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Vehicle used forland transport

They depend onPhotovoltaic cells to

convert solarenergy intoelectrical energy,which is used to

run motor andobtain mechanicalenergy

1SOLAR ENERGY

2

ELECTRICALENERGY

3MECHANICAL

ENERGY

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

It runs on solar energywhich is renewable

Lesser noise pollution

No harmful emissions

Economical over theyears

Expensive at first Not completely reliable Not very efficient in

practice

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Since solar cars are not that reliable andconventional cars run on non-renewablesources of energy, merging the twotechnologies gives us the optimum output

The result of this is the hybrid solar car

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Run on fuel as well as harnessed solar energy Hybrid solar cars are of three types based on

the division of power between the sources:

1.

Parallel hybrid2. Series hybrid

3. Series- parallel hybrid

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Internal combustion (IC) engine and themotor are coupled

Only one source is used at a time In these kinds of cars, when the battery level

is insufficient, the IC engine takes over andpowers the vehicle

Parallel hybrid cars are further classified onthe basis of which technology is more

dormant: IC engine or the electrical system Theses are the more commonly used hybrid

solar cars

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This a combination of both technologieswhich is used such that the electric motor isused at lesser speeds (like when starting fromstand-still) and the IC engine takes over at

higher speeds The principle being that a larger IC engine is

required to power the vehicle from stand-stillbut this larger engine produces more power

than needed at higher speeds. On the other hand, the motor exhibits

maximum torque at stand-still

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The chassis types usually used in solar carsare: the tubular frame chassis and themonocoque chassis

In order to provide a favorable power output,the car has to overcome aerodynamic drag,road grade and rolling resistance.

P(V)= P(aero) + P(grade)+ P(roll)

P(aero)= 0.5(Cd)A(v^3) P(grade)= mgzv

P(roll)=mgv(Cr)

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The greatest loss occurs due to theaerodynamic drag which a function of thecubed velocity

In order to minimize drag, the frontal are orA is reduced.

The photovoltaic cells used are usually siliconor gallium arsenide.

The efficiency of the silicon cell is about 20%while that of gallium arsenide is 40%

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The motors used are brushless DC motorswhich have a high efficiency of 96%-98%

Further, when the PV cells are operated at theMaximum Power Point (MPP), the efficiency orpower output is maximum

Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPT) areused to set the operating point of the PV cells

at the MPP

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MPPTs are electronic circuits which usecertain algorithms to ensure that the circuit isoperating at the MPP

The most commonly used algorithm isConstant Voltage algorithm where the actualvoltage is compared with a reference voltagewhich is the voltage at which maximumpower is obtained

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In order to know the efficiency of the designand to gather data to aid furtherimprovements, telemetry system is used

It consists of many current, voltage,temperature and speed sensors coupled withan interfacing jumper board which feeds datato the single board computer.

The computer interprets data and sends theinformation via wireless frequency to thechase car or control station

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

15 30 60 80

fucoumponte

Fuel consumption vs Speed in kmph

conventional car

Hybrid solar vehicle

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Battery: lithium iron phosphate Takes about 5 hours for 80% charge

Torque: 50Nm

Power: 16kW 3.6 square meters of solar panels with a daily

in-take of 18km

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