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2014

Untπma C≥ FUyq-t°-j≥ (D.Ed)Fen-sa‚dn A[ym-]I hnZym-`ymk ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2014

ska-ÿska-ÿska-ÿska-ÿska-ÿ ˛ III

S3.P

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ska-ÿ 3

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3

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4

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kmln-Xy-]-T\w k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p Hmtcm kmln-Xy-

kr-jvSnbpw k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsS ]Xn-^-e-\-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw F∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn-eqsS ]Tn-

Xm-hn-tebv°p kwI-an-°p∂ k¿Km-fl-I-amb Awi-߃ Ahs‚ cN-\-I-fn¬ ]Xn-^-en-

°m-Xn-cn-°n-√. hyXykvX Xc-Ønepw Xe-Øn-ep-ap≈ k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-

t]m-Im-\-h-kcw e`n-°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-hn¬ \n∂pw k¿K-[-\-amb krjvSnIƒ D≠m-hp∂p

F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm-\p≈

Ah-k-c-߃ [mcm-f-ambn e`y-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

kmln-Xy-]-T\w ˛ aq∂p -amXr-I-Iƒ

hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-]-T-\Øn\p≈ ]m[m\yw F°m-eØpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-

≠v. kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw `mjm-]-c-hp-amb tijn-

Iƒ hnI-kn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ hy‡n-hn-I-k-\hpw km[y-am-Ip-∂p≠v F∂Xv

\nkvX¿°-am-Wv. kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn\v ][m-\-ambpw aq∂v amXr-I-Ifp-≠v. kmwkvIm-cnI

amXr-I, `mjm-am-Xr-I, hy‡n-hn-Im-k-am-XrI F∂n-h-bmWv Ah.

kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS kmwkvIm-cnIhn\n-abw km[y-am-IWw F∂-ImgvN-∏-SmWv

kmwkvIm-cnI amXrI apt∂m- p-h-bv°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]T-\-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-

Sp-°p∂ IrXn-Ifpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. Fgp-

Ø-—-s‚bpw Imfn-Zm-k-t‚bpw a‰pw IrXn-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ al-Ømb kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-

\n-a-bp-ambn ASp-Øn-S-]-g-Im≥ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p. hS-°≥ ]m´ns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI

]T\w tIc-f-Ønse sX°≥ Pn√-I-fnse ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-

c-N-cn-X-hp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p. kn.hn. cma≥]n-≈-bpsS Ncn-X-

t\m-h-ep-Iƒ sX°≥ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI klm-N-cy-ßsf ASp-Ø-dn-bm≥ CXc

tZi-°m¿°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.

`mj-bpsS G‰hpw kq£vahpw khn-ti-j-hp-amb hyh-lmcw km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv kmln-Xy-

Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv. k¿§-[-\-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im¿ X\Xv ]Z-t®-cp-h-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS

A\p-`q-X-am-Ip∂ `mh-]-]©w ]fin-X-i≤ BI¿jn-®n-´p-≠v. kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øns‚

Cusbmcp km[y-X-bmWv `mjm-am-XrI apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-∂-Xv. CtXm-sSm-∏w kmln-Xy-Ir-

Xn-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Hcp \n›nX Ime-L- -Ønse mjm-kz- mhw hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw

Hcp `mj-bv°-IsØ `mjm-t`-ZsØ hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw `mjm-am-XrI Ah-ew-_n-°mw.

ta¬∏-d™ c≠v amXr-I-I-fp-sSbpw kØ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xpw Pohn-X-aq-ey-]-c-amb Dƒ°m-

gvN-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp kmln-Xy-]-T-\-coXn-bmWv hy‡n-hn-Im-k-am-Xr-I. kmln-

Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ aqey-ßfpw Ah krjvSn-°p∂ at\m-`m-h-ßfpw ]Tn-Xm-

hns\ al-Ømb Nn¥-I-fn-te°v \bn-°pw. Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬ "hnImc

hntc-N-\-Øn-eqsS \S-°p∂ hna-eo-I-c-Ww.' Aßs\ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚

Nn¥sb \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-ho-£-WsØ Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hy‡n-hn-Imk km[y-X-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn kmln-XysØ kao-]n-°p-I-bmWv

hy‡n-hn-Im-k-am-Xr-I-bn¬. Pohn-XsØ kw_-‘n® al-Ømb ho£-W-߃ Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂Xpw aqey-t_m[w DW¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb IrXn-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-

s∏-SWw F∂ Bibw Cu amXrI ]_-e-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

5

bqWn‰v ˛ 2

Imh-y-]m-c-º-cyw

Imhy]mc-ºcyw F∂ bqWn-‰n¬ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw kmwkvIm-cnI

]›m-Ø-ew, Ae-¶m-c-I-ev]-\-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh hni-I-e\Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°-Ww. \mS≥]m-

´p-Iƒ CuW-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Nph-Sp-I-tfm-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-

≈-tijn A[ym]I hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww.

\mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ

Np≠n¬ \n∂pw Np≠n-tebv°pw lrZ-b-Øn¬ \n∂p lrZ-b-Øn-tebv°pw ]I¿s∂m-gp-In-

b, aÆns‚ aW-aq-dp∂ \mS≥]m-´p-I-fn¬ ssIc-fn-bpsS Imhy-]m-c-ºcyw kº-∂-am-bn-cp-

∂p. Ime-ta-sXt∂m I¿Øm-hm-sct∂m tZi-ta-sXt∂m Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ Cu

Km\-km-lnXyw kzX-kn-≤-amb Xmf-t_m-[hpw kwKo-X-km-µ-amb CuWhpw Pohn-X-K-

‘n-bmb ]ta-bhpw Kmao-W-X-bpsS kz—-Xbpw kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-Ihpw A\p-jvTm\

]mc-º-cyhpw kmaq-lnI aqey-ßfpw km¿∆-Xn-I-Xbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ

kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn¬ \mS≥]m-´p-I-fpsS ÿm\w k¿∆-ti-jvT-amWv F∂p ]d-bm-Xn-cn-

°m≥ \n¿hm-l-an-√. a\p-jy-a-\-ns‚ A¥-cm-f-ß-fn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√m≥ Ign-bp∂ Xmfm-

fl-I-X-bmWv \mS≥]m- p-Isf CX P\-Io-b-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-bn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂n-

cn-°p∂ Ae-¶m-c-I-ev]-\-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, ]tbm-K-߃ F√mw Xs∂ khn-tij i≤

BI¿jn-°p-∂p. km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-X-Xn-bpsS A[zm-\ e-Lq-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn bYm¿Y

PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw DZv q-X-amb sXmgn¬∏m- p-Iƒ, Iebpw BNm-c-ßfpw A\p-

jvTm-\-ßfpw BtLm-j-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A\p-jvTm-\-Km-\-߃, hnt\m-Z-Øn-\p-th≠n

cNn-°-s∏´ \pW-∏m-´p-Iƒ, IYm-Km-\-߃, Akw-_‘ Km\-߃ Cßs\ sshhn-[y-

Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Ch ap∂n-´p-Xs∂ \n¬°p--∂p. \mS≥io-ep-I-fn¬ cuZ-Xm-f-Ønepw

]Xn™ Xmf-Ønepw `mh-]-Im-i-\-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb CuW-Øn¬ kwKo-Xm-fl-I-ambn

\rØ-®p-h-Sp-I-fpsS AI-º-Sn-tbmsS sshhn-[y-am¿∂ \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\pw i_vZ-te-J-\hpw Zriy-te-J-\hpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw AXn-eqsS Km\m-fl-I-amb Hc-

¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw aebm-◊-bpsS at\m-⁄hpw a[p-c-X-c-hp-amb Cu Km\-]m-

c-º-cy-Øn¬ Du‰w sIm≈p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°p-∂-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-k-c-߃ ¢mn¬

]Zm\w sNø-Ww.

\mS≥km-ln-X-y-]-c-º-c-y-Ønse ]_-ehpw ][m-\-hp-amb [mc-bmWv \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ. ]mNo-

\-a-\p-j-y¿ Ah-cpsS B¿Pn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßfpw Adn-hp-Ifpw k¶-ev]-ßfpw ]Xo-£-I-fpw, kz-

]v\-ßfpw ]Xn-tj-[-ßfpw ]cn-lm-khpw Xß-fpsS ]m´p-I-fn-eqsS ]Im-in-∏n-°m≥ ian-

®n-´p-≠v. Hcp P\-X-bpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ aqe-tkm-X-p-I-fm-W-h.

hwiob ]mc-º-c-yw, Ah-X-c-W-]-›-mØ-ew, tZi-t`-Zw, CXn-hr-Ø-k-z-`m-hw, ]m´p-I-fpsS

[¿Ωw ckm-\p-`qXn XpS-ßn-bh ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]m´p-Isf h¿§o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw hn`m-Kßtfm D]-hn-`m-K-ßtfm XΩn¬ AXn-h-ym-]\w D≠m-hpI kzm-`m-

hn-I-am-Wv. kmap-Zm-bnI ]m´p-Iƒ, A\p-jvTm\-]m-´p-Iƒ, hnt\m-Z-]m-´p-Iƒ, ]Wn-∏m-´p-Iƒ,

Akw-_-‘-∏m-´p-Iƒ, IY-]m-´p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ h¿§o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

6

kmap-Zm-bn-I-∏m-´p-Iƒ

PmXn ˛ h¿§ ]mc-º-cyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv kap-Zm-bn-I-∏m-´p-Iƒ. ]p≈-h≥ ]m´v,

_m“-Wn-∏m-´v, am∏n-f-∏m´v XpS-ßn-bh CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Hmtcm hn`m-K-°m-cp-tSbpw

]m´p-I-fn¬ A\p-jvTm-\-]-ctam hnt\m-Z-]-ctam sXmgn¬]ctam Bb ]m´p-Iƒ ImWmw.

A\p-jvTm-\-]m-´p-Iƒ

tZh-tXm-]m-k-\, Bcm-[\, A\p-jvTm\ NS-ßp-Iƒ, aX-]-c-amb kwkvIm-c-N-S-ßp-Iƒ,

A\p-jvTm-\-I-em-\n¿h-l-Ww, a¥-hm-Z-_-en-In-b-Iƒ, D®mS\I¿Ω-߃, hX-\n-jvTtam

A\p-jvTm\ _‘tam Bb D’-hm-tLm-jm-Zn-Iƒ Xpßn-b-hbv°v ]mSm-dp-≈-hsb

s]mXpsh A\p-jvTm-\-]m-´p-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

k¿∏-∏m-´p-Iƒ, tXm‰-w]m-´p-Iƒ ]qc-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, Ifw-]m´v ]m´p-Iƒ, ]S-b-Wn-∏m-´p-Iƒ,

apSnt-b‰v ]m´p-Iƒ XpS-ßnh Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp∂p

hnt\m-Z-∏m-´p-Iƒ

Ifn-Iƒ°pw hnt\m-Z-߃°pw ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fm-Wn-h. tIm¬°-fn, Nhn-´p-Ifn, ssIsIm-

´n-°-fn, Z^vI-fn, XpºnØp≈¬ XpS-ßnb ]m´p-Iƒ hnt\m-Z-∏m-´p-I-fn¬s]Sp-∂p. Ie-ym-W-

∏m-´p-I-fpsS apJ-y-[¿Ωhpw hnt\m-Zn-∏n-°-e-tX.

]Wn--∏m- p-Iƒ

sXmgn-ep-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- -XmWv ]Wn-∏m- p-Iƒ. ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ B\-µhpw Bizm-

khpw Acp-fp-I-bmWv Ch-bpsS ][m\ [¿Ωw. Xmf-t_m-[-amWv Ch-bpsS Poh≥. ]Wn-

∏m- p-I-fn¬ Hcp ][m\ C\-amWv Irjn-∏m- p-Iƒ. Rm‰p-]m- p-Iƒ, sImbvØp-]m- p-Iƒ F∂n-

ßs\ Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ ]mSp-hm≥ ]m´p-I-fp-≠v. tX°p-]m-´p-Iƒ,

Ac-hp-]m- p-Iƒ, h≈-∏m´p-Iƒ, ao≥]n-Sn-∏m- p-Iƒ, h≠n-∏m- p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ sXmgn-

ep-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ [mcmfw ]m´pI-fp≠v.

Akw-_-‘-∏m-´p-Iƒ

\nc¿∞-I-ß-sft∂m Abp-‡n-I-ß-sft∂m Akw-_-‘-ß-sft∂m tXm∂m-hp∂ \mS≥]m-

´p-Iƒ D≠v. ]Y-a-i-h-W-Øn¬ \nc¿∞-I-ambn tXm∂m-sa-¶nepw Ch-bn¬ ]e Bi-b-

ßfpw AS-ßp-∂p-≠v.

""AS-°m-tXm-´n-epcn-b-cn-sh®p

]m∏m-\p≠p ]m¿h-Xn-bp≠p

]¥-≠m\ ]Sn-™n-cp-∂p≠p

aT-Ønse ]m´nbpw a°fpw _m°n''

Cu hcn-I-fn¬ ta¬∏-d™ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

IY-∏m-´p-Iƒ

BJ-ym\ kz-`m-h-ap-≈-h-bmWv IY-∏m-´p-Iƒ. kmaq-Zm-bn-I-∏m-´p-Iƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-∏m-´p-Iƒ,

]Wn-∏m-´p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-ß-fn-se-√mw IY-∏m-´p-Iƒ AS-ßp-∂p-≠v.

hS-°≥]m-´p-Iƒ, sX°≥]m-´p-Iƒ, am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ, tXm‰w-]m-´p-Iƒ F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-

ßfm-Wv.

7

kwKoXw \mS≥]m- p-Ifn¬

i_vZ-ku-`-K-amWv \mS≥]m-´n-I-fpsS Hcp khn-ti-j-X. BZ-y-£-c-]m-kw, Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-

]m-kw, A¥-y-]mkw F∂nh \mS≥]m-´p-I-fn¬ ImWmw. ]Z-˛-hm-I-y-]p-\-cm-hrØn \mS≥

]m´p-I-fpsS ]tX-y-I--X-bm-Wv. ]Zw, ]Z-k-aqlw F∂n-h-bn¬ amX-a√ ]mZ-ß-fn¬t]mepw

]tX-yI Xc-Øn-ep≈ Bh¿Ø\w ImWmw.

DZm: ""]≈n-bd hmXp° sN√p-∂t√m

]≈n-bd hmXp° sN√p-t∂cw

]≈n-bd hmXnev Xpd-∂p-I≠p

]≈n-b-d-bn-e-ßs\ t\m°p-∂t√m''

(hS-°≥ ]m´v)

\mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse kwKo-X-Øn\v Bem-]-\-Ønepw sNm¬h-Sn-hnepw X\-Xmb ssien-bp-

≠v. B, G, Hm, B≥, Dv XpS-ßnb kz-c-ß-fpsS Bem-]\w km[m-c-W-am-Wv. \mS≥]m-´p-

I-fn¬ Xmfw A\p-t]-£-Wobamb LS-I-am-Wv. ]mSp-hm-\p≈ Ime-Øns‚ ]cn-am-W-sØ-

bmWv "Xmfw' kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Xmf-h´hpw sNm¬h-Snhpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hmbvØm-cn-Ifpw \mS≥]m- p-I-fn¬ [mcmfw ]tbm-

Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p-≠v.

DZm: //Xn ˛Ønt\m ˛ XI/Xn ˛ Ønt\m ˛ XI

Xn˛Ønt\m ˛ XI/Xm˛-cn-I......//

//I ˛Ø-\m-˛-cpsS/sI˛-´n-tbm-˛-sfmcp/

sI˛-´p-sI-˛-s´mcp/Z˛-£n-W...........//

(sImbvXp-]m´v )

8

bqWn‰v ˛3

Imhy-]-cn-Wmaw ˛ Nne \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ

'Imhy-]-cn-Wmaw ˛ Nne \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ' F∂ bqWn-‰n-eqsS KmY, Infn-∏m-´v, Xp≈¬

F∂o ]ÿm-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS `mjm-]-chpw kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb

]tXy-I-X-Ifpw kmam-\y-ambn Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.

Jfi-Im-hyw, `mh-Ko-Xw, B[p-\nI IhnX XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS `mjm-]-chpw ]ta-b-]-c-hp-

amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn--®-dn-b-Ww.

B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv anI-hp-

Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNø-Ww.

KmY

KmY-sb-∂m¬ Hcp Km\-co-Xn-sb-∂m-W¿∞-sa-¶nepw BZyw Hm¿Ω hcp-∂Xv IrjvW-KmY

AYhm IrjvW-∏m´v Xs∂. tIme-`q-]s‚ B⁄-b-\p-k-cn®v sNdp-t»-cn-bm¬ hnc-Nn-X-am-

b, Xmcm-´p-]m-´ns‚ lrZy-Xm-f-Øn¬ sNm√nt∏mcp-∂, aRvP-cn-bpsS a[p-cn-a-I-fn-bm-Sp-∂,

]fin-X-]m-ac t`Z-sat\y Bkzm-Zy-X-c-amb ioIr-jvW-I-Ym-ar-X-amb IrjvW-KmY ae-bm-

◊-bpsS ssNX-\ysØ t]m÷z-en-∏n-°p∂ IrXn-bm-bn-Øs∂ C∂pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

efnX-tIm-a-f-amb cN-\m-ssh-`hw Xs∂-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS al-Øzw. kc-fhpw EPp-

hp-amb `mjm-ssi-enbpw Ae-¶m-c-k-ar-≤nbpw Ah-bpsS kl-P-kz-`m-hhpw an∂n-a-d-bp∂

`mh-a-[p-c-ß-fmb Xqen-Im-Nn-X-ßfpw am\p-jnI hnIm-c-ß-fpsS a[p-co-I-cn® ]Xn-]m-Z-

\hpw h¿Æ-\-I-fpsS A\ym-Zr-iy-amb NnXo-I-c-Whpw ^enX ]cn-lm-k-ß-fpsS ka-RvP-

k-amb ktΩ-f-\hpw IrjvW-Km-Ysb hyXn-cn-‡-am-bn-Øs∂ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. aln-fmfn

alm-kv]-Z-amb aWn-]-hm-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw ssIc-fnsb ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Øm≥ sNdpt»-cn°p

Ign™p. IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°m\pw kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-

I-ß-fnse \nXy-km-∂n-≤y-amb ]mT-`m-K-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn sNdp-t»-cn-°-hn-Xsb Adn-

bm\pw D≈ Ah-k-c-߃ A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn°v e`n-°-Ww.

Infn-∏m v

"]pXp-a-e-bm-◊-X≥ atl-iz-c≥' F∂p alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ hnti-jn-∏n® ae-bm-f-`m-j-

bpsS ]nXm-hm-b, `‡n-bpsS \nd-Ip-S-am-b, Fgp-Ø-—s‚ imcn-I-ss]-X-emb Infn-∏m´p

]ÿm-\hpw AXnse AXyp-÷z-e-ß-fmb c≠p alm-Im-hy-ßfpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS `mK-

t[bw Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn®p F∂Xv \n¿∆n-i-¶-ambn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmwkvIm-cnI

A]-N-b-Øns‚ aq¿≤-\ym-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw `‡n-bpsS amkva-cnI temI-Øn-tebv°v ae-

bm-fnsb \bn® alm-⁄m-\n, £W-]-`m-N-©-e-ß-fmb t`mK-sØ-∏-‰nbpw £W-`w-Kp-c-

amb a¿Øy-P-\y-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kmam-\y-P-\-߃°p-t]mepw a\-n-em-Ip∂ `mj-bn¬ ]d-

™p-X∂ XXz-Nn-¥-I≥, ]mNo\ hrØ-ßsf tX®p-an-\p°n Zo]vXtim`-am°n kzIob

ImgvN-∏m-Sn-e-h-X-cn-∏n® sshbm-I-c-W≥, as‰-√m-c-k-sØ-°mfpw `‡n-ckw Bhn-jv°-cn-

°p-tºmƒ Xs∂-Øs∂ ad-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ‡-I-hn, A\p-hm-N-I-a-\-ns\ Pzen-∏n-°p-Ibpw

ckn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-amdv kµ¿`m-\p-km-cn-bmbn i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ßfpw A¿∞m-e-¶m-c-ßfpw

\nc-\n-c-bmbn tIm¿Øn-W-°nb hm°p-I-sf-s°m≠v AΩm-\-am-Snb hmKo-iz-c≥, \h-c-k-

9

ß-fpsS ss\k¿§n-I-amb Ah-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS Aam-\p-jn-I-]-cn-th-jsØ am\p-jn-I-X-e-

Øn-te-bv°m-\-bn-® inev]n, \nc-¶p-i-amb Pohn-X-N-cy-I-fpsS \nc¿∞-I-Xsb tkmZ-lm-

cWw P\-km-am-\y-Øn\v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ønb kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-hv, kmtcm-]-tZ-i-Øn-

eqsS Hcp P\-Xsb Cf-°n-a-dn®v ‡n-bpsS hnØp-Iƒ ]mIn, apf-∏n-®v, ]cn-]m-en®v ImØp-

kq-£n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ B≤ym-fln-Im-Nm-cy≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw Xp©-Øm-Nm-cy≥ ae-

bmf Imhy-\-`-nse ipI-\-£X-ambn C∂pw hncm-Pn-°p-∂p. kam-\-X-I-fn-√mØ sh≈n-

\-£Xw!

A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Isf kmam-\yambn ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-Ißfn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Isf ]T-

\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-Ibpw hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS mjm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]tbm-K-Nm-cp-Xbpw ]ta-

b-Øn-Ihpw Ime-L-´-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

Xp≈¬

]t_m-[-\-Øn-s‚tbm hna¿i-\-Øn-s‚tbm hyXykvX apJ-߃ ]Z¿in-∏n-®-h-bmWv ae-

bm-f-Ønse a[y-Ime Ihn-X-I-fn¬ an°-h-bpw. \nin-X-amb kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\sØ lmky-

Øns‚ tasºmSn tN¿Øv BI¿j-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n® Ip©≥\-ºymcmWv Xp≈¬

]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. \ºym-cpsS ImeØpw AXn-\p-

apºpw ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]S-bWnXp≈¬ F∂ Iem-cq-]sØ ]cn-jvI-cn-®mhmw

Xp≈¬ F∂ Zriy-I-ebpw AXn-\p-th-≠p∂ kmln-Xyhpw krjvSn-®-Xv.

]d-b≥, ioX-¶≥,- Hm-´≥, F∂n-ßs\ Xp≈¬ ap∂p-X-c-ap-≠v. ]d-b-cpsS ]gb A`n-\-b-

coXn ]cn-jv°-cn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww ]d-b≥ Xp≈¬. Ipcp-tØme thj-a-Wn™v \S-Øp∂

]S-b-Wn-bn¬ \n∂v ]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m≠v \º-ym¿ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmWv ioX-¶≥Xp-≈¬

F∂v hni-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ioX-¶≥Xp-≈-en\v C∂pw Ipcp-tØm-e-®-a-b-ß-fmWv thj-°m¿

AWn-bp-∂-Xv. ]d-b≥, ioX¶≥ F∂o coXn-Isf At]-£n®v A¬]w thK-Øn¬ (HmSn-

®v) sNmt√-≠-Xp-sIm-≠mWv "Hm´≥' F∂ t]cp-≠m-bXv F∂v Nne¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. "_m['

Hgn-°-m\mbn \S-Ø-s]-´n-cp∂ tImew Xp≈-ens\ A\p-I-cn-®mWv \º-ym¿ Hm´≥Xp-≈¬

Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F∂pw AXp-sIm-≠mWv "Hm´≥' (_m[ HmSn-°p-∂-h≥) F∂ t]cv

h∂Xv F∂pw Fkv.-sI.-\m-b¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. thj-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw apJsØgp-

Øns‚ (]®) Imc-y-Øn-ep-ap≈ kam-\X Cu hmZsØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

A[-ym-]-I-hn-Z-ym¿Yn-Iƒ Xp≈¬ IrXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\-y-ambn a\-n-em-°n-bn-cn-t°-

≠Xpw ss]adn ]mT--]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ \º-ym¿Ir-Xn-Isf hni-I-e-\-

Øn\v hnt[-b-am°n Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

`mh-Ko-X-߃

Bfl-\n-jvT-amb Ihn-X-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp Imhy kt¶-X-amWv `mh-KoXw (Lyric)Kokn¬ \n∂m-Wv- C-Xns‚ D¤-hw. i_vZ-`w-Kn, Km\m-fl-IX F∂n-hbv°v `mh-Ko-X-߃

]tX-yI i≤ \¬Ip-∂p. ]tX-yI hnIm-c-߃ tIµo-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°Ww, Bflm-em-]-\-

am-bn-cn-°-Ww, lk-z-am-bn-cn-°-Ww, Km\m-fl-I-am-bn-cn-°Ww F∂n-ßs\ Nne e£-W-

߃ Iev]n-°-s∏-´-tXmsS `mK-Ko-X-߃ Imh-y-km-ln-X-y-Øn¬ Hcp ]tX-yI hn`m-K-

ambnØo¿∂p.

10

`mhKo-X-sØ-°p-d®v Nß-ºp-g..........

DØ-a-amb Hcp `mh-KoXw Atam-L-amb Hcp hnIm-c-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-am-bn-cn-

°pw. Bflm¿∞-X-bn¬ \n∂p≈ AXns‚ Bhn¿`mhw AIr-Xn-a-X-z-Øns‚ ]cn-th-

j-Øn¬ D±o-]vXhpw A\p-hm-N-I-tem-IØn\p XnI®pw BI¿j-Ihpw lrZ-b-kv]¿i-

I-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXns‚ `mjbpw AXpƒs°m-≈p∂ hmMva-b-NnX ]c-º-cbpw

kuµcy-Øns‚bpw kv]jvS-X-bp-sSbpw km∂n-≤-y-Øm¬ amX-a-√, ]Xn-]m-Z-y-Øn\pw

]Xn-]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n°pw XΩn¬ kI-e-I-e-I-fnepw Bh-i-y-amb kap-NnX _‘-Øn¬

IqSn ka-ew-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp `mh-Øns‚tbm A\p-`-h-Øns‚tbm ]Xn-

^-e\w hnIm-c-Xo-jvW-X-bm¬ \ndw ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw lrZ-b-kv]¿i-I-am°n®a-bv°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv Iem-]-c-amb AXns‚ ]tX-yI sshin-jvS-yw.

Imev]-\nI ]ÿm-\-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ ][m\ Imh-y-im-J-bmb `mK-Ko-X-߃, sshbIv-XnI

`mh-߃ AbXv\ efn-X-amb `mj-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Imh-y-ß-fm-Wv. "GIm-K-`m-

kp-c-amb Hcp hy-‡n-`m-h-Øns‚ \mXnZo¿Lhpw kwKo-Xm-fl-I-hp-amb cN\' F∂v ]n.hn.

them-bp-[≥]n≈ `mh-Ko-XsØ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂p. ]c-Øn-∏-d-bp∂ h¿W-\m-k-z-`mhw `mh-

Ko-X-߃°n-√. sshbIvXn-Im-\p-h-`-Øns‚ kq£va kuµ-c-ysØ kwKo-Xm-Ø-a-I-amb

`mh-ss\-c-¥-c-y-tØmsS A\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b-Øn-te°v k∂n-th-in∏n°p∂-h-bmWv anI®

`mh-Ko-X-߃. Nß-ºp-g-bpsS Imh-y-\n¿Ø-In-t]m-ep≈ Ihn-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ `mh-

Ko-X-Øns‚ ]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ hy-‡-am-Ipw. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ `mh-Ko-X-ß-fpsS BZ-y-kv]p-c-W-

߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv F.B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS ae-b-hn-em-kw, hn.kn. _me-Ir-jvW-∏-

Wn-°-cpsS Hcp hnem-]w, hni-z-Z¿i\w XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fn-em-sW∂v Nne¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. e£-W-samØ mh-Ko-X-߃ ae-bm-f-Øn\v kz-¥-am-Ip-∂Xv Nß-ºp-g-bpsSbpw i¶-

c-°p-dn-∏nt‚bpw kmln-X-y-]-th-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW∂v Xo¿Øp-]-d-bmw.

KoXIw (Sonnet)

]Xn-\m-ep-h-cn-bn¬ HXp-ßp-∂Xpw \n›n-X-amb LS-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb Hcp Imh-y-in-

ev]-amWv KoXIw (Sonnet) "tkmsWt‰m' F∂ C‰m-en-b≥ hm°n\v "Hcp sNdnb \mZw'

F∂mWv A¿∞w. kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb eLp Km\-߃ "tkmsW‰v' F∂-

dn-b-s∏-´p.

\me-ph-cn-ho-X-ap≈ aq∂p mK-ßfpw c≠p-h-cn-bn¬ Hcp D]-kw-lm-chpw F∂-XmWv Cw•ojv

tkmW-‰p-I-fpsS coXn. tjIvkv]n-b¿ Cu coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. "]ÿm-\-Xbw'

F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ Ihn-X-ne-I≥ ]n. i-¶-c≥\ºym¿ KoXsØ ]m›m-X-y-Ko-XI amXr-I-I-

tfmSv _‘n-∏n-°p-Ibpw e£W \n¿Æbw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. D≈q¿, k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw.

]Wn-°¿, sI.sI.-cm-P, sshtem-∏n≈n, A°nØw XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu cq]-Øn¬ Ihn-X-

Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

Fw.]n. A∏s‚ "sh≈n-\-£Xw' sI.Fw. ]Wn-°-cpsS "k‘-ym-cmKw' sshtem-∏n-≈n-

bpsS "Ipcp-hn-Iƒ' A°n-Ø-Øns‚ "k©-mcn-Iƒ' Ch-bmWv ae-bm-f-Ønse ][m-\-Ko-

XI kam-l-c-߃.

ap‡Iw

Cw•ojnse KoX-I-]-ÿm-\-Øn\p kam-\-ambn kwkvIr-X-Ønepw AXns\ A\p-I-cn®

ae-bm-f-Ønepw hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p≈ Hcp eLp-Im-h-y-]-ÿm-\-amWv ap‡-Iw. ap‡Iw F∂

11

]Z-Øn\v "apØv' F∂mWv A¿∞w. ame-bn¬ tIm¿°mØ H‰-ap-Øp-t]mse A\p-kyq-X-

amb Hcp hnNm-c-[m-c-bn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈msX H‰-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-Ibpw Bi-b-Øns‚

D÷zeXbpw Na¬°m-c-Øns‚ `wKnbpw HØn-W-ßp-Ibpw sNøp∂ H‰ t«mI-ß-fmWv

ap‡I-߃. sh◊-Wn-I-hn-Iƒ, h≈-tØmƒ, Nß-ºpg XpS-ßnbh¿ ap‡I-߃ cNn®n-

´p-≠v. hf-f-tØm-fns‚ "hnem-k-e-XnI' irwKmc][m-\-amb ap‡I kam-l-c-am-Wv.

Jfi-Im-hyw

KZ-y-Øn-ep≈ sNdp-I-Y, t\mh-e‰v F∂n-hbv°v kam-\-ambn ]Z-y-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hn`m-K-

amWv Jfi-Im-h-yw. ]›m-X-y-]u-c-kvX-y-km-ln-X-y-ß-fn¬ \ns∂√mw ]e-k-t¶-X-I-ßfpw

IqSn-°-e¿∂v cq]w ]m]n-®n-´p≈ Jfi-Im-h-y-Øn\v IrX-y-amb e£Ww ]d-bpI ]bm-k-

am-Wv. Cw•o-jn-ep≈ 'Short Poems' F∂ Imhy hn`m-K-tØm-SmWv ae-bm-f-Ønse Jfi-

Im-h-y-߃°v IqSp-X¬ IS-∏m-Sv. ]pcm-W-IYm kµ¿`-ß-tfm, Ihn-I-ev]n-X-amb CXn-hr-Ø-

ßtfm BImw Jfi-Im-h-y-Øn\v B[mcw. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hkvXp, Hcp kw`hw, Hcp

hnImcw Chsb√mw Jfi--Im-h-y-߃°v hnj-b-am-Imw.

Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ "hoW-]qhv, \fn\n' h≈-tØm-fns‚ "aKvZe-\a-dnbw' D≈q-cns‚

"I¿Æ`q-jWw' XpSßn [mcmfw Jfi-Im-h-y-߃ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

B[p-\n-I -I-hnX

]g-b-Im-esØ At]-£n®v B[p-\nI Ihn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ mh-߃ kq£va-ßfpw

k¶o¿Æ-ßfpw Bbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ahbv°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Xc-Øn-ep≈

`mjbpw Bhn-jvIm-c-cq-]-ßfpw Ihn-X-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dp-ap-≠v. Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßsf

Xß-fp-tSXv amX-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS ho£n°ptºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ Imh-ym-\p-`q-Xn-I-fmWv

Ah¿ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv B[p-\nI Ihn-Iƒ°v NnXo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ A\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ kz-Im-

c-y-ßfpw k¶o¿Æ-ßfpw BWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Akm-[m-c-W-ß-fmb Imh-y-k-t¶-X-

ß-tfm, ]Z-t®-cp-h-Itfm Ah¿°v kzo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. k¶o¿Æ-am-\-kn-Im-\p-`q-Xn-I-

fpsS hnhn[ Xe-ßsf kq£vX-tbm-Sp-IqSn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚

]Xn- -e-\-߃ Ihn-X-bn¬ Zri-y-am-Ip-∂p. s]mXp \n¿h-N-\-Øn\v hg-ßm-Ø-hn[w sshhn-

[yhpw ]e-t∏mgpw sshcp--≤-yhpw ]pe¿Øp∂ cN-\-I-fmWv B[p-\nI Ihn-X-Iƒ.

Aø-∏-Wn-°-cpsS "Ipcp-t£Xw' IS-Ω-\n-´-bpsS "im¥' XpS-ßnb cN-\-Iƒ B[p-\nI

IhnX-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]I-S-am-°p-∂p-≠v. F≥.-F≥. I°m-Sv, B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω,

sI.Pn. i¶-c-]n≈, _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv XpSßn \nc-h[n Ihn--Iƒ Cu Imh-y-im-Jbv°v

CuSp‰ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

`mh-Ko-X-߃, KoX-߃, ap‡-I-߃, Jfi-Im-h-yw, B[p-\nI IhnX F∂n-h-sb-°p-

dn®v kmam-\-y-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb coXn-bn-em-IWw Cu bqWn‰v hn\n-abw

sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xv.

12

bqWn‰v ˛ 4

t\mhepw sNdp-I-Ybpw

IYm-I-Y-\-Øns‚ Xmc-X-tay\ \ho-\hpw _rl-Øp-amb kzcq-]-amWv t\mh¬. "t\mh¬'

F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w "A`n-\hw' F∂-tX. a\pjy-Po-hn-XsØ AXns‚ ka-K-`m-h-

tØm-sSbpw ssh]p-ey-ssh-Nn-Xy-ß-tfm-sSbpw NnXo-I-cn-°m-hp∂ kmln-Xy-cq]w F∂

\ne-bn¬ hmb-\m-tem-IØv t\mh-ep-I¬°v henb kzm[o\w t\Sm≥ Ign-™p. D≈-S°

kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v t\mh-ep-Isf Ncn-X-t\m-h¬, kmaq-ly-t\m-h¬, imkvX t\mh¬, A]-

k¿∏I t\mh¬ (Detective) F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-t\m-h-ens‚ Nph-Sp-

]n-Sn-®mWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ t\mh¬ (BJym-bn-I) ]ÿm\w cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse

e£-W-samØ BZy-t\m-h-embn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv H. N-¥p-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xnb "Cµp-

teJ'bmWv.

t]cp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ sNdp-IY sNdnb IY-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ F√m sNdnb

IYbpw sNdpIY-b-√. kq£va-amb IYm-h-kvXp-hns\ hnIm-tcm-jva-f-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p-

∂-h-bmWv sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ. GIm-K-X-bmWv AXns‚ apJ-ap-Z. t\mh-en-s\-t∏mse a\p-jy-

Po-hn-XsØ AXns‚ ka-K-X-bn¬ AXn-hn-im-e-amb Iym≥hm-kn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°pI sNdp-

I-Y-bpsS e£y-a-√. thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿ Fgp-Xnb "hmk-\m-hn-IrXn' bmWv

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ sNdp-I-Y.

kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ t\mh-ep-Iƒ°pw IY-Iƒ°pw apJy-]-cn-

K-W\ \¬In-s°m≠v ae-bm-f-Ønse t\mh¬, sNdp-I-Ym-]-ÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-

\y-[m-cW A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv

bqWn‰pambn _‘-s∏´v ¢mn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv. H∏w kmln-Xym-kz-mZ-\hpw cN-\bpw

t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-S-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w (amXr-I)

"BZy-Ime ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-I-fnse mj, CXn-hr-Øw, ]mX-kr-jvSn, BJym-\-ssien XpS-

ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmb hnIm-k-amWv ]n¬°me t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-

Xv.'˛kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n-≈, ssh°w apl-Ω-Zv_-jo¿, AjnX F∂o Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS cN-\-

Isf ap≥\n¿Øn N¿® sNøp-I. (kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse cN-\-Iƒ°v Du∂¬

\¬I-Ww)

]h¿Ø\w (amXr-I)

""\mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Ifpw apØ-»n-°-Y-Ifpw F√mw D≠m-°nb IYm-k-¶¬∏-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

XnI®pw hn`n-∂-amWv sNdp-I-Y-bpsS LS\''˛kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw

\mtSm-°-Y-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n®v ]mX-kr-jvSn, CXn-hr-Øw, BJym-\-ssi-en, mj XpS-ßnb

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI (N¿®/skan-\m¿/D]-\ymkw/hmb-\-°p-dn∏v

XpS-ßnb ]T-\-X-¥-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.)

13

bqWn‰v ˛ 5

kmln-Xyhpw cwK-I-ebpw

cwK-I-e-bp-ambn _‘s∏´v hnI-kn®p h∂ Nne kmlnXy cq]-߃ GXv `mj-bnepw

Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. CØ-c-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ it≤-b-amb kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fmWv Nºp-

°ƒ, Xp≈¬Ir-Xn-Iƒ, B´-°-Y-Iƒ, \mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y XpS-ßn-b-h.

tIc-f-Ønse ]g-°-ta-dnb Hcp t£X-I-e-bmb IqØn-\v th≠n cNn-°-s∏´ kmln-Xy-

cq-]-amWv Nºp-°ƒ. KZyhpw ]Zyhpw CS-I-e¿∂ aniImhy kzcq-]-amWv Nºp. Xp≈¬

F∂ cwK-I-ebv°p th≠n cNn-°-s∏-´-h-bmWv Xp≈¬ IrXn-Iƒ. IqØv kaq-l-Ønse

htc-Wy-h¿§-tØmSv kwh-Zn-®-t∏mƒ km[m-c-W-°m-cmb Bkzm-Z-I-sc-bmWv Xp≈¬ A`n-

kw-t_m-[\ sNbvX-Xv. Ip©≥ \ºym-cmWv Xp≈¬ ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. IY-

Ifn F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øn-\p-th≠n cNn°s∏´ kmln-Xy-amWv B´°YIƒ. DÆmbnhmcy-

cpsS \f-N-cnXw B´-°Y kmln-Xy-K-pW-Øn¬ anI®p \n¬°p∂ IrXn-bm-Wv.

cwKm-h-X-c-W-Øn-\mbn cNn-°-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp kmlnXy ]ÿm-\-amWv \mS-I-߃. `mc-

Xob \mS-I-th-Zn°v s]mXp-hmbn c≠v ssIhgn ]mcºcy-߃ D≠v. e£-W-bp-‡-amb

kwkvIrX \mS-I-]m-c-º-cyhpw \mtSmSn hg-°-ßsf ]pc-kv°-cn-®p≈ \mtSmSn \mSI

]mc-º-cy-hpw. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime \mS-I-߃ kwkvIrX \mS-I-ßtfm \mtSmSn

kwKoX \mSI-ßtfm Bbn-cp-∂p. BZy ae-bmf \mS-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv

tIcfh¿Ω hen-b-tImbnغp-cms‚ "A`n-⁄m\ imIp-¥fw' ]cn-`m-j-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂v

\nc-h[n kwkvIrX \mS-I-߃ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p. H∏w kwKoX

\mS-I-ß-fpsS IpsØm-gp-°n\pw ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn km£yw hln-®p. C°m-esØ \mS-

I-ß-fpsS hym]-I-amb A\p-I-cW ]h-W-X-Isf ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ ae-bmf \mS-I-amWv

ap≥jn cma-°p-dp-∏ns‚ "N°o N¶cw.' AtXmsS £pZ-c-N-\-I-fpsS IpsØm-gp°v \ne-°p-

Ibpw ItaW Kuc-h-ap≈ ae-bmf \mSI ]ÿm\w DZbw sIm≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C∂pw

ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. H∏w "X\Xp \mS-I-thZn' t]mep≈

]co-£-W-ßfpw \S-°p-∂p.

kn\n-abv°p th≠n cNn-°--s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ. CXn-hr-ØsØ Zriy-h¬°-cn-

°m≥ klm-b-I-amb coXn-bn-emWv Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. aebmfØnse ]e

anI® t\mh-ep-Ifpw IY-Ifpw Xnc-°-Y-I-fm-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. _jo-dns‚ "\oe-sh-fn®w' F∂

IYbv°v At±lw Xs∂ cNn® Xnc-°-Y-bmWv "`m¿§-ho-\n-ebw'. C∂v \nc-h[n Xnc-°-Y-

Iƒ ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-bn¬ an°Xpw NnXo-I-cWw

]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏´ kn\n-asb Ah-ew-_n®v ]n∂oSv Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p

Xs∂ kwhn-[m-b-Is‚ CS-s]-S¬ km[y-X-Ifpw Iyma-d-bp-sSbpw i_vZ-sh-fn® kwhn-[m-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw kq£va-X-Iƒt]mepw AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. bYm¿∞

Xnc-°Y kwhn-[m-b-I≥ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ CXn-hrØ hn\ym-k-am-Wv.

cwK-I-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmam-

\y-[m-cWbp≠mIm\p-≈-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Cu bqWn‰v hn\n-abw sNøp-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-

t°-≠--Xp-≠v. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≈ cwK-I-e-bp-ambn _‘s∏´ kmln-Xy-cq-]-

߃°v apJy-]-cn-K-W\ \¬In-s°m-≠p-thWw ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.

14

bqWn‰v ˛ 6

ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xyw

hmb-\-°m-cs‚ Adnhv hf¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv ]pkvX-I-߃. ¢mkp-ap-dn-bnse A\p- -h-߃°v

D]-cn-bmbn At\-z-j-W-sØbpw kzbw ]T-\-sØbpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ hmb-\bv°v

Ign-bpw. CØcw hmb\ t\csØ B¿÷n® hn⁄m-\-Øn\v A\p-_-‘hpw BImw-.

Pn⁄m-kp-°-fmb hmb-\-°m-cpsS D≈n¬\n∂pw Db-cp∂ tNmZ-y-߃°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb

coXn-bn¬ DØcw \¬Ip∂hbm-bn-cn-°Ww ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-X-y-c-N-\-Iƒ.

a\p-j-ym-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS hy-X-y-kvX-a-fi-e-ß-tfm--tcm∂pw AXns‚ D≈-S°w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn\v X\-Xmb D]m-[n-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. imkvX-hn-j-b-߃, KWn-Xw, kmaq-l-y-

imkvXw XpS-ßn-bh Ah-bpsS khn-tij i_vZm-h-enbpw kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ßfpw ]Xo-I-

ß-fp-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

al-Ømb imkvXo-b-t_m-[-Øns‚bpw imkvXo-b-t\-´-ß-fp-sSbpw temIØv Pohn-°p∂

hy-‡n-Iƒ X\n°p Np‰pw ImWp∂ imkvX-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ AXo-h -Xm-ev]-c-cm-Wv.

imkvXob ]Xn-`mkßsf-°p-dn®v Kln-°m\pw Ah-tbmSv _‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n tNmZ-y-

߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øm\pw Ah¿ [mcfw imkvX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p. imkvX-

Øn\p kz-¥-amb Hcp `mj-bp-s≠∂pw imkvX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ hmbn-°m\pw Kln-°m\pw B

`mj (hn`mj ˛ Register) Adn-™n-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Ah¿ a\-n-em-°p-∂p. KWn-X-im-kvX-

Øn¬ \n¿h-N-\-ß-fpsS tiWo-_-‘-amb hnI-k-\w- aqew KWn-X-im-kvX-`m-jbv°v khn-

ti-j-amb HXp-°hpw IcpØpw ]I-S-am-Wv. Ncn-X-Øns‚bpw `qan-im-kvX-Øns‚bpw a‰v

kmaq-ln-I-im-kvX-ß-fp-sSbpw D]m-Zm-\-ß-fm-Is´ kwL-Sn-X-hp-am-Wv.

alm-∑m-cpsS Poh-N-cn-X-߃ ck-I-c-am-sW∂v amX-a√ kmaq-lo-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-

amb aqe-y-ßsf kº-∂-am-°p∂ Hcp taJ-e-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Poh-N-cn-X-hm-b\ F√m ]mb-

Øn\pw A\p-tbm-P-y-am-Wv. hy-X-ykvX ]mb-Øn-ep≈ hy-‡n-I-fpsS [mc-Wm-Xm-ev]-c-y-ß-

fpsS tXmXv hy-X-y-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. imkvX-⁄≥amcpsS Poh-N-cn-X-߃ 9 -˛ 12 hb-

p≈ Ip´n-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-߃ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-

Ønse kw`-h-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Abm-fpsS kz--X-zsØ ]p\x-krjvSn°pIbpw

sNøp∂ Iem-kp-`-K-amb Hcp BJ-ym-\-amWv Poh-N-cn-Xw.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ ¢mkp-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-]q-c-I-amb hmb-\m-hn-`-h-߃

\¬Ip-I-bmWv hn⁄m\ kmln-X-y-Øns‚ Dt±-i-yw. imkvX-ß-fpsS ]pXnb taJ-e-Iƒ,

Kth-j-W-^-e-ambn ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ Ncn-X-k-X-y-߃, t\´-߃ XpS-ßnb ]pXnb hn⁄m-

\-]-Y-߃ ssh⁄m-\n-I-km-ln-X-y-]-cn-N-b-Øn-eqsS B¿Pn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

\ncq-]-W-߃

Iem-km-lnXy krjvSn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Bkzm-ZI ]£Øp \n∂p sIm≠p≈ cN-\-Ifpw kmln-

Xy-im-J-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. \ncq-]Ww F∂mWv CXns\ s]mXpsh hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. kmln-

Xy-\n-cq-]-Ww, Iem-\n-cq-]-Ww, kn\n-am-\n-cq-]Ww F∂n-ßs\ CXv th¿Xn-cn™p InS-°p-

∂p. Ip´nIrjvW-am-cm-cpsS "`mc-X-]-cy-S\w' alm-`m-c-X-Øn-eqsS At±lw \S-Ønb [nj-

Wm-]-c-amb k©m-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-amWv. kq£va-Zr-jvSn-tbmsS At±lw \S-Ønb

15

Cu k©mcw CXn-lm-k-Ir-Xn-bn¬ kmam-\y-ambn \ap°p Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bmØ ]eXpw

shfn-s∏-Sm≥ klm-bn-®n´p≠v. CXv kq£va-amb Hcp \ncq-]W [¿Ω-am-Wv. IrXn°pw

A\p-hm-N-I-\p-an-S-bn¬ \ncq-]-Is‚ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\w ChnsS Zriy--hp-am-Wv. CXnlmk-

߃°pw alm-Im-hy-߃°pw ]i-kvX-amb a‰v kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°pw ]kn-≤-amb ]e

\ncq-]W KŸ-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. \ncq-]-W-ßfpsS t]cn¬ ]kn≤n t\Snb IrXn-Iƒ

t]mep-ap-≠v F∂v ]d-bmw. kmlnXy \ncq-]W imJ Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ tZi-ß-

fn¬ hym]n®p InS-°p-∂p. "en‰-ddn In´n-knkw' (Literary criticism) F∂ t]cn-emWv

]m›mXy temIØv CXv hym]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]e Iem-km-lnXy kn≤m-¥-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-

ØXv CØcw \ncq-]-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ \ncq-]W]c-amb teJ-\-߃ -]-cn-tim-

[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw Cu kmlnXy cq]-Øns‚ khnti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n--Iƒ°v Ahkcw \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. kmlnXy \ncq-]-W-߃°v

\ncq-]-I¿ kzoI-cn-®n- p≈ kn≤m-¥-ßfpw Z¿i-\-ßfpw Is≠-Øm≥ ian-°p-Ibpw thWw.

16

bqWn‰v ˛ 7

_me-km-ln-Xyw

e£-y-am-°-s∏-Sp∂ A\p-hm-NI afi-e-amWv _me-km-ln-X-y-Øns‚ kz-`mhw \n¿Æ-bn-

°p-∂-Xv. _me-y-Im-em-\p- -h-߃ amX-a√ _me-km-ln-X-y-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\w. Ip´n-Iƒ°pw

hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ß-fp-s≠-∂pw -Ah _rl-Øpw k¶o¿Æ-hp-am-sW-∂pw \mw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-

Xp-≠v.

inip°-fpsS hf¿®-bpsS hy-X-ykvX L´-ß-fnse Xmev]-c-y-߃°pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw DX-

Ip∂hbm-hWw Ip´n-I-fpsS kmln-X-yw. km¿h-eu-InI kX-y-ßsf efn-X-ambpw hy-‡-

ambpw ]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw D∂-X-e-£-y-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xp-amb cN-Iƒ _m-ekmlnXy-

Ønse it≤bamb Hcp hn`m-K-am-Wv.

_me-km-ln-X-y-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ Ip´n-bpsS A\p-`-h-]-cn-

k-c-Øn\v CW-ßp-∂-hbpw Ahs‚ `mh-\m-ti-jnsb DW¿Øp-∂-hbpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww.

CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\pw ]ta-b-Øn\pw IYm-]m-X-߃°pw tbmPn® ssien-bm-bn-cn-°Ww _me-

km-ln-Xy cN-\bv°v kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. \o≠ h¿Æ-\-Iƒ°pw kn≤m-¥-߃°pw ]Icw

Ne-\m-fl-I-amb ssien Ip´n-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. IY-bnse Inbmwiw hy-X-ymks∏Sp-∂-

Xn-\\p-k-cn®v `mjm-co-Xnbpw amdpw. CS-X-S-hn-√msX A\m-bm-k-ambn hmbn-®p-t]mIm-hp-

∂-Xmbn-cn-°Ww `mj.

]tabw

Hcp cN-\sb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ][m\ D]m-[n-I-fn-sem-∂mWv ]ta-bw. cN-\-

bn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ Dt±-iyw shfn-hm-°p-∂Xv IrXn-bpsS ]ta-b-amWv. ]tabw CXn-

hr-Ø-Ønse Inbmw-i-Øn\v AXo-X-ambn cN-\bv°v Hcp ]pXn-bam\w \¬Ip-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w (amXr-I)

]kn-≤-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS IrXn-I-fnse sXc-s™-SpØ `mK-ßfpw Ah-cpsS Xs∂

_me-km-ln-X-y-c-N-\-Ifpw Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv _me-km-ln-X-y-c-N-\-Iƒ a‰v cN-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v

GsX√mw LS-I-ß-fn¬ hy-X-ym-k-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂v N¿® sNøp-∂p. hy-‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-∏p-

Iƒ Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Bims‚ "hoW-]qhv/X≈-bpw-Ip-´n-bpw', D≈q-cns‚ "I¿Æ-`q-jWw/Imt°Imt° IqsS-

hnsS' F∂nh Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. kam\ kz-`m-h-ap≈

]h¿Ø-\-߃ A[-ym-]-I-hn-Z-ym¿∞n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. SmKq¿, tSmƒÃm-bn, sshtem-∏n-

≈n, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v XpS-ßnb km[-y-X-Ifpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

Ip´n--I-fpsS \mS-I-߃

Hcp \mS-IsØ \n¿W-bn-°p∂ ][m\ LSIw AXns‚ t]£-I-cm-Wv. Ip´n-I-fmb t]£-

Isc Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-X-c-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-IWw Ip´n-I-

fpsS \mS-I-߃. Ip´n-I-fpsS ]mb-Øn\pw A`n-cp-Nn°pw CW-ßp∂ CXn-hr-Ø-amWv

Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS--I-߃°v A\p-tbm-Pyw. GXp-Xc-Øn-ep-ff BJ-ym-\-tØ-°mfpw Ip´n-Iƒ

17

Inbmw-isØ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v kw`m-jW߃ Xmc-X-ta-y\ Ipd-bp-∂-XmWv

A`n-Im-ayw. kw`m-j-W-`mj kv^pShpw kpK-l-hp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. \mS-I-ß-fn¬ IYm-]m-

X-ß-fpsS kz-`m-hNnXo-I-cWw hfsc ][m-\-am-Wv. Ip´n-Iƒ kzbw A`n-]m-b-߃ cq]o-

I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-I-bm¬ \mS-I-Øns‚ BJ-ym-\-Ønepw Inbm-wi-Ønepw AXv \√ coXn-

bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈-Ww. ae-bm-f-Ønse ]kn-≤-cmb [mcmfw \mS-I-I¿Øm-°ƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v

th≠n \mS-I-߃ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cm-Wv. Pn. i¶-c-]n-≈-bpsS

"πmhn-e-sØm∏n' CØ-c-Øn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-hp∂ Hcp cN-\-bm-Wv.

_me-km-ln-X-y-c-N-\-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kvIqƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in®

IrXn-Iƒ°pw Fgp-Øp-Im¿°pw ]cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww. _me-km-ln-X-y-sØ-]‰n-bp≈ kmam-

\-y-[m-cW A[-ym-]-I-hn-Z-ym¿∞n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈- ]-h¿Ø\ßfmWv

¢mkv dqw hn\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. _me-I-Y-Iƒ, \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ,

_meIhn-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hmb-\bpw cN-\bpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-S-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

kmln-Xy-]-th-inI ˛ iqc-\m´p Ip™≥]n≈

sNdp-IY ˛ C∂se C∂v ˛ Fw.A-Nyp-X≥

100 h¿jw 100 IY ˛ FUn: Dr.-sI.-F-kv.-c-hn-Ip-am¿

F¥mWv Ip´n-I-fpsS kmlnXyw ˛ kwÿm\ _me-km-ln-Xy-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

A‘-\mb ssZhw ˛ ]n.sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c≥

\mS-I-Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n≈

\mS-I-cq-]-N¿® ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥

\mS-I-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ˛ h´-∏-d-ºn¬ ]oXmw-_-c≥

A`n-b-\-Ie Hcm-apJw ˛ Sn.Fw.-F-_lmw

\mS-I-c-N\ ˛ ]mem sI.Fw.-amXyp

kmln-Xy-]o-TnI ˛ amXyp DeIw Xd

Xnc-°Ymkmln-Xyw ˛ tPmkv sI. am\-z¬

Ihn-Xm-t_m-[\w -˛ tUm: -hn-P-b≥ NmtemSv