL$ R>° [° ≈Zu iL$pi° [°_p Ap^pf° ^p°fZ kp[dpëp°¡e A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p° Adg L$fu kpfp¨ `qfZpdp° ‚p‡[ \B iL$i°.

9. ipmp_p k¨QpgL$p°_° ̀ p°[p_u ipmpdp¨ ̂ p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp° dpV°$ ep°¡e`Ÿr[_p AdguL$fZ dpV$° Ap AÊepk_p¨ `qfZpdp° d]$]$Í` b_i°.

1.81.81.81.81.8 AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°

`∞–e°L$ kïp°^__p¨ `qfZpdp° ]$f°L$ `qfsı\r[dp¨ gpNy `pX$u iL$p[p¨ _\u.–epf° AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp° ≈Zhu Ar_hpeÆ b_° R>°.

Qp°Ωk l°[y `f ¬ep_ L°$qfi÷[ L$fhp dpV°$ AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp° _Ωu L$fpeR>°. X$pµ. A°Q.∆.]°$kpB `Z kïp°^__u depÆ]$p ıhuL$pf[p¨ S>Zph° R>° L°$ “ L$p°B`Zkïp°^_ khpØN k¨`|ZÆ b_u iL°$ _lv, AÊepk_y¨ n°” kurd[ b_phhpdp¨ _p_`_\u.” 3

`∞ı[y[ AÊepk_p L$peÆn°”_u depÆ]$pAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[u :

1. `∞ı[y[ AÊepk ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop__p¨ R> `∞L$fZp° `|f[p° depÆq]$[l[p°.

2. ∞̀ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ kyf°fi÷_Nf rS>Îgp_u kl°[yL$ ̀ k¨]$Nu ̀ pd°g ipmpAp°_p°

3

lfucpB Ny. ]°$kpB A_° L©$ÛZL$p¨[ Np°. ]°$kpB, kïp°^_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_°

‚rhrÂp°, (bu∆ Aph©r—, Ad]$php]$, eyr_hrkÆV$u N∞¨\ r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ$, 1979)

`©.-304.

12

kdph°i L$ep£ l[p°. Ap\u Ap AÊepk_p¨ `qfZpdp° bû S> ipmpAp°_°khpØi° gpNy `pX$u iL$pi° _lv.

3. `∞ep°N dpV°$ NyS>fp[u dp¬ed_u ipmpAp° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u Ap\uAp ̀ ∞ep°N_p¨ ̀ qfZpdp° Afie dp¬ed_u ipmpAp° dpV°$ Dèp°Ndp¨ gB iL$pi°_lv.

4. ∞̀ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ ̀ f[¨” Qg_p dp`_ dpV°$ rinL$ frQ[ L$kp°V$u_p° Dèp°NL$ep£ l[p°.

5. ∞̀ı[y[ AÊepk i•nrZL$ hjÆ 2004 dp¨ lp\ ̂ ep£ l[p°. [°\u [°_p¨ ̀ qfZpdp°crhÛedp¨ \_pfp AÊepk_p¨ `rfZpdp°\u rcfi_ lp°B iL°$.

6. ]$f°L$ S|>\_° AÊepk dpV°$ kdp_ kde apmhhpdp¨ ApÏep° _ l[p°.

1.91.91.91.91.9 lh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mp

`∞ı[y[ AÊepk R> `∞L$fZp°dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

bu≈ `∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_u kdıep_p ı`ÛV$uL$fZdp¨, AÊepk_uD–L$Î`_pAp°_u k¨fQ_pdp¨ A_° kïp°^_ep°S>_p_p r_dpÆZdp¨ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ d°mhhpdpV°$ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e rhjeL$ kïp°̂ _p°_ukdunp [\p Afie k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_u kdunp bu≈ `∞L$fZdp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ AphuR>°.

”u≈ `∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_u kïp°^_ ep°S>_p_y¨ hZÆ_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.AÊepk_p¨ `p”p°_u `k¨]$Nu, dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ_u `∞rhr^ A_° dprl[u_p`©\LL$$fZ_u fu[ hN°°f° `pkpÄp°_y¨ hZÆ_ kïp°^__u ep°S>_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ L$fhpdpÄpÏey¨ R>°.

Qp°\p `∞L$fZdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_kprl–e_p¨ D`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_p_u `∞qæep [°dS> `∞ep°N_p AdguL$fZ_u `∞qæeprhN[° ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

`p¨Qdp `∞L$fZdp¨ `∞ep°N_p A¨[° `∞p‡e Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, [°dprl[u_y¨ `©\LL$$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

R>Ãp `∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_° A¨[° `∞p‡[ \e°g `qfZpdp° [pfZp° ıhÍ`° fS|>L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Ap ̀ ∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_p° kpf, ̀ qfZpdp°_p A\ÆOV$_\u dm[p¨[pfZp° A_° [°_p D`f\u cprh kïp°^L$p° dpV°$ L$fhp ep°¡e kïp°^_p°_u cgpdZp°_p°kdph°i L$f°g R>°.

13

`∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2

k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp

2.02.02.02.02.0 `∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :

`∞ep°S>L$°$ kïp°^_L$peÆ lp\ ^f[p¨ `l°gp¨ c|[L$pmdp¨ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p°

AÊepk L$fhp° ≈°BA°. `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p AÊepk\u L$ep `∞L$pf_p¨ L°$V$gp¨

kïp°^_p° \ep¨ R>°, Ap kïp°^_p°dp¨ Ïep`rh, _d|_p`k¨]$Nu, Dèp°Ndp¨ gu^°gp

Qg, D`L$fZp°, dprl[u_y¨ A°L$”uL$fZ, `©\L$πL$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_, kïp°^_p°_u

gpnrZL$[pAp°, `qfZpdp° A_° [pfZp° A¨N°_u Dèp°Nu dprl[u `∞ep°S>L$_° dmu

fl° R>°. k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_p° AÊepk kïp°^__u Qp°Ωk q]$ip, hp¨Q_ A_° k|rQ[

Al°hpg [°dS> Arc`∞pep° Ap`° R>°. `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p¨ [pfZp° `f\u L$B L$B

bpb[p° M|V°$ R>°, [°_° ]|$f L$fhp_p l°[y\u L$ep rhjep° `f kïp°^_L$peÆ L$fhp_u

AphÌeL$[p R>° hN°f° bpb[p° ≈Zu iL$pe R>°. lqfcpB ∆. ]°$kpB A_° L°$.∆.]°$kpB

gM° R>° L°$ “ kdıep_p rhL$pk A_° kïp°̂ __u ep°S>_p_u k|T dpV°$ kprl–e_u kdunp

A–e¨[ S>Ífu b_° R>°. kprl–e_u kdunp rhfpV$ lp°hu ≈°BA° A_° [°dp¨ kdıep_p¨

b^p¨ ̀ pkp¨ kdpB S>hp¨ ≈°BA°. Alv dp” \B Ne°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_u _p¢^ g°hp_u _\u

`f¨[y AÊepkp°_y¨ d|Îep¨L$_ `Z fS|> \hy¨ ≈°BA°; k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_p k¨`|ZÆ r_ÛL$jÆ

‹pfp kdıep_u `|hÆc|rdL$p ı`ÛV$ \hu ≈°BA°. ” 1

c|[L$pmdp¨ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk h[Ædp_ A_° crhÛe dpV°$ ◊qÛV$

`∞]$p_ L$f° R>°. Aphp AÊepkp°_u rhriÛV$[pAp° A_° depÆ]$pAp°_y¨ op_ kp¨`∞[

AÊepk_° AN–e_u q]$ip k|Qhu iL°$. c|[L$pgu_ kïp°^_p°_y¨ A¬ee_ D–kplu

`∞ep°S>L$_° _hp n°”dp¨ L$pd L$fhp_u k|T, AphX$[ A_° L$p•iÎe bn° R>°. `∞ep°S>L_°

h•opr_L$ ◊qÛV$ Apù `∞ep°Niug b_ph° R>°. Apd kdıep`k¨]$Nu A_° [°_p rhL$pk

dpV$° kprl–e_u kdunp A–e¨[ S>Ífu R>°. `∞ı[y[ `∞L$fZdp¨ k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_u

kdunp_u kp\°kp\° kïp°^__u k•Ÿp¨r[L$ k¨L$Î`_p `Z ı`ÛV$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°

kïp°^__u kdunp_y¨ ̀ Ÿr[ipı” r_qÚ[ _ lp°hp\u ̀ ∞ep°S>L$ ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨

1

lqfcpB ∆. ]°$kpB A_° L°$.∆.]°$kpB, kïp°^_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° ‚rhrÂp°,Ad]$php]$ ([©[ue kïp°r^[ Aph©r—), eyq_hrkÆV$u N∞¨\r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ$, NyS>fp[fpS>e, 1985, `©. 305-6.

14

Aph[u kdunpAp°dp¨ h•rh¬e ≈°hp dm° R>°. `∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ kdunp_p S>° l°[yAp°

_Ωu L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p [° Ap `∞dpZ° R>° :

1. kïp°̂ __u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigp ≈Zhu A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_

A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_° æddp¨ fS|> L$fhp¨.

2. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e D`f cpf[dp¨

\e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

3. Ap n°”dp¨ NyS>fp[dp¨ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

4. `|h£ kïp°^L$p°A° `p°[p_p¨ kïp°^_p°dp¨ Dèp°Ndp¨ gu^°gu _d|_p `k¨]$Nu,

`Ÿr[Ap°, dprl[u ‚pq‡[ dpV°$ Dèp°Ndp¨ gu^°gp¨ D`L$fZp° dprl[u

‚pq‡[_u rhrÂp°, ‚p‡[ dprl[u_p rhÔg°jZ dpV°$_u Ap¨L$X$pipı”ue

‚eyqL$[Ap° [\p dprl[u_p¨ A\ÆOV$_ [\p [pfZp°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu

`k¨]$ L$f°gu kdıep_° klpeÍ` \pe A° l°[y\u kdıep_° A_yÍ` kpdreL$p°,

kïp°^_Al°hpgp°, ip°^r_b¨^p°, dlpr_b¨^p° A_° X$pµ. A°d.bu.byQ_p¨ kïp°^_

kh°ÆnZp° hN°f° D`gÂ^ kprl–e_p° ̀ ∞ep°S>L°$ AÊepk L$ep£ l[p° S>°d_p° k¨]$cÆk|rQdp¨

e\pı\p_° DÎg°M L$ep£ R>°.

rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\° k¨b¨r^[ S>°

kïp°̂ _p° A¨N° dprl[u ̀ ∞p‡[ \e°g [° Ly$g kïp°̂ _p° A¨N°_u rhcprS>[ dprl[u kpfZu

2.1 dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

kpfZu 2.1 _y¨ Ahgp°L$_ ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$ kdunp dpV°$_p _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$

n¡Ó

qhqX$ep¡ L$¡k¡V$

kpfZu- 2.1

kdunp dpV$¡$ _d|_pdp¬ kdpqhóV$ k¬ip¡̂ _p¡

q_]$i®_

õh-AÂee_ kpqlÐe

k¬ip¡^__u k¬¿ep

26

04

23

15

kïp°^_p°dp¨\u 26 kïp°^_p° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_° gN[p¨ l[p¨, 04 kïp°^_p° r_]$iÆ_

A¨N°_p¨ l[p¨ S>epf° 23 kïp°^_p° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p¨ ≈°hp dm°g.

2.32.32.32.32.3 kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[

kdunp dpV°$ ̀ k¨]$ \e°gp¨ kïp°̂ _p°_u gpnrZL$[pAp° _p¢̂ hpdp¨ Aphu. ]f°L$

kïp°^_dp¨\u _d|_p_y¨ L$]$, ıhÍ`, D`L$fZp°, rhÔg°jZ_u fu[ A_° `qfZpdp°_u

gpnrZL$[p _p¢^hpdp¨ Aphu. ]$f°L$ kïp°^__p¨ `qfZpdp°_y ¨ A\ÆOV$_ Ap

gpnrZL$[pAp°_p Ap^pf° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨.

2.42.42.42.42.4 kïp°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°kïp°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°kïp°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°kïp°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°kïp°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°

`∞ı[y[ `∞L$fZ b° rhcpNdp¨ rhcprS>[ R>°.

1. AÊepk_p QphuÍ` iÂ]$p° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_

kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z.

2. [–k¨b¨û `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_u kdunp.

2.4.12.4.12.4.12.4.12.4.1 qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°

k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z

rinL$ A°V$g° L$gpL$pf. rinL$_u ArcÏeqL$[ A° S> A°_u L$gp R>°. rinL$_u

ArcÏeqL$[ S>°V$gu L$gp–dL$ [°V$gu [°_u AkfL$pfL$[p h^y. rhje A_° rhjep¨N_°

A_yÍ` A_° hNÆM¨X$_u depÆ]$pAp° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° Dèp°Ndp¨ g°hpdp¨ Aph[u ̀ Ÿr[

A_° `∞eyqL$[dp¨ S> rinL$_u kpQu L$kp°V$u R>°. Aphu AkfL$pfL$ A_°L$ `∞eyqL$[Ap°dp¨

rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ dp°Mf° R>°.

◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u Ïepøep L$f[p¨ ûfS>gpg cphkpf S>Zph° R>° L°$ “ S>°

L$p°B kp^_p°_° ≈°hp\u op_ dm[y¨ lp°e [° kp^_ ◊Ìe kp^_ L$l°hpe R>°; S>° L$p°B

kp^_\u kp¨cmu_° op_ dm[ÿ lp°e [°_° ÓpÏe kp^_ L$l°hpe R>° A°V$g° L°$ S>° kp^_\u

≈°B_° [\p kp¨cmu_° b¨_° `∞qæep ‹pfp op_ dm[y¨ lp°e [°_° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_

L$l°hpe R>°. ” 2

2

ûfS>gpg cphkpf, ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe rinZ, (A_X$p byL$ X$u`p°, Ad]$php]$,

1965), `©ÛW$ 31.

16

◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°dp¨ V$u.hu., rhqX$ep° V°$` A_° QgrQ” dyøe R>°.

Alv ̀ ∞ep°S>L°$ A¬ep`_L$peÆdp¨ QpVÆ$, dp°X°$g, ̀ ∞ep°N, rQ” A_° _d|_pAp°_p°

dyøe–h° Dèp°N (r_]$iÆ_) lp°e A_° L$\_, QQpÆ, `∞Òp—fu_p° klpeÍ` Dèp°N

lp°e [°hp A¬ep`__° r_]$iÆ_ NZ°g R>°.

rh¤p\w_p dp_k D`f S>epf° _hu_ ̀ ∞qæepAp° ≈°hp_u rS>opkp khpf \pe

A_° A_°L$ Ly[|lgp° Ecp¨ \pe [°hy¨ hp[phfZ \pe, –epf° A° kpQu r_]$iÆ_`Ÿr[

NZpe. `f¨[y ≈° r_]$iÆ__° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu `∞Òp°—fu, QpVÆ_p° Dèp°N, ApL©$r[fQ_p

hN°f° kp\° L$\_ lp°e [p° [° r_]$iÆ_ R>°. L°$V$gp¨L$ `Ÿr[L$pfp°_y¨ d¨[Ïe A°hy R>° L°$ QpVÆ$,

rQ”p°, qaÎd hN°°f° b[phhp¨ A° `Z q_]$iÆ_ S> R>°.

hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rh¤p\w_u Jdf kp^_p° hp`fhp S>°V$gu L°$ b_phhp S>°V$gu

`qf`L$h _ lp°e A\hp b^p rh¤p\wAp°_° Apù iL$pe A°V$gp¨ `|f[p¨ kp^_p° _

lp°e A\hp ≈°MdL$pfL$ lp°e –epf° rinL$ r_]$iÆ__p° Apifp° g° R>°. rinL$ L$\_,

`∞Òp°—fu_u kp\°kp\° kp^_p° b[ph[p ≈e, [°_u QQpÆ L$f[p ≈e A_° kp\° S>Ífu

`∞ep°N `p°[° S> L$f[p ≈e –epf° rinL$ r_]$iÆ_`Ÿr[_p° Dèp°N L$fu f¸p R>° A°d

L$l°hpe ̀ f¨[y \[p r_]$iÆ__° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu ̀ ∞Òp°—fu L$f°, QpVÆ$_p° Dèp°N L$f°, qæep–dL$

L°$ kp]y$¨ dp°X°$g b[phu_° kd≈h° –epf° [° r_]$iÆ_`Ÿr[_p° Apifp° g° R>° A°d L$l°hpe.

r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° ag°i L$pXÆ, rQ”p°, dp°X°$Îk, ıgpBX$πT, QpVÆ$, _d|fippAp°,

QpL$agL$ hN°f°.

2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h

kpfÿ rinZ A° L$p°B`Z i•nrZL$ Apep°S>__u Ap^pfrigp R>°, S>epf° ◊Ìe-

ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u [pgud A_° [°_p¨ D`L$fZp° A° Ap^pfrigp_p dl“h_p cpNp° R>°.

hNÆM¨X$dp¨ i¨•nrZL$ L$peÆ ]$frdep_ `∞–en i•nrZL$ A_ychp° Ap`hpdp¨

rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p dl“h_° L$p°B _L$pfu iL°$ [°d _\u.

µ hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rh¤p\wAp°_° `∞–en A_ych `|fp `pX$hpdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$

dl“h_u c|rdL$p cS>h° R>°.

µ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$\u A`p[ÿ rinZ L$Z£rfi÷e A_° _°”°qfi÷e A°d b¨_° fu[° dNS>

17

kyû `lp¢Q° R>°, Ap\u Aphu fu[° `∞p‡[ L$f°gy op_ rQf¨∆hu b_° R>°.

µ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$\u rinL$_p L$\_dp¨ OV$pX$p° gphu iL$pe R>° [°dS> Ap°R>p L$\_\u

h^y AkfL$pfL$ rinZ \B iL°$ R>°; hmu rinL$ `pk° hpL$πQp[yeÆ L°$ L$\_

iqL$[ _ lp°e [p° [°_u depÆ]$p_° ]|$f L$fu iL$pe R>°.

µ hNÆhp[phfZ ∆h¨[ b_° R>°; rh¤p\wAp°_° D–kpl`|hÆL$ hNÆQQpÆdp¨ ≈°X$u

iL$pe R>°. Mpk L$fu_° hNÆdp¨ kpdpfie [\p d¨]$byr¬^_p¨ bpmL$p°_° kqæe

b_phhpdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A°L$ ApiuhpÆ]$ b_u fl° R>°.

µ S>epf° rinL$_y¨ L$\_ L$p°B dyÿp° kd≈hhpdp¨ V|¨$Ly$¨ `X°$ –epf° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ Ap

depÆ]$p ]|$f L$fu rhQpfp°dp¨ kp[–e ≈mhu fpM° R>° [°dS> Ap°R>p kdedp¨ h^y

i•nrZL$ `∞h©r— Apù iL$pe R>°.

µ rinL$ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_u d]$]$\u Of°qX$ep rinZdp¨\u blpf Aphu h•rh¬e |̀ZÆ

rinZL$peÆ L$fu iL°$ R>° [°\u rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ]$bpe°gp fkp° ≈N©[ \pe R>° [°dS>

rh¤p\wAp° D–kpl`|hÆL$ QQpÆdp¨ cpNu]$pf b_° R>°.

µ “ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°dp¨\u ıh-A¬ee_ `Z iL$e b_° R>° S>°\u rinL$_u

Ah°∆dp¨ L°$ azfk]$_p kdedp¨ rh¤p\wAp° h^y op_ A_° dprl[u `∞p‡[ L$fu

iL°$ R>° S>°dp¨ Ap^yr_L ep¨r”L$ kp^_p° M|b S> Dèp°Nu b_° R>°.$ ”$ 3

2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h

hNÆM¨X$dp¨ i¨•nrZL$ L$peÆ ]$frdep_ `∞–en i•nrZL$ A_ychp° Ap`hpdp¨

r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p°_p dl“h_° L$p°B _L$pfu iL°$ [°d _\u.

µ hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rh¤p\wAp°_° `∞–en A_ych `|fp `pX$hpdp¨ r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p°

dl“h_u c|rdL$p cS>h° R>°.

µ hNÆM¨X$dp ¨ h^[u S>[u rh¤p\w_u k¨øep, A`|f[p¨ kp^_p° A_°

`∞ep°Nipmp_p° Acph [°dS> ]$f°L$ rhjep¨N_° `|f[p° fiepe Ap`hp b^p S>

rh¤p\wAp°_° blpf gB S>hp iL$e _\u –epf° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rh¤p\wAp°_°

A°L$kfMp i•nrZL$ A_ychp° `|fp `pX$u iL$pe R>°.

µ r_]$iÆ_ rinL$L°$fi÷u `Ÿr[ R>° `f¨[y `∞qæepdp¨ rh¤p\wAp°_p klL$pf ‹pfp

3

S>e°fi÷ ]$h° A_° Afie, k¨ıL©$[ A¬ep`_ `qfiug_ (bu∆ Aph©r—,

Ad]$php]$, bu. A°k. ipl `∞L$pi_, 1992-93) rhcpN - 2, `©. 44.

18

[°_° dlπ]$ Aï° rh¤p\wL°$fi÷u b_phu iL$pe R>° [°\u Ap `Ÿr[ d_p°h•opr_L$

R>°.

µ hNÆhp[phfZ ∆h¨[ b_° R>°. rh¤p\wAp°_° D–kpl`|hÆL$ hNÆQQpÆdp¨ ≈°X$u

iL$pe R>°. Mpk L$fu_° hNÆdp¨ kpdpfie [\p d¨]$bys¬^_p¨ bpmL$p°_° kqæe

b_phhpdp¨ r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° ApiuhpÆ]$Í` b_u fl° R>°.

µ S>epf° rinL$_ÿ L$\_ L$p°B dyÿp° kd≈hhpdp¨ V|̈$Lÿ$ ̀ X°$ –epf° r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p°

depÆ]$p ]|$f L$fu rhQpfp°dp¨ kp[–e ≈mhu fpM° R>° [°dS> Ap°R>p kdedp¨ h^y

i•nrZL$ `∞h©r— Apù iL$pe R>°.

µ rinL$ r_]$iÆ_kp^_p°_u d]$]$\u Of°qX$ep rinZdp¨\u blpf Aphu

h•rh¬e |̀ZÆ rinZL$peÆ L$fu iL°$ R>°. [°\u rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ]$bpe°gp fkp° ≈N©[

\pe R>° [°dS> rh¤p\wAp° D–kpl`|hÆL$ _hu_ kp^_p° b_phhp `∞°fpe R>°

A_° QQpÆdp¨ cpNu]$pf b_° R>°.

µ “ qæep ‹pfp rinZdp¨ rh¤p\w L$p°B ̀ ∞h©r—, ̀ ∞ep°N L°$ A_ych ‹pfp dprl[u

∞̀p‡[ L$f° R>°. ̀ ¨Q°rfi÷ep° ‹pfp k©qÛV$_p¨ rhrh^ ̀ ]$p\p£ A_° OV$_pAp°_ÿ ̀ ∞–en

op_ d°mhhy¨ A° A¬ee__u Ó°ÛW$ `Ÿr[ R>°. e\p\Æhp]$ h•opr_L$ `Ÿr[\u

rhQpfhy¨, Ahgp°L$_ L$fhy¨, r_ZÆe [pfhhp° A° A¬ee_A¬ep`_ ̀ Ÿr[_u

Dd]$p fu[ NZ° R>°. ” 4

2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z

iuMhÿ A_° iuMhhp_p° D]$πch ÏeqL$[Ap° h√Q° op__u Ap`-g° ‹pfp \ep°

[°d dp_hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap op__y¨ ıh$Í` dp•rML$ l[y¨. Nyfy-riÛe ̀ ∞Zpgu l[u. ̀ f¨[y

op__p rhı[fZ_u kp\° op_ g°rM[ ıhÍ`dp¨ ̀ yı[L$_p AprhcpÆh_y¨ L$pfZ bfiey¨.

op__p rhıap°V$_u kp\° dp_huA° [Lπ$q_L$u n°”° `∞Nr[ kpû. ApS>°

rinZ_p n°”dp¨ `Z [Lπ$q_L$p°_p° `∞h°i \B Q|L$ep° R>°, S>°_° Ap`Z° i•nrZL$

V$°Lπ$_p°gp°rS>_p _pd° Ap°mMuA° R>uA°.

4

`V°$g, `|hp£L$[, `©. 49.

19

V$°Lπ$_p°gp°rS>_p° NyS>fp[udp¨ ̀ epÆe ‘ ̀ ∞rh¤p ’ R>°. Technology iÂ]$ N∞uL$_p

[Lπ$q_ (Techne) 5f\u [L$q_L$p°T (Technikos) iÂ]$ `f\u g°hpdp¨ ApÏep°.

S>°_p° A\Æ R>° ‘ >A°L$ L$gp ’. A°_ÿ g°qV$_ ıhÍ` V°$L$nf (Texere) R>°. S>°_p° A\Æ \pe

R>° hZhy¨ (To Weave) , r_dpÆZ L$fhy¨ (To construct) 5 .

L°$r_\ qfed¨X$_p d[° i•nrZL$ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS> A°V$g° “ rinZ A_° ̀ ∞rinZ_p

l°[yAp°_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu A¬ep`__u Ó°ÛW$ `∞rhr^_p° Dèp°N L$fu ep°¡e

A¬ee_k¨≈°Np°_y¨ r_dpÆZ L$fhy¨. ” 6

B.k. 1960 _p kdeNpmp ]$fÁep_ i•nrZL$ ̀ ∞p•^p°rNL$u_p° ̀ ∞h°i b° dpNp£

‹pfp ædi: \ep° : (1) ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe rinZ A°V$g° L°$ i•nrZL$ kp^_p°_p° Dèp°N

A_° (2) ıh-A¬ee_ A°V$g° Arcærd[ A¬ee_ kprl–e [\p ıh-A¬ee_

kprl–e. 7

X$g°_p 8 A_ych r`fprdX$dp¨ _S>f _pM[p¨ iprÂ]$L$ `Ÿr[Ap°_° Ap°R>pdp¨

Ap°R>u AkfL$pfL$ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° qæep ‹pfp rinZ`Ÿr[Ap°_°

h^ydp¨ h^y AkfL$pfL$ i•nrZL$ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS> [fuL°$ ıhuL$pfu R>°.

`∞L©$r[hp]$u Íkp° 9 dp_° R>° L°$ b_° –ep¨ kyû bpmL_° qæep ‹pfp S> iuMhhy¨

≈°BA°. iÂ]$p°_p° Apifp° [p° Ar_hpeÆ lp°e A_° qæep ‹pfp rinZ iL$e _ lp°e

–epf° S> g°hp° ≈°BA°. rinZ_u `∞qæepdp¨ `∞–en op__y¨ Oœ¨ dl“h R>°.

5

]$ur`L$p bu. ipl, i•nqZL$ `∞p°¤p°rNL$u, eyr_hrkÆV$u N∞¨\r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ$,

NyS>fp[ fpS>e, Ad]$php]$, `∞\d Aph©r— : 1993, `©. 14.

6

A°Q. Ap°. ≈°ju., `V°$g, ]$h°, ipl, i•nrZL$ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS> , bu. A°k. ipl

`∞L$pi_, Ad]$php]$, `∞\d Aph©r— : 1987-88

7

ipl, `|hp£L$[, `©. 9.

8

X$pµ. bpbpkpl°b Ap¨b°X$L$f Ap°`_ eyr_hrkÆV$u, rhop_ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[,

NyS>fp[ fpS>e, 1996, `©. 14.

9

rh_p°]$ `V°$g, [“h ]$iÆ_ A_° rinZ, fiey _p°bg r`∞fiV$kÆ, kyf[, 1996,

`©. 108.

20

]|$fh[w AÊepkp°, rinZdp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p° Dèp°N, dprl[u_u rhı[f[u

kudp [\p k‡V°$Ábf 1985 \u iÍ \e°gu Brfi]$fp Np¨û _°i_g Ap°`_ eyr_hrkÆV$u

S>°hu ipmp [\p dlpipmpAp°_° L$pfZ° ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[Ap° [\p `∞eyqL$[Ap°A°

rinZ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS>dp¨ `p°[p_y¨ ApNhy¨ ı\p_ b_pÏey¨ R>°.

i•nrZL$ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS>_u Qp°\u A_° `p¨Qdu `°Yu_p¨ kp^_p° A_° dp¬edp°A°

A°hÿ ıhÍ` ̂ pfZ L$eyØ R>° L°$ [°_p° Dèp°N rinL$ iuMhhp dpV°$ L$fu iL°$ [°dS> rh¤p\w

≈[° iuMhp dpV°$ ̀ Z L$fu iL°$. Apd, A–epf_u i•nrZL$ V°L$π_p°gp°rS> dp” rinL$_°

iuMhhp dpV°$ Dèp°Ndp¨ g°hp_p¨ kp^_p° ̀ |fp¨ _\u ̀ pX$[u, ̀ f¨[y iuM_pf_° ̀ p°[p_u

≈[° iuMhpdp¨ `Z d]$]$ L$f° R>°. 10

ıh-A¬ee_ A°V$g°, The presentation of contents is such that

one can understand without the help of a teacher is called self

instruction. 11

d°X$d dp°fiV°$kfu_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ ≈°BA°[p° Self education is the best edu-

cational method by which the child learns in his own way and at

his own rate. 12

10

A°_. A°k. ]$p¢Np, A¬ep`_ d_p°rhop_, `∞\d Aph©r—, r_S>S>_ kpBL$p°

k°fiV$f, fpS>L$p°V$, 1995, `©. 256.

11 R. C. Das, Educational Technology, A basic text, Ster-

ling Publishers private limited, New Delhi, 1993, P.5, P.239.12K. L.Kumar, Educational Technology : New age inter-

national (P) limited, Publishers, New Delhi P. 22.

21

ıh-A¬ee_ `∞eyqL$[Ap° OZu R>°. [°dp¨\u L°$V$guL$ Ap `∞dpZ° R>°.

ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[ A° rinZ_u A°L$ A°hu `∞qæep R>°, S>°dp¨ rhjehı[y_u

Np°W$hZu _p_p¨-_p_p¨ `Ngp¨_u lpfdpmp ‹pfp kp]$u, kfm A_° ı`ÛV$ cpjpdp¨

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°\u rh¤p\wAp° `p°[p_u ≈[° Ap kprl–e_p° Dèp°N L$fu op[\u

Aop[ [fa S>B _hu A_° AOfu bpb[p° iuM° R>°. ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A° i•nrZL$

kp^_ L°$ L$kp°V$u _\u [° A¬ep`__u A°L$ `Ÿr[ R>°. 13

A¬ee_ hı[y A°hp ıhÍ`dp¨ [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° L°$ S>°_° kdS>hp dpV°$

rinL$_u d]$]$ S>Ífu _ lp°e, A¬e°[p ıh[¨” fu[° ̀ p°[p_u A_yL|$m[p ̀ ∞dpZ° ̀ p°[p_u

TX$`° A¬ee_ L$fu iL°$ [°hp A¬ee_ hı[y_p ıhÍ`_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e

L$l°hpe. 14

ApS>° rhrh^ ̀ ∞L$pf_p¨ ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e D`gÂ^ R>°. [°d_u fQ_p A°hu

fu[° L$f°gu lp°e R>° L°$ S>°\u rh¤p\w ≈[° kprl–e_p° Dèp°N L$fu iL°$. ıh-A¬ee_

qinZe¬Ó

dp¡X$e|g

õh-AÂee_

`°qhqÂp¡

õhpÂepe

`Ùq[

hL$®$L$pX$®$`Ùq[

cpj

p`°e

p¡Ni

pmp

Aqc

¾qd[

AÂe

e_

kfmAÂee_kpqlÐe

13S>e¨r[gpg L°$. fpW$p°X$, ‘ ̂ p°fZ kp[_p rhop__p ̀ ∞L$pi_ÿ ̀ fph[Æ_ A°L$d_p

A¬ep`_ dpV°$_u ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e `Ÿr[, `∞pep°rNL$ `Ÿr[ A_° Ïepøep_`Ÿr[_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk ’ : gOyip°̂ r_b¨̂ , fpS>L$p°V$, kp•fpÛV≤$eyr_hrkÆV$u, 1995, `©. 57-58.

14]$p¢Np, `|hp£L$[, `©. 271-76.

22

kprl–e_y¨ hNwL$fZ b° cpNdp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

(1) rinL$ L°$ Afie L$p°B_u d]$]$ hNf Dèp°Ndp¨ gB iL$pe [°hy¨ kprl–e.

(2) rinL$ L°$ Afie L$p°B_u \p°X$u `Z d]$]$_u S>Íf `X°$ [°hy¨ kprl–e.

`l°gp¨ `∞L$pf_p kprl–edp¨ Made simple series _p¨ `yı[L$p°, Teach

your self, Hand books, Manual, Arcædp°, ̀ funp_p A¨r[d [bLL$p dpV°$_p¨

kprl–e S>°hp¨ L°$, rhop_ b° q]$hkdp¨, A`°rn[ `∞Òk¨N∞lp°, A°L$gÏe L©$[ L$kp°V$u

`”p°, A¬ee_ k¨`yV$p°, L.M.R. (Last Minute Revision) hN°f°_p° kdph°i

\pe R>°. Apdp¨_p¨ ̀ funpgnu ̀ ∞L$pi_p° kı[u gp°L$r ∞̀e[p A_° Apr\ÆL$ gpc d°mhhp

dpV°$ [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°dp¨_p rhjehı[y_u rhÔhk_ue[p rhi° ̀ Z i¨L$p fl°

R>°. L°$V$gÿL$ kprl–e ̀ ∞dpZdp¨ kpfÿ lp°e R>° A_° AdyL$ rhjehı[y iuMhp dpV°$ ̀ pep_u

bpb[p° kfmÍ`° kd≈hhp_p° `∞e–_ L$f°gp° lp°e R>°. h[Æ_-`qfh[Æ__p k¨]$cÆdp¨

Aphy¨ kprl–e cp¡e° S> [•epf \[y¨ lp°e R>°.

bu≈ `∞L$pf_p kprl–edp¨ `”Ïehlpf_p AÊepkædp° dpV°$_p¨ kprl–e

(lesson), AÊepk dpNÆ]$riÆL$p (Study guide) A_° Distance education

dpV°$ Dèp°Ndp¨ Aph[p¨ eyr_V$p°_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. Aphp `∞L$pf_p¨ kprl–ep°

rh¤p\wAp°_u L$np, S>Íqfep[p°, kdıepAp°, byqŸ ... hN°f° S>°hu bpb[p°_° ¬ep_dp¨

fpMu [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. rh¤p\wAp° Ap kprl–e_p° Dèp°N ≈[° L$fu iL°$ [°_y¨

¬ep_ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°d R>[p¨ S>Íf S>Zpe –ep¨ rh¤p\w Afie_u d]$]$ gB iL°$

R>°. Ap dpV°$ rh¤p\w, rinL$p°, k¨]$cÆ kprl–e, ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p° L°$ kl`pW$uAp°_u

\p°X$u d]$]$ d°mhu iL°$ R>°.

bu≈ `∞L$pf_p kprl–e_u fQ_p L$f[u hM[° kyÏehsı\[ Apep°S>_ L$f°gy¨

lp°e R>°. l°[yAp° h[Æ_-`qfh[Æ__p k¨]$cÆdp¨ _LL$u L$epÆ bp]$ kprl–e_u h•opr_L$ Yb°

fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

kpfp ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p¨ gnZp° Ap `∞dpZ°_p lp°e R>° :

1. A°L$d_u k¨`|ZÆ kdS> A_° S>Ífu rhjehı[y_p° kdph°i lp°hp° ≈°BA°.

2. Apep°S>_ dyS>b_u fS|>Ap[ [°dS> [pqLÆ$L$[p_u `|fu kphQ°[u ≈mhhu

≈°BA°.

3. `∞r[`p°jZ_u Ïehı\p lp°hu ≈°BA°.

23

4. AÊepkdp¨ ApNm h^hp dpV°$ S>Ífu kgpl A_° k|Q_p°_p° kdph°i lp°hp°

≈°BA°.

5. rinZ_p A¬ee_ rkŸp¨[p°_p° kdph°i \[p° lp°hp° ≈°BA° S>°hp L°$,

µ rhriÛV$ \u kpdpfie

µ kfm \u L$qW$_

µ `pep\u rhL$pkiug[p [fa

µ kp]$u bpb[p°\u S>qV$g[p [fa

µ op[\u Aop[ [fa 15

r_f¨[f rinZhpmp Bsfi]$fp Np¨û fpÛV≤$ue dyL[ rh¤pgedp¨ rhjehı[y_u

fS|>Ap[ ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°dp¨ ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨

dpmMy¨ Ap `∞dpZ° lp°e R>°. 16

µ AÊepk A¨N° dpNÆ]$iÆ_

µ A°L$d_y¨ iujÆL$

µ Í`f°Mp

Ø l°[yAp°

Ø A°L$d_p° `qfQe

Ø `°V$p A°L$dp°

Ø kpfpï

Ø ıhp¬epe

Ø [dpfu `∞Nr[ QL$pkp°

Ø Dèp°Nu `yı[L$p°, k¨]$cp°Æ

Ø ıhp¬epe_p `∞Òp°_p S>hpbp°

15

fpW$p°X$, `|hp£L$[, `©. 58-60.

16

“ Aplpf S|>\, `p°jL$ OV$L$p° A_° [°d_p¨ L$pep£ ”, Bsfi]$fp Np¨û fpÛV≤$ue dyL$[

rhÔh rh¤pge, _hu q]$Îlu, 1993.

24

ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨ A°L$ dpmMy¨ Ap `∞dpZ° `Z k|Qhpe R>°. 17

ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p A°L$ `∞L$fZ_y¨ dpmMy¨.

A°L$d - 1 A°L$d_y¨ iujÆL$

1.1 A°L$d_y¨ b¨^pfZ

1.2 A°L$d_p l°[yAp°

1.3 A°L$d_p° `∞p\rdL$ `qfQe

1.4 A°L$d_p AÊepk A¨N° dpNÆ]$iÆ_

1.5 A°L$d_p° Afie A°L$dp° kp\°_p° k¨b¨^

1.6 `°V$p A°L$d - 1

1.6.1 `°V$p A°L$d - 1 _p° i•nrZL$ dyÿp° - 1

1.6.2 `°V$p A°L$d - 1 _p° i•nrZL$ dyÿp° - 2

1.7 `°V$p A°L$d - 2

1.7.1 `°V$p A°L$d - 2 _p° i•nrZL$ dyyÿp° - 1

1.7.1 `°V$p A°L$d - 2 _p° i•nrZL$ dyyÿp° - 2

[dpfu `∞Nr[ QL$pkp°

1 X kpfp¨i

2 Y ıhp¬epe

3 Z Ap]$iÆ D—fp°

Apd, ApS>_p° rinL$ rhop_ A_° V°$Lπ$_p°gp°∆_p eyNdp¨ L$peÆ L$fu f¸p° R>°.

V°$L$π_p°gp°∆_u `∞Nr[_p `qfZpd ıhÍ` rinZL$peÆ dpV°$ A_°L$ `∞L$pf_u kpdN∞uAp°

D`gÂ^ R>°. `f¨[y i•nrZL$ l°[y_u `∞pq‡[ dpV°$ ep°¡e DrQ[ kpdN∞u_u `k¨]$Nu

AN–e_u b_° R>°.

17

]$p¢Np$, `|hp£L$[, `©. 274.

25

2.52.52.52.52.5 AÊepk k¨b¨û `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨û `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨û `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨û `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨û `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^__u kdunp

`∞ep°S>L°$ `p°[p_p kïp°^__° kdS>hp dpV°$ A_° [° `p°[p_p kïp°^__u

rhriÛV$[pAp°_° AgN [pfhhp dpV°$ `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp° S>Ífu

R>°. ̀ |h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°̂ _p°_u kdunp L$fhp_p l°[ykf ̀ ∞ep°S>L°$ Ap ̀ ∞dpZ°_p ̀ ∞Òp° [•epf

L$epÆ l[p :

(1) kïp°^L°$ L$ep hjÆdp¨ kïp°^_ lp\ êyØ l[y¨ ?

(2) kïp°^L$ A_° [°_u k¨ı\p L$B l[u ?

(3) Ó°Zu A_° rhje L$ep `k¨]$ L$epØ l[p¨ ?

(4) AÊepk_p L$ep A°L$dp° kdprhÛV$ l[p¨ ?

(5) _d|_p_y¨ L$]$ L°$V$gy¨ g°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨ ?

(6) `∞pep°rNL$ ep°S>_p L$B ¬ep_dp¨ guû l[u ?

(7) ıh[¨” Qg [fuL°$ L$B `Ÿr[Ap° `k¨]$ L$fu l[u ?

(8) Dèp°Ndp¨ L$ep¨ D`L$fZp° gu^p¨ l[p¨ ?

(9) `©\L$L$fZ `∞eyqL$[ [fuL°$ L$B A¨L$ipı”u `∞eyqL$[ Dèp°Ndp¨ guû l[u ?

(10) kdıep_p A¨[° L$ep¨ [pfZp° `∞p‡[ \e°g l[p¨ ?

∞̀ı[y[ AÊepk rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e krl[_u

`Ÿr[_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp_p° lp°hp\u Ap A¨N°_p¨ `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_p°

AÊepk A_° kdunp L$fhp¨ S>Ífu b_° R>°. `|h£ \e°gp¨ kïp°^_p°_° kpfZu - 2.2

‚dpZ° hNwL©$[ L$fu AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g.

A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p 04, ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p 19,

r_]$iÆ__p 02 dmu Ly$g 25 kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g.

M.Ed

Ph.D

26

ùA°Q.X$u. L$npA° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p 09, ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p 04

A_° r_]$iÆ__p 01 dmu Ly$g 14 kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g.

Afie kïp°^_p°dp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p 13, r_]$iÆ__y¨ 01 kïp°^_ dmu Ly$g

14 kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g. Ap fu[° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p Ly$g 26, ıh-

A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p Ly$g 23 A_° r_]$iÆ_ `Ÿr[_p 04 kïp°^_p° dmu kdN∞ 53

kïp°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.

1. ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°

2. A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°

3. ıh[¨” kïp°^_p°

∞̀ep°S>L°$ k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_u kdunp L$f[u hM[° X$pµ. A°d.bu.byQ _p ̀ ∞\d,

q‹[ue, [©[ue, Q[y\Æ A_° `p¨Qdp kïp°^_ kh£nZ_p° AÊepk L$ep£ l[p° [°dS>

A°fikpBL$gp°r`X$uep Ap°a A°S>eyL°$i_g rfkQÆ_p° `Z AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°.

2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ kïp°^_p°

`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ krl[_u `Ÿr[_u AkL$pfL$[p [`pkhp

dpV°$ ̀ ∞pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ b[phu rhqX$ep°g°k_ ̀ Ÿr[ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ

L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g [°\u Alv rhqX$ep°g°k_ A\hp V$u.hu. ‹pfp A¬ep`_L$peÆ_u

AkfL$pfL$[p A¨N°_p¨ S>° S>° kïp°^_p° \ep¨ lp°e [°_p° DÎg°M L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

R> °Îgp¨ L° $V$gp¨L$ hjp£dp¨ _p¢^`p” k¨øepdp¨ i•nrZL$ V° $rgrhT__u

AkfL$pfL$[p D`f_p¨ kïp°̂ _p° \ep¨ R>°. Ad°fuL$p_u ipmpdp¨ ̀ ∞\d hM[ V°$qgrhT_

1940 dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨. ‰pfik A_° rb∞V$_dp¨ 1950 dp¨ V°$qgrhT_ rinZ

n°”° `∞h°Ìey¨. fiey q]$Îlu Mp[° 1956 dp¨ `yı[L$p°_u S>_fg L$p°fiaffik° cpf[dp¨

rinZ_p dp¬ed [fuL°$ V$u.hu. _p° `∞ı[ph d|L$ep° l[p°. cpf[dp¨ 1960 _p

≈fieyApfudp¨ kp• `∞\d Ap°g BsfiX$ep f°qX$ep° (AIR) A° bpmL$p° dpV°$ i•nrZL$

V°$qgrhT_ qaÎd b_phu ]$f d¨Nmhpf° b`p°f° 3-00 \u 4-00 `∞p°N∞pd V°$qgL$pıV$

L$epÆ l[p.

1. ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°

2. A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°

3. ıh[¨” kïp°^_p°

27

2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ ùA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ kïp°^_p°

(1) i°W°$ 18 Arcærd[ A¬ee_ kprl–e_u Akf kp\° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe

kp^_p°_u Akf_° kfMphu R>°. [°dZ° kudgp il°f_u A¨N∞°∆ dp¬erdL$ ipmpdp¨

^p°fZ-10 dp¨ 180 R>p°L$fp A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p° _d|_p° gB_° A¨N∞°∆ ı`°tgN_p

rinZ_p° `∞ep°N L$f°g.

AÊepk_p A¨[° A° [pfZ d˝eÿ L°$ A¨N∞°∆ dp¬ed_u ipmp_p ^p°fZ-10

_p A¨N∞°∆_p¨ ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u h ŷ QqX$ep[u Akf ≈°hp dmu. D—f L$kp°V$u_p ]°$Mph

`f ÓpÏe fS|>Ap[_u Akf h^pf° AkfL$pfL$ ≈°hp dmu. i°W°$ kde [\p ≈r[ kp\°

ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u kp\ÆL$[p [`pkhp `Z `∞epk L$f°g.

(2) S>eQ¨÷_° 19 qaÎdqıV≤`_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp d÷pk_u _h

ipmpAp°dp¨\u [pqdg dp¬edhpmu `p¨Q L$y$dpf ipmp A_° Qpf L$fiepipmpAp°_p°

_d|_p° `k¨]$ LepÆ° l[p°. kdN∞ _d|_p° 450 L$y$dpf A_° 315 L$fiepAp° ^fph[p° l[p°.

qh¤p\w$Ap°_° ”Z AgN qhcpNdp¨ hl°¢Qu ”Z AgN `Ÿq[Ap° kpdpfie `Ÿq[,

dp” [•epf qaÎdqıV≤` (qinL$ qh_p) A_° qaÎdqıV≤` $kql[ qinL$ kd≈$h° [°hu

`Ÿq[\u iuMhhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨. `∞h©q— L$kp°V$u\u dpql[u A°L$q”[ L$fu `|hÆL$kp°V$u,

A¨–e L$kp°V$u [\p ıdfZiqL[_p NyZp¨L$ ̀ ∞p‡[ \ep ̀ R>u bpfg°V$_u F L$$kp°V$u S>°hu

A¨L$ipı”ue ̀ Ÿq[ ̀ ∞ep°∆ dpql[u_ÿ ̀ ©\L$L$fZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏeÿ, S>eQ¨÷__p [pfZp°

b[ph° R>° L$°$

µ [•epf i•nqZL$ kpdN∞u_y¨ k¨L$g_ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p° ‹pfp iL$e

b_u iL$°$ R>°.

µ qinL$ qh_p dp” qaÎdqıV≤`\u iuMhhp L$f[p¨ qinL$ kql[_u

qaÎdqıV≤` h^y AkfL$pfL$ _uhX$° R>°.$$

18A. S. Sheth, A study of programme in English Spell-

ing in Relation to visual and Auditory Presentation , Ph.D.thesis, H. P. Uni., 1976.

19 J. Jaychandran, An Experimental Study of ef-

ficacy of programmed filmstrips as a method of teach-ing history in secondary schools , Ph.D. Edu.,M.S.Uni., 1980.

28

µ kpdpfie qinZ `Ÿq[_u kp`°ndp¨ qinL$ qh_p [°dS> qinL$

kql[_u qaÎdqıV≤` ‹pfp iuMhhp_u `Ÿq[ h^y kpfu

ıdfZiqL[dp¨ `qfZd° R>°.$

(3) Ap°b°fp°e° 20 QgqQ” ]$iÆ__u A¬ep`_dp¨ AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp

]$pDkp (fpS>ı\p_) _u L$y$dpf [\p L$fiepAp° dpV$°$_u kfL$pfu dp¬eqdL$ ipmpAp°_p¨

^p°.8 A_° ^p°.9 _p¨ 125 qh¤p\wAp° `f `∞ep°N dpV$° `∞Qqg[ A¬ep`_ `Ÿq[,

Âg°L$ A°fiX$ ÏlpBV$ QgqQ”]$iÆ_, [°dS> f̈Nu_ QgqQ”]$iÆ_ A°d ”Z S>|\p° fpMhpdp̈

ApÏep. dpql[u A°L$q”[ L$fhp S>gp°V$p_u dp_qkL$ nd[p kd|lL$kp°V$u, Óuhpı[h

_p° kpdprS>L$-Apq\ÆL$ ı\p_ (ıV°$V$k) dp`]$¨$X$, d|Îe ̀ qfdpZ L$kp°V$u, qh¤p\wAp°_°

dp•qML$ L$kp°V$u qinL$p°_° Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gu, `∞Òphqg, A°L$pN∞[p d|Îep¨L$_ _p°

Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°. T-L$kp°V$u, F-L$kp°V$u\u d°mh°gp¨ Óu Ap°b°fp°e_p¨ [pfZp°

b[ph° R>° L$°,

µ `∞Qqg[ A¬ep`_ `Ÿq[hpmp¨ S>|\p° L$f[p¨ QgqQ” ]$iÆ_hpmp¨

S>|\p°A° _p°¢^`p” D√Q kf°fpi NyZ `∞p‡[ L$epÆ.

µ Âg°L$ A°fiX$ ÏlpBV$ QgqQ” ]$iÆ_hpmp¨ S>|\p°A° `∞Qqg[ A¬ep`_

`Ÿq[hpmp¨ S>|\p° L$f[p¨ _p°¢^`p” fu[° D√Q kf°fpi NyZ d°mÏep.

µ f¨Nu_ QgqQ” ]$iÆ_hpmp¨ S>|\p°A° Afie S>|\p° L$f[p¨ _p°¢^`p” fu[°

D√Q kf°fpi NyZp¨L$ d°mÏep l[p.

(4) L$p_pX$ ° $ 21 N∞pÁe ipmp_p¨ bpmL$p°_p h[Æ_ D`f i•nqZL$

V$°qgqhT__u Akf D`f_p° A°L$ AÊepk L$ep°£ l[p°. [°dZ° V$°qgqhT_hpmu A_°

V$°qgqhT_ qh_p_u ipmpdp¨\u 216 bpmL$p°_p° _d|_p° gu^p° l[p°. [°dZ° D—f L$kp°V$u

dp” q_e¨q”[ S>|\ qXTpB__p° Dèp°N L$ep°£ l[p°. ‚ep°N_p A¨[° [°d_° ≈°hp d˝eÿ L$°$

L$°V$gpL$ ̀ ∞dpZdp¨ V$u.hu. h[Æ_ D`f fQ_p–dL$ Akf L$f[ÿ l[ÿ. cpjp_u ̀ ∞hpql[pdp¨

20N. Oberoi, Development and Evaluation of Radio Vi-

sion on an instruction system, Ph.D. Edu., S. G. Uni., 1981.21H. M. Kanade, A study of the Impact of instructional

televison on the behavior of the rural school children,Ph.D. thesis, M. S. Uni., Baroda, 1982.

29

ky^pfZp _p°¢û l[u `f¨[y cpjp_u kyfyqQdp¨ _lv. `∞ep°N_p A¨[° bpmL$p°A° ipmp

[fa_y¨ qh^°ep–dL$ hgZ ]$ipÆh°g `Z `∞°fZp Akflu_ flu l[u.

(5) Np°gpZu 22 A° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u Dèp°qN[p_p k¨]$cÆdp¨

\pZ° rS>Îgp_u dp. ipmpAp° _d|_p [fuL$°$ guû l[u. `∞h[Ædp_ `qfqı\q[_°

A_ygnu_° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u_u `qfsı\r[, rinL$p° ApQpep£_p ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe

kpdN∞u kql[_ÿ qinZ ̀ |fÿ ̀ pX$ep AN̈° Aqc ∞̀pep°, qinZ dpV$°$ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u

[•epf L$fhp kïp°^L$°$ `∞Òphqg, D`gÂ^ kp^_p° A_° Dèp°qN[p A¨N°_p qinL$

ApQpeÆ_p A¨]$p≈°, dygpL$p[p°, Ahgp°L$_ [\p dp•qML$ L$kp°V$u_p° dpql[u d°mhhp

Dèp°N L$ep°£ l[p°. Np°gpZu_p¨ [pfZp° b[ph° R>° L$°$

µ il°fu qhı[pfp°_u Apq\ÆL$ k¬^f ipmpAp° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u

^fph[u l[u.

µ blz S> \p°X$p qinL$p°A° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u_p° Dèp°N L$ep°£ l[p°.

kp^_p° qbıdpf lpg[dp¨ l[p¨ A_° Dèp°qN[p_u [pgudhpmp

qinL$p° _ l[p.

µ ep°¡e kp°aV$h°f_p Acph° lpX$Æ$h°f Mfu]$°gp `X$ep l[p.

µ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u qinZL$peÆdp¨ Dèp°Nu qkŸ \B l[u.

(6) Bfi]$y$ i°W$°$ 23 `∞p\qdL$ L$np_p¨ bpmL$p°_p i•nqZL$ qhL$pk D`f

i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT__u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° AÊepk L$ep°£ l[p°. AÊepk_p l°[yAp° Ap

`∞dpZ° l[p :

1. cpjpqhL$pk, i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd_u k¨g¡_ dpql[u_y¨

k῭ p]$_ [\p ipmpL$ue qkqŸ_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ ̀ ∞p\qdL$ L$np_p¨ bpmL$p°_p

i•nqZL$ qhL$pk D`f i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT__u Akf_p° AÊepk

L$fhp°.

22T. P. Golani, The use of Audio-visual Aids in the sec-

ondary schools of District Thane, Ph.D. Edu. Poona Uni.,1982.

23 Indu Sheth, A study of the Effectiveness of Educa-

tional Television on the Educational Development of Pri-mary school children, Ph.D. thesis,M. S. Uni., Baroda, 1983.

30

2. cpjpqhL$pk, i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd_u k¨g¡_ dpql[u_y¨

k¨`p]$_ [\p ipmpL$ue qkqŸ_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ `∞p\qdL$ ipmp_p¨

bpmL$p°_p i•nqZL$ qhL$pk D`f i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT__u kp\°

qinL$p° ‹pfp k¨Qpqg[ `|hÆ A_° D—f `∞kpfZ `∞h©q—Ap°_p

k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd_u Akf_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

3. i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd_p S>y]$p S>y]$p ◊qÛV$L$p°Z° hluhV$L$[pÆAp°

A_° q_dpÆ[pAp°_° `∞q[`p°jZ `|fy¨ `pX$hy¨.

i°W$°$ q]$Îlu_u 18 ̀ ∞p\qdL$ ipmp_p¨, ̂ p°fZ-5 _p¨ 447 qh¤p\wAp°

_d|_p [fuL$°$ gu °̂gp l[p. ”Z S>y]$u S>y]$u ̀ Ÿq[Ap° (L$peÆæd) dp¨ [°Ap°_° ”Z S>|\dp¨

qhcprS>[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p.

µ `∞\d S>|\_° k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd qh_p i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd

b[phhp_p°.

µ bu≈ S>|\_° k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd kp\° i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd

b[phhp_p°. `∞kpfZ_u `l°gp A_° `R>u `∞h©q—Ap° Í`° QQpÆ

L$fhp_u.

µ ”uS>ÿ S>|\ [° q_e¨q”[ S>|\ S>°_° qb_ i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆædhpmy

S>|\ L$¸y$¨.

1. qhop__u qkqŸ L$kp°V$u, 2. i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd `f Ap^pqf[

L$kp°V$u, 3. qinL$p° dpV$°$ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ _p°¢^-S>°hp¨ ”Z D`L$fZp°_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨

Aphu l[u.

AÊepk_p¨ [pfZp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[p¨ :

(1) i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p°_p° cpjpqhL$pk ETV

_ ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p° L$f[p¨ KQp° l[p°.

(2) ETV _u kp\° k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p°_p° cpjpqhL$pk,

k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd qh_p A_° ETV _ ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p° L$f[p¨ KQp°

l[p°.

(3) ETV _p L$peÆæd_u dpql[u k¨`p]$_dp¨ ETV S>|\ q_e¨q”[ S>|\

L$f[p¨ QqXep[y¨ kpqb[ \ey¨.

(4) ETV S>|\>A_° q_e¨q”[ S>|\ L$f[p¨ k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd_u kp\°

31

ETVS>|\_p¨ bpmL$p°_u qh¤pL$ue qkqŸ KQu l[u. cpjp A_°

qhop__u qkqŸdp¨ ETV S>|\_y¨ `qfZpd qh^°ep–dL$ q]$ip [fa

l[ÿ ̀ f¨[y kdpS>qh¤pdp¨ _ l[ÿ. ipmp_p _h qhjep°dp¨\u dp” ̀ p¨Q

qhjep° kp\ÆL$ L$npA° `lp°¢√ep l[p.

(7) cÀ° 24 ̀ p°[p_p ̀ uA°Q.X$u. kïp°̂ _L$peÆdp¨ ̂ p°fZ-9 _p qhop_

qhje_p ̀ k¨q]$[ A°L$dp°_p qinZdp¨ ”Z ̀ Ÿq[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° [yg_p–dL$

AÊepk L$ep°£ l[p°. [°dZ° 1. qhqX$ep° g°k_ `Ÿq[, 2. `∞ep°N q_]$iÆ_ `Ÿq[ [\p

3. Ïepøep_ A_° QQpÆ ̀ Ÿq[_p° Dèp°N L$ep°£ l[p°. Adf°gu qS>Îgp_p hqX$ep Npd_u

b° ı\pq_L$ dp¬eqdL$ ipmp_p ̂ p°fZ _h _p Qpf hNp°£_p 149 L$ydpfp° A_° b° hNp°£_u

79 L$fiepAp° dmu_° L$yg 228 _p° _d|_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gp° l[p°. ]$i A°L$dp°_u

qhqX$ep°L$°$k°V$, D—fL$kp°V$u [\p Aqc`∞pephqg S>°hp¨ D`L$fZp°_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨

Aph°g. `∞ep°N A¨[° [pfZp° Ap `∞dpZ°_p `∞p‡[ \ep¨ :

µ Afie b° ̀ Ÿq[Ap° L$f[p¨ qhqX$ep°g°k__u i•nqZL$ qkqŸ KQu l[u.

µ L$ydpf L$°$ L$fiep ≈q[dp¨ i•nqZL$ qkqŸ_u bpb[dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ ≈°hp

_ d˝ep°.

µ qhop__p qhqh^ A°L$dp° dpV$°$_u ”Z°e `Ÿq[Ap°dp¨ L$p°B kp\ÆL$

[aph[ ≈°hp _ d˝ep°.

µ Aqc`∞pephqg ‹pfp ≈Zhp d˝ey¨ L$°$ qh¤p\wAp°dp¨ V$°qgqhT_ dpV$°$

lL$pfp–dL$ hgZ l[y¨.

(8) ]$°$kpBA° 25 `p°[p_p kïp°^_L$peÆdp¨ ^p°fZ ApW$_p NyS>fp[u

qhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$dp°_p qinZdp¨ _pV$euL$fZ_u AkfL$pfL$[p dpV$°$ (1)

kpdpfie qinZ `Ÿq[, (f) _pV$euL$fZ `∞eyqL[ A_° (3) qhqX$ep° L$°k°V$ g°k__p°

Dèp°N L$ep°£ l[p°. ≈d_Nf il°f_u [\p N∞pÁe qhı[pf_u dp¬eqdL$ ipmp_p ̂ p°.8

_p¨ 210 L$ydpfp° A_° 165 L$fiepAp°_p° _d|_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°, qhqX$ep°

24P. N. Bhatt, A Comparative Study of the Effectivness

of three Different models of teaching selected topics ofscience on the achivement of the students, Ph.D. thesis,Saurashtra University, Rajkot,1987.

25L°$. S>°.]°$kpB, dp¬erdL$ ipmpdp¨ NyS>fp[u kprl–e L©$r[Ap°_p A¬ep`_

L$peÆdp¨ _pV$euL$fZ_u AkfL$pfL$[p, ̀ uA°Q.X$u. dlpr_b¨̂ , kp•fpÛV≤$ eyr_hrkÆV$u,fpS>L$p°V$, 1994.

32

L$°k°V$, D—f L$kp°V$u, Aqc`∞pephqg S>°hp¨ D`L$fZp°_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.

`∞ep°N_p A¨[° [pfZp° Ap `∞dpZ° `∞p‡[ \ep¨ l[p¨ :

µ il°fu L$ydpfp° A_° N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°dp¨ kpdpfie A¬ep`_ ̀ Ÿq[ L$f[p

_pV$euL$fZ _° qhqX$ep°g°k_ `Ÿq[ AkfL$pfL$ flu.

µ N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°dp¨ kpdpfie A¬ep`_ `Ÿq[ L$f[p¨ _pVπ$euL$fZ_°

AkfL$pfL$[p h^y flu S>epf° qhqX$ep°g°k__u AkfL$pfL$[p Ap°R>u

flu.

µ il°fu L$fiepAp° dpV$°$ L$p°B A°L$ `Ÿq[ AkfL$pfL$ _ dpg|d `X$u.

(9) fphg° 26 `p°[p_p ùA°Q.X$u kïp°^_L$peÆdp¨ ^p°fZ-8 _p

NyS>fp[u rhje_p `k¨q]$[ L$pÏep°_p rinZdp¨ ”Z `Ÿr[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p°

[yg_p–dL$ AÊepk L$ep£ l[p°. 1. ÓpÏe kp^_ 2. ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_ A_° 3.

kpdpfi

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