DR.SWATI 1 S T PG

Processing of Rasaushadhis

Contents

ShodhanaTypes of ShodhanaImportance of ShodhanaMaranaAmritikaranaLohitikarana

Importance of Processing Procedure

To make them free from toxic substance.

To make them therapeutically effective.

Shodhana

“Uddishtairaushadhei saardhah kriyate peshanadikam |

Malavichhittaye yattu shodhanam tadihochyate |”

R.T 2/52 Grinding along with liquids like juices,

decoctions etc. or subjecting to the vapours of these liquids etc are done for removing impurities.

“Tadeva Sodhanam Karma Dravyadoshanivarakam”

Any process that is adopted to alleviate impurities of the drugs of mercurial kingdom

or any material to that matter is called Sodhana.

Process of Shodhana

Can be done in following methods –1) Bhavana2) Nirvapanam3) Dhalanam4) Swedanam5) Bharjanam6) Drave nimanjam

Bhavana

Yachurnitasya dhatvadih dravai sampeshya shoshanam|

Bhavanam tanmatam vidynayah bhavana cha nigadyate| R.T.2/59

Process in which the powders of metals and ores are grinded with juice and decoction in khalva yantra till the mass dries up is called bhavana.e.g haritala, Rasaka etc

Bhavana Dravyamapana

Dravena yavata dravyam choornitam tvaardrataam vrajet |

Tavaneva dravo deyobhishagbhirbhavanavidhao||50

The quantity of liquid(swarasa,kwatha) which makes the dravya wet and gives the consistency of kalka, that amount of liquid should be added to it.

Mode of action

This process exposes the surface area of drugs and each particle comes in direct contact with purifying drug

It reduces particle size.In this process there is direct subtractions of

impurities and addition of trace elements which are present in bhavana dravya.

Nirvapanam

Dhatvadyairvanhitaptasysa jaladau yannishechanam|

sa nirvapah smrutam cha api nishekam snapanam cha tat|| R.T. 2/40

Nirvapa is the process in which the metals are burnt to red hot and dipped in liquids.This is also called niseka and snapana

Mode of action

Solid raw material

Red hot stage

Quenching in liquids at room temp.

….CONT

Unit operation in the process of nirvapa 1) phase of heating 2) phase of quenching 3) post quenching interaction between solid

hot material & liquid media

Phase of heating Metals are solid ,packed crystal structure

When metal is heated atoms in it gain energy and vibrate

Atomic distance increases increase in intra atomic

& solid expands distance & weakening

of electrostatic force

Increased

distance

Weak force

Linear expansion

due to continuous heating particle get enough energy to break forces and can move around

atom

atom

atom

Red hot phase During red hot condition metal react with

atmospheric oxygen and compounds are formed on surface

Generally expansibility of compounds are less than metals and leads to separation of compound part.

Phase of quenching--- Red hot heating

cooling in liquid media

decrease in tension & inc. in compression force

……….CONT

Media penetrates inside & media soluble impurities get dissolved

Repeated heating & cooling causes disruption in equilibrium, leads to increased brittleness, reduction in hardness & particle size

Post quenching interaction

After nirvapa and during instant cooling recrystallisation occurs along with reformation of grain boundaries.Each grain is surrounded by the molecules of liquid media imposing it’s properties on that purified metals

Griffith Theory

All solids contain flaws & microscopic cracks. When heat is applied it is taken on the higher portion of surface as a result high stress occurs. The bond at this place get weak , which is responsible for creating cracks. The particle with weakest flaw , fractures most easily. By this way particle size gets reduced.

..ref.Role of media in samanya sodhana of metals by Suchi Mitra

Samanya shodhana

Taile takre gavam mutre hyaarnale kulathaje| kramannishechayettaptam drave drave tu

saptada|| swarnadilohatranam shuddhiresha

prashasyate|| R.R.S 5/13

Role of media in samanya shodhana

Sometimes act as solvent to dissolve insoluble impurities,toxic substance

Provide some organic and inorganic principle to the material which have important role in the body

Media can be weak/strong acid/baseMay contain certain enzymes,solvent etc.

Properties & effects of Media

Media

Tila taila

Takra

properties

Sukshma ashukari

Tikshna sathilikaran

effect

Rapidly enters

Softening , breaking

Gomutra

Arnala

Kulath kwath

Dahana pachana

Tikshna sithilikaran

Bhedana

Separates oxide

Softening breaking

Breaking

Concept of Biobenefication

Recent research to use micro organism in benefection of various minerals

According to this theory many bacteria & fungi are known to interact with sulphide & oxide mineral constituents in an ore

They can modify mineral surface,remove undesirable constituents,absorption & accumulation of metal constituents,generation of biosurfactants.

Micro organism capable of metal accumulation

Thiobacillus ferroxidance – cd,fe,cuYeast – Ni,zn,co,cdPseudomonas sp – cd,co,Ni.

Thus it may be said that micro organisms present in specific media used for samanya shodhana of metals at specific pH act on biomass & remove toxic element by the process of biobenefication.

Dhalana

Sandravitasyadravyasyadraveivinikshepanam tu yat|

dhalanam tat samuddishtam rasakarma visharadai|| R.T.2/36

A molten metal is poured in any liquid which is called dhalana.This is done in purification of naga,vanga,yashada.

Avapa

Dravyantarvinikshepo drute vangadike tu yah|

Kriyate sa prativapa avapasch nigadyate|| R.T. 2/39 The procedure where vanga etc. metals are

melted & the powders of prescribed herbs are added to the molten metals is called avapa or prativapa or acchadana

Abhiseka

Drute vanhistite lohe viramyaashtanimeshakam |

Salilasya parikshepah so abhisheka iti smrutah || R.R.S 8/55

When the metal is melted,pouring liquids into it after waiting eight seconds is called abhiseka

Swedana

Ksharamlairaushadheh sardham dolayantre stitasya hi |

pachanam swedanakyam syanmalashaithilyakarakam

R.R.S 8/62 Heating in boiling acidic or alkaline liquids

for three day is swedana.It’s main purpose is mala shaithilya karana or loosening of impurities.

Bharjanam

suchurnitam tankanam tu khalupanchapalontim|

Sumujjavalodare shudrakatahe vinyasattatah ||Chullikayam nidhayath pachedarvyam

prachalayan||Supushpitam nashtaniram shuddhimayati

tankanam|| R.T. 13/76 – 77 Tankana is crushed into powder & fried in

pan or earthen plate till the frying sound seizes & water is evaporated.

Also called as utffulikarana or nirjalikarana.

Drave Nimanjanam

Gomutren samaplavya sthapayetprakharaatpe|| Pratyaham purvanikshiptam gomutrampaniya tu| datva cha nutanam mutram tivragharme tu vinyaset|| Avam dintrayam krutva tvachampanyettatah| Shoshyech visham tvevam shuddhimayatyanuttamam R.T Vatsanabha is cut into bengal gram size pieces &

kept in a earthern plate.Cow’s urine is poured to dip these pieces,kept in severe heat of sun & is left overnight. Next day morning Cow’s urine is changed.This is done for 3 times

So it can be broadly said that- -Nirvapanam is commonly applicable for very

hard drugs.e.g abhraka - Dhalana indicated for drugs having low m.p

e.g. vanga - Swedana for drugs having impurities soluble

only in hot acidic/alkaline or oily media. E.g.manashila,mercury

…………cont

- Bhavana for drugs which are not hard .e.g.hingula

- Bharjana for drugs containing water of crystallization or volatile impurities. E.g.Tankana

Sarve malaharah kshara sarve cha amla prabodhakah|

Vishani cha tamognani sneha mardavakarakah||43|| Rasarnava

All kshara destroys mala, amla has prabodaka action, visha dravya destroys tama and sneha softens the dravya.

Kshara sarvemalahanyuramlah shodhan jaranam|

Mandyavishashchanighnati snegdhyansneha prakurvate|| Bruhat rasaraj sundar

Kshara destroyes mala,amla is useful in shodhana & marana, visha destroys mandata, sneha gives oilyness to dhatus

Types of shodhana

Shodhana can be broadly divided in 2 types

shodhana

samanya vishesha

Vishesh shodhana

It can be done as specific procedure for a particular drug individually & not for group.

It can be applied after samanya shodhana. E.g. swarna makshika shodhana with pachamrita.

Shodhaniya dravya

Kachatankanasauviran shodhanatritayam priye ||42||

Rasarnava has mentioned shodhaniya dravyas. Tankana, kacha, vanvaira,these are 3

shodhana dravyas.

Shodhaniya gana

Kanchatankanashiprabhihi shodhaniyo gano matah|

satvanam badhsutasya lohanam malanashanah||

kapalikgunadhvansi rasavadibhiruchyate | Rasajalanidhi pratham khanda Kacha,tankana,shipra are called sodhaniya

gana. They are destroyers of impurities of metals and kapalika doshas.

Importance of Shodhana

1) Physical changes - Eliminates physical impurities - Reduces hardness - Increases brittleness (due to repeated heating and quenching) - Reduces particle size.

…………………CONT

2) Chemical changes - Elimination of chemical impurities - formation of chemical compounds (during red hot stage oxidation occurs and

oxides are formed)3) Biological changes This process brings about physico-chemical

changes thereby increases bio avaibility.

Jarana

For metals having low M.P like lead,zinc etc between shodhana & bhasmikarana procedure,one intermediate procedure called jarana (polling) is done.In this procedure, metals are melted & mixed with some plant drugs powder & are rubbed by a iron ladle until metals become incomplete powder form

(ref.Ayurvedic Bhasma:The most ancient application of nanomedicine by Prasanta kumar)

Marana

Soodhitan lohadhatvadin vimardya svarasadibhih

Agnisamyogato bhasmikaranam maranam smrutam ||

Purified metals & minerals, when subjected to grinding with juices/decoction and reduced to ashes by bringing into contact with fire.This process is called as marana

Marana consist of mainly 2 parts 1) Bhavana 2) Putapaka i.e heating

Bhavana Shodhita mineral drug which is to be

subjected to marana should be triturated with liquids and chakrikas should be made

Shodhita dravya

Trituration

Chakrika

Putapaka The bhavit/dried substance is closed in

saravasamputa & subjected to heating. Varied degree of heat can be given through

different putas depending on heat resisting capacity of different substance used in marana

Different metals & mineral need different type of putas in varying number to bring about physical & chemical changes

Effects of various types of drugs on marana

Lohanam maranam shreshtham sarvesham rasabhasmanam|

mulirbhirmadhyamam prahu kanishtham gandhakadibhihi ||

Arilohen lohasya maranam durgunapradam| R.R.S 5/14

Puta (Quatum of heat)

Rasadi dravyapakanam praman dyapanam putam|

Neshto nyunadhika pakah supakvam hitaushadham||

R.R.S 10/47 Puta is heating system & heating schedule

which indicates the quantum of heat required by the Rasadi dravyas for their conversion into suitable pharmaceutical form or dosage form a.s neither less nor excess heat is desired

Types of putas

Putas

Agniputa suryaputa (bhanupaka) Mridu agni Madya agni Tivra agni Lavaka Kukkuta Gajaputa kapot Varaha

Mahaputa Ardhagajaputa

Aims & objectives of putapaka

Lohaderpunarmavo gunadhikyam tato agrayata | anapsumajjanam rekhapurnata putatobhavet|| putadgravanolaghutvam cha shighram vyaptishch dipanam| Jaritadapi sutendrallohanamadhikogunah|| R.R.S Laghutvaunapsu majjanatvarekhapurnatvaShighra vyapidipanam

Effect of putas

A property of mineral increases in proportion to the number of putas given to that substance during marana

According to Rasendra sarasangraha putas numbering from 10 – 100 produce disease removing capacity,100 – 500 vajeekarana property, 100 – 1000 produce rasayana property

Amrutikaran

Lohadinam mrutanam vai shishtadoshapanuttaye|

kriyate yastu sanskara amrutikaranam matam|| R.T.2/58

The process done to the bhasmas of metals etc. to alleviate the reminiscent impurities is called Amritikarana

Lohitikaran

Gangeruki bhadramusta vatakshirantathaiva cha| vatamulajalam vapi haridraya dravastatha||65 sagangkwathitanchaiva ghanmebhi supeshayet|Putadvayam trayam vapi vitaredbhishajam varah||

66||Nischandrikanch mrudulam

raktatpalasamprabham|Gaganasya bhavet tatah karyeshu yojayet||67||

………..Cont

Bringing about red colour.Bhasmas are grounded alongwith juices or

decoction of gangeruki, bhadra musta latex of banyan tree,decoction or juice of root of banyan,manjishta,lajjalu,made into chakrikas and subjected to puta.This is repeated 2-3 times to obtain red colour

Satvapatana

Ksharamladravakeiryuktam dhmatamakarkoshtke |

yastato nirgatah saarah satvamityabhidhiyate ||

R.R.S 8/34 When a mineral is kept in a crucible

alongwith alkalis, sour drugs & liquefying material

arranged in a hearth & blown ,the extract that comes out of

the mineral is called as sattva & the process is called satvapattana

Bhunaga satvapatana

Tamrabhubhavabhunagaan nimshapishtan samen taan gudguggululakshornaamatsyapinyakatankanei|

Drudhmetaishch sanyojya mardayitva dametsukham| Munchanti tamravatsatvam te paksha api bahirnaam A.P. 4/51 – 521)collect tamra bhumibhubhav2) Mix bhunaga,nisa,guda,guggulu,laksa,urna,small fish

pinyaka & tankana in equal parts 3)Grind it in amladrava

….cont

4) Prepare their bolus, & put these in musa & blow with strong heat.

5) On cooling Cu like satva may be obtained from bhunagas

ReferencesRole of media in shodhana process by Shuchi

MitraConcept of bhasmikarana byDevanathan R Ayurvedic bhasma –The most ancient

application of nanomedicineRasajala nidhi pratham khandaBruhad Rasaraj SunderRasarnavaRasasastra by Damodar Joshi

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