raj sahitya ka itihaas

7/23/2019 Raj Sahitya Ka Itihaas

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-sahitya-ka-itihaas 1/76

1

v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1

jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk

jktLFkkuh vkt jktLFkku jh ek;M+ Hkklk gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lkfgR; jh Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jS lkfgR; es a vsd U;kjh vksy+[kk.k fx.khtSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks tw uks lkfgR; yw aBks vj xjc dj.k tksx

gSA vkt jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a gkFk lw a fy[;ksM+ h iksF;ka jks ftrks v[kw V HkaMkj gS fcrks L;kr bZ fd.kh Hkklk es a gq oSA ft.k rfj;ka jktLFkku jh ijEijkoka vnHkq r ga S m.kht Hkka r vBS jks lkfgR; HkhA jktLFkku vkijS oSHko lw a Hkfj;ksM+ S vrhr] xjchyh ijEijkoka vj lka LØfrd thou jS ÅapS vknlkZ a lk: vk[kS tx es a ukeh&fxjkeh jS;ksA csfelky R;kx] egku cfynku vj ÅapS njtS jh ohjrk] ijkØe vBS ges l iz s j.kk ns o.k tksx jS;kA jktLFkku lw j&ohjka jh tye Hkkse lk: fljS fx.khtSA vBS ftnaxh jS gjsd Ns = es athou ew Y; vj eku&ejtknkoka jh] vBS jk ohj&iq#l vsd lha o FkjihthA vks bt dkj.k gS ds vkt

jktLFkku jks bfr;kl mtGh ohjxkFkkoka jk QM+QM+ krk ikauka jks lkapks bfr;kl gS AvBS jh b.k /kjrh lwa tqfM+;ksM+ ks vBS jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ykSfdd vj lka LØfrd ijEijkoka

jh nhB lw a vSM+ ks fo[;kr jS;ks ds ns l jk ekuhrk fo}ku b.k lkfgR; jh ljko.kk djrk jS;k A jl] Hkko vj vkst lw a Hkfj;ksM+ S b.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dkauh lj tktZ fxz;lZu] MkWñ VS s lhVjh] MkWñ lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ tSM+ k fo}kuka jks /;ku x;ks A ohj jl jks tSM+ ks ÅapS njtS jks jl&ifjikd jktLFkkuh lkfgR;es a nh[kS] oSM+ ks nqfu;ka jS fd.kh lkfgR; es a uhA b.k jks dkj.k vks gS ds jktLFkkuh jh ohj jl jh dfork

oka dfo;ka lw a jphth ftdk vkijh [kqyh vka[;ka lw a tq)Hkkse es a yM+ rk ohjka uS ns[;kA oS vkijS gkFk es a dye Hkh idM+ h rks c[kr vk;ka ryokj ys;uS tq) es a Hkh tw >~;k A vka dfo;ka duS tq) jks ÒksX;ksM+ ksv.kHko gksA vBS jh ohj jl jh dfork jh iz la lk djrk Fkdka johUnzukFk Bkdq j fy[;ks ds& *Hkxrh jl

jh dfork rks vk[kS Hkkjr js S gjsd lkfgR; esa fey T;koS i.k jktLFkku vkijS [kw u lw a ftdS lkfgR; jks fujek.k dj~;ks] m.k lkfgR; jS tksM+ jks lkfgR; vkt lko nq jyHk gSA jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jh vk

[kkfl;r gh ds oS tq) jS uxkjka jS fcPpS vkijh dforkoka jph**A *b.k dFku lw a y[kkoS ds v.kHko lw a

jP;ks&iP;ks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj jl jh nhB lw a ekjfed uS Hkqtkoka uS QM+dko.k okGks gS A jpukRedrk jS b.k fcanq ekFkS jktLFkkuh jpukdkj vi.kS vki es a ?k.kks egrkÅ gks A

b.kht Hkka r egkeuk ia- enueksgu ekyoh; Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ljkork Fkdkadº;ks&**jktLFkkuh ohjka jh Hkklk gS] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj lkfgR; gS vj nqfu;ka jS lkfgR; eka;b.k jh U;kjh BkSM+ gS A vkt jh ih<+ h lk: m.k jks v/;;u t:jh gkso.kks pkbtS A b.k thoa r lkfgR;vj m.k jh Hkklk jS fodkl jks dke ?k.kks t:jh gS& EgS a m.k fnu jh mM+ hd d:a gw W a tn fgUnw fo’ofo/kky;es a b.k jks leiwj.k foHkkx dk;e gqoS vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jh [kkst jh Hk.kkbZ jks lka rjksizca/k gq oS**A b.k lw a tkfgj gS ds jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vkijh thoa rrk vj [kqn jS U;kjS fujokGS l:i

lw a ns l jk ekuhrk fo}kuka uS izHkkfor dfj;ks S A jktLFkkuh jk fo}ku iz ks0 ujksŸkenkl Lokeh fy[;ks gS&*jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ftnaxh jks lkfgR; gS ftnaxh lw a NsM+ S vks ikxyka jks izyki uh cfYd ftnaxh lw a vsd

xk<+ ks lEcU/k jk[k.k vkGks gSA vks feu[k uS iz s j.kk ns o.k okGks vj vsd uq aoh ps ruk txko.k tksx gSA* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; turk jks lkfgR; gSA1 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a ftdh Hkkoukoka jks fp=.k nh[kS] m.k jks foLrkj vk[kS ns l vj ftnaxh lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh eksVh [kkfl;rka esa tyeHkkse



2

lk: R;kx vj cfynku jks Hkko] ns lHkxrh vj /kjrh&is ze] ukjh jks iz s jd O;fDrŸo] ej.k fra okj jks pko]nqleha lw a cnGks ys o.k jks Hkko] lq ra rj Hkkouk] ns l jh vsdrk vj v[kaMrk] fla.kxkj vj ohj jl jksfp=.k bR;kn gSa vj vka fols lrkoka jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ?k.kks vksirks ykxSA

jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%& jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%& jktLFkkuh jktLFkku jkT; jh Hkklk gS jktLFkku lw a ckjSdksydkŸkk] eqacbZ] psUubZ bR;kn es a Hkh izoklh jktLFkkuh yksx ek;M+ Hkklk jks iz;ksx djS a b.k okLrS

jktLFkku jS ukedj.k ckcr dha fopkj dj ys o.kks pkbtS] Da;w ds jktLFkkuh uka o jktLFkku ekFkS bZ

jk[khT;ksM+ ks gSA jktLFkku es a lkfgR; fljt.k jh vsd yw aBh ijEijk jS;h gS b.kht Hkka r jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk Hkh iq jk.kSa o[kr es a dsbZ uka o jS;k gS aA jktLFkku lcn jks lxGk lw a iSyks iz;ksx *jktLFkkuh;kfnR;* fo-la- 682 es a cla rx<+ ¼fljksgh½

js S vsd flykys[k ekFkS [kqn;ksM+ ks feyS+ s SA2 b.k jS iNS eqg.kks r us S.klh ¼fo-la- 1667&1727½ jh [;kr vj

*jkt:id*3 ¼la- 1788½ es a jktLFkku lcn jks iz;ksx gq;ks i.k vBS b.k jks ç;ksx jkt/kkuh jS vjFk esagSA çkUr jS vjFk es a *jktiw rkuk* lcn jks lS lw a iSyka tktZ Vkel lu~ 1800 es a dj~;ksA4 b.k jS iNS lu~1829 esa duZy VkWM vkijS bfr;kl *,uYl ,aM ,aVhD;w Vht vkWQ jktLFkku* es a jktLFkku lcn jksiz;ksx dfj;ks ftdks vkxS pky*j iz kUr jS vjFk es a :<+ gq;xksA vktknh lw a iSyka vBS NksVh&cM+ h 21fj;klrka gh ftdh iNsS vsd gq;xh vj jktLFkku lcn iz kUr jS :i es a vaxsT;ksA lj tktZ fxz;lZu vkijh iksFkh *fyaxfofLVd los Z vkWQ bafM;k* es a jktLFkku iz kUr jh Hkklk uS bZ jktLFkkuh uka o fn;ks vj

b.k uka o jks vk/kkj lk;n duZy VkWM jh iqLrd gh gqoSAiq jk.kS o[kr es a jktLFkku jks vsd uka o uh gq;*j vyx&vyx Òw [kaMka jk vyx&vyx uka o gk ftdk fj;klrka jS o[kr es a cnGrk jS;kA fta;k jktLFkku jS mrjknS Hkkx us S ]*tkaxyw *] mxw .kS Hkkx us S*eRL;* ¼t;iq j]]vyoj vj Hkjriq j jks Hkkx½ fn[k.kkns S vj mxw .kS Hkkx uS esnikV] ckxM+ iz kXokV vj xqtZ j=k] e/; Hkkx uS vjcqn o likny{k bR;kn uka o lw a vksG[krkA

vjkoyh igkM+ jh ijcr ekyk jktLFkku uS nks Hkkxka es a ckaV ns oS& vsd mrjknks vj vkFka w .kkSHkkx rks nw tks fn[k.kknks vj mxw .kks HkkxA mrjknS& vkFka w .kS Hkkx es a chdkus j] tSlyes j] tks/kiq j vj 'ks[kkokVh jks dha Hkkx lkfey gSA lkew fgd :i lw a b.k Hkkx uS ekjokM+ ;k e: ns l dS ork A vj b.kh Hkw Hkkx jh Hkklk e:Hkklk jS :i es a tk.khtrhA bZ a lw a lkQ tkfgj gS ds e:Hkklk jktLFkkuh okLrS iq jk.kksuka o gksA

e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%& ekjokM+ ;k e:ns l es a ftdh Hkklk cksyhtrh] m.k us S e:Hkklk uka o fnjhT;ks vj vsd c[kr es a vk bZ Hkklk vk[kS izkUr jh iz/kku vj lkfgfR;d Hkklk ghA vkxS tk;*j jktLFkku jS czteaMy jS usMS + ftdks Ns = gks oks czt vj xqtjkr jS duS ftdks Ns = gks] oks xqtjkrh Hkklk jS ijHkko es a vk;X;ksA

e:Hkklk jks iq jk.kks mYys[k lxGk lw a iSyka m|ks ru lw jh jS fy[;ksMS + xz aFk *dq oy;ekyk*esa feySA5 vks xz aFk vkBoha&uoha lrkCnh jks gSA b.k xzaFk es a 18 ns lh Hkklkoka jS lkFkS e:] xqtZ j] ykV vj ekyo iznsl jh Hkklkoka jk mnkgj.k b.k eqtc gSa %&

vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMsÒkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~BsÒkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~BsÒkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~BsÒkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~BsÒkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~Bs ¼vçiHkza'k dkO; çHkh] i`-½e:Hkklk jk nw tk uka o *e:Hkw eHkklk* ] *ek:Hkklk*] *e:ns lh; Hkklk*] *e:ok.kh* bR;kn Hkh feySA

fca;k e:Hkklk bZ vkxS pky*j ekjokM+ h jS ifjfufLBr lkfgfR;d :i fMaxy jS ukoa lw a tk.khth A *j?kqukFk



3

:id* jk jpukdkj b.k e:Hkklk us S *eq jHkw eHkklk*] *j?kq ojtl izdkl* jk jpukdkj *e:/kj Hkk[kk* vj *oa’kHkkLdj* jk jpukdkj b.k uS *e:ckuh* dgh gSA lw ;ZeYy feJ.k rkabZ vkrka&vkrka e:Hkklk ;k e:ckuh fMaxy jS vjFk es a :<+ gq;xh vj vk jktLFkkuh jS cztHkklk lw a izHkkfor fiaxy lw a lko vyx ghA b.k rjS tw uS c[kr es a ftdh Hkklk uS *e:Hkklk* dgh] m.kh jks foLrkj vkt jktLFkkuh gS vj b.k es a jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lxGh cksfy;ka lek;ksM+ h gSaA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %& Hkklk jh mRifŸk jS ckcr fopkj djka rks Bk iM+ s S

ds l:iks r es a ftdh Hkklk jS;h m.kuS oSfnd la LØr jks uka o fn;ks x;ks A b.kuS bZ osnka jh Hkklk dghthA oSfnd la LØr lw a fodflr gq;*j la LØr c.kh A la LØr tn lkfgfR;d Hkklk c.kh rks tulk/kkj.k esacksypky jh Hkklk jS :i es a iz kØr vkbZ A iz kØr jk nks :i gk A iSyh iz kØr es a ikyh vj v/kZ ekx/kh Hkklk gh] ft.k es a cks S) vj tSu /kje jk xzaFk fy[khT;kA nw th izkØr Hkklk es a dsbZ Ns=h; cksfy;kagh ft.k es a [kkl 'kkS jlSuh] iS’kkph] cz kpM+] egkjk"Vªh] ekx/kh bR;kn gh A iz kØr lw a bZ a viHkz a l jks fodkl gq;ks A viHkza l jks c[kr eksVS :i esa 500 bZ- lw a 1000 bZ- rkabZ ekuhtSA6 ns l jS U;kjk&U;kjk Hkkxkaesa viHka zl jk U;kjk&U;kjk Hksn gkA vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkklkoka jks tye Hkh viHkz a l jsS U;kjk&U;kjk :ika

lw a gq;ks ft.kes a jktLFkkuh Hkh vsd gS A vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkklkoka jks tye viHkz a l jS vyx&vyx Ns =h;:ika lw a b.k eqtc ekU;ks tkoS %&

viHkazl vk/kqfud Hkklkoka

'kkS jlsuh vkFka w .kh fgUnh] jktLFkkuh] igkM+ h] xqtjkrh AiS’kkph ygank] iatkch Acz kpM+ fla/kh Aegkjk"Vªh ejkBh Aekx/kh fcgkjh] caxyk] mfM+;k] vlfe;kAv/kZ ekx/kh iw ohZ fgUnh Ab.k lw a lkQ tkfgj gS ds jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk viHkza l 'kks S jlsuh lw a gq;h A

i.k vBS fo}kuka es a b.k ckr jks erHksn gS ds jktLFkkuh viHkza l jS fd.k :i lwatyehA MkW- fxz;lZu jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk ukxj viHka z l lw a ekuS7 rks MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ lkS jkVª h viHka z l lw a jktLFkkuh jks mn~Hko ekuSA8 jktLFkkuh fo}kuka ea s MkW0 eks rhyky esukfj;k 9 vj MkW- ghjkyky

ekgs’ojh 10

xqtZjh viHkz al lw a jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk ekuSA b.k rjS xqtZ jh viHkz a l lw a jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh jks rks 'kkS jlsuh viHkz a’k lw a fgUnh jks fodkl gq;ksA 15oha lrkCnh rkabZ rks xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh vsd bZ ghA iNS 16oha lrkCnh es a xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh jks U;kjks&U;kjks fodkl gq;ksA MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ jks er gSa ds xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk iz kphu if’peh jktLFkkuh lw a gqbZ vj vkxS pky*j 16oha lrkCnh es a xqtjkrh if’peh jktLFkkuh lw a vyx gq;xhA b.k rjS xqtjkrh vj

jktLFkkuh nksuw a vkil es a Hkk.kka ga SA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lq ra rj :i jh pjpk djka rks Bk iM+ s S ds jktLFkkuh iSyka rks viHka z l lw a vyx

gqbZ vj iNS iz kphu jktLFkkuh lw a vyx gq;*j uohu jktLFkkuh jS :i es a vkijha vksG[kk.k Bkoh djhAiz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh uohu jktLFkkuh jh dha fols lrkoka b.k Hkka r ekuS ftdh m.k uS iz kphu jktLFkkuh

lw a vyx djs S %&1- , vj vkS&vka nks uq oka Lojka jks fodkl A2- orZuh es a vb&vm jh BkSM+ ,s vj vkS jks iz;ksxA



4

3- uiq lad fyax NksM+ fn;ks ;k rks iqfyax es a feyX;ksA4- lcnka js S vUr es a b ] m vj v jS mPpkj.k jks yksi AMkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ jS er es a jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izeq[k fols lrkoka b.k rjS gS %&1- jktLFkkuh es a *v* jks mPpkj.k *b* :i es a A fta;k euq"; jks *feu[k*A2- ew /kZU; *.k* vj *y+* jktLFkkuh jh [kkl /ofu;ka gS aA ew /kZU; M&M+ /ofu;ka jh rjQ dha crks

>qdko gSaA

3- dsbZ cksfy;ka es a p ] N ] > rkyO; /ofu;ka jks mPpkj.k nUR; lq.khtSA4- *,s* vj *vkS* ;Fkkdze lw a *,* vj *vks* jS :i es a cksyhtSA5- jktLFkkuh es a egkiz k.k v?kks"k cjx jk ?k]>] <+] /k] Hk jks mPpkj.k [kkl vj ekSfyd gSA6- v?kks"k egkiz k.k /ofu;ka [k ] N ] B ] Fk ] Q cnyS + uhaA7- ?kks"k egkiz k.k ?k ] > ] <+ ] /k ] Hk lcnka jS iSyka vko.k lw a daBukyh; Li’kZ lw a fey tkoSA8- dsbZ txka *g* fy[;ks rks uh tkoS i.k va r es a mPpkj.k *g* jh /ofu jks iz;ksx t:j gqoS] fta;k d;ks & dg;ksA

jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %& jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %& jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %& jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %& jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %& jktLFkkuh jktLFkku jh ek;M+ Hkklk gS i.k b.k jks Ns = ?k.kks O;kid gS vk nw j&nw j rkabZ cksyh T;koS] b.k lw a b.k jh cksyh jk U;kjk &U;kjk :i gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS cksyf.k;ka yksxka jh la[;k vkt lkr djksM+ ekuhtSA Hkklk foKku jk fon~ oku jktLFkkuh uS

vsd lq ra rj Hkklk vaxstS Aizks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jktLFkkuh jh eq[; P;kj cksfy;ka ekuh gS a %&1- vkFkw a.kh jktLFkkuh ;k ekjokM+ h % b.k jks Ns = mn;iq j] tks/kiq j] tS lyes j] chdkusj vj

'ks[kkokVh gSA2- mxw .kh jktLFkkuh ;k <w <+ kM+ h % b.k jks Ns = t;iq j vj gkM+ kSrh vapy gSA3- mrjknh jktLFkkuh % b.k jks Ns = vyoj] es okr rkabZ gSA4- fn[k.kknh jktLFkkuh % b.k jks Ns= ekyok rkabZ gS b.k es a uhekM+h jh cksfy;ka Hkh vkoSAvka cksfy;k es a vkFka w .kh jktLFkkuh ;k ekjokM+ h iz/kku gS D;a w ds b.k jS Ns = jks foLrkj nw th

cksfy;ka lw a ?k.kks gSA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS er es a fMaxy jks ew y vk/kkj Hkh ekjokM+h gS AMkW- eks rhyky esukfj;k vj MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ikap izeq[k cksfy;ka

ekauSA vk jks ifjpS b.k eqtc gS %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+ h %& lkfgR; vj foLrkj jh nhB lw a ekjokM+ h jktLFkkuh jh lS lw a egrkÅ cksyh gSA ekjokM+ h l: lw a bZ lkfgfR;d Hkklk jS;h gSA b.k jks Ns = tks/kiqj] chdkus j] tSlyes j]] fd’kux<+]vtesj es jokM+ k vj 'ks[kkokVh bykdS rkabZ gSA ba Z jks lq) :i tks/kiqj vj b.k jS vklS &iklS jS bykdSesa nhlSA vk vkstxq.k iz/kku gSA ekjokM+ h jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks vsd ekud :i fx.khtSA

2- <aw <+ kM+h %&2- <aw <+ kM+h %&2- <aw <+ kM+h %&2- <aw <+ kM+h %&2- <a w<+kM+ h %& vk cksyh t;iqj] fd’kux<+ vj vtes j &es jokM+ k js S mrjknh vj mxw .kS Ns = esa cksyh tkoSA t;iqj bykdks b.k jks [kkl Ns= gSA gkM+ kSrh b.k jh micksyh gS ftdh dksVk] cw anh vj >kykokM+ Ns = esa cksyh tkoSA b.k cksyh esa la r nknw vj m.kk jS flL;ka jks fy[;ksM+ ks /kkjfed lkfgR;fey+ SA

3- esokrh %&3- es okrh %&3- esokrh %&3- es okrh %&3- esokrh %& vk vyoj & Hkjriqj jS mrjknS &vkFkw a.kS Hkkx es a xqM+xka o rkabZ vk cksyhtS Ab.k cksyh ekFkS czt Hkklk jks vlj lkQ y[kkoSA b.k eka; ?k.kks lkfgR; uh gS A pj.knklh iaFk jk tyenkrk la r pj.knkl vj m.kka jh nks flL;ka n;kckbZ vj lgtksckbZ jh jpukoka b.k es a fey+ SA



5

4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+ h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %& vk cksyh Mw axjiq j] cka lokM+ k vj es okM+ jS dha Ns =ka es a cksyh tkoSAMkW- fxz;lZu Hkhyh uS vsd lq ra rj Hkklk jks njtks fn;ks gS i.k MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh b.k uS lq ra rj Hkklk uh ekuS aA xqtjkrh bykdk lw a tqfM+;ksMs S+ Ns= dkj.k b.k cksyh ekFkS xqtjkrh Hkklk jks vlj gS A

b.k rjS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ikap cksfy;ka gS ft.kka es a ekjokM+ h cksyh jh iz/kkurk gS vj vkt lkfgR; jpuk lk: vk cksyh vk[kS iz kUr es a vi.kk;h TkkoS A

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh U;kjS&U;kjS vapyka es a

U;kjh&U;kjh cksyh gq orka Fkdka Hkh cS dBSÃ jktLFkkuh jS Lo:i ;k vsd:irk esa ck/kd uhA dgkor gS ds *Ppkj dks l ij ik.kh cnyS] vkB dksl ij ck.kh*A b.k lw a vk ckr lkQ gq oS ds jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vS cksfy;ka jktLFkkuh jh flej?krk uS çxVS vj nw .k lw a jktLFkkuh jS fodkl uS Hkh xfr feySA vSM+ h

fLFkfr nqfu;ka jh lxyh Hkklkoka lkFkS gS ds m.kka es a dsÃ cksyh vj micksyh nhlSAft.k *ekjokM+ h* uS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks njtks ns oka m.k jks dkj.k vks gS ds lfn;ka lw a b.k

ekjokM+ h es a Ã lkfgR; fyjO;ks tkorks jS;ks gS nwth cksfy;ka esa fyf[kr lkfgR; jks vHkko jS;ksA iNSekjokM+ h uS cksy.k vkyk+ Hkh nw th cksfy;ka lw a ?k.kk gS aA b.k okLrS ekjokM+ h uS vsd ekud Hkklk jks njtksfn;k tk ldS gS vj vks okftc Hkh gSA Hkklk oSX;kfud Hkh b.k ckr uS LohdkjS ds Hkklk jks fodkl cksfy;ka lw a gq oSA fgUnh vj vaxz sth jh rks ckr NksM+ ks] vkt xqtjkrh] ejkBh] caxyk bR;kn Hkklkoka jksfodkl Øe Hkh b.kh Hkkar nhlSA cksfy;ka jS fyf[kr :i uS ns[kka rks m.kes a U;kjksi.kks y[kkoS i.k b.k

fyf[kr :i lw a Ã Hkklk jks vsd leku :i lkeS vkoSA jktLFkkuh jh U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;ka jS x|&i| jh jpukoka uS ns[kka rks ykxS ds jktLFkkuh jks vsd ekud :i jS;ks gS vj oks vkfndky lw a vckj rkaÃ vsdtSM+ks nhlSA

fd.kh Hkh Hkklk jh vsd:irk okLrS t:jh gS ds m.k es a [kwc fy[;ks tkoS vj cjkscj fy[;kstkoSA b.k fLFkfr lw a &Hkklk es a vkiksvki Ã vsd:irk vk; tkoSyhA b.k okLrS jktLFkkuh Hkklk uSys;j dha Hkza kfr;ka gSa vj m.kka es a vsd ckr jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh cksfy;ka jh dgh tkoS rks vks vkjksi Hkh yxk;ks tkoS ds ekjokM+ h cksyh uS vkjoS jktLFkku ekFkS Fkksih tk; jS;h gS vj m.k uS Ã jktLFkkuh

jks ekud :i ekU;ks tkoS gSA i.k fta;k fgUnh] czt] vo/kh ] Hkkstiqjh] jktLFkkuh] ekyoh bR;kn cksfy;ka jks egÙkc gS vj vka jS lkfey :i jks uka o Ã fgUnh gS fc;a kÃ jktLFkkuh Hkh ekjokM+ h] gkM+ kSrh]nwa<kM+ h] ckxM+ h] 'ks[kkokVh bR;kn cksfy;ka jks vsd lkfey :i gSA

dhs a yksx vks Hkje Hkh QSykoS ds jktLFkkuh fgUnh jS fodkl es a ck/kd gS i.k vks dS o.kks lko xyr gSA fgUnh vki.kh jk"Vª Hkklk gS rks jktLFkkuh vki.kh ek;M+ HkklkA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ekurk lw a fgUnh uS fd.kh Hkka r jks uqdlku uhA jktLFkkuh rks fgUnh lw a Hkh iq jk.kh Hkklk gSA eqfu m|ks ru lwfj

vkijS xzaFk *dqa oy;ekyk* ¼fo- l- 835½ es a m.k o[kr jh 18 Hkklkoka jS lkFkS *e:Hkklk* jS :i es a s jktLFkkuh jks mYys[k dj~;ks gS vj m.k o[kr lw a vkt rkaÃ jktLFkkuh vsdkuh tuHkklk rks b.k jS lkFkS lkfgfR;d Hkklk jS;h gSA b.k rjS vsd:irk uh gq o.k jh ckr lko fujk/kkj gSA

fyfi %&fyfi %&fyfi %&fyfi %&fyfi %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh fyfi ns oukxjh gS i.k dha vk[kjka jh c.kkoV es a FkksM+ ks va rj gSA jktLFkkuh *y* vj *y+* jh vyx&vyx /ofu gS ft;ka *xky* lcn es a *y* /ofu gks o.kS lwa b.k jksvjFk diksy jS :i es a gS i.k ts xky jh BkSM+ *y+* vk[kj jks iz;ksx gqoS rks iNS *xky+* jks vjFk xky+ h gq; tkoSA b.kh rjS *M* vj *M+* jh Hkh jktLFkkuh jh vyx&vyx /ofu gS aA jktLFkkuh es a fgUnh jk l]"k] 'k oj.kka jh BkSM+ Qxr l ¼nUR; :i½ jks bZ iz;ksx gqoSA

fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %& jktLFkkuh jks lkfgR; fMaxy vj fiaxy Hkklkoka es a feySA MkW-eks rhyky esukfj;k jks er gS ds *fMaxy jktLFkku jh cksypky jh Hkklk jks bZ lkfgfR;d :i gS vj fiaxy



6

jh rqyuk es a vk ?k.kh tw uh] lkfgR; jh nhB lw a flefj/k vj vkstxq.k lw a Hkjiw j gSA*11 jktLFkku es a fiaxy Hkklk es a Hkh ?k.kks lkfgR; feySA fiaxy jS b.k lkfgR; fljt.k jk jpukdkj HkkV tkfr jk dfo gS a rksfMaxy jks ?k.kdjks lkfgR; pkj.k dfo;ka jks jP;ksM+ ks gSA vBS vk ckr mYys[ktksx gS ds HkkV tkfr pkj.k tkfr lw a vyk;nk gSA jktLFkku es a fiaxy Hkklk jks uka o HkkV tkfr jS vk/kkj ekFkS *HkkV&Hkk;[kk*vFkkZ r~ HkkVka jh Hkklk Hkh dghtS A bZ a jks izek.k lksy+ oha lrkCnh jk pkj.k dfo mnS jke jS fy[;ksM+ S *dfo dqy cks/k* xa zFk es a vks nw gks feyS %&

pkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Axq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AA1212121212

b.k lw a izxV gq oS ds fMaxy vj fiaxy nksuw a vsd&nw tS lw a lko vyx gSa vj vka jks O;kdj.k vj NanlkL= Hkh lko vyk;nk gS A fiaxy jks fodkl lks S jlSuh viHkz a l lw a rks fMaxy jks fodkl xqtZjh viHkz a l lwa gq;ksA vkxs S pky*j pkj.k vj HkkVka es a vka nksuw a Hkklkok us S ys;*j gksM+ Hkh ephA pkj.k dfo Hkh fiaxy jS eka; jpukoka djhA vka jk fiaxy es a fy[;ksM+ k pfj=&dkO;] ikS jkf.kd dkO; vj HkfDr dkO;feySA lw ;ZeYy] Lo:inkl] x.ks’kiq jh tSM+ k fiaxy jk ekuhrk jpukdkj gq;kA lw ;ZeYy jS *oa’kHkkLdj*xa zFk jks rhu&pkSFkkbZ Hkkx fiaxy esa jP;ksM+ ks gSA b.kht Hkkar i`Fohjkt jklks*] ^jrujklks*] ^fot;iky

jklks* bR;kn xa zFkka esa Hkh fiaxy jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSAvBS vk ckr Hkh /;kutksx gS ds fMaxy vj fiaxy uS ys;*j fo}kuka es a dsbZ rjS jk erHksn Hkh

jS;k gS aA vsd er jS eqtc fiaxy fMaxy lw a ?k.kh tw uh gS vj fiaxy jS ctu ekFkS bZ fMaxy uka o i³~;ksAT;knkrj fo}kuka jks vks bZ dSo.kks gS i.k MkW- eks rhyky esukfj;k jks eku.kks gS ds fMaxy lcn fiaxy

lw a tw uks gS vj fiaxy jS rqd ekFkS fMaxy uka o jk[khT;ks] vk dYiuk lko fujew y gSA [kS j] vks vsd cgl jks loky gs SA vk Hkh laHko gq; ldS ds vS nksuw a uka o vsdS lkFkS pkyhT;k gq oSA i.k dha Hkh gq oS fiaxy

fMaxy lw a lko vySnk gSA MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ Hkh fMaxy vj fiaxy uS nks vyx&vyx Hkklk jks njtks ns oS aA13

b.kht Hkka r *fMaxy* lcn uS ys;*j Hkh fo}kuka jS eka; dha Hkze gSaA MkW0 eks rhyky esukfj;k fMaxy uS lqra rj Hkklk ekuS a rks dha fo}ku fMaxy uS Qxr dkO; fljt.k jh vsd lSyh ds S os SA izks0ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS eq rkfcd fMaxy jktLFkkuh lw a vyx dksbZ Hkklk uh] cfYd vk jktLFkkuh jh bZvsd [kkl dkO; lSyh gS D;wads lk/kkj.k jktLFkkuh vj fMaxy es a fols l Hksn ;k rks lcnkoyh jks gS

;k lcnka jh fy[kkoV ¼orZuh½ jks] O;kdj.k jks Hksn rks uk dqN gSA14 b.k lw a eS lw l gq oS ds l: es a fMaxy cksy&pky jh Hkklk jS;h gq oS vj iNS lkfgfR;d Hkklk jS eka; <+y+xh gq oSA iz ks0 Lokeh jS lcnka es a fMaxy viHkz a l lSyh jks bZ fodflr :i gSA dns fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx iw jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk lk: rks dnspkj.kh lSyh okLrS djhtrks jS;ks gSA

*fMaxy* lcn

jks iz;ksx

lxy+ k

lw a iSyka jktLFkku jk [;kruka o dfo vkfl;k ckadhnkl vkijh jpuk

*dqdfo crhlh* ¼1871 fo-½ jS b.k nwgS es a dj~;ks gS %&fMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl A

laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA laLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA1515151515

la or~ 1863 es a ls ox eaNkjke fMaxy xhrka jks foospu dj.koky+ ks *j?kqukFk :id* xa zFk fMaxy Hkklk esa fy[;ks i.k m.k es a fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx *oa’kHkkLdj* es a djrka Fkdka fy[;ks %&

fMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AA1616161616



7

b.k lw a fMaxy jks viHka z l jh rjQ >qdko vj ohj jl jS vuqdw y gqq o.k jh ckr tkfgj gq oSAbZ a okLrS vks dº;ks tk ldS gS ds l: es a fMaxy cksypky jh Hkklk bZ jS;h gqoS vj iNS fodflr gq;*j

lkfgfR;d Hkklk jks :i /kkj.k dj~;ks gq oSA fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx dns Hkklk jS :i es a rks dns lSyh jS :<+ vFkZ es a gq orks jS;ks gSA fca;k pkj.k ft.k jktLFkkuh jS lkfgfR;d :i es a dfork djrk jS;k] ok

bZ fMaxy tk.khtrh jS;h gSA17

fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %& *fMaxy* lcn jh O;qRifŸk ckcr dsbZ er izpfyr nhlS i.k

fca;k vS lxy+ k vuqeku jS vk/kkj ekFkS gS a %&1- MkW- ,y-ih- VSlhVjh fMaxy uS xa ok: vj vux< Hkklk dgh] i.k vk ckr rdZ laxr uh ykxSA fMaxy i<~;k&fy[;k pkj.kka jh Hkklk jS;h gS iNS m.k jks vkijks Nan&lkL=] jl] vyadkj bR;kn Hkh gks vj vkijS c[kr es a jktnjckj esa eku&lEeku lw a lq.khtrh jS;h gSA

2- Jh gjiz lkn 'kkL=h *fMaxy* jh O;qRifŸk *Mxy+* ;k *Mxj* lcn lw a ekuS a i.k vks er Hkh ekU;uh dº;ks tk ldSA oka jks dSo.kks gS ds *Mxy+* iSyka txy+ ;k e:nsl jh Hkklk jks uka o gks iNS fiaxy

jh rqd ekFkS fMaxy gq;X;ksA oS vkijS er es a vsd nw gks Hkh mnkgj.k lk: iz Lrq r djS a%&

nhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs Avugq rk xy fn;s ] xy+ k gqark xy dkVs AAvugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+ k gq ark xy dkVs AAvugq rk xy fn;s ] xy+ k gqark xy dkVs AAvugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+ k gq ark xy dkVs AAvugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+k gqa rk xy dkVs AA

3- Jh xtjkt vks>k jS eq rkfcd *M* o.kZ jh iz/kkurk jS dkj.k fiaxy jS otu ekFkS fMaxy uka o

i³~ ~;ksA i.k vks er Hkh eatw j uh dj~;ks tk ldS D;w ads *M* o.kZ iz/kku eku ys o.kks mfpr uhA4- Jh iq:"kksŸke Lokeh jks eku.kks gS ds *fMaxy* lcn fMe$xy+ lw a c.;ks gSA *fMe* jks vFkZ

Me: jh vkokt vj xy+ jks eryc xyS + lw a gS b.k okLrS xyS + lw a fMe&fMe jh vkokt es a fudy+*j ftdh dfork ohjka uS fcM+nkoS] ok fMaxy+ gSA i.k vks er Hkh fujk/kkj gSA

5- iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh fMaxy jh O;qRifŸk js S ckcr nks laHkkouk vfHkO;Dr djSA iSyh laHkkouk vk gq; ldS ds fiaxy ukxjkt jh lekurk es a mfMaxy ukxjkt jh dYiuk djhth gq oS D;w ads b.k esa

mfMaxy lcn bZ fMaxy jks ew y dº;ks tk ldS gSA6- MkW- eks rhyky esukfj;k fMaxy lcn jks lEcU/k Mhax lw a ekuS vj oka jS eqrkfcd fMaxy jks

vFkZ m.k Hkklk lw a gS ft.k jS xa zFkka es a Mhax c?kkjh gq oSA pkj.k yksx njckjh dfo gk vj vkijS vklz;nkrk jh [kw c p<+ k&c<+ k*j iz la lk djrkA MkW- esukfj;k jks eku.kks gS ds vkt Hkh cqtqxZ pkj.k fMaxy uh dS;*j

*Mhaxy* lcn jks iz;ksx djSaAb.k rjS vki&vkijS vankt lw a fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk jh rykl dsbZ fo}ku djh gS i.k Hkklk

foX;ku jS fd.kh Bks l vk/kkj jS vHkko es a] fd.kh er uS eatw j uh dj~;ks tk ldSAvka lxy+ h ckrka jS ckotw n fMaxy jks v[kw V lkfgR; gSA MkW- esukfj;k fy[;ks gS ds fMaxy

lkfgR; es a jktLFkku jk lSd³w ojlk jk la Ldkj] tq>k: yksdthou vj bfr;klw ps ruk jks lka rjks :i nhlSA fMaxy lkfgR; es a bfr;kl lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h eksdy+h lkexzh gS vj e/;;qx jS bfr;kl ys[ku es a vk ?k.kh lgk;d gq; ldSA fMaxy jks lkfgR; x| vj i| nksuw a fo/kkoka esa feySA x| lkexz h esa [;kr]ckr] foxr vj ih<+ h&oa lkoyh feySA pfj=&uk;d jS :i es a fy[;ksM+ k xa zFkka es a jklks] izdkl] foykl]:id] opfudk vj Nank jS :i es a jP;ksM+ k xa zFkka es a uhlk.kh] >w y.kk] osyh] /keky] xhr vj nw gk bR;kn gS aA fMaxy es a QqVdj :i lw a dfork] nw gk] dfoŸk vj xhrka jks eksdy+ks HkaMkj gSA

fMaxy ew y :i lw a ohj jl iz/kku dkO; gS fca;k ohj jl jS vykok iz laxol nw tk jl Hkh vk;k gS aA fMaxy jS vyadkjka es a *o;.k lxkbZ* fMaxy jks pkoks vyadkj gS vj b.k jks tSM+ ks iz;ksx fMaxy es a feyS]



8

oSM+ ks fd.kh nw th Hkklkoka esa uhA vks fMaxy Hkklk jks [kqn jks vyadkj dghtlhA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fljt.k jh vsd yw aBh ijEijk jS;h gS vj c[kr eqtc b.k jS eka; dsbZ rjS jk mrkj&p<+ ko Hkh vkork jS;k gSA b.k fLFkfr esa lkfgR; jS fodklØe uS le>rk Fkdka b.k es a vk;ksM+ k cnGko uS izozfŸk;ka jS lanHkZ es a va os j.kks ?k.kkst:jh gSA b.k okLrS lkfgR; jS dky foHkktu lw a jktLFkkuh jS lkfgR; jks eksy&egŸk Hkh vkadhtSA

vc loky mBS ds dky foHkktu jks vk/kkj dkabZ gq oS D;a w ds lkfgR; es a rks lxGS Hkkar jh

iz ozfŸk;ka jS;h ga S b.k okLr ukedj.k jks lgh vk/kkj rks çozfr bZ ekuht.kh pkbtSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS dky foHkktu dj.k okGk fo}kuka es a MkW- ,y-ih- Vs lhVjh] MkW- eks rhyky esukfj;k] lhrkjke ykyl] xtjkt vks>k bR;kn izeq[k gS aA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh vj MkW- ghjkyky

ekgs’ojh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfr;kl jks dky foHkktu b.k eqtc dfj;ks gS a %&vkjEHk dky & lu~ 1050 lw a 1450 rkabZe/; dky & lu~ 1450 lw a 1850 rkabZvk/kqfud dky & lu~ 1850 lwa vc yx b.kh Hkka r vk/kqfud dky uS Hkh nks Hkkxka es a foHkkftr dfj;ks gS &vktknh lw a iSyka & lu~ 1850 lw a 1947 rkabZvktknh jS iNs S & ly~ 1947 lw a vkxS

dky jh lha o r; djrk Fkdka izks0 ujksŸkenkl Lokeh m.k folslrkoka jh rjQ ladsr fn;ksftdh la- 1200 jS vsM+Ss&NsM+S futj vko.k ykxh ghA b.k rF; jS vk/kkj ekFkS gh vk/kqfud Hkklkoka

jS dky foHkktu jh lhek la- 1200 jS vklS&iklS ekuhA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jks er gS ds la- 1200 lwa iSyka bZ oS folslrkok a mÒjck ykxh gh] b.k okLrS la- 1100 lwa vkFkwa.kh jktLFkkuh jks vkfndky

eku.kks pkbtSA lq: esa jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh vsd ghA xqtjkrh jk fo}ku Hkh vk ekuS ds gsepUnz jS o[kr esa ftdh cksypky jh Hkklk gh m.kuS *Åxrh xqtjkrh* dgh xbZ i.k laHko gS ds *Åxrh

xqtjkrh* gsepUnz jS c[kr lwa iSyka Hkh izpfyr gq; ldS] b.k okLrS xqtjkrh jk fo}ku Hkh izkphu if’peh jktLFkkuh ;k Åxrh xqtjkrh jks dky eksVS :i esa la- 1100 lwa bZ ekuSA b.k lwa vk ckr

lkQ izxV gqoS ds fo}ku yksx jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ijEijk nloha&X;kjoha lrkCnh lwa ekusS i.k jktLFkkuh jks mn~xe b.k lwa Hkh ?k.kks twuks gSA MkW- gtkjh i zlkn f}osnh jks eku.kks g S ds nloha

lrkCnh esa jktLFkkuh eka; eksdGks lkfgR; feySA tBS rkabZ jktLFkkuh esa fy[;ksM+k *pfj= dkO;* jks loky gS oS rks lkroha lrkCnh esa fy[;ksM+k ekuSA b.k okLrS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ijEijk ?k.kh

twuh ekuh tk ldsSA jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %& jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %& jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %& jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %& jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %& Hkklk foX;ku jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh vsd

lqra rj Hkklk gS vj b.k jks uqoks vj tw uks v[kw V lkfgR; Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks vkijks lcn dks l]O;kdj.k vj uq oks lkfgR; Òh gSA vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh es a uq oks lkfgR; fy[;ks tk jS;ks gS] i=& if=dkokaHkh NiSA i.k jktLFkkuh jh la oS/kkfud ekU;rk es a dsbZ rjS jh ck/kkoka vk jS;h gSaA

loky vks gs S ds tn lafo/kku jh vkBoha lw ph es a ns l jh ef.kiq jh] dks ad.kh tSM+ h NksVh&NksVh Hkklkoka uS ekU;rk feyxh rks jktLFkkuh uS D;a w uh\ jktLFkkuh jS lanHkZ es a vsd:irk jks loky cscqfu;kn gSA gj Hkklk jh U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;ka Hkh gq oSA jktLFkku jh Hkh ikap cksfy;ka gS a i.k iNS Hkh jktLFkkuh

jks vsd ekud l:i Hkh gS rks m.k jks folky lkfgR; HkhA jkT; ljdkj jh rjQ lw a *jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa la LØfr vdkneh* jh Fkjiuk] tks/kiqj fo’ofo/kky; es a ,e-,- Lrj rkabZ jktLFkkuh uS



9

ikB~;dze es a jk[k.kks] ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jS ikB~;dze es a Hkh jktLFkkuh uS vsd folS js S :i es a ykxw dj.kks] jktLFkkuh jS izdklu vj iq jLdkjka jh ;kstuk bR;kn uS ns[krk Fkdka vks ykxS ds jktLFkkuh Hkklk ts vkt vkijh ekU;rk lk: vkokt mBkoS rks ] oks m.k jks gd gS & vsd iq[rS vk/kkj jS lkFkSAvkt jktLFkkuh turk vj jpukdkjka esa HkklkbZ tkx:drk t:jh gSA vk r;lqnk ckr gS ds fd.kh Ns = jh fiNk.k cBS jh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj la LØfr lw a gq oSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS ns l jh vkBoha lw ph esa

lkfey dj.kS jh ekax lko okftc gSA jkT; jh fo/kku lHkk ykjyS l= ¼vxLr 2003½ es a loZlEefr

lw a jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ekurk jks çLrko ikfjr djuS dsUæ ljdkj dUuS Hkst fn;ks gS vcS dsUæ ljdkj jks fuj.kS HkklkbZ ekU;rk lk: t:jh gSA

lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %&1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp; ] i- 19 & 20 A

2- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- iq:"kksŸke esukfj;k] i- 4

3- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- iq:"kksŸke esukfj;k] i- 4

4- fefyVjh eS;k;lZ vkWQ fe0 tktZ VkWel] i`- 347] lu~ 1805

5- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vj lkfgR; % MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh] i- 4

6- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- uxsUæ] i- 22

7- fyfXofLVd los Z vkWQ bafM;k] oksY;w e IX Hkkx II

8- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % MkW- pkVqT;kZ] i- 45

9- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;] i- 4

10-jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh] i- 34

11-fMaxy es a ohj jl % MkW- esukfj;k] i- 1

12-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk laf{kIr bfrgkl % MkW- xks j/ku flag 'ks[kkor] i- 10

13-Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkklk,a vkS j fgUnh % MkW- pkVqT;kZ] i`- 185

14-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] i- 17

15-ckadhnkl xz aFkkoyh] Hkkx nks] i- 81] uk-ç-l-

16-oa'kHkkLdj] çFke Hkkx] i`- 14017-la;qDr jktLFkku] o"kZ 6] la[;k 8] ekpZ 1957] i- 31



10

v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lw a 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lw a 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lw a 1450 bZ- ½

fd.kh Hkh dky jS bfr;kl us S le>.kS lk: m.k dky jS ifjosl uS Hkh pks[kh rfj;ka le> ys o.kks pkbtS] D;w ads lkfgR; vki jS ifjos l jh mit gq oSA b.k okLrS tn vkika vkjEHk dky ekFkS fopkj djka rks t:jh gS ds m.k dky jh jktuhfrd] /kkjfed vj lkekftd fLFkfr;ka uS Hkh xSjkbZ lw a le> ys o.kh pkbtSA bfr;kl es a mYys[k gs S ds g"kZo)Zu vafre fgUnw lezkV gks vj m.k jS c[kr la w bZ ns l ekFkS ckjS lw a eq lyekuka jk geyk l: gq;X;k gk vj g"kZ o)Zu m.kka jks eqdkcyks dj.kS es a lQy Hkh gq;ksAg"kZ o)Zu jh fejrw jS iNS fnYyh jh lŸkk es a fc[kjko vk;X;ksA m.k c[kr ftdk Hkh fgUnw jktk lkaeh vk;k] oS tq) jh vkx es a yxkSyx tw >rk jS;kA vkBoha lrkCnh lw a ianjoha lrkCnh rkabZ Hkkjrh; bfr;kl

jktuhfrd nhB lw a mFkG & iqFkG vkØe.k] tq)] vO;oLFkk] jktkoka jh vkilh Qw V vj dy+g jks gks]ft.k jks izHkko bZa c[kr jS lkfgR; es a lkQ&lkQ y+[kkoS] b.k lw a ykxs S ds bZ a dky es a fd.kh vsd iz ozfr

jh iz/kkurk uh jS;hA1

jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& g"kZ o)Zu jh fejrw jS iNS mŸkjkns S Hkkjr es a izfrgkjka jS vsd folky vj lejFk lkezkT; jh uha o iM+ h i.k izfrgkjka jh lŸkk jS detks j gq orka bZ nw tk lkeUr vki&vki jS lq ra rj jkT; jh Fkjiuk es a ykxX;kA b.k lkeUrk es a pkSgkuka jks LFkku fljS gksA lkaHkj]tkyks j] ukxkS j] HkM+ kSp] ukMksy bR;kn vka jk [kkl lŸkk dsUnz gkA vka es a likny{k jk pkSgku bfr;kl esa vkijh lw johjrk vj lkezkT;oknh Hkkouk okLrS ?k.kk fo[;kr jS;kA i`Fohjkt pkSgku r` rh; ¼lu~1172 & 1192½ tn flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;k] m.k c[kr eqlyekuka jks nckc c<+ rks bZ x;ksA lu~ 1178bZ- es a eksgEen xkSjh jks Hkkjr ekFkS geyks gq;ks] oks fnYyh lw a xqtjrks gq;ks BsB xqtjkr rkabZ iw X;ks vj

m.k uS ls oV ijkLr gq o.kks iM~;ksA pkSgkuka uS fn[k.kknh vj vkFkw a.kh fnlk lw a pkyqD;ka jks Hkh dha Mj gksA nfD[k.k &iw jc esa m.k c[kr egksck jk pansy jktkoka jks jkt gksA lu~ 1182 esa i`Fohjkt pansykaekFkS vkØe.k dfj;ksA b.k tqx es a vkYgk&Åny uka o jk nks vSM+ k ijkØeh ohj tks/kk gk ftdk jktk ijeky jh enn djhA i`Fohjkt jklks* vj ^ijeky+ jklks* es a b.k tq) jks lka rjks mYys[k gSA

b.k c[kr es okM+ es a xqfgy oa l jks izHkko gksA vkBoha lrkCnh es a b.k oa l es a ijkdzeh 'kkld cIik jkoy gq;kA b.k oa l uS dnS fprks SM+ jk eks;Z] dUukSt jk izfrgkj] xqtjkr jk pkyqD;] ekyok jk ijekj

vj lkdEHkjh jk pkSgkuka js S vf/kdkj es a jS o.kks i³~;ksA ckjoha lnh jS vkf[kj es a tkyks j jks dhfrZiky es okM+ jk lkld lkeUr flag uS ijkLr djuS es okM+ ekFkS vkijks dCtks dj fy;ksA

j.kFkEHkkSj jS pkSgku jktkoka es a gEehjns o vafre lkld gksA *gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;* vj *gEehj jklk gEehj jklk gEehj jklk gEehj jklk gEehj jklks*esa gEehj jh ohjrk vj ijkØe jks oj.ku gSA lu~ 1299 bZ- es a vykmÌhu f[kyth jks j.kFkEHkkS j ekFkSvkØe.k gq;ks vj j.kFkEHkkS j jh ?ks jkcanh djhA b.k tq) es a vykmÌhu lkFkS tq) djrk Fkdka gEehj

ohjxfr ikbZ vj jktiw r jkf.k;ka tkSgj dfj;ksA lu~ 1301 es a j.kFkEHkks j ekFkS vykmÌhu jks vf/kdkj gq;X;ksA vj b.k iNS oks fprkSM+ ekFkS geyks cksy fn;ks D;w ads vykmÌhu fprks SM+ jk jktk jrulsu jh

jk.kh in~feuh jS :i ekFkS eqX/k gksA ls oV jkuh in~feuh vkijh nw th jkf.k;ka jS lkFkS tkSgj dfj;ks vj

vykmÌhu uS fprkSM+ jS fdys es a fprk jh jk[k feyhA b.k iNS vykmÌhu vj tkyks j lkld dkUgM+ns jS tq)ka jks ltho oj.ku gSA



11

vBhuS es okM+ jS jkT; es a Hkh mFkG&iqFkG gq orh jS;hA iSyka fprkSM+ ekFkS vykmÌhu dks vf/kdkj gq;ks rks iNS gEehj Qs: fprkSM+ uS dCtS es a fy;ksA gEehj jS iNS m.k jks cM+ ks yM+dks Ns = flag jk.kk c.;ksANs = flag js S iNS egkjk.kk yk[kk jS csVS&iks rS jko pw aM+ k] j.key] dkUgk bR;kn jks es okM+ es a lklu jS;ksAdkUgk jh fejrw iNS ekjokM+ es a xÌh ys o.k okLrS ?kj es a gh tq) gq;ksA j.key uS es okM+ jh xÌh feyxhA

j.key jS tko.k jS iNS ekyok jS lqyrku gks’kax’kkg jks es okM+ jS xkxjks.k fdyS ekFkS vkØe.k gq;ksA b.k tq) es a fdyS jh fjPNk dj.koky+ k vpynkl [khaph ohjxfr ikbZA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*

esa b.k tq) jks iw jks oj.ku feySAeksdy jS fu/ku iNS fprksSM+ ekFkS jk.kk dq aHkk ¼lu~ 1433 lw a 1468 rkabZ½ jks lklu jS;ks vj esokM+ jS fujek.k okLrS dq aHkk jks ;ksxnku lxGk lw a cŸkks jS;ks A

b.k jktuhfrd fLFkfr lw a eS lwl gq oS ds vks c[kr tq)ka jks gks vj yxkSyx tq) gq ork jS rkAb.k c[kr pkj.k dfo;ka ftdks dkO; fy[;ks oks c[kr jh t:jr eqtc ohjjl lw a Hkfj;ksM+ ks gksA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS vkjEHk dky es a ftdks lkfgR; feyS m.kuS uhpS fy[;ksM+ S eqtc ckaV~;ks tk lds S gS %&

1- tSu lkfgR;2- yks Sfdd lkfgR;3- pkj.k lkfgR;

1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky es a tSu lkfgR; jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA vkijs s S/kje jS izpkj&iz lkj okLrS tSu lk/kq ft.k rfj;ka izkØr vj viHkza l uS vi.kk;h] m.kht Hkka r vkxSpky*j jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS Hkh vkijks ek/;e Lohdkj~;ksA 12oha lnh jS mŸkjk/kS c[kr es a HkykabZNksVh&NksVh iksF;ka fy[khth gq oS i.k cS izpq j ek=k es a miyC/k gq o.k ykxhA folS vj lSyh jh fofo/krk

jh nzfLV lw a tSu lkfgR; l: lw a bZ egrkÅ fx.khtSA tSu lkfgR; jks eq[; nzfLVdks.k /kkjfed vj pfj=&fujek.k jks gksA b.k lkfgR; es a jl jh nzfLV lw a lkUr jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h gSA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl

Lokeh jS lcnka es a ds Soka rks tSu lkfgR; jh nwth fols lrk m.k jS x| jks vHkko y[kkoS i.k jktLFkku es a pkSnoha lnh lw a x| lkfgR; cjkscj feyS vj eksdGks feySA2 ts Su lkfgR; jh dFkkoka rks vkijh U;kjh fols lrk jk[kS aA vk dkO; Ñfr;ka jks eq[; m)s’; vke vkneh jS eu es a /kje jS izfr :>k.k iSnk dj.kksgksA vka jh Hkklk tu lk/kkj.k jh cksy&pky jh Hkklk ghA

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh tSu lkfgR; jS i| uS P;kj eksVS Hkkxka esa b.k <+x lw a ckaV;ks gS %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %& pfjr dkO; nks izdkj jk feyS& bfr;klw vj ikSjkf.kdA vS dkO; izfl) egkiq jlka jS thou lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k gSA dkO; :i jh fofo/krk Hkh vka jh [kkfl;r dghtS] fta;k jkl] pkSibZ] <+ ky] iokM+ k] laf/k] ppZ jh] izcU/k pfj=] lEcU/k] vk[;kud] dFkk bR;knA

¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %& vka jks vk;kstu fd.kh fra okj ;k fols l vkSlj lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gqoSAb.k es a Qkxq] /keky] ckjgeklk] fookgyks] csfy] /koy] eaxy+ vkn uka o fnjhft;k gSaA

¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %& vS dkO; eq[; :i lw a uhfr ;k mins l ns o.k lk: jP;ksM+ k gSA va k jS jpuk & izdkjka es a la okn] dDdk&ekr dk ckouh] dqyd] gh;kyh vkn gSA

¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %& b.k <ax jk dkO; rhjFkadjka] lk/kqiq jlka vj rhjFkLFkyka jh Lrqfr es afy[;ksM+ k gSA vS jpukoka NksVh&NksVh gS a vj Lrqfr] Lrou] Lrks =] lT>k;] churh] xhr] ueLdkj bR;kfn uka o lw a feySA

b.k lw a ykxS ds tSu dfo pfjr] Qkxq] jkl vkn lSfy;ka vj dkO; jS dsbZ :ika uS vi.kk;kA



12

vka es a * jkl jkl jkl jkl jkl* ?k.kh izHkkolkyh lSyh gh ftdk es a rhjFkadjka jS thou pfjr uS vsd vknlZ jS :i es a * jkl jkl jkl jkl jkl*uka o lw a dfork es a iz Lrq r dfj;ksA jktLFkkuh jS b.k vkjEHk dky ekFkS xqtjkrh jks izHkko Hkh lkQ nhls SAb.k rjS vks dº;ks tk ldS gS ds jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky jh jpukoka esa tSu&lkfgR; jks egrkÅ ;ksxnku gSA X;kjoha vj pkSngoha lnh jS lkfgR; jS bfr;kl ys[k.k lk: tSu lkfgR; jks izeq[k vk/kkj gSA tSu lekt fta;k&fda;k vkijs S b.k tw uS lkfgR; uS vkt rkabZ Hkh cpk; jk[;ks gS] vk cM+ h ckr gSA

tSu lkfgR; jh izeq[k dfr;ka jks ifjpS b.k Hkka r gS %&

Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kks j %& vk d`fr otz lsu lw fj jh fy[;ksM+ h gS vj b.k jks jpukdky la- 1125 gSA vk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lxGk lw a iq jk.kh jpuk gS ftdh ek: xw tZ j Hkklk esa jP;ksM+ h gSA48 Nank es a fy[;ksM+ h bZ a jpuk es a Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jS tq) jks oj.ku gS b.k es a ohj vj lkUr jl jksizHkkoh fp=.k feySA

Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %& vk jpuk otz lsu lw fj jk iÍ/kj lkfyHknz lw jh la or~ 1241 es afy[khA vks tSu lkfgR; jh jkl ijEijk jks iSyks xz aFk gSA b.k xz aFk es a Hkjrs’oj vj ckgqcfy jkspfj=&oj.ku gSA viHka zl Hkklk es a vka nksuw a pfj= &uk;dka uS ys;*j dsbZ dkO;&Ñfr;ka fy[;ksM+ h gSaAb.k jh dFkk b.k Hkka r gS ds Hkjrs’oj vj ckgqcfy v;ks/;koklh rhjFkadj fj[kcns o jk csVk gkA Hkjr

mej es a cM+ k gk b.k okLrS ckauS v;ks/;k jks vj ckgqcfy NksVk gk b.k okLrS ckauS r{kflyk jks jkt fn;ksA bZ xz aFk es a nksuw a ohjka jS ijkØe vj ohjrk jks izHkkoh oj.ku gSA ls oV fga lk vj ohjrk jS iNS m.k esa

fojfDr jks Hkko njlk.kks] bZ a dkO; dks ew y edln jS;ks gSA *Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl Hkjr &ckgqcfy jkl* ns lh Nank vj jkx&jkxfu;k es a fy[;ksM+ ks [kaM dkO; gSA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS er es a lkfyHknz lw fj jktLFkkuh jk egrkÅ dfo gS aA3 dkO; es a ukVdh;rk] Vs<+ k&es<+ k dFku vj vuqiz kl jh lqUnj NVk gSA lsuk] gkFkh]?kksM+ k vj ls Sfudka jks [kw c p<+ k&c<+ k*j c[kku dfj;ksM+ ks gSA b.k dkO; jks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkka r gS %&

izfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd A/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA

cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %& vk jpuk Hkh lkfyHknz lw fj jh fy[;ksM+ h gSA b.k jS eka; 63 Nan gSa vk esaHkksGk&HkkGk yksxka lk: *fl[kko.k fl[kko.k fl[kko.k fl[kko.k fl[kko.k* fn;ksM+ k gSA lxGk Nank esa uhfr] mins l vj Kku jh NksVh&NksVh ckrka dg~;ksM+ h gSaA b.k esa yksd&O;ogkj] lkekU; vkpj.k vj ln~xfr iko.k lk: dsbZ lh/kh ljy

mfDr;ka gSa ft.k jS dkj.k vk jpuk ?k.kh yksdpkoh gq;hA *cqf)jkl cqf)jkl cqf)jkl cqf)jkl cqf)jkl* jh uhfrxr ckrka es a tBS ljyrk

gS] cBS dsbZ txka xw<+ rk Hkh gS ft;ka egkurk lk: Li"V er cksyksAthon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %& vk jpuk tkyks j jk tSu dfo *vklxqvklxqvklxqvklxqvklxq* jh fy[;ksM+ h gSA b.k jks jpuk dky

la or~ 1257 gSA b.kes a dqy 53 Nan gSA feu[k es a n;k vj d:.kk Hkko mitko.kks] b.k dkO; jks eq[;edln gSA b.k Ñfr es a tSu rhjFkadjka jks Hkh dBS&dBS oj.ku feySA

panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %& vks 35 Nan jks [kaMdkO; gS vj b.k jk jpukdkj Hkh tSu dfo vklxqgS aA b.k jh dFkkukf;dk tSu ijEijk jh izfl) lrh panuckyk gS ftdh pEikuxjh jk jktk nf/kokgu

jh csVh gSA vk ds oS ds vsdj dkSlEch jks jktk lrkuhd pEikuxjh ekFkS vkØe.k dfj;ks vj m.kjks lsukifr panuckyk jks vigj.k dj fy;ks vj iNs S m.kuS vsd lsB uS csp nhA lsB panuckyk us S iz rkfM+ r

djh i.k ok vkijS lrh&/kje ekFkS vfMx jS;hA lsoV Hkxoku egkohj lw a nh{kk ys;*j ekSs r ikbZAHkko&fp=.k jh nhB lw a vk Ñfr ekjfed vj d:.kk lw a vksriz ks r gSA

tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %& izLrq r jpuk egsUnz lw fj jS flL; /kje jh fy[;ksM+ h gS b.k jks jpuk dky la or~ 1266 ekuhtSA b.k es a fo[;kr tEcw Lokeh jh dFkk uS dfork es a cka/kh gSA dqy 41 i| gSA dFkk ekjfed vj mins l ns o.k okGh gSA



13

usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %& vS nksuw a jpukoka ikYg.k dfo jh jP;ksM+ h gSAusfeukFk ckjgeklk es a 16 i| gS vj vkcw jkl es a 51 i| gSA vka jpukoka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1289gSA tEcw Lokeh jkl jh Hkka r tSu dkO; es a usfeukFk vj jkterh jk izse&izlax ?k.kk pkok jS;k gS aAusfeukFk rsbloka rhjFkadj gk vj egkjktk leqnz fot; jk iq= gkA m.kka jks C;kc mxz lsu jh csVh

jkterh jS lkFkS r; gq;ks gksA dSoS gSa ds usfeukFk vkijS C;ko lw a is Syka cjkr jS Hkkstu lk: vsdBdfj;ksM+ k tkuojka jh d:.k iqdkj lq.kh rks m.kka jks fgjnkS ilht mB~;ks vj oS la lkj uS R;kx*j riL;k

lk: fxjukj pY;k x;kA iNS tnS jkterh uS b.k ?kVuk jks Bk i³~;ks rks ?k.kks nq%[k gq;ks vj usfeukFk jks vuq lj.k djrk Fkdka nhDlk ysyhA usfeukFk ckjgeklks* ek:&xqtZ j dfork jk iSyks ckjgeklks ekuhtSA*vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl *vkcw jkl* esa ea =h foey vj oLrqiky rstiky jk vkcw ijcr ekFkS c.kk;ksM+ k tSu efnjka

jks mYys[k gSA ’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&’kakfrukFk ns o jkl %&’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&’kakfrukFk ns o jkl %&’ka kfrukFk nso jkl %& y{ehukFk fryd fo-la- 1313 es a *’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk nso jkl ’kkafrukFk ns o jkl* jh jpuk

djhA b.k jpuk es a tSu /kje jS lksyoS rhjFkadj 'kkafrukFk jS thou jh dFkk dghth gSA bfr;kl jh nzfLV lw a Hkh vk jpuk egrkÅ gS D;w ads b.k es a dsbZ bfr;kl jk rF; Hkh feys SA b.k es a vks rF; mtkxj gq;ks gs S fd ftuifr fo-la- 1201 esa [ksM+ xka o es a vj ftus’oj lwfj fo-la- 1256 esa tkykSj es a rhjFkadj 'kkafrukFk jh ew jrh FkjihA

js oa rfxfj jkl %& js oa rfxfj jkl %& js oa rfxfj jkl %& js oa rfxfj jkl %& jsoa rfxfj jkl %& vk fot;lsu lw fj jh fy[;ksM+h dkO; Ñrh gSA b.k jh jpuk la- 1231

jS vSM+ s &NsM+S gqbZA b.k es a rhjFkadj usfeukFk jh izfrek vj js oa rfxfj rhjFk jks oj.ku gSA b.k es a izØfr jks lqUnj fp=.k gSAtSu lkfgR; jh nw th jpukoka es a egkohj jkl ¼fo-la- 1307½ fou;pUnz jks usfeukFk pmibZ

¼fo-la- 1325½ lkseew frZ jh P;kj NksVh jpukoka & ftus’oj lwfj fookg oj.ku jkl] ftu izcks/k lw fj ppZjh] xq jkoyh jsyqvk rFkk ftu izcks/k lw fj cksfydk ¼fo-la- 1331½ mn;/keZ jks * mo,leky mo,leky mo,leky mo,leky mo,leky dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;* 81 NIi;] jYg ;k jktflag jks *ft.knŸk pfjr ft.knŸk pfjr ft.knŸk pfjr ft.knŸk pfjr ft.knŸk pfjr* ¼fo-la- 1354½ eqfu jktfryd jks*’kkfyHknz jkl ’kkfyHknz jkl ’kkfyHknz jkl ’kkfyHknz jkl ’kkfyHknz jkl* ftuizHk lw fj jks *in~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZ* ¼fo-la- 1385½ ftuin lw fj jks * LFkw fyHknz LFkw fyHknz LFkw fyHknz LFkw fyHknz LFkwfyHknzQkx Qkx Qkx Qkx Qkx*¼fo-la-1390½ iw f.kZekxPN jS 'kkfyHknz lw fj jks *iap ikaMo pfjr jkl iap ikaMo pfjr jkl iap ikaMo pfjr jkl iap ikaMo pfjr jkl iap ikaMo pfjr jkl* ¼fo-la- 1410½ mik/;k;fou;izHk jks *xkS re Lokeh jkl xkS re Lokeh jkl xkS re Lokeh jkl xkS re Lokeh jkl xkSre Lokeh jkl* ¼fo-la-1412½ t;ls[kj lw fj jks *f=Hkqou nhid izca/k f=Hkq ou nhid izca/k f=Hkqou nhid izca/k f=Hkq ou nhid izca/k f=Hkqou nhid izca/k* ^usfeukFk Qkxq* vj *vjcqnkpy ohurh vjcqnkpy ohurh vjcqnkpy ohurh vjcqnkpy ohurh vjcqnkpy ohurh* ¼fo-la- 1462½ rFkk ghjkuan lwfj * oLrqiky rstiky oLrqiky rstiky oLrqiky rstiky oLrqiky rstiky oLrqiky rstiky* ¼fo-la- 1485½

izeq[k gSA nw tS dfo;ka es a jkt’ks[kj lw fj] egksik/;k; t;lkxj] nsoiky bR;kn mYys[ktksx gS aA b.k ckr lw a izxV gqoS ds jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky es a lSdM+ks a tSu dfo vkijh jpukoka lw a jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS lefj) djhA

2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS vkjEHk es a yks Sfdd lkfgR; Hkh miyC/k gq oSA fca;k tSu xz aFk vj gsepUnz jS viHkz a l O;kdj.k es s a Hkh iz se] fl.kxkj] fojg] ohjrk bR;kn jk vys[kw anw gk feySA vka es a dha nw gk rks Qs j&cny jS lkFk vkt Hkh yksd es a pkok ekuhtSA ykSfdd dkO; es a ftdh dkO; jpukoka feyS] m.k jks ifjpS b.k Hkka r gS %&

chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlyns o jklks %& chlynso jklks* ujifr ukYg dfo jks fo-la- 1212 es a jP;ksM+ ks dkO; gSAb.k xzaFk esa b.k jpuk jS dky jks mYys[k b.k eqtc gq;ks gS %&

ckjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh A

tsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAdha fon~ oku b.k iaxrh jks vjFk la- 1272 Hkh yxkoS i.k vf/kdka l fo}ku b.k jks jpukdky la-

1212 gh ekuSA dfo ukYg uS chlyns o prqFkZ jks ledkyhu crk;ks gS i.k ukYg jS ckcr dksbZ a izkekf.kd



14

lkexz h vtS yx uh feyhAMkWñ ekrk izlkn xqIr *chlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlyns o jklks* jS 128 Nank jks lka rjks lEiknu dfj;ks gSA4 MkW0

eks rhyky esukfj;k jS dSo.kSs jSs eqtc b.k es a P;kj [kaM gSa vj dqy feyk;*j 216 Nan es a vks xzaFk iw jksgq;ks gSA b.k jh Hkklk xqtjkrh&jktLFkkuh jks feY;ks&tqY;ks :i gSA5 chylns o jklks fo;ksx fla.kxkj

jh JsLB jpuk gSA b.k jh dFkk jks :i b.k rjS feySA chlyns o vtesj jks pkSgku lkld gks vj b.k jks C;ko /kkjkuxjh jk jktk Hkkst ijekj jh iq =h jkterh jS lkFkS gq;ksA vsdj ckrka bZ ckrka es a jkterh

dha pqHkrh ckr chlyns o uS dg nhA m.k jh rh[kh O;aX; ckr uS lq.k*j jktk ukjkt gq;*j mM+ hlk pY;ksx;ks vj ckjg cjl rkabZ uh vk;ks rks jkterh vkijS O;aX; opuka ekFkS iNrk.kS ykxhA ls oV nq%[kh gks;*j vsd iafMr jS lkFkS lans l HksT;ks vj chlyns o iw Bks vk;X;ksA

b.k dkO; es a iz se jS lqHkkfod :i jks vksirks fp=.k gSA b.k jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS fo;ksx vj la;ksx i[kka jks bZ ekjfed oj.ku gSA b.k es a *es?knwr es?knwr es?knwr es?knwr es?knw r* vj * lans’kjkld lans’kjkld lans’kjkld lans’kjkld lans’kjkld* jh lans l ijEijk Hkh feySA dkO;esa lkeUrh thou lk: vkØks l vj ukjh lqyHk Hkkoukoka jh foolrk vj ykpkjh Hkh ns[k.ktksx gSA

jkterh jh rh[kh O;aX;ok.kh fd.kh Hkh dBks j fgjnSokGk feu[k uS nzfor dj ldS gSA jktLFkku jh izØfr jks eueks o.kks l:i *chlyns o jklk chlynso jklk chlyns o jklk chlynso jklk chlynso jklks* es a gSA fojg dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ka es a izØfr fp=.k ?k.kksennxkj fl) gq;ks gSA

*chlyns o jklk chlyns o jklk chlyns o jklk chlyns o jklk chlyns o jklks* jh Hkklk cksypky jh gS b.k lw a ykxS ds b.k jks jpukdkj ?k.kks i<~;ks fy[;ks

uh gksA chlyns o jklks dkO; jks vsd uew uks b.k Hkkar gS %&izh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklA

lwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;k s iafFk lfj tkbZ AA lwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;k s iafFk lfj tkbZ AA lwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;k s iafFk lfj tkbZ AA lwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;k s iafFk lfj tkbZ AA lwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;ks iafFk lfj tkbZ AA

Hkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ A

vk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAgalkoyh %&galkoyh %&galkoyh %&galkoyh %&ga lkoyh %& vlkbr dfo jks *ga lkoyh galkoyh ga lkoyh galkoyh ga lkoyh* uka o lw a vsd iz sedkO; feySA b.k jh jpuk fo-la-

1427 es a gq;ksM+ h gSA b.k dkO; es a pkSikbZ Nan jh iz/kkurk gS i.k fcPpS&fcPpS dBS nw gk Hkh feySA vk jpuk ljy vj ljl gSA

*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glka oyh* jks jpukdkj vlkbr fl)iq j es a iSnk gq;ks vj oks tkfr lw a vksSfnP; cz kã.k gksA*galkoyh*galkoyh*galkoyh*galkoyh*ga lkoyh* dkO; jks vsd uew uks b.k Hkka r gS %&

fdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl A lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AA

Hkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar Agalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AA

clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %& *clUr foykl*clUr foykl*clUr foykl*clUr foykl*clUr foykl* yks Sfdd dkO; jh mŸke njtS jh jpuk gSA MkW- ekrk iz lkn xqIr b.k jS egŸo uS Lohdkjrk Fkdka vks fy[;ks gS ds vk vsd ?k.kh ljl lkfgfR;d jpuk gSvj vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkklk lkfgR; jS vkfndky jS bfr;kl es a cstksM+ gSA7

b.k Ñfr jS jpukdkj jks vckj rkabZ Bk uh i³~;ksA b.k jpuk es a pkS jklh nw gk gS ft.kes a clUr vj yqxk;ka uS izHkkfor dj.k okGS foyklh izHkko jks lka rjks fp=.k gSA

b.k dkO; es a vsd rjQ izØfr rks nw tS dkauh eneLr ukjh jS foyklh lqHkko jk ekjfed fprjke gS aA vks dkO; ljlrk vj fl.kxk: Hkkoukoka jh nhB lw a fljSA b.k d`fr es a vkfndky jS



15

tu&thou jks oks i[k mtkxj gq;ks gS ft.kuS vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy lk;n ryokjka jh >.k>.kkV esa uh lq.k lD;kA ukjh izØfr vj iq:l jS eneLr :i jh vSM+ h lka rjh >kadh b.k dkO; es a nhlS ftdh jhfrdky jk fl.kxk: dfo;ka jS oj.ku es a Hkh uhA crkSj felky %&

bf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Afo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AA

yks Sfdd dkO; jS eka; ftdh nw th dkO; dfr feyS] m.k es a vsd gS &Jàxkj 'krd ^J` axkj 'krd ^Jàxkj 'krd ^J` axkj 'krd ^Jàxkj 'krd*A b.kes a105 Nan gS vj b.k jh jpuk la- 1354 es a gq;hA

la or~ 1409 es a Hkhe * ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k ln~;oRl ohj izca/k* dkO; fy[;ksA b.k es a 730 Nan gS vj b.k jksvk[;ku jktLFkku] xqtjkr vj vklS&iklS jS bykdS es a ?k.kks izpfyr gS A

ek.kD; lqUnj lw fj *ey; lqUnjh dFkk ey; lqUnjh dFkk ey; lqUnjh dFkk ey; lqUnjh dFkk ey; lqUnjh dFkk* uka o lw a iz sek[;ku fy[;ksA b.k jks jpuk dky fo-la-1421 gSA yks Sfdd dkO; jh b.k ijEijk es a ghjkuan lw fj jks fy[;ksM+ ks ^fo|kfoykl iokM+ m* ¼fo-la- 1428½vj ghj HkkV jfpr *ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k* Hkh feySA ?kk?k vj HkM~Mjh jh ekS le lEcU/kh dgkorka Hkh

lk;n b.kh c[kr es a fy[;ksM+ h gSaA3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %& pkj.k lkfgR; lw a eryc pkj.k lSyh es a fy[;ksM+ S lkfgR; lw a

gSA vks dkO; pkj.k tkfr jk dfo;ka jS vykok cz kã.k] jktiw r] <k<h] <ksyh] jko] ls od bR;kn tkfr jk dfo;ka jks fy[;ksM+ ks gSA pkj.k tkfr jh vk fols lrk gh ds ok dfork Hkh fy[kh rks c[kr vk;ka

tq)Hkw fe es a Hkh vkijh lw johjrk jks ifjpS Hkh fn;ksA jktLFkku es a pkj.k tkfr jks jktiw r dkSe lw a xk<+ ks lEcU/k jº;ks gS vS yksx jktiw rka jS jktnjckj es a jS;*j tBS m.kka uS fcM+nkork] cBS oka jh dhjr vj

tl jks xq.kxku Hkh djrkA vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka jS lkfgR; esa ohjRo jks ltho :i mtkxj gq;ks gSApkj.k lkfgR; ?k.kks lefj) vj fodflr gS vj bZ a jh ns l&fonsl jk fo}ku izla lk Hkh djh gSA vka

jS lkfgR; es a ohj vj fla.kxkj jl jh iz/kkurk gq ork Fkdka Hkh lxGk jlka jks izHkkoh fp=.k feySA pkj.k ÅapS njtS jk Hkxr Hkh gq;k gSA vka jks lxGks lkfgR; vSfrgkfld lanHkZ lw a miT;ksM+ ks vj ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS er es a pkj.kh lSyh jks lkfgR; ohj jlkRed vj bfr;klw gSA b.k jh Hkklk fMaxy gSA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jks Hkh vks bZ dSo.kks gS ds pkj.k lkfgR; jh fols l ckr vk gS ds vksvSfrgkfld rF;ka lw a Hkjiw j gSA oS pkj.k lkfgR; uS nks Hkkxka esa ckaV~;ks gS8 &

1- vSfrgkfld & ohj jlkRed

2- ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS vkjEHk dky jh dha egrkÅ jpukoka uhpS fy[kh eqtc gSa %& j.keYy Nan %& j.keYy Nan %& j.keYy Nan %& j.keYy Nan %& j.keYy Nan %& vks dkO; Jh/kj O;kl jks fy[;ksM+ ks gS ftdks bZMj jS jktk j.key jks

ledkyhu gksA b.k xz aFk jks jpukdky fo-la- 1457 ekuhtSA j.keYy Nan es a 70 i| gS sA bZ a dkO; es a ikV.k jS lw cs Snkj tQj [kka vj j.keYy jS tq) jks oj.ku feySA b.k jh Hkklk vkstLoh] vyadkje;h vj ltho

gSA vSfrgkfld :i lw a b.k dkO; jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA b.k dkO; jks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar gS %&nenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZ

rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj os l igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA rjoj osl igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA

Jh/kj O;kl vkijS c[kr jk egrkÅ dfo gk ftdk ohjjlkRed dkO; jS vykok /kkjfed vj

ikSjkf.kd dkO; Hkh fy[;kA * j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan j.keYy Nan* jS vykok Jh/kj O;kl jh nw th dkO; Ñfr;ka es a * lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh jk Nan jk Nan jk Nan jk Nan jk Nan* ¼120 Nan½] *dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor* ¼127 Nan½ bR;kn gSA



16

ohjek;.k %& ohjek;.k %& ohjek;.k %& ohjek;.k %& ohjek;.k %& bfr;klw nzfLV lw a egrkÅ dkO; ijEijk es a ohjek;.k dkO; mYys[ktksx gSAb.k dkO; jks jpukdkj cknj tkfr jks eq lyeku <k<h gks D;w a ds dfo [kqn fy[;ks gS ds&

cknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka A

*ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k* dkO; jS jpukdkj vj jpuk dky ckcr fo}kuka jk vyx&vyx er gS aA ia- jkedj.k vklksik * ohjek;.k* ohjek;.k* ohjek;.k* ohjek;.k* ohjek;.k* dkO; jks jpukdkj jkepUnz uS ekuS] i.k vks er mfpr uh ykxSA MkW-

eks rhyky esukfj;k b.k xz aFk jS jpukdky jS folS es a nks ckrka dS soa SA iSyh ckr rks vk gS ds b.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1440 ekU;ks tkoS vj vks dfo jko ohjeth jS vklfjr gksA nw tS dkauh os S b.k xz aFk uS vBkjoha

lnh jh jpuk Hkh dS os SA9 iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh b.k uS pkj.k lSyh jh l:ikS r jh jpukoka es a BkSM+ ns oS aA10

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1460 jS iNS fo-la- 1500 jS vsM+ S&NsMS+ ekuSAb.k xzaFk es a dqy 285 Nan gS vj b.k es a eaMks oj jS jko efYyukFk jS csVS txeky vj m.k jS HkrhtS ohje

jks tksb;k jS lkFkS gqbZ yM+ kbZ jks oj.ku gSA b.k es a fulk.kh Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohj jl jh vkstLoh vj mŸke njtS jh jpuk gSA vBS vsd mnkgj.k iz Lrq r gS%&

cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]irlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S A?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]

rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A rsx cgs Hkw rka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S Abfr;kl jh nzfLV lw a vks dkO; ?k.kks egrkÅ gS D;w ads b.k es a jkBkSM+ ka vj tksb;k jS ckjS esa

?k.kdjk bfr;klw rF; gS ftadk bfr;kl ys[ku jS eryc lw a i<+.ktksx gSA ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k ohjek;.k es a b.k dkO; jS uk;d jks ;FkkjFkdkjh oj.ku feySA Hkklk es a iz okg vj lthork vSM+ h gS ds Hkks r de jpukoka es a feySA

b.kht Hkka r * lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh lIrlrh* vj *dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor dfoŸk Hkkxor* uka o lw a Hkh nks pkj.k lSyh jh jpukoka feySft.kka jS eka; ohjrk vj /kkjfed Hkkoukoka jks lka rjks oj.ku gSA

vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %& b.k jks jpukdkj flonkl xkM.k gSA opfudk jS jpukdky ckcr dfo dha uh fy[;ksA vk x|&i| feflz r NksVh lh jpuk gSA b.k jS eka; nksgk] lks jBk

vj dqaMfy;k Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA b.k es a x|&i| jk dqy 120 Nan gSA Hkklk&Hkko vj lkfgR;

ijEijk jh nhB lw a vk vsd egrkÅ d`fr gSAb.k opfudk es a xkxjksux<+ jS jktk vpynkl [khaph vj ekaMw jS eqlyeku lqyrku gks laxlkg xks jh jS tq) jks ltho oj.ku gSA opfudk jS dFkkud jk nks Hkkx gS vsd Hkkx es a rks

xkxjks.k jS fdyS ekFkS cknL;k jks geyks vj nw tS Hkkx es a jktiw r ukfj;ka jks tks Sgj oj.ku gSA MkW-ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jSs dS o.kS eqtc& *tq) jks leS fo-la- 1480 vj b.k jks jpukdky fo-la- 1500 jS

vklS&iklS eku.kks pkbtS*A11 opfudk ohj jl iz/kku jpuk gS i.k vsd txka d:.k jl jks Hkh mYys[k feyS opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk jS iz Lrqfrdj.k jh lSyh * okr* okr* okr* okr* okr* lSyh lw a feyrh&tqyrh gS vj vk Hkh gq; ldS gS ds dfo tu&lk/kkj.k jh Hkkoukoka uS /;ku es a jk[k*j bZ b.k dkO; jh jpuk djh gq oSA

bfr;klw nhB lw a rks vk jpuk ?k.kh mYys[ktksx uh i.k dkO; vj Hkklk jh nhB lw a b.k jks vsd egrkÅ i[k eS lw l gq oSA vsd mnkgj.k ns[kks %&

fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]

v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]



17

:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]vkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka A

dfo flonkl xkM.k b.k tq) uS vkijh vka[;k lw a ns[;ks gks b.k okLrs S tq) oj.ku es a lthork vj ;FkkjFkrk gSA vk opfudk pkj.k lkfgR; jh egrkÅ d`fr;ka js S eka; vsd fx.khtSA opfudk jksx| ?k.kks lka rjks gSA ckr lSyh jks lSt iz okg vj vkst gS elyu fta;k &

vsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Aegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw /k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw /k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw /k ekafg lkdj iM+ S A lksuks vj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lq okl vsd vpy dFkSflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw A

b.kh rjS tk[kk ef.kgkj jh vsd jpuk *gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iq jk.k gfjpan iqjk.k* ¼fo-la- 1453½ Hkh pkj.k lkfgR; jh pks[kh jpuk gSA

vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfr;kl jks vks c[kr lkfgfR;d nhB lw a egrkÅ ekuhtSA b.k dky jS lkfgR; ekFkS fopkj djka rks Bk iM+ S ds b.k esa pkj.k lSyh] ykSfdd lSyh vj tSu lSyh es a lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ksA tSu lSyh jS lkfgR; es a fofo/krk vj izpq jrk

gSA jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky jks egrkÅ lkfgR; tSu lkfgR; gSA b.k lw a vks Bk iM+ S ds tSu dfo tBS lkfgR; jks fujek.k djrk jS;k cBS oS nw tka jh fy[kh jpukoka uS s Hkh va os jrk jS;kA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ns[kHkkG vj fjPNk rkabZ tSu fo}kuka jk iz;kl fuLpS bZ mYys[ktksx ekU;k tkoSykA iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh fy[;ks gS ds tSu fo}ku lkfgR; jh jpuk bZ uh djh] oS lkfgR; uS laHkky*j jk[;ksA ts tSu

fo}ku lkfgR; jh laHkky uh djrk rks iqjk.kS c[kr jks lkfgR; vkt vkika uS uh feyrksA tSu dfo;ka jS vykok nw tS yksxka jk fy[;ksM+ k lSad³~ k xzaFk vkt tSu Hk.Mkjk es a lqHkkfod :i la w fey tkoSA12 ts

cS vks dke uh djrk rks lk;n ?k.kdjks lkfgR; uLV Hkh gq; ldS gksAHkklk jh nhB lw a ns[;ks tkoS rks b.k dky jh Hkklk xqtjkrh&jktLFkkuh feflz r gS vj dsbZ

jpukoka es a viHkz a l Hkklk jks izHkko Hkh nhlS A i.k bZ a;k ykxS ds vkjEHk dky esa jktLFkkuh /khjS&/khjS lkfgR; fljt.k jks ek/;e c.kht.k ykxh vj iNS ok vkxS pky*j xqtjkrh lw a vyx gq;xhA Hkklk jh nhB lw a jktLFkkuh jk dsbZ :i fodflr gq; jS;k gkA pkj.kh lkfgR; esa m.k jks lkfgfR;d :i

fMaxy jS :i es a rks tSu lkfgR; es a jktLFkkuh jks ykSfdd :i lh/kS&ljy :i es a yksxka jS lkaeh vko.k ykX;ks gksA

folS vj flYi jh nhB lw a jktLFkku jks vkjEHk dky ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA bZ a dky jS lkfgR; es a b.k dky jS lkfgR; jh ijEijkoka jks :i Hkh vkijS ew yHkko lkFkS nh[k.k ykX;ksA tSu lkfgR; es a /kkjfed Hkkouk vj pfjr uk;dka jS iz s j.kknk;h vk[;kuka jS ek/;e lw a pfj= fujek.k ekFkS tks j fn;ks x;ksA ba;k gh pkj.kh lkfgR; es a ohj jl rks ykSfdd lkfgR; es a fla.kxk: Hkkouk jks lqHkkfod fp=.k feySA b.k dky jS lkfgR; es a lkUr] ohj vj fl.kxkj jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h vj b.k okLrS ftdk folS fy;k x;k]

oka jk Ns = Hkh vka jlka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k gS vBS vsdkuh tq) Hkkse lw a Hkkx*j eksDl jh Hkkouk gS rks nw tS dkauh tq)Hkw fe es a tq) jh iqdkj vj yydkj gSA iz se vj fl.kxkj Hkkouk jks lkapks vj eks o.kks :i b.k dky

jh dkO; jpukuka jh la osnuk gSA b.k okLrS vkjEHk dky jk dkO; jks ew y vk/kkj /kje] isze] fl.kxkj vj ohj Hkkouk jS;h A

flYi jh nhB lw a ns[kk rks b.k c[kr jS lkfgR; es a fofo/krk gSA tSu dfo vkijS fljt.k es a dkO;

jS dbZ :ika uS vi.kk;k vj vka jks izHkko vkxS vko.k okGh jpukoka ekFkS Hkh lkQ y[kkoSA tSu dfo * jkl* jkl* jkl* jkl* jkl* uS vsd izHkkolkyh jpuk&lSyh jS :i es a vi.kk;ks vj tSu rhjFkadj vj m.kka jS thou&pfjr vj



18

vknlZ uS * jkl* jkl* jkl* jkl* jkl* jS ek/;e lw a iz Lrqfr nhA ykSfdd dkO;ka esa chlyns o tSM+ h jpuk Hkh vkbZ rks b.k folS lw a gV*j nw tS fol;ka ek;S bZ dkO; fy[khT;kA b.k dky jS lkfgR; es a izØfr jk dsbZ :i fn[kkbZ ns oSA

tSu dkO; esa dkO; :ika jh fofo/krk gS fta;k jkl] pkSibZ] <ky] iokM+ k] laf/k] ppZ jh iz okn] pfj=]vk[;ku bR;knA * opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* pkj.k lkfgR; jh vsd uq a oh fo/kk gh ft.k esa x| vj i| nksuw a feY;ksM+ k gkA * opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* opfudk* jks vkxS pky*j vSM+ ks izHkko i³~;ks ds e/;dky es a dsbZ opfudkoka fy[khthA

Nan jh nhB lw a Hkh b.k dky jS lkfgR; es a fofo/krk jS;hA nw gk] NIi;] rksVd] rksej] pkSibZ

vkn Nank jks iz;ksx pkj.kh lkfgR; es a [kwc gq;ksA *nwgks*nwgks*nwgks*nwgks*nwgks* rks vkjEHk lw a gh jktLFkkuh jks pkoks Nan jS;ksgSA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* vSM+ ks bZ dkO; gS ft.k jS eka; x| vj i| jks feflz r :i gSAb.k dky es a dFkk&oj.ku jh vkijh futw lSyh gSA opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk uS pEiw dkO; jh laX;k nh tk lds S gSA opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk NksVh gqorka Fkdka Hkh vkjEHk dky jh vsd fols l mYys[ktksx Ñrh gSA b.k lw a vk ckr Hkh izdV gqoS ds jktLFkkuh es a x| jks mn~Hko 14oha lnh jS e/; es a gq;ksA

lSyh ekFkS fopkj djka rks Bk iM+ S ds tSu dfo;ka jh yksdxhrka jh rjt ekFkS fy[;ksM+ h jpukokaHkh feySA l: es a yksdxhr jh iSyh vksGh ns nh vj iNS m.kh otu ij dkO;&jpuk djhA vSfrgkfld nhB lw a vka yksdxhr ijd jpukoka jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA tSu dfo yksd izpfyr vj ijEijkxr dFkkokauS vkijh jpukoka es a b.k <ax lw a BkSM+ nh ds cS vkt yksd lkfgR; jh /kjksgj ekuhtSA tSu dkO; esadBS&dBS dkO;&:f<+;ka jks iz;ksx Hkh feySA

b.k nzfLV lw a ns[kka rks fuLpS bZ vkjEHk dky jks ;ksxnku ?k.kks egrkÅ gS & dF; vj flYi jS ifjis[k esaA vkjEHk dky jh fols lrkoka es a /kje Hkkouk jks lkfRod :i] is ze jh mnkŸkrk] x| jks mn~Hko] ohj jl iz/kku vkstLoh dfork] tq)ka jks ltho fp=.k bR;kn gS aA vkjEHk dky jh dha jpukoka rks Hkko&Hkklk jh nhB lw a Hkh iz kS<+ vj izs j.kknk;h gSaA

lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %& lanHkZ %&1- fgUnh lkfgR; dk lkfgR; % MkWñ uxsUnz ] i`- 702- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] i`- 22&233- ** ** ** ** ** ** i- 254- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- uxsUnz] i- 865- fgUnh Hkklk vkS j lkfgR;] i- 89

6- clUr foykl vkSj mldh Hkklk % MkWñ ekrkizlkn xqIr] i- 97- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp; ] i- 258- jktLFkkuh lkfgR;] i- 709- fMaxy es a ohj jl] i`- 22610-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] i- 2911-jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;] i- 8312-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] i- 27

vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&

oLrq fuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky % oLrq fuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky %1- cqf)jkl jpuk fd.k jh gS \ ¼v½ oztlsu lw fj ¼c½ egsUnz lw fj ¼l½ vklxq ¼n½ fot;lsu lw jh ¼ ½



19

2- usfeukFk pmibZ jks jpukdkj dq.k gs S \ ¼v½ fot;pUnz ¼c½ mn;/keZ ¼l½ ’kkfyHknz lw fj ¼n½ ghjkuan lw fj ¼ ½3- ujifr ukYg jh jpuk dq.klh gS \ ¼v½ ga lkoyh ¼c½ cla r foykl ¼l½ ga ljkt&cPNjkt pkSikbZ ¼n½ ohlyns o jklks ¼ ½

4- ykSfdd lkfgR; jh dq.klh jpuk gS \ ¼v½ cla r foykl ¼c½ j.keYy Nan ¼l½ ohjek;.k ¼n½ vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk ¼ ½5- Jh/kj O;kl jh fy[;ksM+h jpuk dq.klh gS \ ¼v½ ohlyns o jklks ¼c½ ga lkoyh ¼l½ js oa rfxfj jkl ¼n½ j.keYy Nan ¼ ½6- ^vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* fd.k <ax jks dkO; gS \ ¼v½ izca/k dkO; ¼c½ [kaMdkO; ¼l½ ykSfdd dkO; ¼n½ pEiw dkO; ¼ ½7- *ohlyns o jklks* es a dq.k lks jl gS \

¼v½ ohj jl ¼c½ d:.k jl 5- tSu dkO; jks dkabZ mns l gks \6- pkj.k dkO; es a dq.k lS jlka jh iz/kkurk gS \7- ohlyns o jklks jh Hkklk fd.k Hkka r jh gS \8- izØfr fp=.k jh nhB lw a dq.k lks dkO; egrkÅ gS \

fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i es a loky %1- pkj.k lkfgR; jks dkabZ egŸo gS \2- tSu lkfgR; js S ;ksxnku ckcr fy[kks \3- ykSfdd lkfgR; jh fols lrkoka crkoks \

4- vkjEHk dky jS lkfgR; jks dkabZ ;ksxnku gS \5- pfj= dkO; lw a dkabZ eryc le>ks gks \6- mRlo dkO; dq.k lk gS \7- yks Sfdd lkfgR; jh fd.kh mŸke jpuk jks oj.ku djks\8- vkjEHk dky es a lxy+k lw a cslh jpukoka dq.k lk dfo;ka jh feyS\



20

v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3

e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lw a 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lw a 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½

lkfgR; jS lEcU/k es a vks vsd egrkÅ dFk.k gS ds lkfgR; vkijS ifjos l lw a mitS vj ifjos l uS bZ izxVSA jktLFkkuh jks jpukdkj vkijh ft.k fLFkfr;ka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gks] m.kka jh bZekunkj vfHkO;fDr

oks vkijS lkfgR; es a djrks jS;ksA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky ekFkS fopkj djka rks vkika uS b.k c[kr jS jktuhrw vj /kkjfed ifjos l uS ns[k.kks ?k.kks ykteh gSA

jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& jktuhfrd ifjos l %& e/;dky es a jktLFkku jS bfr;kl ekFkS fopkj djka rks iz rhr gq oSds pkSgkuka jS iru jS iNS jktLFkku es a dh uq oka lkldka jkS mnS] fnYyh es a eq lyekuka jS lkez kT; jh Fkjiuk]

oka jk vR;kpkj vj vukpkj] vaxs ztka jks lklu vj m.kka jh Hkh f[kykQr djrk yksx&vS dha cnyko okyh fLFkfr;ka gh ft.k jks e/;dky es a ?k.kks egŸo gksA

jktLFkku es a jktiw r yEcS leS rkabZ eq lyekuka lw a yM+ rk jS;k i.k vkilh Qw V jS dkj.k] m.kjkseqdkcyks uh dj lD;k vj NsyS m.kka us S gkj.kks i³~;ksA es okM+ es a dq aHkk jS iNS mn;flag es okM+ jh jktxÌh ekFkS fcjkT;kA m.k c[kr es okM+ h lkeUrka es a Qw V ghA bZMj lw a jk;ey fprkSM+ ekFkS vkdze.k dfj;ks vj esokM+ jks jktk c.k cSB~;ksA jk;ey jh fejrw iNS egkjk.kk lkaxk ¼lu~ 1509½ flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;kAbfr;kldkjka jks fy[k.kks gS ds lksyoha lnh jS vkjEHk es a mrjknS Hkkjr jh fLFkfr ?k.kh uktqd ghA fnYyh es a fldanj yksnh jks lklu gksA m.k jh fejrw jS iNS bcz kghe yksnh lqyrku c.;ks vj oks fprkSM+ jS geySesa jk.kk lkaxk jS gkFk lw a ekj~;ks s x;ksA b.kh Hkka r xqtjkr vj es okM+ jS fcPpsS cjkcj ruko c<+rks jS;ksA

m.k c[kr ekjokM+ jk jkBkSM+] vkes j jk dNkok vj gkM+ kS rh jk pkSgku vki&vkijh rkdr uS c<+ k;rk jS;k vj vkijS jkT; jks foLrkj dfj;ksA lu~ 1508 es a jko xkaxk ekjokM+ jS flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;k vj vkijS

jkT;&foLrkj jh ;kstukoka c.kk;hA lu~ 1520 es a i`Fohjkt vkes j jk jktk c.;k vj oS Hkh vkijS jkt uS c<+ ko.k lk: dks lhl es a ykX;kA vBhuS jk.kk lkaxk vj ckcj jS fcPpS [kkuok es a tq) gq;ks ft.kes a jk.kk

lkaxk ijkftr gq;X;kA j.key jks ikVoh csVks jko tks/kk gks ftdks lu~ 1459 es a tks/kiq j clk;ks vj m.kuS ekjokM+

jh jkt/kkuh c.kk;hA lu~ 1489 es a jko tks/kk jks fu/ku gq;X;ks vj lkry] lw tk vj xkaxk lkld c.;kAxkaxk jh fejrw jS iNS lu~ 1531 es a ekyns o ekjokM+ jks lkld c.;ksA ekyns o [kqn vkijS jkT; uS c<+ ko.kkspk;ks b.k okLrS esM+ rk] vtes j vj chdkus j ekFkS dCtks dfj;ksA lu~ 1562 es a ekyns o jks nsgkUr gq;xksAekyns o jS iNS jktLFkku es a eqxyka jS lSfud dsUnz ka jh Fkjiuk gqbZ vj jktiw rka jS vkilh Vdjko vj Qw V

lw a vk[ks S iz kUr jh fLFkfr n;uh; gq;xhAes okM+ ea s tn egkjk.kk iz rki jktxÌh ekFkS fcjkT;k m.k c[kr fprkSM+ ekFkS eqxyka jks vf/kdkj

gks vj tks/kiq j] chdkus j] tS lyes j jk jktk vdcj jh v/khurk Lohdkj dj pqD;k gkA tw u 1576 es a jk.kk iz rki vj vdcj jh lsuk jS fcPps S gYnh?kkVh es a tq) gq;ksA dfo nq jlk vk<+ k vkijS vkstLoh nw gk esaiz rki jh lw johjrk vj LokfHkeku jks oj.ku dj~;ksA

vkSjaxtsc jh fejrw iNS eqxyka jh lYrur jks iru gq;X;ksA nqjlk vk<+ k jh fc:n fNgrjhA

*i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfy i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfy i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfy i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfy iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfy fdzlu :de.kh fdzlu :de.kh fdzlu :de.kh fdzlu :de.kh fdz lu :de.kh* jh b.kh dky jh Ñfr;ka ga SAvkS jaxtsc jh fejrw jS iNS jktLFkku jh jktuhfr es a dha mFkG&iqFkG vj cnyko vk;ks vj ejkBk



21

lxrh jks mnS gq;ks vj /khjS&/khjS jktLFkku es a ejkBk lxrh jks vf/kdkj terks x;ksA jktiw r jktkoka jh gkyr m.k c[kr pks[kh uh ghA cS jkx&jax es a Mw c;ksM+ k gkA b.k okLrS vkil es a yM+ rk&>xM+ rkA Hkkjr

jS eka; m.k leS vaxs ztka jh lxrh jks fodkl gks; jS;ks gksA b.k okLrS ejkBk lxrh uS ncko.k lk: vaxs ztka lw a enn ys o.k jks vkxzg tks/kiq j]] t;iq j] dksVk jk lkld dfj;ks] b.k jks urhtks vks gq;ks ds vaxs ztka js S

ennxkj gks o.k lw a jktiw r jktkoka jh lq ra rjrk [kRe gq;xh vj vkjfFkd nzfLV lw a Hkh detks jh vk;xh ft.k lw a lkeUrk jh Hkh f[kykQr gq o.k ykxhA lu~ 1818 es a jktLFkku jh lxGh fj;klrka vaxs ztka

jh v/khurk Lohdkj djyh ft.k jh izfrfdz;k lu~ 1857 jks xnj gksA b.k rjS e/;dky jh jktuhrw fLFkfr;ka lw a lkQ ykxS ds lekt es a tq)] vO;oLFkk]vjktdrk vj vkdze.k jh fLFkfr ghA eqxyka jks iru] vaxs ztka jS f[kykQ cxkor jks Hkko iSnk gq o.kks iz/kku fLFkfr;ka ghA lkekftd ifjos l es a vlkfUr rks vkjfFkd Ns = es a detks jh ghA lekt

m.k c[kr dsbZ rjS jh :f<+;ka lw a tdfM+;ksM+ ks gksAe/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %&e/;dky jh [ k kl i zo z fr;k a %& e/;dky j h jpuk Redrk

ckcr fopkj djka rks Bk iM+ S ds m.k c[kr dkO;&folS] dkO; :i vj dkO;&lSfy;ka jh fofo/krk ghAb.k dky es a tSu lkfgR;] yks Sfdd lkfgR; vj pkj.k lkfgR; es a vys[kw a jpukdkj gq;kA b.kh rjSvk[;ku dkO; vj la r&dkO; jks fujek.k Hkh gq;ksA pkj.k lkfgR; es a ohj] fl.kxkj vj HkfDr Hkkouk

l w a t q fM +; k sM + k s lk fg R; fy[k hT;k s r k s l ar ijEij k e s a / k kj fed ln ~ H k ko

vj ijekRek jS fujxq.k vj lxq.k :i uS ys;*j dkO; jh jpuk gq;hA viHkza l dky jh dsbZ fols lrkokae/;dky jh lkfgR; ps ruk es a Hkh vk;hA jktLFkku es a ukFk lEiznk; jks izHkko rks l:iks r lw a bZ jS;ks gSAe/;dky jS la r lkfgR; es a dsbZ vSM+ k iaFk nhlS ft.kka jh Hkxrh&i)fr ekFkS ukFk lEiznk; jks ijks[k izHkko y[kkoSA eq lyekuka jS izHkko l:i yksxka es a iw tk&vjpuk jks Hkko dha ?k.kks c<~;ksA

e/;dky es a ftdk vk[;ku fy[;k m.kka jks mns l yksdtho.k jh yksd ps ruk vj lka LØfrd

Hkkouk uS etcw r dj.kh ghA vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka vk[;kuka es a ftdk ?kVuk&ijlax fy;k x;k] cScksypky jh lk/kkj.k Hkklk esa fy[khT;kA vka jpukoka jks yksd:fp jh nhB lw a ?k.kks egŸo gs SA

iUnzgoha lnh es a jktLFkkuh xqtjkrh lw a vyx gq; tkoSA b.k okLrS bZ a dky esa jktLFkkuh jks lkfgfR;d :i Hkh gks rks cksypky jh Hkklk jks HkhA b.k dky es a dkO; :i vj lSfy;ka jS vykok ftdh

folSxr fofo/krk gh] m.k jS vk/kkj ekFkS e/;dky uS ts lq oj.k ;qx dº;ks tk; rks dksbZ vfrjatuk uh gqo SyhA ohj] fl.kxkj vj Hkxrh jh ÅapS njtS jh jpukok a jh yw aBh ijEijk e/;dky es a jS;h] ftdh xjctksx gSA

iz ozfr;ka jS ekFkS e/;dky jS lkfgR; uS b.k eqtc foHkkftr dj~;ks tk lds S %& 1- pkj.k dkO;2- vk[;ku dkO;3- la r dkO;4- ykSfdd dkO;5- tSu dkO;

1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS vkjEHk dky es a pkj.k dkO; feyS ft.kjks lq j ohj jlkRed gks D;w ads m.k c[kr tq)e; fLFkfr;ka ghA iUnzgoha lnh lw a ys;*j 19oha lnh jks c[kr

mFkG&iqFkG] vO;oLFkk] tq) bR;kn jks gksA iSyka jktiw r vj eqxyka es a tq)] eqxyka jS iru iNS vaxz sth lklu jks foLrkj vj dha cjlka iNS vaxz stka jh f[kykQr es a xw atrk cxkor jk lq jA bZ a jktuhfrd fLFkfr jS dkj.k b.k dky es a ftdks lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ks m.k es a ns l] /kje vj la LØfr jh fjPNk lk: tw >.kokGk



22

erokGk ohjka jS tl jks c[kku dj~;ks x;ks gSApkj.k dkO; jh [kkl /kkjkoka uS nks Hkkxka es a ckaV ldka %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO;¼[k½ ikS jkf.kd /kkjfed dkO;

¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %& b.k /kkjk es a vSM+ k pkj.k dfo vkoSa ftdk vkijSvklz;nkrk jh lw johjrk vj ijkØe jks c[kku dj~;ksA vS dfo eksdS ekFkS tq) Hkkse es a tk;*j [kqn

ryokj Hkh pyk;h gS vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka jS dkO; es a ohj jl jks izHkkolkyh fp=.k feySA vS pkj.k dfo vkijS jktk jk ledkyhu jS;k gS a b.k okLrS vka jS dkO; es a jktk vj m.k jS lklu lEcU/kh dsbZbfr;klw rF; Hkh feySA vka jS dkO; esa flYixr fofo/krk Hkh ghA bZa dky es a ohj jl jh mŸke njtS

jh dkO; Ñrh feyS ftdka es a izca/k dkO;] osfy] opfudk bR;kn folsl Nank jks iz;ksx Hkh gq;ks gSAdkyØe uS /;ku es a jk[krka Fkdka ohjjlkRed dkO; jS dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %& e/;dky jS pkj.k dfo;ka esa xkM.k ilkbr jks vsd izeq[k LFkku gSA

ilkbr jh jpukoka es a * jko fj.key jks :id* jko fj.key jks :id* jko fj.key jks :id* jko fj.key jks :id* jko fj.key jks :id* vj *xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k* [kkl gSA * jko fj.key jks jko fj.key jks jko fj.key jks jko fj.key jks jko fj.key jks:id*:id*:id*:id*:id* fofo/k izdkj jk 71 Nank es a fy[;ksM+ ks gS ft.kes a jko fj.key jS tl vj dqaHkk jh fejrw jks oj.ku gSA *xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k* tks/kiq j jk la LFkkid jko tks/kk jh iz la lk es a fy[;ksM+ ks dkO; gSA b.k es a Hkh dqy 75 Nan gS aA xkM.k ilkbr jh nwth QqVdj jpukoka es a *dfoŸk jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj es a HkkfV;k dfoŸk jko fj.key pw aMS jS oSj es a HkkfV;k dfoŸk jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj es a HkkfV;k dfoŸk jko fj.key pw aMS jS oSj es a HkkfV;k dfoŸk jko fj.key pw aMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;k

uS ekfj;k rS leSjk uS ekfj;k rS leSjk uS ekfj;k rS leSjk uS ekfj;k rS leSjk uS ekfj;k rS leSjk* *dfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjk dfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjk dfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjk dfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjk dfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjk* vj *dfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ew vka jh [kcj vk;ka jk dfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ew vka jh [kcj vk;ka jk dfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ew vka jh [kcj vk;ka jk dfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ew vka jh [kcj vk;ka jk dfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jk* bR;kn gSA ilkbr yksd pkok dfo gkA

f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %& vkijS c[kr jk Bkok vj pkok dfo;ka es a f[kfM+;k pku.k jks egrkÅ LFkku gSA vS jko jk.kk eksdy vj jko tks/kk jk ledkyhu gkA dsbZ vka uS chdkusj jh Fkji.kk

dj.kokGk jko chdk jk ledkyhu Hkh ekuSA chdkth vka uS yk[k ilko Hkh fn;ks] vSM+ h ckr Hkh dghtSA eqDrd dkO; jS :i es a f[kfM+;k jh *nw gk jko fj.key jk nw gk jko fj.key jk nw gk jko fj.key jk nw gk jko fj.key jk nwgk jko fj.key jk*] *nwgk jko j.k/khj jk nwgk jko j.k/khj jk nwgk jko j.k/khj jk nwgk jko j.k/khj jk nw gk jko j.k/khj jk* vkn

jpukoka miyC/k gS aA f[kfM+;k tXxk Hkh vkijh jpuk opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk opfudk es a f[kfM+;k pku.k jS *nwgk jko fj.key nwgk jko fj.key nwgk jko fj.key nwgk jko fj.key nw gk jko fj.key jk* jk* jk* jk* jk* jks mYys[k dj~;ks gSA vk ckr vks izek.k gS ds f[kfM+;k vkijS c[kr es a ukeh&fxjkeh dfo gkA

fla<+ k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+ k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+ k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+ k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+k;p pkSHkqtk %& ohj jlkRed dkO; jh fljt.kka dj.k okGk dfo;ka es a fla<+ k;ppkSHkqtk jks vkijks egŸo gSA vka jh jpuk jks dky la or~ 1500 jS vklS&iklS gSA fla<+ k;p Hkh jko j.key

jS ckjS es a dkO; fy[;ks gSAin~eukHk %&in~eukHk %&in~eukHk %&in~eukHk %&in~eukHk %& tkyks j jk pkSgku v[kS jkt jks jktnjckjh dfo in~eukHk gksA fo-la- 1512 esa

*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k* jh jpuk in~eukHk djhA b.k dkO; es a tkyks j jk lksufxjk pkSgku dkUgM+ns ekFkSvykmÌhu f[kyth vkØe.k dfj;ks vj m.k tq) esa dkUgM+ns dsbZ ohjka jS lkFkS ohjxfr ikbZ m.k jksizHkkoh fp=.k gSA dkUgM+ns izca/k P;kj [kaMka es a foHkkftr gS vj b.k es a pkSikbZ] nw gk] loS;k vkn Nank

jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA dkUgM+ns izca/k lksy+ oha lnh jk dkO;ka es a egrkÅ LFkku jk[ks SA b.k dkO; jk lEiknd iz ks- ds-oh-O;kl b.k jh rqyuk *i`Fohjkt jklks*i`Fohjkt jklks*i`Fohjkt jklks*i`Fohjkt jklks*i`Fohjkt jklks* lw a djh gSA b.k dkO; esa m.k c[kr jh lkekftd]/kkjfed] vkjfFkd vj Hkw xksy lEcU/kh ifjfLFkfr;ka jks ltho fp=.k gq;ks gSA lkfgfR;d nhB lw a iz lkn

lSyh es a fy[;ksM+ ks dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k vsd iz kS<+ jpuk gSA b.kes a ikap ykSfdd lSyh jk xhr vj nks x|ka l Hkh fn;k gSA dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k dkUgM+ns izca/k es a dqy 1000 Nan gS aA

HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %& HkkaMm O;kl fo-la- 1538 es a j.kFkaHkks j jk ukeh vj gBh pkSgku ohj gEehjns o jS lEcU/k es a *gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k* dkO; fy[;ksA b.k dkO; es a gEehjns o jh ohjrk] ijkdze] lj.kkxr fjPNk jks Hkko



23

bR;kn jks lqUnj fp=.k dfj;ks gSA b.k jks dFkkud *dkUgM+ns izca/k* lw a feyrks&tqyrks gSA b.k es a dqy 321Nan gSA dkO; es a nw gk] xkgk] pkSikbZ vkn fofo/k Nank jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

ohBw lw tk %& ohBw lw tk %& ohBw lw tk %& ohBw lw tk %& ohBw lwtk %& ohBw lw tk jko chdk vj yw .kdj.k jks ledkyhu dfo gksA jko tS rlh ohBw uS tkxhj jS :i es a vssd xka o Hkh fn;ksA ohBw *jko tSrlh jks ik?kM+ h Nan* uka o lwa vsd dkO; fy[;ksgS] b.k es a 401 Nan gSA bfr;kl jh nhB lw a vks ?k.kks egrkÅ dkO; gS A

jko tS rlh lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k nks nw tk dkO; *jko tSrlh Nan* vj *tS rlh jklks* Hkh feyS i.k vka

jS jpukdkj ckcr dksbZ iq[rk tk.kdkjh uhAckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %& b.k jks tye fo-la- 1563 jS vklS&iklS gq;ksA vS jko ekynso jk fols l fdjikik= gkA [;kruka o HkDr dfo bZ ljnkl b.kka jk Hkrhtk gkA vka jh dqy 7 jpukoka ns[k.kS es a vkoSft.kk es a *mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfoŸk* vj *ck?kth jk nwgk* ?k.kk pkok gS aA mekns HkfV;k.kh bfr;kl esa:Bh jk.kh jS uka o lw a fo[;kr gSA dSoSa ds mekns jks C;ko tks/kiq j jk jko ekyns o jS lkFkS gq;ks meknsC;ko jh iSyh jkr bZ ekyns o lw a ukjkt gq;xhA D;w ads mekns ekyns o uS m.k jh nklh Hkkjeyh lw a is ze djrka ns[k fy;ksA b.k okLrS ok ekyns o lw a :lxh vj rk ftnaxh :Bh jS;hA Hkkjeyh iNS dksVM+ k

jk Lokeh ck?kth jS lkFkS jS o.k ykxxhA ckjB vklk jh nksuw a jpukoka mekns vj ck?kth lw a lEcfU/kr gSA *ck?kth jk nw gk* d:.k jl lw a vSM+ k Hkjiwj gSa ds m.kk uS lq.k*j fd.kh Hkh lfgjnS O;fDr uS jks o.kksvkT;koSA vS lks jBk ck?kth jh fejrw jS iNS fy[;k x;k gS a vka uS jktLFkkuh es a fiNksyk ¼ejfl;k½ dº;k

tk;] fta;k&ck?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Atklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AA

chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %& chBw esgk jS jpukdky jS ckjS es a dksbZ iz kekf.kd rF; miyC/k uhA MkW0 ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jS er es a b.k jks jpukdky lrjoha lrkCnh jS l:vkr es a ekU;ks tk ldS gSA1 vka jh jpukoka es a *ikcw th

jk Nan*] *xksxkth jk jlkoyk*] *dj.khth jk Nan*] *pkankth jh csy* vkn izeq[k gSA *ikcw th jk Nan* es a ikcw th jks opunz<+ rk vj ohjrk jks fp=.k gS vj vk chBw esgk jh mŸke jpuk gSA

ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %& vka jks tye tks/kiq j jkT; jS Hkkns z l xka o es a gq;ksA vka jS tye jS ckjSesa nks er gSA dha fo}ku vka jks tye fo-la- 1595 ekuS dha fo-la- 1515A MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh vj MkW- eks rhyky esukfj;k jS er es a bZ ljnkl jks tye la- 1595 es a eku.kks ?k.kks mfpr gSA2 bZ ljnkl Hkxr

dfo gk i.k cS ohj jl jh dforkoka Hkh fy[khA pkj.k dfo;ks a es a bZljnkl dfo jS :i es a ekuhtSA vka jh dqy jpukoka 13 gSa fta;k& 1- gfjjl 2- NksVk gfjjl 3- ckyyhyk 4- xq.k Hkkxor ga l 5-

x:M+iq jk.k 6- xq.k vkxe 7- fuank Lrqfr 8- nsfo;k.k 9- xq.k oS jkV 10- lHkk ioZ 11- gkyk >kyk jk dqMafy;k 12- jko dSykl vj 13- nk.kyhyk A

ckjgB bZ ljnkl jh jP;ksM+ h *gkyk >kyk jk dq aMfy;k* jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ohj jl jh ls z LB jpuk ekuhtSA b.k Ñrh es a >kyk jk;flag vj gkyk tlkth jS fcPpS gq;ksM+ k tq) jks vkijh vka[;ka lw a ns[;ksM+ S:i es a oj.ku gq;ks gSA b.k dkO; es a ohj jl jks ltho fp=.k gSA vka dkO; xa zFkk jS vykok bZ ljnkl

jk dha QqVdj xhr vj nwgk Hkh fy[;ksM+ k feyS fta;k &

lSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar A lSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar A lSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar A lSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar A lSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar AdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AA

bZ ljnkl perdkjh iq:l gkA vka jS Hkxrh jS perdkj jh vusd na r dFkkoka vkt Hkh yksxka



24

jS ew aMk lw a lq.ku feySA oka jks dSo.kks gks ds bZljnkl vykSfdd flf) okGk gkA b.k okLrS yksx ckauS^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZ ljk lks ijes ljk* Hkh ds S;*j iqdkjrkA

nw nk vkfl;k %&nw nk vkfl;k %&nw nk vkfl;k %&nw nk vkfl;k %&nwnk vkfl;k %& vS jko lqjrk.k jk fdjikik= gkA vka jh dha QqVdj jpukoka feyS ftdk es a ohj dYyk ekFkS fy[;ksM+ k dq aMfy;k ?k.kk pkok gq;k gS a vka jh la[;k 7 gSA

lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk %& lk an w e kyk dfo chdku sj j k j ktk j k;fl ag j k ledkyhu gkA jk;flag vka uS iqjLdkj Hkh fn;kA lkanw ekyk ckn’kkg vdcj] egkjk.kk izrki vj

jk;flag jS ijkØe jh dFkk rhu vyx&vyx jpukoka ea s djh gSA lkanw *>w y.kk*>w y.kk*>w y.kk*>w y.kk*>wy.kk* Nan jk fols l dfo ekuhtSA vka jh dha jpukoka uhpS fy[kh eqtc gS a %&1- >w y.kk egkjkt jk;fla?k th jk 2- >w y.kk nhoka.k Jh iz rkifla?k th jk 3- >w y.kk vdcj ikrlkg th jk nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %&nw jlk vk<+ k %& e/;dky jk [;kruka o vj pkok dfo;ka es a nq jlk vk<+ k jks uka o fljSA Jh

'kadjnku tsBk HkkbZ jS er es s a vka jks tye fo-la- 1595 es a xka o tS rkj.k es a gq;ks vj cBS bZ fo-la- 1708 es a lq jxokl HkhA ba;k dº;ks tkoS ds nq jlk vk<+ k tn NksVk gk] m.k c[kr gh vka jS firkth jks nsgkUr gq;xks rks cxM+ h jk Bkdq j iz rki flag vka jks ikyu&iks l.k dj~;ksA nq jlk jk fnYyh jk cknlkg vdcj lw a pks[kk lEcU/k gk vj njckj es a Hkh pks[kh izfrLBkA nq jlk fgUnw /kje vj fgUnw la LØfr jk ?k.kk mikld gkA bZ a

okLrS fgUnq oka jh xjhc gkyr uS ns[k*j vdcj jh dw Vuhfr ekFkS O;ax djrkA vka jh jpukoka es a es okM+ jS jk.kk iz rki] jko pUnz lsu vj jko lq jrk.k jS ns lis ze jh Hkkoukoka uS vkstLoh lq j es a iz Lrq r djh gSAnq jlk vk<+ k jh izeq[k jpukoka es a *fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh fo#n fNgrjh*] *fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh fdjrkj ckouh* bR;kn izeq[k gS aA nq jlk

vk<+ k jh dha 125 NksVh&cM+ h dfr;ka] fMaxy vj QqVdj i| feySA vka es a *fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh* ?k.kh pfpZ r jS;h gSA izca/k jpukoka >w y.kk es a * jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* jko vejflag xtfla?kks r jk* nqjlk vk<+ k jh mŸke jpuk gSA b.k jks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkka r gS%&

ykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lw avkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k Qw V NksMS+ u gB]ixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AA

nwnk foljky %&nw nk foljky %&nwnk foljky %&nw nk foljky %&nw nk foljky %& nw nk foljky jh fy[;ksM+ k jpuk * jko jruflag jh csfy* jko jruflag jh csfy* jko jruflag jh csfy* jko jruflag jh csfy* jko jruflag jh csfy* gSA b.k es atSrkj.k jS lkld jruflag jks eqxyka jS lkFkS gq;ksM+ S tq) jks oj.ku gSA 72 Nank jks vks dkO; ohj jl

jh mŸke jpuk dgh tk ldSA b.k es a tq) vj C;ko jS :id jks fujokg gq;ks gSAdslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&ds lksnkl xkM.k %& xkM.k lrjoha lrkCnh jk egku dfo gS aA tks/kiqj jk egkjktk

xtflag jk vS pkok dfo ekuhtSA vka jh yw aBh jpuk *xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k* egkjkt xtflag jS dsbZtq)ka jS oj.ku lw a Hkjiw j gSA tq) oj.ku jh iz/kkurk lw a b.kuS tq) dkO; Hkh dº;ks tk lds S gSA 130Nank es a fy[;ksM+ S b.k izca/k dkO; es a ohj jl jks ltho fp=.k gq;ks gSA b.k dkO; ekFkS ukFkiaFk jks izHkko Hkh nhlSA

egslnkl jko %&egslnkl jko %&egslnkl jko %&egslnkl jko %&egs lnkl jko %& vka jh fy[;ksM+ h lkr jpukoka es a *fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks* lxGk lw a cs lh [;kfrokGh jpuk gS sA b.k esa 'kkgtgka jk rhu fonz ksgh 'kkgtknk jk lkgh lsuk lkFkS gq;ksM+ S tq) jks ltho oj.ku

gSA dBS&dBS xkSM+ ohjka jh ohjrk Hkh mtkxj gq;h gSAfxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %& vka jks 943 Nan jks fy[;ksM+ ks izca/k dkO; * lxr jklks* lxr jklks* lxr jklks* lxr jklks* lxr jklks* feySA b.k es a egkjk.kk

iz rki jS NksVS HkkbZ lxrflag jS ohjrkiw j.k dkeka jks fp=.k gSA



25

tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %& e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh jpukoka esa tXxk f[kfM+;k jh fy[;ksM+h *opfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egs lnklks r jh* [;kfruka o jpuk ¼jpukdky fo-la- 1715½ gSAb.kes a jryke jS ohj ;ks)k jruflag vj lkgtknk vkS jaxtsc jS fcPps S gq;ksM+ S tq) jks ltho oj.ku gSA

ls oV jruflag tq)Hkw fe es a ohjxfr ikoSA dfo b.k jpuk es a tq) jks daykRed oj.ku vŸkks lka rjks dj~;ksgS ds dfork jks vkuan vk; T;koSA

dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %& lkanw jks fo-la- 1732 jS vsMS +&NsM+ S fy[;ksM+ ks *jrujklks* xa zFk feySA b.k jS vykok

lkanw *t;pan jklks*] *egkjktk jk;flag jh lfr;ka jk dfoŸk*] QqVdj xhr vj nw gk fy[;kA jruw ohjHkk.k %& jruw ohjHkk.k %& jruw ohjHkk.k %& jruw ohjHkk.k %& jruw ohjHkk.k %& tks/kiqj jS egkjktk vHk;flag vj xqtjkr jS 'ks j cqyUn [kka jS fcPpS fo- la- 1787 es a vgenkckn es a tq) gq;ksA bZ a ?kVuk&ijlax uS ys;*j jktLFkkuh es a rhu dfo;ka jk rhu dkO;

feySA b.k es a jruw ohjHkk.k jks *jkt:id* dj.khnku jks *lw jtizdkl* vj f[kfM+;k c[krk jks*vgenkckn jk dfoŸk* uka o lwa fy[;ksM+ k dkO; feySA *jkt:id* vj *lw jtizdkl* ohj jl jh mŸke d`fr;ka gSA

gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %& vka jh ukeh jpuk *nslyth jh opfudk ns lyth jh opfudk nslyth jh opfudk ns lyth jh opfudk nslyth jh opfudk* gS fca;k vka jS ckjS es a dº;ksx;ks gS ds vka jk dsbZ fol;ka ekFkS 175 xz aFk fy[;ksM+ k gS aA

vk<+ k igkM+[kku %&vk<+ k igkM+[kku %&vk<+ k igkM+[kku %&vk<+ k igkM+[kku %&vk<+ k igkM+[kku %& vk<+ k *xksxkns :id xksxkns :id xksxkns :id xksxkns :id xksxkns :id* jh jpuk fo-la- 1780 vj fo-la- 1811 jS fcPpS dhAb.k es a jkBkSM+ xksxk jks tksb;ka lw a tq) dj*j ohjxfr iko.kS jks oj.ku gSA b.k jh dFkk cknj <k<h jh jP;ksM+ h

ohjek;.k lw a feyrh&tqyrh gSAxkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %& vBkjoha lrkCnh jS vkjEHk es a xkM.k xksihukFk *xzaFkjkt xzaFkjkt xzaFkjkt xzaFkjkt xzaFkjkt* jh jpuk djh ftdks chdkus j jk egkjktk xtflag lw a tqfM+;ksM+ks gSA

f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %& vS mUuhloha lnh jk pkok xhrdkj gkA vka jk fMaxy xhr ?k.kk pfpZ r jS;k gSA pkj.kka es a vka jS xhrka uS daBLFk dj.kS jh ijEijk jS;h gSA

vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %& vS e/;dky jk Nsyk cM+ k dfo gSA vka jks tye tks/kiq j jS iapHknz k Ns = jS HkkfM+;kokl xka o es a fo-la- 1828 esa gq;ksA 16 cjl jh mej es a tks/kiq j vk;X;k vj dkO;]O;kdj.k] bfr;kl bR;kn jh nhDlk ik;*j m.k c[kr jk egkjktk ekuflag th jk fdjikik= gq;X;kAckadhnkl la LØr] fMaxy] Qkjlh vj czt Hkklk jk fo}ku gkA vka jk 30 xz aFk vj dha QqVdj xhr feySAckadhnkl vkt fMaxy jk fljS dfo ekuhtSA

ckadhnkl jh dfork es a vk/kqfud thou jh vlaxfr;ka ekFkS S bZ rh[kks izgkj nhlSA vaxs zth lkez kT;okn jS f[kykQ cS ns lokfl;ka uS vk ftdh pq.kkS rh nh gS oks *ps rkouh jks xhr ps rkouh jks xhr ps rkouh jks xhr ps rkouh jks xhr ps rkouh jks xhr* [kklk pkoks jS;ks gSA oka jh dfork jks vsd uew uks ns[kks %&

lw j uS iwNS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj A lw j uS iw NS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj A lw j uS iwNS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj A lw j uS iw NS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj A lwj uS iw NS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lw j Aej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uw j AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uw j AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uw j AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uw j AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uwj AA

fgUnh dfork es a jkLVªh; Hkkouk jh l:vkr HkkjrsUnq jh dfork lw a ekuhtS i.k vBS vk tk.k*j bpjp gq oSyks ds ckadhnkl rks Hkks r iSyka fgUnw &eq lyekuka lw a Åij mB*j jkLVªh;rk jSHkko uS b.k Hkka r vfHkO;fDr nh%&

vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij jk[kk s js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnk a fgUnw dh eqlyek.kA jk[kk s js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kA jk[kk s js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnk a fgUnw dh eqlyek.kA jk[kk s js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kA jk[kks js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kA

b.k rjS ckadhnkl jks vks mn~cks/ku xhr m.k ;qx jh vsd egrkÅ vj mYys[ktksx jpuk dghtlhA fMaxy jS fljS uka o dfo ckadhnkl jh jpukoka jks lEiknu lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor *ckadhnkl xz aFkkoyh* uka o lw a dj~;ks gSA ckadhnkl jh nw th iksF;ka es a *tsgM+tl tM+ ko*] *Hkq jtky+ Hkw "k.k*] *gejksV



26

Nrhlh*] *fl)jko Nrhlh* bR;kn gSA ckadhnkl uS vaydkjka jks lka rjks X;ku gksA m.kk jh dfork jh ckuxh jks vsd uew uks %&

lknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu A lknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu A lknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu A lknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu A lknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu Adk;jM+k b.k dke uw a] tacw d dgS tcw u AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacw d dgS tcwu AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uw a] tacw d dgS tcw u AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacw d dgS tcwu AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacwd dgS tcwu AAuj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj A/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA

ohj jl jh dforkoka fy[k.k okGk nw tk dfo;ka es a ladjnku lkekS j] ckjgB yk[kk] dY;k.knkl esgM+ w bR;kn izeq[k ga SA

¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikS jkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikS jkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %& b.k /kkjk es a cS dfo vkoS ftdk ikS jkf.kd izlaxka vj /kkjfed Hkkouk uS ys;*j dkO; fy[;ksA b.k <ax jS dkO; es a lxGk vorkjka uS ys;*j jpukoka feyS] iNSHkh jke vj dzL.k uS ys;*j cs lh dforkoka gS aA b.k jS vykok dha jpukoka pkj.kh ns oh fta;k vkoM+ th]egek;] pkGs jk;] dj.khth lw a lEcfU/kr rks dha fujxq.k Hkxrh jh jpukoka Hkh feySA vBS izca/k vj eqDrd dkO; jh dha egrkÅ d`fr;ka jks ifjpS dfo;ka jS lkFkS b.k Hkkar fn;ks tk ldS gS %&

i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&iFohjkt jkBkSM+ %& jkBkSM+ i`Fohjkt chdkus j ujs l jko dY;k.key jk csVk vj tSrlh jk iksrk gkA vka jks tye fo-la- 1606 es a vj fu/ku fo-la- 1657 esa gq;ksA vS cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk /k.kh vj

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk ls z LB dfo;ka es a vsd gSaA vka jh [;kfr dfo vj Hkxr jS :i esa vk[kS txr esagSA vka uS fMaxy] czt vj la LØr jks xS jks X;ku gksA fizFkhjkt LokfHkekuh] [kjh dS o.k okGk vj jkLVª h;fopkj/kkjk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k gkA fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ jh uhpS fy[kh jpukoka ?k.keksyh vj lkfgfR;d nhB lwa

mYys[ktksx gSa %&1- osfy fdz lu :de.kh jh 2- Bkdq j th jk nwgk 3- xaxk th jk nw gk 4- QqVdj nwgk vj xhr fizFkhjkt jkBks SM+ jh izeq[k Ñrh *osfy fdz lu :de.kh jh* g SA b.k Ñrh es a Hkxrh] fl.kxkj

vj ohj jl jks lqUnj leUo; y[kkoSA 304 Nank esa fy[;ksM+h vk Ñrh ØL.k vj :de.kh jh

iz sedFkk uS ys;*j pkySA nqjlk vk<+ k b.k Ñrh us fMaxy jh ljclsz LB jpuk ekurk Fkdka ikapoks osn vj mUuhloks a iqjk.k crk;k s gSA *osfy* ekFkS dsbZ fo}ku Vhdkoka fy[kh ft.k lwa b.k jh yksdfiz;rk izxV gqoSA b.k es a dksbZ lansg uh ds Hkko] dyk] izØzfr fp=.k bR;kn jh nhB lw a vk jpuk cstksM+ gSA fl.kxkj vj is ze jks fp=.k ekSfyd] ekjfed vj uqa oksi.kks fy;ksM+ ks gSA b.k jh Hkklk lkfgfR;d jktLFkkuh gS vj b.k esa izfl) Nan *osfy;ks xhr* jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA vsd mnkgj.k ns[kk s%&

lax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjA lax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjA lax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjA lax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjA lax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjA jktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AA jktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AA jktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AA jktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AA jktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AA

fdluks %&fdluks %&fdluks %&fdluks %&fdluks %& vka jh izfl) jpuk *egkns o ikjcrh jh osfy egknso ikjcrh jh osfy egkns o ikjcrh jh osfy egknso ikjcrh jh osfy egknso ikjcrh jh osfy* gsS ft.k jS eka; 382 Nan gSAb.k jS eka; flo vj ikjcrh jS lkFkS s gq;ksM+ k nks C;koka jks oj.ku gSA osfy jsS jpukdkj :i es a fdlum

¼fdluks½ uka o feySAdslksnkl xkM.k %&ds lksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&ds lksnkl xkM.k %&ds lksnkl xkM.k %& ds lksnkl ohj jl jh jpukoka jS lkFkS Hkxrh folS lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h jpukoka

Hkh fy[khA *fulk.kh foosdokj*] *Nan egknso th jks* vj *Nan Jh xksj[kukFk* xkM.k jh mYys[ktksx



27

jpukoka gSaAek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %& n/kokfM+;k jks tye fo-la- 1610 vj 1615 jS fcpS esM+ rk jS duS

cyw ank xka o es a gq;ksA vS n/kokfM+;k xks S= jk pkj.k pw aMk th jk csVk gkA dfo gks o.kS jS lkFkS&lkFkS ÅapSnjtS jk Hkxr Hkh gkA vka jh izfl) Ñrh *jke jklks* gS ftdh e/;;qx jh egrkÅ dkO; Ñfr;ka es a vsd fx.khtSA ckYehdh jh jpuk lw a is zfjr gks;*j vS Hkko vj Hkklk jh nhB lw a [kklk egrkÅ Ñrh fy[kh gSA vka jh nw th jpuk *fulk.kh xteks[k* Hkh gSA

lk;kath >w yk %& lk;kath >w yk %& lk;kath >w yk %& lk;kath >w yk %& lk;kath >w yk %& vka jks tye bZMj jkT; jk yhyNk xka o es a fo-la- 1632 es a gq;ksA lka;k th ØL.k jk xS jk Hkxr gk vka jh jpukoka ØL.k Hkxrh lw a ljkcks j gSA vka jk nks xz aFk feyS& *:de.kh gj.k* vj

*ukxne.k*A ukene.k lka;k th jh iz kS<+ jpuk fx.khtS b.k es a dkfy; enZu jh dFkk gSA ukxne.k njlko oj.ku] :i oj.ku vj la oknka jh nhB lw a fols l jpuk ekuhtSA vka jks lq jxokl fo-la- 1703 es a gq;X;ksA

lq jtunkl iw fu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %& lq jtunkl iw fu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %& lq jtunkl iw fu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %& lq jtunkl iw fu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %& lq jtunkl iw fu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %& vka jks tye fo-la- 1640 es a gq;ksA vka jh jpukokaes a *dFkk gfjxq.k*] *dFkk xteks[k* vj *jkejklks* izeq[k gSA b.k es a jkejklks es a 176 Nan gS a vk ohjjl jh Ñrh gS vj dFkkoLrq jh nhB lw a b.k es a uq a oksi.kks Hkh gSA vka jks lq jxokl fo-la- 1748 es a gq;ksA

dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %& vka jh fy[;ksM+ h iksFkh *xq.k xksfoUn* ¼jpuk dky fo-la- 1700½ gS ft.kes a jke vj ØL.k jh yhykoka jks lka rjks vj eueks o.kks oj.ku gSA lkfgR; jh nzfLV lw a vk jpuk ?k.kh egrkÅ gSA

ckjgB bZ ljnkl %&ckjgB bZ ljnkl %&ckjgB bZ ljnkl %&ckjgB bZ ljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %& *gkyk >kyka jk dq aMfy;k* jk jpukdkj bZljnkl dfo jS lkFkS Hkxr

Hkh gk vj oka jh HkfDr lEcU/kh jpukoka es a *gfjjl*] *xq.k fuankLrqfr* izeq[k gS aAeq jkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eq jkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eq jkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eq jkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eqjkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %& vka jh fy[;ksM+ h jpuk *xq.k fot; C;kg* feyS

b.k jS eka; ØL.k vj :de.kh lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h dFkk gSAÑikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %& vS f[kfM+;k 'kk[kk jk pkj.k dfo gkA vka jks tye tks/kiq j Ns = es a

[kjkM+ h xka o es a gq;ksA vS iNS lhdj jk jkojktk ns ohflag duS vk;X;k vj jkojktk y{e.kflag jS c[kr rkabZ cBS jS;kA vka uS jkojktk jh rjQ lw a tkxhj es a xka o Hkh fn;ks ftdks Ñikjke th jh <+ k.kh jS uka o lw a tk.khtSA jktLFkkuh uhfr lkfgR; es a Ñikjke f[kfM+;k jks uka o fljS fx.khtSA vka jk uhfr lEcU/kh lksjBk

*jkft;k ds lksjBs* uka o lw a ?k.kk pkok gS vj oS vkt t.kS&t.kS jS daBk es a yksd tho.k jks fgLlks c.k*j lq.khtrk js S os SA Ñikjke jktLFkkuh uhfr lEcU/kh dkO; es a lEcks/ku lSyh jk iSyk jpukdkj gS aA vka jks jktLFkkuh uhfr dkO; es a ekSfyd vj vuw Bks ;ksxnku gS aA lks jBk jh ckuxh ns[kks &

eq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S AblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAdkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS A

lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA

jkft;k dikjke jks ls od gks m.kuS lEcks/ku ns;*j Ñikjke vkijS ls od uS vej dj fn;ksAvkt ?k.kdjk yksx vk ekus S ds vS lksjBk jkft;k jk fy[;ksM+ k gS aA

vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+ k %&vksik vk<+k %& vS e/;;qx jk Nsyk Hkxr dfo gs S aA vka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1860 lw a 1890 jS fcPpS ekU;ks tkoSA vka jk fy[;ksM+ k QqVdj xhr bZ feySA vka xhrka esa ljyrk vj ekjfedrk gSA

ikS jkf.kd vj /kkjfed dkO; fy[k.kokGk jpukdkjka ea s Jh/kj O;kl jh *nqxkZlIrlrh* ]t;flag ¼16oh- lnh½ jks *gfjjklw *] vYyw th dfo;k ¼fo-la- 1525&1625½ jks *Hkxrhijd Nan*] ckjgBvklk ¼fo-la- 1550&1650½ jks *xq.k fujat.k iz k.k*] pw aMks th n/kokfM+;k ¼jpukdky fo-la- 1620&1625½

jh *fuca/kkoa/k* vj *xq.k pk.kd osfy*] lka[kyk djelh :.kspk jh *fØlu th jh osfy*] dq’kykHk jh



28

*nqxkZ lkŸklh*] foV~Bynkl jks *:de.kh gj.k*] egs lnkl jko jks *:?kukFk pfjr*] *uojl osfy*] eqgrk :?kukFk jks *:?kjklk*] vkbZnku xkM.k jks *Jh Hkokuh 'kadj jks xq.k f’koiq jk.k*] ds ljh flag tS rkor jks *ia[kh iq jk.k*] t;pan jh *ekrkth jh opfudk* bR;kn jpukoka mYys[ktksx gS aA

2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %& e/;;qx es a vk[;ku dkO;ka jh Hkh vsd yEch ijEijk jS;h gS vj vS vk[;ku ikS jkf.kd vj /kkjfed iz laxka ekFkS vk/kkfjr gSa vj vka jh izLrqfr yksd izpfyr

jkx&jkxfu;ka jS ek/;e lwa gq;h gSA ukVdh; lsSyh es a fy[;ksM+ k vS vk[;ku dkO; lkekftd vj

lka LØfrd nhB lw a /k.kk egrkÅ gsS vj vka es a lekt lq/kkj vj lekt fujek.k jh Hkkouk ekFkS tks j fn;ks gSA dha izeq[k vk[;kuka jk jpukdkj b.k rjS gSa %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %& vS vfHkeU;q jh dFkk uS vk/kkj eku*j *vgeuh vgeuh vgeuh vgeuh vgeuh* uke lw a 717

Nank es a vk[;ku fy[;ks gSA b.kes a ohj vj d:.k jl jh iz/kkurk gS vj b.k es a ;qxhu ifjos l vj yksd O;ogkj jh pks[kh ckrka uS Hkh ijksVh gSA

ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %& vka jks fy[;ksM+ ks *:de.kh eaxy :de.kh eaxy :de.kh eaxy :de.kh eaxy :de.kh eaxy* jktLFkku es a lxGk lw a cs lh pkoks gq;ksgS vj oks vkt yksd thou es a jp&ip*j m.k jks vsd fgLlks gh gq;xksA b.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1550

jS vklS&iklS ekuhtSAesgksth %&esgksth %&esgksth %&esgksth %&esgksth %& vS jkek;.k uka o lw a jkedFkk ekFkS vk/kkfjr vk[;ku fy[;ks gS vj vks e/;;qx

jks mŸke njtS jks vk[;ku gSA b.k vk[;ku jks jpukdky fo-la- 1775 gs SA

dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dS lksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dS lksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %& vka jk P;kj vk[;ku feyS & *dFkkHkha o nqlkl.kh*] *dFkk lq jxk jksg.kh*] *dFkk cglks ouh* vj *izgykn pfjr*A vka es a *izgykn pfjr* lxGk lw a ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA

b.k es a dqy 696 Nan gS ft.k es a okRlY; vj d:.k Hkkoka jks ekjfed fp=.k gq;ks gSAb.k ;qx jk nw tk vk[;kuka esa lq jtuth jfpr *dFkk mlk iq jk.k* vj *izgykn iqjk.k*] :Lre

th jfpr *fdlu C;koyks*] ljo.k th jfpr *lhrk iqjk.k* vj ijlq jke ns okpk;Z jk jP;ksM+ k dsbZvk[;ku fy;k tk ldS gSaA

3- lar dkO; %&3- la r dkO; %&3- lar dkO; %&3- la r dkO; %&3- la r dkO; %& jktLFkkuh yksd thou es a lnk lw a bZ la rk jh ekurk vj m.kka jks izHkko jS;ks gSA vka la rk jks /kkjfed okrkoj.k c.kko.kS esa [kklk ;ksxnku gSA vka la rk jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a lka rjh c<+ ks rjh gq;h gSA vS lar uh rks ?k.kk i<~;k fy[;k gk vj uh vka es a dkO; fljt.k jh dksbZ tkx:rk bZ gh A D;w ads vka jks mns l rks lh/kS ljy <ax lw a vkijh ckr jks izpkj dj.kks gks A

vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka jS dkO; es a dykRedŸkk jks vHkko gSA vka la r dfo;ka uS nks Hkkxka es a ckaV~;k tk ldS %&

1- lEiznk; fols l okGk dfo 2- lEiznk; lw a vyk;nk jSo.k okGk dfo vka es a [kkl lEiznk;ka jks ifjpS b.k eqtc gS %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %& bZa lEiznk; jk izorZd xq: xks j[kukFk ¼11oha lrkCnh jS vklS&iklS½ gkA

vka jh ijEijk es a ukS ukFk vj ckjk iaFk iz/kku jS;k gS aA jktLFkku jS tu&tho.k vj lkfgR; ekFkS ukFk iaFk jks eksVks izHkko gSA fizFkhukFk e/;;qx ¼17oh- lrkCnh½ jk ukeh la r gq;k ftdka jh 29 jpukoka feySAtks/kiq j jk egkjktk ekuflag ukFkka jk Hkxr gkA cukukFk] uoyukFk vj mŸkeukFk b.k lEiznk; jk

ekuhrk dfo gq;k gS aA la r cukukFk jh *vuqHko izdkl* vj *ijokuk* nks egrkÅ Ñfr;ka gSaAfo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %& b.k lEiznk; jk iz orZd tkEHkks th ¼fo-la- 1508&1593½ gkA vks lEiznk; fujxq.k uS ekuSA b.k lEiznk; jS la rk jh ftdh ok.kh feyS m.k jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gSA lEiznk;



29

jS izeq[k dfo;ka es a Ånks Sth uS.k] ohYgksth] ds lkSth] lq jtuth] ijekuan th] gj[kpan th bR;kn gSAtlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %& b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd tlukFk th ¼fo-la- 1539&1563½ gkA

fopkj njl.k esa vks lEiznk; fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; lw a feyrks&tqyrks gSA b.k lEiznk; es a djenkl]nsoksth] ykyukFk] pks[kukFk bR;kn izfl) dfo gq;k gS a vka jh jpukoka jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa feySA

fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %& vks iaFk gfjnkl egkjkt lwa pkY;ksM+ ks gsSA bZ a jk vuq;k;h fujatu fujkdkj jh vkjk/kuk djsA b.k es a dha rks x`gLFk Hkh gS a rks dh fugaxA b.k lEiznk; ekFkS vkxS pky*j

lxq.k Hkxrh jks izHkko Hkh i³~;ksA MhMokuk jS usM+ S fujatuh lEiznk; jks iz/kku dsUnz gSA gfjnkl th egkjkt jh ok.kh esa jktLFkkuh jS lkFkS&lkFkS cztHkklk jk lcn Hkh feySA b.k lEiznk; es a dh vSM+ k

la r Hkh gq;k gS a ftdk jktLFkkuh es a Hkxrhijd jpukoka Hkh fy[kh gSaAnknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %& b.k iaFk jk iz orZd la r nknw n;ky gkA vka jS thou ckjS esa ftdk rF; feyS]

oka es a FkksM+ ks erHksn gS i.k vks fuLpS bZ dº;ks tk ldS gS ds vka jh riL;k jks Ns = jktLFkku bZ jS;ksvj vS lxGh txka je.k&Hkze.k djrk jS;kA NsyS vS ujs.kk ¼Qqys jk jS du½S jS o.kS ykX;k vj cBS bZczãyhu gq;kA bZa okLrS ujs.kk nknw iaFkh lk/kqvks a jh iz/kku xÌh gs SA nknw iaFkh Hkh vkxS pky*j ikap

lk[kkoka esa caVX;k & 1- ykylk 2- ukxk 3- mŸkjknh 4- fojä vj 5- [kkdhA nknw jh dfork jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gSA nknw iaFk jk nw tk dfo;ka es a c[kukth] jTtcth] lqUnjnkl th ¼NksVk½] la rnkl ckjg

gtkjh] Hkh[ku th] okftan bR;kn izeq[k gS aA vka la rk jh jpukoka jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a fy[;ksM+h feySAHkklk esa dBS&dBS jktLFkkuh es a czt vj [kM+ h cksyh jks felz.k Hkh nhlSA

ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %& ykynklh lEiznk; ;k ykyiaFk jk iz orZd ykynkl gkA vka jkstye vyoj jS usM+ S /kksyhnw i es a vsd eso ifjokj es a gq;ksA vka jS mins lk esa Hkxoku jh Hkxrh vj m.kkaflej.k&dhjru lw a dek*j [kk.kks gSA vka jh jpukoka es a 125 nksgk vj 60 in gS aA bZa lEiznk; jS nw ts Sdfo;ka esa gfjnkl] Ma w xjth lk/k] iz k.kh lk/k] Hkh[kuth lk/k bR;kn gS aA

pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %& bZ a jk iz orZd pj.knkl gS a vks iaFk dchj iaFk lw a feyrks&tqyrks gSAb.k iaFk es a xq:&pj.kka jks vkljks lxGk lw a Åapks lk/ku gSA pj.knkl lxq.k jks fojks/k djrk

jS;k vj fujkdkj ijekRek jh lk/kuk ekFkS cG fn;ksA b.k iaFk jh n;kckbZ vj lgtksckbZ jh jpukoka Hkxrh ijEijk es a vkijh egrkÅ BkSM+ jk[kSA vka jS inka jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gS dBS&dBS

Hkklk es a czt vj [kM+ h cksyh jks izHkko Hkh futj vkoSA bZ a iaFk jk nw tk dfo;ka esa tksxthr th] jke:i th bR;kn gsS a i.k vka jh Hkklk [kM+ h cksyh jS usM+S gSA

jkelusgh lEiznk; %& jkelusgh lEiznk; %& jkelusgh lEiznk; %& jkelusgh lEiznk; %& jkelusgh lEiznk; %& jkelusgh lEiznk; jh jktLFkku esa P;kj lk[kk gS %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %& b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd jkepj.k th egkjkt ¼fo-la-

1776&1855½ gkA vS ijekRek uS fujxq.k l:i jk Hkxr gk vj ew jrhiw tk es a folokl uh djrkA vka jh ok.kh es a 36 gtkj flyksd gSa ftdks fujxq.k Hkxrhijd folS jks foLodksl dº;ks tk ldS gSaA b.k lEiznk; jS nw tS dfo;ka es a jketu th] Hkxokunkl th] jkeiz rki th] nw Ygs jk; th] txUukFk th bR;kn

gaSA jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+ rk½ %& bZ a lEiznk; jk vuq;k;h nfj;koth uS vkijks xq:

ekuSA vka jks xq:nq okjks jS.k es a gSA jg.k&lg.k vj iw tk&mikluk es a vS lkgiq jk vj [kSM+ kiS jk jkelusgh

lEiznk; lw a feyrk ykxSA vS Hkh ijekRek uS fujxq.k ekuSA nfj;koth jh 412 lkf[k;ka vj 30 in feySAb.k lEiznk; jk nw tk dfo iw .kZnkl] fdlunkl] ukudnkl] eulkjke] gj[kkjke bR;kn gS A



30

jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkus j½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkus j½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %& bZ a lEiznk; jk iz orZd gjhjke th gS a vj lhaFky vka jks tye LFkku gSA vS Hkh fujxq.k lEiznk; jk lejFkd gSA b.k lEiznk; jk dfo;ka esa

gfjns onkl th] ukjk;.knkl th] ihjkjke th bR;kn izeq[k dfo ga SA

jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+ kik½ %& jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+kik½ %& b.k lEiznk; jk iz orZd jkenkl th egkjkt ¼ fo-la-1783&1855 ½ gS a ftdk lhaFky lk[kk jk izorZd gfjnkl th jk flL; gk vj m.kka jS vkns l lw a bZ oSvk vsd uq a oh lk[kk [kksGhA vka jh ok.kh fujxq.k gSA b.k lEiznk; jS nw tk dfo;ka es a n;kyqnkl] ij’kq jke]

ihFkksnkl] iw j.knkl bR;kn izeq[k ga SAe/;;qx jS nw tS la r&lEiznk;ka es a jfld lEiznk; ¼jS oklk½] fuEckdZ lEiznk; ¼lysekckn½]

xw nM+ iaFk ¼nka rM+k] HkhyokM+ k½] vyf[k;k lEiznk; ¼chdkus j½] vkbZiaFk ¼fcykM+ k½ bR;kn gS a vka lEiznk;esa ftrk Hkh la r gq;k cS jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a bZ vkijh ok.kh uS vfHkO;ä djrk jS;kA

lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k la r dfo %& lEiznk; fujis[k lar dfo %& e/;;qx esa dh vSM+ k dfo Hkh gk ftdk jks lEcU/k fd.kh lEiznk; lw a uh gks i.k oka jh la r ok.kh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vueksy /kjkgj fx.khtSA lEiznk; lwa

ckjS jSo.kokGk dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %& vka jh dha lkf[k;ka vj 25 in feySA vS fujxq.k Hkxrhijd Hkkoukoka gS i.k vka

jh Hkklk czt izHkkfor jktLFkkuh gS aA

dkth egewn %&dkth egew n %&dkth egewn %&dkth egew n %&dkth egew n %& ¼fo-la- 1450&1550½ vka jk 35 in feySA vka jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh feflzr [kM+ h cksyh gSA

ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %& Hkxrh jh lk[k c<+ko.kokGk dfo;ka es a jktLFkku jh ehjk jks uka o fljS vj ?k.kksfo[;kr gSaA ehjk jS tye LFkku] thou dky vj O;fäRo jS lEcU/k es a vyx&vyx jk; feySA fca;k ehjk jks tye esM+ rS jS usM+S dqM+dh xka o es a lu~ 1504 bZa a- es a gq;ksA ehjk oS L.ko Hkxr jko nw nk jh iks rh ghA b.k jks C;ko jk.kk lkaxk jS cM+ S csVS Hkkstjkt jS lkFkS gq;ks i.k C;ko jS lkr cjl iNS bZ Hkkstjkt

jks lq jxokl gq;X;ks ft.k lw a ehjk jS thou es a vsd Hkhrjh la?klZ is Snk gq;ks vj ok b.k ?kVuk jS lkFkS bZyks Sfdd lEcU/k lw a eqxrh ys;*j Hkxoku jh Hkxrh es a rYyhu gq;xh vj dS o.k ykxh *es js rks fxj/kj xksiky nwljks uk dksbZ*A ehjk 1558 lw a 1563 bZ0 jS fcPpS ns oyksd gq;hA

ehjkckbZ jh fy[;ksM+h iw jh vj v/kw jh jpukoka jh la[;k X;kjg gS& xhr xksfoUn jh Vhdk]

ujlhth dk ek;jk] jkx lks jB dk in] eykj jk xksfoUn] lR;ekHkkuq :l.k] ehjk dh xjch] :de.kh eaxy] ujlh esgrk dh gq aMh] pjhr ¼pfj=½] QqVdj inA vka es a QqVdj in bZ ehjk jk iz kekf.kd in ekuhtSA ehjk jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gS i.k dBS&dBS czt cksyh jk lcn Hkh feySA ehjk vkijS fiz; uSfujxq.k vj lxq.k nksuw a :ika es a ekU;ksA ehjk jS inka es a gB;ksx jks izHkko Hkh nhls SA ehjk ØL.k jh Hkxr]fonzksfg.kh vj lk/oh ghA ehjk jS lkfgR; es a vsd lgt Hkkouk vj ihM+ k jks esy+&feyki gSA

nhu njos l %&nhu njos l %&nhu njos l %&nhu njos l %&nhu njosl %& ¼fo-la- 1810&1890½ e/;;qx jk lka rjk la r dfo;ka es a nhu njos l fx.khtSAvka jh jpukoka es a nhuizdkl nhuizdkl nhuizdkl nhuizdkl nhuizdkl] xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan xz aFk vnykuan] ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax ijekFkZ iz lax bR;kn nl jpuk,a gS aA vkaBk xa zFkka jh Hkklk

jktLFkkuh feflz r [kM+ h cksGh gSA lEiznk; fujis[k nw tk dfo;ka es a la r Kkuhth] xcjhckbZ] la r ekoth] ukens o] Jh ØL.knkl

bR;kn gSaA

4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %& e/;dky es a is zeijd dkO; jh vSM+ h jpukoka feyS ft.kesa dsbZ

jpukoka rks vX;kr jpukdkjka jh ga S rks dha jpukdkjka jk uka o Hkh jpuk jS lkFkS feySA b.k vk/kkj ekFkS



31

nks rjS jh jpukoka jks foHkktu b.k Hkkar gq; ldS gS %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka¼[k½ vX;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka

¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %& X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka es a ikB jh nhB lw a dksbZ[kkl vUrj uh fn[kkbZ ns oSA vS uhpS fy[kh gS a %&

x.kifr %&x.kifr %&x.kifr %&x.kifr %&x.kifr %& vka jh fy[;ksM+ h iksFkh *ek/kokuy dke danyk izca/k* jh jpuk gSA b.k jS eka;

ek/ko vj dkedanyk jh dgkuh 2500 nw gka es a egkdkO; lSyh es a fy[;ksM+h gSA lekt lkL=h; nhB lw a vks xa zFk [kklk egrkÅ gSA b.k jS eka; ckjgeklk jS ek/;e lw a fcjg&oj.ku dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.kesa

dsbZ txka leL;kew yd igsfy;ka Hkh gSaAvka jh fy[;ksM+ h jpuk *cqf)jklks* ¼jpukdky lksyoha lrkCnh½ gS b.kes a pEikorh jS jktdqekj vj

oS L;kiq =h jh iz sedFkk gSA va r es a nksuw a is zeh&is zfedk ifr&iRuh jS :i es a jS o.kS ykx T;koSA *cqf)jklks* jh Hkklk viHkz a l feflz r jktLFkkuh gSA

nw th izsedFkkoka esa tSu dfo dq’kyykHk jh jP;ksM+h *ek/kokuy dkedanyk pmibZ*¼jpukdky fo-la- 1616½ vj nkeksnj jh *ek/kokuy dFkk* ¼17oha lrkCnh½ izeq[k gSA

¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %& e/;dky es a dh vSM+ h is zeijd dFkkok Hkh feyS ft.kjS jpukdkjka ckcr iz kekf.kdrk js lkFkS dh uh dS; ldkA vS is zek[;ku dsbZ :ika es a feyS b.k jS lkFkS

vka jk dsbZ ikBkUrj Hkh nhlSA vka esa izeq[k is zek[;ku b.k Hkka r gS %&<+ ksyk ek: jk nw gk %& b.k xz aFk jS jpukdkj vj jpukdky jS ckcr fo}kuka es a erHksn gSA tSu

dfo dq’kyykHk b.k is zedFkk jk fc[kj~;ksM+ k nw gk uS vsdB djuS *<+ ksyk ejo.k jh pkSibZ* uka o lw a fo-la-1617 es a iz Lrq r dj~;kA b.k es a dº;ks x;ks gS ds nw gk ?k.kk iq jk.kka vNbZ] b.k lw a ykxS ds vk nw gk jh jpuk fo-la- 1617 lw a iSyk gq;xh ghA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jS erkuq lkj b.k jh jpuk fo-la- 1500 jS vklS&iklSgq;hA3 *<+ ksyk ek: jk nw gk* lq) is zek[;ku gS ft.kes a <+ ksyk vj ekjo.kh jh iz se dFkk nw gka jS ek/;e lwadgh xbZ gSA *<ksyk ek: jk nw gk* uS tkrh; dkO; vj yksd Hkklk dkO; jh laX;k Hkh nh gSA b.k dkO;esa fo;ksx fl.kxkj jks ekjfed fp=.k gq;ks gSA ekjo.kh jks fo;ksx oj.ku rks jktLFkkuh fl.kxkj dkO;

jh vsd miyfC/k ekuhtSyhA bZ dkO; jk Hkkoiw j.k fl.kxk: nw gka lw a ljlrk vj lthork jks vSM+ ks :i izxV gq;ks gS ds vS nw gk vkt yksd esa Hkh ?k.kk pkok gq;X;kA lqHkkfodrk b.k dkO; jh fols l ckr dgh

tkoSyhA ekjo.kh jS fo;ksx fl.kxkj jks oj.ku dha nw gk es a uhpS fy[;ka eqtc gS %&

iaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg Aix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AA

fcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt A lwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AA lwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AA lwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AA lwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AA lwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AA

b.k rjS *<ksyk ek: jk nw gk <ksyk ek: jk nw gk <ksyk ek: jk nw gk <ksyk ek: jk nw gk <ksyk ek: jk nw gk* vsd yksd dkO; gSA vkFka w .kS jktLFkku es a vkt Hkh vks dkO; ?k.kkspkoks gSA b.k lEcU/k es a dº;ks tk lds gS %&

lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr A lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr A lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr A lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr A lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr A

tkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AA

*<+ ksyk ek: jk nw gk* ew y :i es a nw gk es a fy[;ksM+ ks gS vkxs pky*j vk bZ fl.kxkj dkO; ijEijk fcgkjh jS dkO; es a nwgS jS :i es a izxV gq;xhA



32

tsBok jk lks jBk %&tsBok jk lksjBk %&tsBok jk lks jBk %&tsBok jk lksjBk %&tsBok jk lks jBk %& lksjBk jS ek/;e lw a mtGh vj tsBok jh iszedFkk jks ekjfed fp=.k feySA tkrh; ca/ku jS dkj.kS mtGh jks tsBok lw a C;ko uh gq; lD;ks b.k okLrS mtGh jks lkapks fo;ksx ?k.kS ekjfed :i esa lks jBka es a izxV gq;ks gSA vka lks jBka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1400&1500 jS fcPpSekuhtSA nks lks jBk mnkgj.k :i es a b.k Hkka r gS %&

tk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Afcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AA

Vksy+ h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+ h lwa Vy+ rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+ h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+ h lwa Vy+ rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AA

ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %& ukxth vj ukxerh jS is zek[;ku jk 50 nw gk feySA ukxerh ukxth uS pkorh D;w ads m.k jks ukxth lw a xk<+ ks gs r gksA tn ukxerh vkijS lkljS tko.k ykxh rks ok ukxth uS fprk ekFkS ns[k*j ?k.kh nq%[kh gq;xh vj m.k jS eu es a fojg jks Hkko mift;ks D;w ads ukxth ukxerh

jS fojg lw a ihfM+ r gks;*j vkRegR;k djyhA b.k ckr jks irks tn ukxerh uS ykX;ks rks ok Hkh [kqn fprk es a ty*j [kqn uS [kRe dj fy;ksA vkt b.k is zek[;ku jk ftdk nw gk feyS] oS ?k.kk ekjfed vj ihM+ knk;d gSa vka nwgk es a ukxerh jh iqdkj HkkVS lsS fgjnS uS Hkh fgyk; ns oSA ns[kks&

ukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k QwyS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k Qw yS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k QwyS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k Qw yS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k Qw yS ugha A

ckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AA ls.kh chtkuan %& ls.kh chtkuan %& ls.kh chtkuan %& ls.kh chtkuan %& ls.kh chtkuan %& ls.kh chtkuan Hkh yksd izpfyr iz sek[;ku gS aA chtkuan ls.kh jS ?kjka jS

lkaeh tk;*j oh.kk ctkorks ft.k lw a nksuq aok es a iz se gq;xks i.k iNs S ls.kh jS firk chtk.kan jS lkaeh vsd ljr jk[kh ds m.k uS c[kr flj iw jks dj.kks chtk.kan jS okLrS eqfLdy gksA b.k dkj.k ls.kh fgekGS

es a [kqn uS xGko.kS lk: pkyhA chtk.kan uS tn Bk i³~;ks rks oks ls.kh jS ykjS&ykjS m.k uS gsyks ikM+ rksx;ks i.k ls.kh Bs S j uh ldh vj vkijk iz k.k foljftr dj fn;kA b.k dFkk lw a tqM+;ksM+ k 81 nw gk feySAb.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1550 jS vsMS +&NsM+ S ekuhtSA uew uS jks vsd nw gks ns[;ks tk ldS&

ch>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ac.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AA

ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lks jB %& vk iz sedFkk xqtjkr vj jktLFkku esa ?k.kh yksdfiz; gSA b.k lw a lEcfU/kr 75 nw gk feySA b.k jks jpuk dky lksyoha lrkCnh jks gs SA mnkgj.k jS :i es a vsd nw gks &ch>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ayksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AA

tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cw cuk %& b.k iz se dFkk es a tyky vj cw cuk jks is ze feyu vj fojg njlk;ks gSAb.k is zek[;ku jk dksbZ 100 nw gk feySA

b.k rjS e/;;qx es a ftdk is zek[;ku feyS] os nw gk vj lks jBk es a fy[;ksM+ k gS aA5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %& tSu dkO; jh jpuk vsd mns l jS lkFkS gq;hA b.k dkO; es a ftdk pfj=

mtkxj dj~;k x;k gS oka jS ek/;e lw a ikika lw a eqxrh vj /kje lk: :>k.k iSnk dj.kks vka jks ew y mns l gSA /kje iz/kku gks o.kS jS dkj.k vS dkO; tSu /kje jk egkiq jlka uS vknlZ jS lkFkS lkeh jk[kSA

e/;;qx es a izeq[k tSu dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k Hkka r gS %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %& vS fo}ku jS lkFkS&lkFkS dfo Hkh gkA vka jk 50 la w Åij fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh



33

feflz r dkO; feySA vS ?k.kdjk *jkl* fy[;kA b.kes a *jkek;.k* ;k *jke lhrk jkl* lxGk lw a pkoh jpuk gS A

Nhgy %&Nhgy %&Nhgy %&Nhgy %&Nhgy %& vS 16oha lnh jS e/; jk dfo gkA vka jh ikap NksVh&NksVh jpukoka feyS& iap lgsyh xhr] iaFkhxhr] mnjxhr] iapsfUnz; cksy vj uke ckouhA *iap lgsyh* cksypky jh jktLFkkuh

es a fy[;ksM+ h jpuk gSAdq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %& vS pfpZ r tSu dfo jº;k gS aA vka jh lxGh jpukoka jktLFkkuh es a gSaA

dq’kyykHk jh jpukoka uS P;kj :ika esa ckaV ldka gk %&1- izpfyr yksddFkkoka % ek/kokuy pks SikbZ] <+ ksyk ekjo.kh pkSikbZA2- tSu ijEijk es a izpfyr dFkkud % vxM+nŸk jkl] iw T;okg.k xhrA3- nsoh ;k lxrh ekFkS % nqxkZlkŸklh] Hkokuh Nan bR;knA4- Nan lkL=h; xz aFk % fiaxy fljksef.k b.k es a *ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy* vj *<ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh <ksyk ekjo.kh pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ* ljl dkO; gSA

le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& le; lqUnj %& lrjoha lrkCnh jS tSu dfo;ka es a vka jks fols l LFkku gSA la LØr jS vykok vS jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a Hkh [kw c lkfgR; jP;ksA vka jh jpukoka es a ^exkorh jkl*] uyne;Urh pkSikbZ*] lhrkjke

pkSikbZ* bR;kn izeq[k gs S AtSu lkfgR; jS nw tk dfo;ka es a gsejru lw fj] yC/kksn;] ftug"kZ] /keZ o)Zu] nkSyr fot;]

fou;pUnz] t;eYyth] Hkh[k.kth bR;kn izeq[k gS aA vka jh lSd³q jpukoka feySA yC/kksn; jh lkr izca/kkRed Ñfr;ka gs SA vka es a *in~feuh pfjr pks SikbZ* izeq[k gSA Hkh[k.kth ¼la- 1783&1800½ vS rs jkiaFk ¼Los rkEcj½

jk iz orZd gs SaA fo-la- 1817 es a vS rs jkiaFk jh uha o jk[khA Hkh[k.kth /kjexz aFkk jS opauk jh lka rjh vj ekSfyd O;k[;k djh gSA *fHk{kw xa zFk jRukdj* uka o lw a vka jks dkO; nks [kaMk es a NI;ksM+ ks gSA

e/;dky es a jhfr xz aFkk jS lkFkS&lkFkS Nan&vyadkjka jh Hkh jpukoka feySA vka jpukoka ea s *fiaxy f’kjksef.k*¼dq’kyykHk½] *gfj fiaxy izca/k* ¼lu~ 1664½] *fiaxy izdk’k* ¼gehjnku jruw ½ bR;kn gSA ls ox eulk jke jks *j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks* b.k ijEijk jh vsd iz ksS<+ d` rh gS ft.k jh jpuk lu~ 1806 esagq;hA b.k es a fMaxy] xhr] Nan vj vyadkjka jks lka rjks foospu gq;ks gSA

x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh ijEijk ?k.kh tw uh jS;h gs SA fgUnh ifjokj jh Hkklkoka es a x| jks mn~Hko dkyØe jh nhB lw a ns[kka rks jktLFkkuh esa bZ feySA4 fo}kuka jks eku.kks

gS ds jktLFkkuh esa x| jh mRifŸk rsjoha lrkCnh jS fcPps S gq;hA la or~ 1330 es a *vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk vkjk/kuk* uka o lwa vsd fVIi.kh feyS ftdh uS jktLFkkuh x| jks iSyks uew uks dº;ks tk lds S gSA tSu lkfgR; es a tSu lk/kq vkijS/kje jS izpkj&izlkj okLrS /kje dFkkoka fy[khA x| jS fodkl es a vka /kje dFkkoka jh folsl Hkwfedk

jS;hA vS dFkkoka ts Su /kje jS xzaFkka jh O;k[;kuka vj m.k jk fl)kUrka uS le>ko.k lk: ghA vSO;k[;kokGh dFkkoka *ckykocks/k ckykocks/k ckykocks/k ckykocks/k ckykocks/k* jS uka o lw a tk.khtSA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh vj MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jS erkuq lkj x| jks iz kS<+ :i iUnz oha lnh es a feySA

e/;;qx es a x| jk fofo/k :i nhlS ft.kes a ckykocks/k] VCck] dFkk xa zFk] pfj= xzaFk] iz’uksŸkj]iV~Vkoyh] fu;e&i=] opfudk] ckr] [;kr bR;kn izeq[k gS aA x| lkfgR; uS b.k Hkka r foHkkftr dj~;kstk ldS gS %&

1- /kkjfed x| 2- vSfrgkfld x| 3- yfyr x|



34

1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %& /kkjfed x| es s a tSu jpukdkjka jks folsl ;ksxnku gSA /kkjfed x| jk jpukdkjka es a vkpk;Z r:.kizHk lw fj] lkselqUnj lw fj] es:lqUnj] ek.kD;pUnz lwfj izeq[k gSA

2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %& vSfrgkfld x| es a bfr;klw fol;ka uS x| jS :i es a iz Lrq r dj~;k gSA vka jk dsbZ :i feyS fta;k& [;kr] ckr] foxr] opfudk] nokoSr bR;kn gS opfudkoka esa*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ¼flonkl xkM.k½] *jkBkSM+ jrulh egs lnklksr jh opfudk* ¼f[kfM+;k

tXxk½] nokoS r es a *ujflagnkl xkSM+ nokoS r* ¼HkkV dkyhnkl½ bR;kn izeq[k gSA [;krdkjka es a eq rk

uS.klh] ckadhnkl vj n;kynkl gSA vka jh fy[;ksM+ h [;krka jks bfr;klw nhB lw a ?k.kks egŸo gSA3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %& jktLFkkuh jks ckr lkfgR; lefj) gSA vBS vSfrgkfld] dkYifud vj

ikSjkf.kd fol;ka uS ys;*j [kw c ckrka fy[;ksM+ h gS vka jS eka; /kje] uhfr] izse] gkL; bR;kn jh ckrka gSaA jktLFkku es a ckr dSo.k jh vsd ykEch ijEijk jS;h gS vS ckrka jkspd] ljl vj eueks o.kh gSA vka jks

x| Hkh lka rjks vj lkfgfR;drk fy;ksM+ ks gSA jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; es a dh ckrka ?k.kh pkoh gSs fta;k& jktk Hkkst] ek?k iafMr vj Mksdjh jh ckr] jktkHkkst vj [kkQjS pksj jh ckr] l;.kh&pj.kh jh ckr]

QksQkuan jh ckr] Åek HkfV;k.kh jh ckr bR;knAb.k rjS e/;;qx es a ftdks x| feyS m.kes a rqde; x| jh iz ozfr jS;h gS fca;k dBS&dBS rqd

jfgr x| Hkh feySA

yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a yksd lkfgR; jks v[kw V Hk.Mkj gSA yksd lkfgR; jh ekSf[kd ijEijk jS;h gSA vks fd.kh O;fä fols l jks jP;ksM+ ks uh cfYd lEiw j.k lekt ;k yksd bZb.k jks jpukdkj gSA eksSf[kd ijEijk jS :i es a vks lkfgR; ih<+ h nj ih<+ h vkxS pkyrks jSoSA yksd

lkfgR; jS ek/;e lw a fd.kh Hkh tuin ;k vapG jh yksd la LØfr] yksd thou vj yksd fujek.k jks lqHkkfod :i lkaeh vkoSA yksd lkfgR; jks foHkktu b.k Hkkar dj~;ks tk lds S gS %&

1- yksdxhr 2- iokM+ k 3- yksd dFkkoka

4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd 5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka

1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %& jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka jh vkijh nqfu;ka gS vka es a yksd Hkkoukoka jks lqHkkfod :i nhlSA jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka uS nks Hkkxka es a ckaV ldka& /kkjfed xhr vj euks jatukRed xhrA/kkjfed xhrka es a /kje jS fof/k&fo/kku vj fØ;kdykika jks fp=.k gS aA vSM+ k yksdxhrka es a la Ldkj xhr]

ns oh&ns orkoka jk xhr vj ozr lEcU/kh xhr ns[;k tk ldSaA b.kh rjS *gjtl gjtl gjtl gjtl gjtl* vj * lcn lcn lcn lcn lcn* Hkh vkayksdxhrka es a yksdok.kh jS :i es a vkoSA euks jatukRed xhr rht& R;w a okj] [ksy] fjrq vj ekuo tho.k

jk ljl ijlax vkoSA vka x.kxkS j] rht] nhokyh] gksyh jk xhr Hkh lkfey gS aA vyx&vyx voljka

ek;S ?kj&fxjLFkh] ifjokj is ze vj vkeksn&izeksn jk yksdxhr Hkh lekt es a ?k.kk pkok gS aA

2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %&2- iokM+ k %& *iokM+ k iokM+ k iokM+ k iokM+ k iokM+ k* lcn la LØr js S iz okn lcn lw a c.;ks gSA iokM+ k uS dsbZ fo}ku yksdxkFkk

Hkh dS oSA yEcks dFkkud gq o.k jS dkj.k b.k uS dsbZ *>hM+ k* Hkh ds S oSA vka iokM+ k jh vkijh dha fols lrkoka

gq oS] fta;k jpukdkj jks vX;kr gq o.kks] iz kekf.kd ew yikB uh fey.kks] laxhr vj fujr jks esy+] ekSf[kd ijEijk] yEcks dFkkud bR;knA jktLFkkuh iokM+ k es a ikcw th jk iokM+ k] cxM+ kor] fugkyns&lqyrku



35

bR;kn ?k.kk yksdfiz; gS aA ikcwth jS iokM+ k jh la[;k 52 ekuhtSA b.kh bZ Hkka r *cxM+ korka jk iokM+ k*vŸkk yksdfiz; gs S a ds Hkksik b.k yksdxkFkk uS Hkh xkoSA jkuh y{eh dqekjh pw Mka or *ns oukjk;.k dh xkFkk*uka o lw a cxM+ korka jS iokM+ k jks lEiknu dj;ks gSA *fugkyns lqyrku jk ckou iokM+ k* jS uka o lw a izfl)gSA b.k uS tksxh lka jxh ekFkS xkoSA jktLFkkuh jk ekuhrk fo}ku vj vkykspd MkW0 dUgS;kyky lgy b.k yksd egkdkO; uS vsd tksxh lw a lq.k*j iq Lrd :i es a fyfic) dj~;ks gSA MkW0 ØL.k fcgkjh lgy b.k yksd egkdkO; uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j b.k ekFkS lVhd :i es a lks/k Hkh dj~;k gSA

3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %& yksddFkk jktLFkkuh es a ckr dghtSA x| jS :i esa [;kr] foxr] opfudk bR;kn :i * okr okr okr okr okr* lw a lko vyk;nk gSaA jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka es a ohjrk] is ze] gkL;] uhfr bR;kn jks izHkkoh fp=.k gq;ks gSA jktLFkkuh es a ohjrk iz/kku yksd dFkkoka jh izpqjrk gSA vSM+ h yksddFkkoka es a ^jko fj.key jh okr*] jktk ujfla?k jh okr*] jko pw aMs jh okr*] ikcw th jh okr* ?k.kh pfpZr gS a nw th yksddFkkoka esa ^<+ksyk ek:*] &tyky cw cuk*] ^ew ey&egsUnj] iksikckbZ jh okr*]^fc.ktkjk&fc.ktkjh jh okr*] ineS pkj.k jh okr* bR;kn yksdfiz; gS aA jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka jS lanHkZesa MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] xksfoUn vxz oky] y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor] fot;nku nsFkk]

lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- d`L.k fcgkjh lgy] jkefuokl 'kekZ] Hka oj flag lkekSj bR;kn jks ladyu&lEiknu ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA

4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %& jktLFkku es a [;ky ;k yksdukVdka jks iznlZ.k Hkh cjkscj gq orks

jS;ks gSA [;ky jS okLrS [kqyS eap jh t:jr gq oS ft.kjS P;k: rjQ njld cSB T;koSa vj iNS [;ky l: gq oS ftdks lkjh jkr pkyrks jS oSA [;ky es a dkO;] vfHku;] laxhr vj fujr jks lekos l gq oSA [;ky eq[; :i lw a xkoks tkoSA chp&chp es a ftdk la okn vkoS] oS x| es a gq oSA vxjpan ukgVk jks eku.kksgS ds jktLFkku esa fyf[kr [;kyka jks izpkj&iz lkj mUuhloha lnh ds e/; es a gq;ks ;k chloha lnh jSvkjEHk es a gks ldSA5

[;ky fy[k.kokGk yksxka es a eks rhjke] iw uepan] ukuw yky eh.kk] yPNhjke bR;kn izeq[k gSAvyx&vyx vapGka jh lsSyh jS vk/kkj ekFkS vka [;kyka jk dsbZ ukedj.k Hkh gq;k gSa fta;k& ’ks[kkokVh [;ky] dqpke.kh [;ky] vyhcDlh [;ky bR;knA dha yksdfiz; [;kyka es a <+ ksyk ejo.k] pdok cS.k]txns o dadkyh] uy ne;Urh] jktk eks j/ot bR;kn gSA

5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %& vkilh ckrphr jS njE;ku vj ys[ku Hkh yksdksfä vj

igsfy;ka jks iz;ksx gq orks js S oSA b.k lw a Hkklk es a lqUnjrk vj dFku es a peRdkj mitSA vka jktLFkkuh dgkorka es a vBS jh tuHkkouk vj yksd la LØfr jks ltho fp=.k gq;ksA jktLFkkuh dgkorka uS ys;*j iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy laxzg vj lEiknu jks mYys[ktksx dke dj~;ks gSA MkW-euksgj 'kekZ dgkorka jS ykjS yksd v.kHko jS :i esa fNI;ksM+ h dFkkoka uS Hkh izLrq r djh gSA b.k folSes a MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy jks xz aFk *jktLFkkuh dgkors % ,d v/;;u* igyks vj egrkÅ lks/k izca/k gS ft.kjS eka; jktLFkkuh dgkorka jks vk/kkjHkw r vj izkekf.kd v/;;u dj~;ks gSA lkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkor] egsUnz Hkkukor] f’koflag pks;y bR;kn Hkh c[kr flj jktLFkkuh dgkorka ekFkS lks/kijd ys[k fy[krk jS;k gSaA

ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %& e/;dky jS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ekFkS fopkj djka rks y[kkoS ds b.k dky esa dF; vj flYi jh fofo/krk jS;hA vsd rjQ ohjrk] Hkxrh vj fl.kxkj ijd lkfgR; jh jpuk gqbZ

rks nw tS dkuh x| jks fodkl vj m.k jk Hkka r&Hkka r jk uqa ok :i Hkh lkeh vk;kA ckadhnkl tSM+ k dfo lkEiznkf;drk la w Åij mB*j ns liz se jh Hkkouk lw a dkO; jh fljt.kk djrk js s S;kA b.k dky jS dkO; es a

R;kx] cfynku vj leji.k jh Hkkouk jks fp=.k gSA



36

ohj jl js S ekFkS fl.kxkj jks rkyesy b.k dkO; jh fols lrk gSA b.k dky es a fl.kxkj jh ÅapSnjtS jh jpukoka lkeh vk;hA ykSfdd dkO; jS :i es a ?k.kk bZ iz sek[;ku Hkh miyC/k gq;kA *<+ ksykek:

jk nw gk* vSM+ ks bZ fl.kxkj iz/kku yksdizfl) iz sek[;ku gSAe/;;qx jh vsd mYys[ktksx ckr vk gS ds b.k dky es a i| jS lkFkS&lkFkS x| jks bZ fodkl

gq;ks vj vks fgUnh ifjokj jh Hkklkoka es a lxGk lw a iSyka jktLFkkuh es a fn[kk;h ns oSA jktLFkkuh es a rs joha lrkCnh lw a ys;*j vkt rkabZ x| jh yw aBh ijEijk cjkscj pkySA yfyr x| jS :i es a jktLFkkuh ckr

lkfgR; jh fofo/krk mYys[ktksx gSA b.k tqx jh egrkÅ Ñfr;ka es a dkUgM+ns izca/k] gEehjk;.k] gkyk &>kyk jh dq aMfy;k] fo#n fNgrjh] opfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egs lnklks r jh] ps rko.kh jk xhr] osfy fØlu :de.k jh] jkejklkS] ukxne.k] jkft;k jk lks jBk] ehjkckbZ jh inkoyh] <+ ksyk ek: jk nwgk]fugkyns lqyrku] cxM+ kor bR;kn gSaA Nan jh fofo/krk vka dkO; jpukoka jh fols lrk gSA

lUnHkZ %& lUnHkZ %& lUnHkZ %& lUnHkZ %& lUnHkZ %&1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vksS j lkfgR; ] i`- 1122- ** ** ** ] i`- 1263- lka LØfrd jktLFkku % la- jruyky ’kkg] i`- 224- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ] MkW- uxsUnz ] i`- 2735- iz kphu dkO;ks a dh :i ijEijk] vxjpan ukgVk] i`- 141

vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&

oLrq fuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky % oLrq fuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky %1- dkUgM+ns izca/k jh jpuk dq.k djh \ ¼v½ ckjgB vklk ¼c½ ohBw lw tk ¼l½ ckjgB bZ ljnkl ¼n½ in~eukHk ¼ ½2- xkM.k ilkbr jh jpuk dq.klh gsS \ ¼v½ gfjjl ¼c½ jko fj.key jks :id ¼l½ xtxq.k ¼n½ jrujklks ¼ ½3- osfy fØlu :de.kh jk jpukdkj dq.k gS \

¼v½ dY;k.knkl ¼c½ cla r foykl ¼l½ jkBkSM+ fizFkhjkt ¼n½ ds lksnkl xkM.k ¼ ½4- *jkft;k jk lks jBk* fd.k jk fy[;ksM+ k gSa \ ¼v½ in~e Hkxr ¼c½ esgksth ¼l½ Ñikjke f[kfM+;k ¼n½ eq jkjhnku ckjgB ¼ ½5- *ukxne.k* jks jpukdkj dq.k gS \ ¼v½ lqjtunkl iw fu;k ¼c½ lka;kth >w yk ¼l½ f[kfM+;k gqdehpan ¼n½ xkM.k xksihukFk ¼ ½6- *fo:n fNgrjh* fd.k jh jpuk gS \ ¼v½ jruw ohjHkk.k ¼c½ tXxk f[kfM+;k

¼l½ nw nk foljky ¼n½ nq jlk vk<k ¼ ½7- ckjgB bZ ljnkl jh pfpZ r jpuk dq.klh gS \



37

¼v½ gkyk >kyk jk dqaMfy;k ¼c½ ck?kth jk nw gk ¼l½ opfudk jkBkSM+ jrufla?k egslnklks r jh ¼n½ jkt :id ¼ ½8- <ksyk ek: jk nw gk jks jpukdky dq.k lks gS \ ¼v½ 12oha lrkCnh ¼c½ vBkjoh lrkCnh ¼l½ la or~ 1617

¼n½ la- iUnjS lksS jS vklikl ¼ ½?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %1- *fugkyns lqyrku* uS fd.k <ax jks dkO; ekU;ks tkoS\2- jktLFkkuh x| jh iSyh iksFkh dq.klh gS \3- le; lqUnj dq.k lS dky jk dfo gk \4- ehjk jh Hkklk dq.k lh gS \5- jktLFkkuh es a [;ky dn lw a fy[k.kk l: gq;k \6- *fMaxy dks’k* jk jpukdkj crkoks \7- fujatuh lEiznk; dq.k pyk;ks \8- *:de.kh&eaxy* fd.k jks fy[;ksM+ ks gS \

y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %1- *j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks* fd.k <ax jks xa zFk gS \2- *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* es a dq.k lks jl iz/kku gS\3- yksd lkfgR; jk dq.k&dq.k lk Hksn gS \4- *iokM+ k* lcn fd.k lw a c.;ks gS \5- *osfy fØlu :de.kh jh* jks iz/kku jl dkabZ gS \6- jktLFkkuh es a x| jh l:vkr dn lw a ekuh tkoS \7- jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka jk folS dkabZ jS;k \8- yksdksfDr dkabZ gqoS \

fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i es a loky %1- *osfy fØlu :de.kh jh* dSM+ h jpuk gS \2- jkejklks jh folslrkoka crkoks \3- vk[;ku dkO; jh ijEijk fd.k <ax jh gh \4- ckadhnkl jh dfork es a jkLVªh;rk jh Hkkouk crkoks \5- tSu dkO; fy[k.kS jks dkabZ mns l gks \6- e/;dky jS x|&lkfgR; ckcr fy[kks \7- yksd lkfgR; jh fols lrkoka crkoks \8- iokM+ k jks vjFk vj izeq[k iokM+ ka jks mYys[k djks \



38

v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4

vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lw a vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lw a vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lw a vtS rkabZ½

vk/kqfud dky jks vkjEHk mUuhloha lrkCnh jS mrjkn lw a ekU;ks tkoSA D;w ads b.k dky [kaM lw a jpukRed Lrj ekFkS dkO;xr ps ruk es a cnyko miT;kSA b.k c[kr jh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vj

vkjfFkd fLFkfr;ka lw a ftdh uq a oh mFkG&iqFkG gqbZ] ok lkfgR; okLrS Hkh uq a oks lUnHkZ gksA lu~ 1857 jh ØkfUr jks l:i dha Hkh ekU;ks tkoS i.k fuLpS bZ jktLFkku ØkfUrdkfj;ka jks nzfLVdks.k vaxs zt fojks/kh gksb.k jks lejFku vBS jk ledkyhu dfo Hkh dj~;ksA ckadhnkl] lw ;ZeYy feJ.k] 'kadjnku lkekS j] cq) th vkfl;k] fxjojnku dfo;k bR;kn fczfVl lŸkk jS f[kykQ vkijks vkØks l izxV djrka Fkdka vkstLoh

Loj jks ifjpS fn;ksA Mw axth&tokjth vxz stka jS fo:) es a txka&txka rgydks epk fn;ksA vkt Hkksik&Hkksih Mw axth&tokjth jk xhr xkoSA

b.k lw a izxV gqoS lu~ 1850 jS vsM+ S&NsM+ S ftdh lelkef;d ?kVukoka vj ifjfLFkfr;ka mith

oS tu&tkxj.k vj vk/kqfudrk jh izfØ;k uS tye fn;ksA vk/kqfud dky jks foHkktu b.k <ax lw a fd;kstk ldS &

1- tkxj.k dky ¼ lu~ 1850 lw a 1947 rkabZ ½2- vktknh jS iNS jks dky ¼ lu~ 1947 lw a 1965 rkabZ ½

3- uoys[ku dky ¼ lu~ 1965 lw a vtS rkabZ ½

tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lw a 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lw a 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lw a 1947 rkabZ ½vk/kqfud dky jh l:vkr lu~ 1850 lw a ekuhtSA b.k okLrS vk t:jh gS ds b.k dky jS Hkhrj

ftdh fLFkfr;ka es a cnyko vk;ks] m.k jks v/;;u dj~;ks tkoS ft.k lw a lkfgfR;d psruk uS le>.ks Svj foLys l.k dj.kS es a enn fey ldsSA

jktuhfrd ifjosl %& jktuhfrd ifjosl %& jktuhfrd ifjosl %& jktuhfrd ifjosl %& jktuhfrd ifjosl %& lu~ 1857 lS foIyo jS dkj.kS bLV bafM;k dEiuh jks izHkqRo feVX;ks vj Hkkjr fczfVl lkez kT; jks mifuos l c.kX;ksA lu~ 1885 es a jkLVª h; dkaxz s l jh Fkjiuk gqbZ vj tulk/kkj.k ekFkS vka jS fopkjka jks izHkko i³~;ksA vkxS pky*j dkaxzs l es a uje vj xje nks nG c.kX;kA

lu~ 1903 es a fnYyh njckj vj lu~ 1905 es a cax&Hkax jh ?kVukoka lw a jktuhfrd Ns = es a [kw c gypy iSnk gq;hA nwtS dkuh Hkkjr jS yksxka es a vkijh vktknh ys o.k lk: R;kx] cfynku] la?klZ jh Hkkouk c<+.k ykxhA iSyS foLo tq) ¼1914 bZ-½ jS iNS vaxs zt tu ps ruk uS gj rjS lw a dqpy.kks l: dj~;ks vj iNSxka/khth vlg;ksx vkanksyu ¼lu~ 1920&21½ jh l:vkr djhA vaxs ztka jh neu uhfr jS dkj.k jktLFkku es a ØkfUr jh Hkkoukoka uq a oks eksM+ ys o.k ykxhA dksVk jk ds ljh flag ckjgB] tks jkoj flag] [kjok jk xksiky flag] C;koj jk nkeksnj iz lkn jkBh vj fot; flag ifFkd tSM+ k ØkfUrdkjh b.k vaxz st fojks/kh vkanksyu us S ?k.kks lfØ; dj~;ksA b.k c[kr jh nks [kkl ?kVukoka&fctksfy;k vj csxw jS fdlkuka jks vkanksyu

mYys[ktksx gSA vka jS ek/;e lw a tkxhjnkjh izFkk jS lks l.k vj vR;kpkj jS f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZAt;ukjk;.k O;kl] ghjkyky 'kkL=h] ekf.kdyky oekZ] gfjHkkÅ mik/;k;] lkxjey xksik bR;kn lu~



39

1930 jS vsM+ S&NsM+ S jk izeq[k us rk gk ftdk xka o&xkao ea s vktknh jh vy[k txkbZA1942 esa *Hkkjr NksM+ ks vkanksyu Hkkjr NksM+ ks vkanksyu Hkkjr NksM+ ks vkanksyu Hkkjr NksM+ ks vkanksyu Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* vktkn fgan QkSt jks xBu vj iNS 15 vxLr 1947 uS

nsl vktkn gq;ksA lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijos l %& lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijos l %& lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijos l %& lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijos l %& lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijosl %& jktuhfrd gypyka jS lkFkS lkekftd vj /kkjfed

nhB lw a Hkh vSM+ k vkanksyu l: gq;k ftdk lekt uS vsd uq oh ps ruk nhA czã lekt] iz kFkZuk lekt]vk;Z lekt bR;kn jh Hkw fedk b.k nzfLV lw a ?k.kh tks jnkj jS;hA vS lkekftd vj /kkjfed laxBu

lkekftd dqizFkkoka vj dqjhfr;ka ekFkS rh[kk izgkj djrk jS;k ft.k lwa uq a ok uSfrd ew Y;ka jh Fkjiuk gq;hA jktk jkeeksgu jk;] ds lopUnz lsu] n;kuan ljLorh] foosdkuan bR;kn lkekftd Ns = es a pks[kk

lq/kkj dj~;k vj vkMEcj] <ks ax] ik[kaM vj dqizFkkoka jks [kaMu dj~;ksA vka jS lq/kkjoknh nzfLVdks.k jks lekt jS okrkoj.k ekFkS xgjks vlj gq;ksA

lkaLØfrd ifjosl %& lka LØfrd ifjosl %& lkaLØfrd ifjosl %& lka LØfrd ifjosl %& lka LØfrd ifjos l %& vaxs ztka jS v/khu jS o.k vj vkFka w .kh lH;rk] la LØfr vj lkfgR; jS laijd es a vko.kS lw a vk/kqfudrk jks lapkj gkso.kks ykteh gksA vaxs ztka jh uq a oh vjFk O;oLFkk]

uqa oh f’k{kk uhfr] ;krk;kr jS lk/ku bR;kn lw a fopkjka esa cnyko vk;ks vj lka LØfrd psruk jksuqoksi.kks izxV~;ksA m/kksx /ka/kk] lka LØfrd ps ruk] vkFka w .kS izHkko vj lkfgR; jks tu ekul ij /khjS&/khjS xSjks izHkko iM+ rks x;ksA

b.k rjS vk ckr eSlw l gq oS ds lu~ 1850 lw a 1947 rkabZ ftdh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vj

lka LØfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka jS;h m.k jks vlj lkfgR; jh psruk ekFkS iM+.kks t:jh gksA b.k lw a lkfgR; jS eka; vk/kqfudrk jS lapkj lw a uq oks cks/k miT;ks vj lkfgR; vkijh jpukRed la osnuk es a cnGrks lks

futj vk;ksA lkfgR; jS cnyko jh vk izfØ;k lqHkkfod gSA vcS tkxj.k dky jS lkfgR; ekFkS b.k rjS fopkj dj~;ks tk ldS gS %&

dkO; %&dkO; %&dkO; %&dkO; %&dkO; %& tkxj.k jh ifjfLFkfr lwa jkLVªh; ps ruk] thou cks/k vj lkaeh vko.k okGh pq.kkSfr;ka vj vk/kqfudrk jS lapkj lwa dkO; la osnuk es a Qs jcny gq;ks vj dkO; vkijS ifjos l lw a tq³~;ksA lw ;ZeYy feJ.k vj ’kadjnku lkekSj b.k dky jk nks vSM+ k tkx:d dfo gk ftdk lu~ 1857 jh ØkfUr jS lUnHkZ es a vsd ;qx&dfo jh Hkw fedk fuHkkbZA b.k dky jS nw tS dfo;ka jh dfork ikjEifjd jS;hA vBS b.k dky jS dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&

lw ;ZeYy feJ.k %& lw ;ZeYy feJ.k %& lw ;ZeYy feJ.k %& lw ;ZeYy feJ.k %& lw;ZeYy feJ.k %& lw ;ZeYy feJ.k egku izfrHkk lEiUu dfo vj fo}ku gkA pkj.k dqy jS eka; vkt Hkh m.kka jh [;kfr gSA vBS vk dSorka dha ladksp uh ds lw ;ZeYy feJ.k tSM+ k dfo dsbZ lrkfCn;ka iNS isSnk gqoSA lw ;ZeYy feJ.k jks tye fo-la- 1872 esa cw anh es a gq;ksA feJ.k cw anh jk ujs l

egkjko jkeflag jk jktnjckjh dfo gkA vka jh jpukoka es a *oa’k HkkLdj*] *ohj lrlbZ*] *cyon~ foykl*]*jkejatkV*] *Nankse;q[k* bR;kn izeq[k gSA

oa'k HkkLdj vkijks lc lwa cM+ks vj izfl) xzaFk gS ft.kjh jpuk lu~ 1840 esa gq;hA vkscwanh jkT; jks in~;e; bfr;kl gSA b.k uS egkHkkjr jh rjS foLodkslh; vSfrgkfld dkO; jh

laX;k nhA lw ;ZeYy feJ.k jks nw tks xa zFk *ohj lrlbZ* gS b.kes a dqy 288 nw gk gS a vj vS ohj jlkRed nw gk

fMaxy jh miyfC/k ekuhtS D;w a ds *ohj lrlbZ* fMaxy jh vuqie Ñrh gSA lw ;ZeYy feJ.k vka nw gk es a

jktLFkku jS thou ew Y;ka vj vknlZ uS vsd uq oks lUnHkZ fn;ks gS vka bZ otS gS ds ohjrk] R;kx] cfynku]/kjrh iz se] mnkŸk Hkkouk] ukjh jks lrhRo vj ohjRo bR;kn Hkkoukoka uS ?k.kh izHkkoh vfHkO;fä bZ a lrlbZ



40

es a feyhA b.k dkO; jS ykjS lu~ 1857 jS xnj jh iz s j.kk gSA *ohj lrlbZ* Hkkjr jS bfr;kl jh vsd egku ?kVuk uS dkO; jS lUnHkZ es a b.k Hkka r izxV djS &

chde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Afclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAA*cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl* rhtks xz aFk gS b.k jS eka; fHk.kk; jS jktk cyoa r flag jS pfj= jks oj.ku gSAb.k rjS lw ;ZeYy feJ.k vk/kqfud dky jk fMaxy lSyh jk iSyk egku vj Nsyk dfo gq;kA

ohj jl jS ÅapS njtS jS dfo jS :i es a vka jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a vej LFkku jS oSyksA vka jks fu/ku fo-la-1920 es a gq;ksA

’kadjnku lkekS j’kadjnku lkekSj’kadjnku lkekS j’kadjnku lkekSj’kadjnku lkekSj ¼fo-la- 1881&1935½ %&%&%&%&%& vaxs zth lklu jS vR;kpkjka jh tks jnkj rh[kS lcnka es a vkykspuk dj.kokGk vk/kqfud dfo;ka esa ’kadjnku lkekSj jks uka o fljSA vkijks tye

pw : ftyS jSs lqtkux<+ rglhy jS xka o ckscklj es a fo-la- 1881 es a gq;ksA vke pkj.k ifjokj es a tyE;k lkekS j jh dfork es a vaxs ztka jS f[kykQ vkx mxy.kS jh xS jh rkdr ghA m.k c[kr jktLFkku es a lkekS j jS eqdkcyS es a dksbZ nw tks dfo uh gks ft.kjh dfork es a vkx jh yiVka gq oSA lkekS j jh dfork vsd rjQ

vaxs ztka jS lks l.k] vR;kpkj] Hkz LVkpkj vj vuhfr jks fojks/k djS] cBS bZ nw tS dkuh tkxhjnkjka vj Bkdjka jh mnklhurk jks fp=.k Hkh djSA ’kadjnku jh vkokt es a fuMjrk vj vkst gks] ØkfUr jS Hkko lwa mefM+;ksM+ h lkekS j jh dfork rste; ghA

’kadjnku lkekS j izxfr’khy fopkj/kkjk jk dfo gkA m.k jS dkO; es a lekt jS lksflr O;fä jh ihM+ koka jks lkapks fp=.k gSA lxrh lqtl] HkkxhjFkh efgek] c[kr jks ck;jks] ns l niZ.k] lkds r lrdZ

bR;kn ’kadjnku jh izeq[k jpukoka gSaA

izlkn vj vkst lw a Hkj;ksM+ h lkeks Sj jh dfork esa lgtrk vj ykfyR; gSA b.k lw a ykxS ds

lw ;ZeYy feJ.k vj ’kadjnku lkekS j tkxj.k dky jk nks fols l dfo gk ftdk vkijS c[kr es a vaxs ztka

lw a eqxrh iko.k lk: Mads jh pksV dforkoka fy[krk jS;kA

ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %& ikjEifjd lSyh es a jP;ksM+ S dkO; jS dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&

jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %& jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %& jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %& jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %& jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %& jkeukFk dfo;k vkijh lh/kh ljy vj

iz lkne;h lSyh jS dkj.k vk[kS s jktLFkku jk dfo;ka es a ?k.kk yksdfiz; jS;k gSaA vka jh jpukoka es a *ikcw th

jk lks jBk* vj *nz ksinh fou;* ;k *d:.k cgrjh* [kkl gS aA *d:.k cgrjh* es a nz kSinh jks phjgj.k dj.kSiNS fØL.k uS nz kSinh ftdh iqdkj djh] m.k jks ekjfed fp=.k gSA bZa jS vykok dfo;k pkj.kh nsoh

dj.kh th jh efgek vj dh [kkl pfjr uk;dka uS ys;*j Hkh dforkoka fy[khA jkeukFk dfo;k jk

lw ;ZeYy feJ.k vj ’kadjnku lkekS j jS nsgkUr ekFkS fy[;ksM+ k ejfl;k Hkh feySA

Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %& Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %& Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %& Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %& Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %& pkj.k dqy es a tyE;k Lo:i nkl iNS nknw iaFkh

lk/kq gq;X;kA vki la LØr] fMaxy] fiaxy bR;kn Hkklkoka jk fo}ku gkA vkijh fy[;ksM+ h jpukoka esa

ikaMo ;'ksUnq pfUnzdk] jl&jRukdj] ik[kaM [kaMu o.kkZFk eatjh] nz LVkUr nhfidk] *ofrcks/k* bR;kn

izeq[k gS a A

jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %& jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %& jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %& jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %& jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %& vS Vkad lk[kk jk jko gk vj mn;iq j jk egkjk.kk Lo:iflag jk njckjh dfo gkA vka jh jpukoka es a dsgj izdkl] jlksRifŸk] Lo:i&;’k izdk’k] ’kaHkq&;’k

izdk’k bR;kn izeq[k gS aA *dsgjizdkl* vka jh lsz LB jpuk gSA leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %& leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %& leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %& leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %& leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %& lekuckbZ jktLFkkuh jk izfl) dfo jkeukFk dfo;k



41

jh lqiq =h ghA vki Hkxr dfo=h jS :i es a yksdfiz; jS;hA vka jh jpukoka es a bZ’k efgek] jkf/kdk ’kjhjksiek] JhØL.kksiek] ifrr i=ksiek bR;kn izeq[k gS aA

dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %& pkj.k dkO; jh nzfLV lw a dfo;k fpeu th ?k.kk pkok jS;kA vS lq;ksX; dfo vj fo}ku gkA vkijh jpukoka es a fofo/krk gSA *lks<k;.k* vkijh izfl) Ñrh ekuhtSA fca;k dqy feyk;*j vkijh 21 iq Lrdka gSaA

f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %& ikykor vyoj ujsl eaxyflag jk

jktnjckjh dfo gkA *vyoj dh "kV_rq >eky vyoj dh "kV_rq >eky vyoj dh "kV_rq >eky vyoj dh "kV_rq >eky vyoj dh "kV_rq >eky* vka jh lkfgfR;d d` rh gS ft.kesa fjrq oka jk lqHkkfod fp=.k gSaA

Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %& Åejnku ykyl jks tye tks/kiqj ftyS jS<+ k<jokM+ k xka o es a gq;ksA vki iSyka jkelusgh lEiznk; lw a izHkkfor gks;*j lU;klh gq;xk vj iNS vk;Z

lekt lw a izHkkfor gks;*j ikNk x`gLFkh c.kX;kA vkijh Hkklk lh/kh ljy gS vki lkekftd dqizFkkokavj ika[kMka jks tksjnkj [kaMu dj~;ks gSA Åejnku izxfr’khy fopkjka jk tkx:d dfo gkA *nk: jk nks l* ] *vckj dks gky*] *fofHkpkj dh cq jkbZ*] *vey jk vksx.k*] *rEck[kw dh rkM+.kk* bR;kn izeq[k

jpukoka gS ftdh ?k.kh yksdfiz; jS;h gSA vkijh dforkoka jks laxS z *Åej dkO;* uka o lw a NI;ks gSA

egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %& egkjkt prq j flag lk/kS ljy fgjnS okGk

dfo gkA vki esokM+ es a djtkGh jk Lokeh egkjkt ck?kflag jk oa lt gkA vki jks thou vsd lSt

;ksxh vj Hkxr jks gks D;w ads vkijh /kjeiRuh jS s nsgkUr gq o.k jS iNS vki mn;iqj lgj jS ckjS vsd xka o duS dqfV;k c.kk;*j jS orkA vkijk fy[;ksM+ k 18 xa zFk feyS ft.kes a Hkxor xhrk dh xaxktGh Vhdk]

ijekFkZ fopkj] ;ksxlw = dh Vhdk] vy[k iphlh] prq j fpa rkef.k] vuqHko izdkl] prqj izdkl bR;kn

izeq[k gSA vki jktLFkkuh vj czt Hkklk es a dforkoka fy[khA Hkko iz o.krk] ekSfydrk vj lqHkkfodrk

jh nhB lw a vka jh dforkoka fols l egŸookGh gS aA

eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %& pkj.k dkO; jk ekuhrk dfo jS :i es a efg;kfj;k

tk.khtSA vS lw ;ZeYy feJ.k jh *ohj lrlbZ* uS iwjh dj.kS okLrS 453 nw gk fy[;k gkykafd vka jk

fy[;ksM+ k nw gk vj lw ;ZeYy feJ.k jS nw gk es a izfrHkk jS vk/kkj ekFkS Hksn gq o.kks lqHkkfod gSA

fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %& fgxy+ ktnku dfo;k pkj.k lSyh jk

izHkkolkyh dfo gkA vka jks tye t;iq j jS usM+ S ls okiq jk xka o es a gq;ksA vkijh jpukoka es a êx;k exsUnz*]îzR;; i;ks/kj*] ^lky fxjg ’krd*] êsgkbZ efgek*] ^nqxkZ cgrjh*] ^vk[ksV vitl*] ^ckf.k;ks jklks*

bR;kn egrkÅ gS aA vkijh dj.khth vj bUnzckbZ jh Lrqfr Hkh fy[;ksM+ h gS aA vki fMaxy jk fo}ku gkA

dsljh flag ckjgB %&ds ljh flag ckjgB %&dsljh flag ckjgB %&ds ljh flag ckjgB %&ds ljh flag ckjgB %& ds ljh flag ckjgB izfl) ØkfUrdkjh vj ns lHkxr dfo gkA vka

jks iw jks ifjokj vktknh jS okLrS cfynku dj~;ksA vki es okM+ jk egkjk.kk QrSflag uS lEcksf/kr dj*j

*psrko.kh jk pw axV~;k ps rko.kh jk pwaxV~;k psrko.kh jk pw axV~;k ps rko.kh jk pwaxV~;k psrko.kh jk pw axV~;k* ¼13 lks jBS½ fy[;k ftdk ?k.kk ppkZ tksx jS;kA ohj jl jks vkstiw j.k oj.ku

vkijh fols lrk gSA

mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %& mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %& mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %& mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %& mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %& mnS jkt ÅtG jks tye ekjokM+ es a mtGk xka o

¼iksdj.k jS usMS +½ es a gq;ksA vki pkj.k lekt jk ekuhrk fo}ku gkA nhiS okjka ns l] T;ka jks S lkfgr txexS*

tSM+ h is z j.kknk;d iaxr lw a yksxka jks lkfgr dkauh /;ku [khP;ksA vka jS dkO; es a jktLFkku jh /kjrh bfr;kl vj Hkklk lk: ?k.kks iz se gSA vkijh jpukoka es a /kw M+ lkj] ekjokM+ jk ohj] nw /k izdk’k] ekr Hkklk nksgkoyh]

Hkkfu;k jk nw gk] Lojkt ’krd] rst lrd] loks Zn; lrd] Jelrd] lrh lrd bR;kn pkoh jS;h gS aA



42

ukFkw flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkw flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %& ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ikjEifjd lSyh jk

dfo jS;k ga SA bZ ljnkl] ckadhnkl vj lw ;ZeYy feJ.k tSM+ k dfo;k jh ohj ijEijk lw a vks riz ks r lrlbZ

jh ijEijk es a vS [kqn Hkh *ohj lrlbZ* dkO; fy[;ksA vka jh nw th jpukoka es a ^xka/kh lrd*] gkMh lrd*]

^pw aMk lrd*] ^>kykeku lrd*] ^ohj lrd*] ^d’ehj lrd* bR;kn izeq[k gSaA *ohj lrlbZ* esa

tqx/kje uS ns[krka Fkdka R;kx vj ohjRo jks fp=.k feySA

ijEijkxr dkO; jk nw tk jpukdkjka es a jkoy ujsUnzflag] ckykcDl ikykor] eq jkfj nku]

fd’kuth] dfojkt eksgu flag jko] ekudqekjh] x.ks’kiq jh] iz rkidq aojh bR;kn gS aA ijEijkxr dkO;vktknh jS iNS Hkh fy[;ks x;ks gSA dha dfo rks vkt Hkh vSM+ ks dkO; fy[kSA

vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %& vktknh fd.kh Hkh ns l jS okLrS vsd egrkÅ ew Y;

gSA 15 vxLr 1947 uS vki.kks ns l vktkn gq;ks vj bZ a iNS ns l jS jktuhfrd] lkekftd vj /kkjfed

ifjos l es a ?k.kks cnyko vk;ksA vktknh jS iNS ns l jS tho.k es a uqoha ps ruk jks mnS gks o.kks lqHkkfod gksA

vktknh jS lkFkS yksxka jh eksdGh dkeukoka tqfM+;ksM+ h ghA b.k jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS uqoS fujek.k jh

lq[k&lqfo/kkoka jh dYiukoka HkhA jktLFkku es a Hkh vktknh jS iNS egrkÅ cnyko vk;ksA vizsy 1949

esa jktLFkku la?k jh Fkjiuk gq;h vj lkeUrh O;oLFkk jks vUr gq;ksA tu lk/kkj.k es a b.k cnyko jh

?k.kh [kq lh ghA

1952 bZ- es a iSyks vke pquko gq;ks vj ns l jk izfrfuf/k ns l jh O;oLFkk jh ckxMks j laHkkGhA jkT;ka jks foyhuhdj.k] tehankjh izFkk jks [kkReks] etnw jka jS fgrka jh fjPNk vj gfjtuka lk: vys[kwa

;kstukoka jh ?kksl.kk& dha vSM+ k dke gk ftdka lw a yksxka uS vktknh jks vglkl gq;ks vj vk vklk

ca/kh ds ns l jS eka; dha uq a oks cnyko t:j vklhA i.k cnyko jh vs S mEehnka lu~ 1955 bZ- rkabZ

vkorka&vkorka xk;c gq o.k ykxhA P;ka: rjQ HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] lqokjFk Hkkouk] vukpkj] ?kw a l[kksjh

bR;kn fLFkfr;ka QS sy+ hA 1960 bZ- rkabZ vkorka&vkorka usg: ;qx jks vUr gq;xks] vs SM+ ks eS lw l gq;ksA 1962

bZ- es a phu jks geyks] 1964 bZ- es a usg: jks fu/ku] 1965 bZ- es a Hkkjr vj ikdhLrku jks tq)] 1971 bZ-

esa caxyk ns l jh yM+ kbZ] 1973 bZ- es a fcgkj esa Nk=ka jks vkanksyu vj 1975 bZ- es a vkikr fLFkfr] 1977

bZ- es a lŸkk jks cnyko vj 1984 bZ- es a Jherh bafnjk xka/kh jh gR;k& vS jktuhfr Ns = jh dh vSM+ h

?kVukoka gh ftdh iw jS jktuhfrd ifjos l uS >d>ks j fn;ksAvkjfFkd Ns = es a ns l jS fodkl lk: 1951 bZ- es a iapojlh; ;kstukoka jh l:vkr gq;hA 1959

bZ- esa iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk ykxw gq;h vj jkT; jS eka; f’k{kk] fpfdRlk] [ks rh flapkbZ] ;krk;kr]

m/kksx /ka/kk bR;kn uS c<koks fn;ks ft.k lw a jkT; jh fodkl ;k=k l: gq;hA i.k csxh bZ izlklu

jh vkik/kkih] ukSdjlkgh vj Hkz LVkpkj jks lh/kks vlj turk ekFkS gq o.k ykX;ks vj yksxka esa vkØks l

vj fojks/k jh Hkkoukoka HkM+dhA yksxka jks vktknh lw a eksgHkax gqo.k ykX;ksA b.k eksgHkax jks lxGk lwa

cs lh vlj e/;ojx ekFkS gq;ksA lkekftd ew Y;ka jks fo?kVu] la;qDr ifjokjka jks Vw V.kks vj c<+ rh

cs jkstxkjh jh leL;koka jS dkj.k lekt jh fLFkfr;ka es a vŸkks csxks cnyko vk;ks ds yksx vktknh uS

Hkw y*j vsd nw tS la?klZ jh fLFkfr lw a tw >.kS ykX;kA

lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjos l %& lkfgfR;d ifjosl %& vktknh jS iNS vk;ksM+ k cnyko jks vlj tBS jktuhfrd] lkekftd

vj vkjfFkd fLFkfr;ka ekFkS i³~;ks] cBS bZ lkfgR; jh jpukRed ps ruk Hkh m.k lw a izHkkfor gqbZA lkeUrh

O;oLFkk jks Vw V.kks] :<hoknh ekufldrk] xka oka jks fiNMksi.kks] iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk lw a xka oka es a QS syh xanh



43

jktuhfr] cs jkstxkjh] lgjka jh rjQ ukSdjh okLrS nksM+.kkS] vk;h lky iM+ rks dkG vj tuekul esaQSY;ksM+ ks vla rks l vj vkØks l tSM+ h fLFkfr;ka jks vlj jpukdkj ekFkS Hkh i³~;ks vj oks vkijh

la osnukoka uS ;qx jS ifjos[k es a vfHkO;ä dj.kS ykX;ksA vka fLFkfr;ka lw a jktLFkkuh dfork vj fo/kkokaesa bZ a cnyko jh fLFkfr;ka mtkxj gkso.kS ykxhA

vktknh jS s vklS&iklS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a jpukRed ys[ku] lks/k vj i=dkfjrk jS Ns= es a uq oha ijEijkoka jh uha o iM+ hA lw ;Zdj.k ikjhd] iz ks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] vxjpan ukgVk] MkW- eks rhyky

esukfj;k] MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy] MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] lkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkor] Hka oj flag lkekS j bR;kn fo}ku jktLFkkuh jS iz kphu lkfgR; uS fgUnh txr js S lkeh jk[;ksA lw ;Zdj.k jh *cksyko.k* ;k *izfrKkiwfrZ* ¼1933½ uka o lwa jktLFkkuh esa vsd vsdkadh laxs zS NI;ksA b.k jS iNS jktLFkkuh dkO; jh egrkÅ jpuk pUnz flag jh *cknGh*¼ 1941½ Nih ftdh ikjEifjd lSyh lw a gV*j vsd uq oS folS uS iz Lrq r dj~;ksA vk vk/kqfud jktLFkkjh jh iSyh d` rh ghA b.k jS iNS eqdqy jh *lsSuk.kh*¼1944½ eaph; dfork vk;h vj b.k lw a jktLFkkuh jks vsd uq aoks ekgkSy c.;ksA 1944 es a fnuktiqj es a jktLFkkuh jks iSyks

lEesyu gq;ksA bZ a jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS jktLFkkuh es a if=dkoka bZ Ni.k ykxhA m.k c[kr jh if=dkoka esa jktLFkkuh ¼1946½] jktLFkku Hkkjrh ¼1946½] ekjokM+ h ¼1947½ bR;kn ghA vktknh js S iNS rks dsbZ

if=dkoka fudGhA lu~ 1950 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh ys[ku es a uqa oks tks l vk;ks vj x|&i| es a dsbZ uqa ok jpukdkj

mnS gq;kA 1953 bZ- es a jkor lkjLor jh *e:ok.kh* ¼t;iqj½ vj 1954 bZ- es a fd’kks jdYiuk dka r jks*vksGeks* ¼jrux<+½ vkijS c[kr jh vSM+ h if=dkoka gh& ftdka jS ek/;e lw a ?k.kdjk jpukdkj Ni*j

lkfgR; es a vkijh lk[k c<+ kbZA vka nksuw a if=dkoka jks bfr;klw ;ksxnku gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lk: jpukdkj vj ikBd rS;kj dj.kS es a vka jh Hkw fedk ?k.kh ljko.k tksx jS;hA

lu~ 1960 bZ- es a vsM+ S&NsMS + jktLFkkuh jS jpukRed ys[ku es a dh iSyka lw a cs lh xfr vk;h vj lkfgR; jh fofo/k fo/kkoka es a fljt.k gqo.k ykX;ksA fgUnh jS lkFkS&lkFkS eapka ekFkS Hkh jktLFkkuh

dfork yksdfiz; gq o.k ykxhA b.k c[kr jktLFkkuh dfork ekFkS fopkj djka rks vks y[kkos S ds vsdkuh eap lw a izHkkfor gks;*j xhr [kw c fy[;k x;k rks nwtS dkuh jpukRedrk jS eka; jkLVªh;rk] fl.kxk:Hkko] izxfrlhy ps ruk] izØfr fp=.k bR;kn iz ozfŸk;ka mHkjhA 1965 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork esadF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a uq oks cnyko vk;ks vj dha uq oka dfo ;qxcks/k vj vkt jh la osnukoka lw a tqM+*j

vkijS vklS&iklS jS ifjos l uS lko uq a oh vfHkO;fä nhA b.k rjS jktLFkkuh x| vj nw th fo/kkoka esaHkh uq a oh la osnukoka mHkjhA vBS is Syka jktLFkkuh dfork jh iz ozfŸk;ka vj iNS jktLFkkuh x| jh iz ozfŸk;ka

ekFkS foospu djL;kA

dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %& vktknh jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork es a dF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a fofo/krk

vj O;kidrk vk;h gSA vBS vsdkuh fljt.k es a ijEijkxr lSyh Hkh nhlS rks nw tS dkuh lelkef;d ifjosl lk: tkx:drk HkhA jktLFkkuh dfork jh fofo/k izozfŸk;ka jks foospu b.k rjS dj~;ks tk

ldS%&1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk 2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk

3- izxfrlhy /kkjk 4- izØfr fp=.k 5- gkL; O;aX;



44

6- lEcks/ku dkO;7- uq a oh dfork

1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lka LØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk %& vktknh lw a iSyka ijEijkÅ dkO; jh jpuk rks gqorh jS;h i.k vktknh jS iNS ftdks ifjos l es a cnyko vk;ks m.k jS ifjis[k es a jkLVªh; vj lka LØfrd ps ruk lwaHkjiw j dkO; /kkjk jks fljt.k Hkh gq;ksA 1962 bZ- esa Hkkjr phu vj 1965 bZ- es a Hkkjr &ikd tq) jSdkj.k vk[kS ns l es a vsd vSM+ ks okrkoj.k c.;ks ds ns lHkxrh vj jkLVª&ps ruk jh uq a oh ygj mith vj

m.k jS lUnHkZ es a dfo Hkh m.kh Hkka r jks dkO; fy[;ksA vka dforkoka es a dfo ns l uS lxGk lw a Åapks le>rk Fkdka dforkoka fy[khA vka dforkoka esa tye Hkkse jS lk: R;kx] cfynku vj ljcl vji.k

dj.kS jh Hkkoukoka nhlSA ns l lk: vkijS iz k.kka jks cfynku] vk jpukoka jh iz/kku iz ozfr ghA jktLFkkuh dfo b.k fLFkfr jS lUnHkZ es a vsdkuh vSM+ k pfjr uk;d izLrq r dj~;k] ftdk ns l jS okLrS R;kx vj cfynku djrk vk;k gS rks nw tS dkuh vSM+ h i| dFkkoka fy[kh ft.kka jS ek/;e lw a ohj ijEijkoka jk Hkko mitSA vSM+ h jpukoka m.k c[kr ?k.kh iz sj.kknk;h jS;hA

dfo vkijS ifjos l lwa tqfM+;ksM+ ks jSoS i.k dsbZ ckj eks Stw nk c[kr jh leL;koka jks lek/kku

ikS jkf.kd ;k vSfrgkfld iz laxk uS ys;*j m.k jS ek/;e lw a Hkh iz Lrq r dj ldSA dfo jks vks cks/k la LØfr

jS eku&ew Y;ka uS vkt jS ;qx&lUnHkZ es a O;k[;kf;r djSA bDdhloha lrkCnh foX;ku vj rduhdh izxfr

lw a izHkkfor gSA vkt jks fopkj txr ekuork jS lkaeh dsbZ pq.kksfr;ka jk[kSA vSM+ + h fLFkfr es a feu[k jh vfLerk uS cpko.k lk: lka LØfrd ekuo ew Y;ka jh /kjksgj uS cpko.kks t:jh gSA jktLFkkuh dfo

jkLVªh;rk jS lkFkS&lkFkS lka LØfrd ladV uS Hkh eS lw l fd;ks b.k okLrS ekuorkoknh Hkkoukvks a esa

vks riz ksr lkfgR; jks fljt.k Hkh vka jks vsd mnsl jS;ksA

jkLVªh;rk jh Hkkouk uS tkxfjr dj.kS lk: dfo bfr;kl es a dha vSM+ k pfj= fy;k ftdk

Hkkoukoka mitk lds sS vj feu[k jS eka; ohjrk] R;kx] dŸkZO; fuLBk vj LokfHkeku Hkj ldSA eqdqy

jh *lSuk.kh*] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh *ikry+ vj ihFky*] eqdqy jks *dksM+ens vj fgjksy*+] euksgj ’kekZ jh

*lqtkuflag ’ks[kkor*] *ckyw th pkaikor* vj *ekuflag >kyk] fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj jh *es?kukn*

vj *?kw M+dksV*] dj.khnku ckjgB jh *nks oM+ k vka lw * bR;kn izeq[k gs S aA vka dFkkoka es a jktLFkku jh la LØfr

jks izs j.kknk;h l:i rks R;kx] lw johjrk] cfynku] LokfHkoku bR;kn jks vknlZ :i iz Lrq r fd;ks gSA jkLVªh;rk jks vsd lqj Hkkjr&phu tq) jS le; lxGh i=&if=dkoka es a miT;ksA dfo

lkEiznkf;drk] ladhj.krk vj lqokjFk uS R;kx*j ns l lk: ej&feV.kS uS bZ ije dŸkZO; crk;ksA vSM+ h

jpukoka ^e:ok.kh*] vksGeks*] la?k’kfä* bR;kn if=dkoka es a [kw c NihaA ijeohj ih:flag vj ijeohj

lS rku flag uS ys;*j QqVdj dforkoka [kw c fy[khth vka ea s lokbZ flag /keks jk] eqdqu flag] js orflag

HkkVh] vt;nku ckjgB] jkoy ujsUnzflag] mn;jkt mTtoy jks uka o fy;ks tk ldSA vS lxGh jpkukoka

fMaxy lSyh es a Nan jS fo/kku es a fy[;ksM+h gS a b.k ohj dkO; ijEijk es a ukjk;.k flag HkkVh ¼ijeohj½]

guq oUr flag ns oM+ k] cuokjh yky lqeu bR;kn jks uka o Hkh fy;ks tk ldSA

ohj dkO; ijEijk es a dha dfoa pfj=ka uS ys;*j vkijh jpukoka fy[khA ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jks

*nqxkZnkl* ¼1956½ eqxr Nan es a fy[;ksM+ ks is Syks iz ks S<+ vj izHkkolkyh dkO; gSA b.k jS eka; ekuo Hkkouk uS lkdkj dj.kS lk: vkneh jh vfLerk jh yM+ kbZ yM+.kS okGS pfj= nqxkZnkl uS izxV dj~;ks gSA *nqxkZnkl*



45

jS cgkuS dfo vsd vSM+ k feu[k uS izxV~;ks gS ftdk lEiw j.k :i lw a feu[k jh Hkkouk us S pfjrkFkZ dj ldSAdF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a *nqxkZnkl* vuqie jpuk gSA ijEijkxr dkO; es a cuokjh yky lqeu jks *nsY;ka

jks fnoyks* ¼1963½ egrkÅ Ñrh gS ft.kes a egkjk.kk iz rki jS ekuoh :i uS mtkxj dj~;ks gSA jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh jh *gkMh jk.kh* ¼1965½ Hkh eqxr Nan es a fy[;ksM+ h dkO; jpuk gSA

g.kq oUr flag nsoM+k jh *lw jk nhok ns'kjk*¼1967½] eqdquflag jh *lS rku lrlbZ*] *vejfla?k jh osfy*¼1965½] *ikcw th jh osfy*¼1964½ bR;kn Ñfr;ka Hkh egku vj is z j.kknh pfj= uS iz Lrq r djSA eqdquflag

fMaxy lSyh jk iz kS<+ jpukdkj gSa vj vS fMaxy esa dsbZ egrkÅ osfy;ka jh jpuk djh gS aA b.kh Hkka r pfjr&uk;dka uS ys;*j lR;ukjk;.k veu jh *’kh’knku*¼1961½] j?kq jktflag gkMk jh *gjnksy*¼1978½

jpukoka Hkh egrkÅ gSa vka jpukoka esa vs Sfrgkfld pfjr uk;dka jS R;kx vj cfynku jh vej xkFkkokauS izxVh gSA

pfj= uk;dka jh b.k ijEijk es a egkRek xka/kh uS ek/;e c.kk;*j Hkh dh dkO; fy[;k x;kAvka es a xka/kh xkFkk] xka/kh lrd ¼ukFkw flag efg;kfj;k½] xka/kh izdkl ¼la- osnO;kl ½]*ckiw * ¼euksgj ’kekZ½vj lw ;ZeYy feJ.k uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j is zeth isze *lw jt* ¼1978½ dkO; fy[;ksA

lka LØfrd ps ruk jks lq j Hkh jktLFkkuh fljt.k jks izeq[k vk/kkj jS;ks gS vj b.k <ax jh jpukokaesa dfo lka LØfrd thou ew Y;ka uS vkijS c[kr jk thou&ew Y;ka jS lUnHkZ esa uqoha O;k[;k ns orks jS;ksgSA vSM+ k dfo;ka es a MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj] egkohj izlkn

tks’kh] ekaxhyky prq osZnh] lqes j flag ’ks[kkor bR;kn izeq[k gS aA MkW- euksgj ’kekZ jktLFkkuh jk ofjLB jpukdkj gS a m.kka jh dkO; d`fr;ka es a dw atk] xksihxhr] va rjtkeh] vejtkeh] vejQy bR;kn izeq[k

gS aA vka dforkoka es a yksd la LØfr vj vk/;kfRed lka LØfrd jks vSM+ ks leUo; FkjI;ks gS ds feu[k m.k jh rjQ >qD;k fcuk jS; uh ldSA *xksihxhr* ikSjkf.kd izlax] *vejQy* vj jpukoka es a mifu"knka uS

vk/kkj c.kk;*j Hkkoukoka uS izxVh gSA lR;izdk’k tks’kh jh egrkÅ Ñrh *jk/kk* ¼1960½ ikSjkf.kd izlax uS ys;*j eqxr Nan esa

fy[;ksM+ h gS sA b.k es a jk/kk jS ikS jkf.kd iz.k; iz lax uS uq a oS :i es a iz Lrq r fd;ks gSA b.k dkO; es a dFkkud jks ew yHkko vrS ljy vj lh/kS :i es a mtkxj gq;ks gS ds iw jS dkO; es a Hkkorjax jh rUe;rk fn[kk;h

ns oSA iz se jk/kk jks ew y lq j gS ft.kes a O;kidrk vj mnkrŸkk gSA is ze jh iz rhd jk/kk nqfu;ka jS nq%[k njn uS vkijS is ze es a lesV ys oS vkS j b.k okLrS ok vkijS ehr dkUgk uS tq) u yM+.ks S jks vkxzg djrh Fkdka

tq) lw a iw Bks cqyk ys o.k jh ckr djSA b.k dkO; esa jk/kk jks tq) fojks/kh :[k vkt jS ifjos[k es a lko lkapks izrhr gq oS] fta;k &

eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &

tx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rks

HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj

vkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kks

pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks< pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks< pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks< pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks< pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks<

vej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;ka

b.k rjS jk/kk jS lq j es a ekuork jh Hkkouk gSA lR;izdk’k tks’kh jh nw th dkO;d rh *cksy+ Hkkjey+ h*¼1974½ gS b.kes a Hkkjeyh jS vSfrgkfld pfj=

uS vkRedFkkRed lSyh es a iz Lrq r djrka Fkdka iw j.k iw :l jh vk/kqfud vfHkO;fä gSA lkeUrh okrkoj.k



46

lw a tqfM+;ksM+ S b.k dkO; es a Hkkjeyh jS euksHkkoka jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gq;ks gSA is ze vj lqUnjrk jh ljy

vuqHkw fr;ka lw a jP;ksM+ ks vks dkO; ?k.kks ekjfed rks vsd uq a oh vo/kkj.kka uS izxVSA dfo [kqn ukjh

lw a iw NS &

Hkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsg Hkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsg Hkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsg Hkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsg Hkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsg

feVko.k nks Fkkajks :i feVko.k nks Fkkajks :i feVko.k nks Fkkajks :i feVko.k nks Fkkajks :i feVko.k nks Fkkajks :i

vsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrek vsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrek vsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrek vsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrek vsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrek

djnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwa

yqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iw j.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iwj.k iq:l A

lka LØfrd psruk jk uq aok vk;keka jh izLrqfr MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jh *ehjk* ¼1976½ dkO;esa nhlSA vSfrgkfld pfj=ka jh vorkj.kka es a MkW- HkkVh jh ekSfyd nhB jS;h gSA e/;dky jS lkeUrh

lekt es a jS o.kokGh ehjk vkijS vUrjeu jS fojks/k uS ukjh eqxrh jS lUnHkZ esa izxV djSA vkijSs la?klZesa tw >.kS okGh ehjk iq:l jh lg;ksfxuh c.k*j ihfM+ r fLFkfr;ka lk: psrkouh ns orh dsS oS &

Fks dkabZ ns oks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj es aFks dkabZ ns oks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj es aFks dkabZ ns oks cj cj es a lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k lfr;ka jh lk[k

Fkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/k Fks lstk jksS uS fprk jks S bZ vk/k Fks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/k Fks lstk jksS uS fprk jks S bZ vk/k Fks lstk jks S uS fprk jksS bZ vk/k ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+Fks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk A

Hkkocks/k vj flYi jh nhB lw a *ehjk* vsd izHkko’kkyh dkO; Ñrh gSAegkohj iz lkn tks’kh ØL.k pfj= uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j fcanz kou ¼1978½] eFkjk ¼1982½] }kfjdk

¼1985½ vj /kje{ks = ¼1988½ egkdkO;ka jh jpuk djhA vka egkdkO;ka es a tks’kh tu ekul es a jP;ksM+ k ikSjkf.kd iz laxk uS ys;*j vkt jS lUnHkZ es a m.kka jh lka rjh vfHkO;fä nh gSA tks’kh jh vka jpukoka esaijEijkxr Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

ØL.k dkO; jh b.k ijEijk es a ekaxhyky prq os Znh jk *ØL.k pfjr* Hkh nks [kaMk jS eka; foHkkftr

izca/k dkO; gSA bfr;kl vj la LØfr jh lefUor ps ruk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k dkO;ka es a JheUr dqekj O;kl jks jkenw r ¼1966½] dkUgegflZ jks e: ea;d ¼1961½] fo’oukFk foeys’k jh jkedFkk ¼1968½] fxj/kkjh flag

ifM+gkj jks eku[kks ¼1964½] dj.khnku ckjgB jh ’kdqUryk ¼1974½] vEcw ’kekZ jh vEcw jkek;.k bR;kn dkO; fn[kk;h ns oSA JheUrdqekj *jkenwr* jS vykok dSd;h] tkudh] ekaMoh] bafnjk xka/kh vj ehjk çca/k dkO; fy[;k gSaA vS lxyk ukjh ç/kku dkO; gS aA

lqes j flag ’ks[kkor jks *e: eaxy* dfo jS eq[kj fpa ru uS izxVS ft.kes a lka LØfrd ps ruk jS lkFkSthou&ew Y;ka uS lka rjS :i esa izxV dj~;ks gSA okYehdh vj eSfFkyh’kj.k xqIr jS dkO; es a ft.k

lka LØfrd ps ruk jks lqj vfHkO;ä gq;ks gS] oks gh lqj lqes j flag ’ks[kkor jS dkO; jh Hkh vsd [kkfl;r gSA

jkLVª h; vj lka LØfrd ps ruk jk nw tk dfo;ka es a ukuw jke la LdrkZ jks *yadk.k/k.kh* vj *xksihpan*] lR;ukjk;.k veu jks *’kh’knku*¼1961½] lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd jh */kjrh*¼1976½] vEcw 'kekZ jks *;h’kq gtkjk* vj

*vEcw jkek;.k*]eq jyheuksgj cklksfr;k jh *okg HkkbZ ’ks[kkokVh*] ukjk;.k flag f’kokdj jh *nqxkZnkl lrlbZ*



47

bR;kn gSaA Hkkuflag ’ks[kkor jh *gYnh?kkVh*] /kks ady flag pjyk jks *e: efgek*] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh jks*gEehjdkO;*] jkeflag lksyadh jks *tu uk;d izrki*] mEesn flag [khanklj jks *egkjk.kk jh vksG;w *¼1959½ bR;kn dkO; d`fr;ka Hkh mYys[ktksx gSA vk/kqfud lSyh jS jpukdkjka es a j?kq jkt flag gkMk]xtkuu oekZ] ’kfänku dfo;k] dY;k.k flag jktkor] jke flag lksyadh] cLrhey lksyadh] Hkxorh iz lkn pkS/kjh] dY;k.k xkS re] cnz hiz lkn jkds’k] ctjax yky ikjhd bR;kn gS aA

b.k /kkjk jk izeq[k dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS a %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %& vktknh lw a iSyk dfork fy[k.kokGk dfo;ka es a es?kjkt eqdqy vSM+ k dfo

gS a ftdk * lSuk.kh lSuk.kh lSuk.kh lSuk.kh lSuk.kh* tSM+ h ohj iz lax ekFkS fy[;ksM+ h dfork lw a vk[kS ns l es a pkok gq;kA pw : ftyS jS jktx<+ es a tyE;ksM+ k eqdqy jh dbZ i| dFkkoka fy[;ksM+ h gSa ft.kka jS eka; dksM+ens] vk.k jh ckr]

nqjxkorh] pa ojh bR;kn gSaA *lSuk.kh jh tkxh tksr* vj *fdjR;k* eqdqy jh izdkf’kr jpukoka gSaAvktknh jS iNS eqdqy jh jpukoka es a izxfrlhy fopkjka jks :>k.k Hkh nhlSA eqdqy jh Hkklk esa vkst]iz okg vj ljyrk gSA

MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %& >qU>quw ftys S jS fclkÅ dLcs esa tyE;ksM+ k MkW- ’kekZ jktLFkkuh jk ekuhrk fo}ku] lejFkdfo vj yksd lkfgR; jk yw aBk tk.kdkj gS aA dfork jS lkFkS&lkFkS vki jks x| esa Hkh jpukoka feySaA vjkoyh jh vkRek] xhrdFkk] dw atk] xksihxhr] vejQy] va rjtkeh] iaNh] /kjrh

ekrk] jl /kkjk] tu uk;d] vkjt /kkjk] vcyka xteks rh] /kks jka jks laxhr] Qw y ika[kM+ h bR;kn dkO; jpukoka gS aA MkW- ’kekZ jh ps ruk cgqeq[kh vj jkLVªh;] lka LØfrd Hkko /kkjk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gSA vka jh jpukoka es a cnyrS ifjos l vj ;qx ps ruk jS ekdw y tkx:drk Hkh gSA lka LØfrd xfjek] iz[kj fpa ru] lgt ljy vfHkO;fä vj flYixr fofo/krk vk;jh fols lrk gSA

dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %& vkijks tye pw : ftyS jS lqtkux<+ dLcS es a 1919 bZ- es a gq;ksA l:es a vkijh dfork *ikry vj ihFky* eapka ekFkS ?k.kh yksdfiz; gq;hA vkijh dkO; d`fr;ka es a eha>j] jef.k;s S

jk lks jBk] dw a&dw a yhyVka l] /kjetyka] /kjdw apk] ek;M+ jks gsyks] lcn] lrok.kh] v?kks jh dky] gsek.kh]yhdydksfy+;k] nhB bR;kn izeq[k gS aA lsfB;ka jh dkO; ps ruk es a lka LØfrd] izxfrlhy vj vk/;kfRed cks/k jk fofo/k vk;ke gS aA fpUruijd nhB] yksdthou jks izHkko vj la osnukÅ fljt.k vka jS dkO; jh fols lrkoka gS aA ljy Hkklk jS dkj.k lsfB;k jh vsd vyx vksG[kk.k gSA

MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %& vkijks tye 1930 bZ- esa tks/kiq j jS ekyw axk xka o es a gq;ksAHkkVh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lejFk vj ls zLB dfo gS aA vksyw ] lka>] nqxkZnkl] thou /k.k] ijeohj] dy+i]ehjk] cjlk jk MhxksM+ k Mw axj ykaf?k;k vj feu[k uS le>k.kks ?k.kks nks jks gS HkkVh jh izeq[k dkO; dfr;kagSA iz se vj lkSUn;Z jh la osnuk ekFkS HkkVh jS fy[;ksM+ k dkO; esa lka LØfrd ew Y;ka jks Hkh tcj fp=.k gSA HkkVh fca;k :ekuh laosnuk jk dfo gS a vk :ekfu;r dnS fd.kh jS fo;ksx fl.kxkj es a ¼vksyw ½ rksdnS izØzfr fp=.k ¼lka>½ es a izxV gq orh jS;h gSA *dy+i* esa fparuijd xhr gSaA

*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl* HkkVh jh bZ uh jktLFkkuh dkO; jh vsd yw aBh miyfC/k gSA ft.k ekuoh; /kjkry ekFkS HkkVh nqxkZnkl tSM+ s S pfj= uS iz Lrqr fd;ks gS m.k ÅapkbZ rkabZ HkkVh jh dksbZ jpuk uh iw xhA

lka LØfrd fojklr uS vkt jS lUnHkZ es a fd.k rjS cpk;*j jk[kh tk ldS gs S s] vk HkkVh jh dsbZ dkO;Ñfr;ka

jks ew y lq j gSA b.kh Hkka r *ehjk* ts SM+ k pfj= esa oS e/;;qx jh m.k ukjh uS iz Lrq r djh gS ftdh lkeUrh okrkoj.k es a lxGh tathjk uS NksM+*j ukjh eqxrh jh Mxj r; djSA v/kw jh dYiuk] iz rhd] fcEcfo/kku vj

uq a ok mieku HkkVh jS flYi jh fols lrk gSA fljt.k jh xS jkbZ] O;kidrk vj iz kS<+ rk jS dkj.k HkkVh jh dfork



48

vkijh vyx vksG[kk.k c.kkoSA lR;izdk’k tks’kh %& lR;izdk’k tks’kh %& lR;izdk’k tks’kh %& lR;izdk’k tks’kh %& lR;izdk’k tks’kh %& vkijks tye 22 ebZ] 1920 bZ- uS tks/kiq j es gq;ksA l:vkr es a tks’kh jk

xhr ?k.kk pkok gq;kA ijEijkÅ dkO; ps ruk jS izHkko lw a tks’kh Hkh *<+ ksykek:* vj *mty+ h* ftlh in~; dFkkokafy[khA nhok dkaiS D;w a] yLdj uk FkeS] jk/kk vj cksy Hkkjeyh bR;kn tks’kh jh izeq[k Ñfr;ka gS aA :ekuh :>k.k] yksdxhrka jh lSyh vj fpa ru jh lgtrk tks’kh jS dkO; jh fols lrk dghts SA

*jk/kk* vj *cksy Hkkjeyh* tks’kh jh nks fols l dkO; Ñfr;ka gS aA vkxr&v.kkxr] lksu fejxyk]

vkgqfr;ka] tksM+ k;r] xkaxs; bR;kn dforkoka tks’kh jS lksp uS vkt jS lUnHkZ es a izxVSA yksd thou jh ljyrk] feBkl vj Hkklk jks xs; :i tks’kh jS dkO; jh futw fols lrkoka gS aA

egkohj iz lkn tks’kh %& vkijks tye >qU>quw ftyS jS Mw aMyksn dLcs es a 1914 bZ- es a gq;ksA vki jktLFkkuh jk dfo vj fo}ku gkA ØL.k ijEijk es a vkijk P;kj dkO; fozUnkou] eFkjk] }kfjdk vj

/kjeNs = NI;ksM+ k gS aA lka LØfrd ps ruk jks lgt :i vkijS dkO; jh fols lrk gSA vki *jktLFkkuh jkek;.k* Hkh fy[khA vkijks dkO; lka LØfrd fp=.k jh nhB lw a lQy gSA

lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %& vkijks tye lhdj ftyS jS ljoM+ h xka o es a 1935 bZ- esa gq;ksA vka jh dfork tkrjk es a izØfr lw a ys;*j lka LØfrd ew Y;ka jks fp=.k gSA dfork es a dF; vj flYi jh oka jh futw nhB gSA *es?kekG* fjrq dkO; ijEijk jh egrkÅ d` rh gS rks *e: eaxy* bfr;kl njlu vj

fpa ru jh nhB lw a lQy dkO; gSA *e: eaxy* jh jpukoka es a lka LØfrd ps ruk vj vkLFkkoknh lq j gSANan fo/kku jh dlkoV] lcn p;u] xaHkhjrk vj Hkklk jks Vdlky+ h :i vka jS dkO; jh fols lrkokadgh tk lds SA

2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %& xhr jktLFkkuh dkO; jh yksdfiz; fo|k jS;h gSA e/;dky es a Hkh fMaxy xhrka jh iz Lrqfr jS;h vj pkj.k dfo vkstLoh Hkklk es a vkijk xhr lq.kkork jS;kA vktknh

lw a iSyka rks lekt lq/kkj vj vktknh lk: tutkxjrh Y;ko.k okLrS xhr fy[;k x;k vj eapk ekFkS[kw c lq.kk;k x;kA futw i.kks] HkkokRedrk] lqHkkfodrk vj Hkklk jks lEis z l.k vk xhrka jh [kkfl;r ghAiz k;% xhr y;kRed gq ork vj vka lk: dfo;ka jk vki&vki jk lqj HkhA

xhrka jS iNS jktLFkkuh es a i| dFkkoka jks izpyu gq;ksA eqdqy jh *lSuk.kh* vj dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh *ikry&ihFky* dfork lw a dfork jh blh ijEijk bZ iM+xhA vktknh jS iNS eap ekFkS

jktLFkkuh xhrka jh ?k.kh ekax gq;hA jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka jh la onsuk tBS yksdthou lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gh] cBS yksdxhrka jh lSyh jks

izHkko Hkh vka ekFkS vk;ksA jktLFkkuh dfork uS eap ekFkS yksdfiz; c.kko.k esa vka xhrdkjka jks eksVks;ksxnku jS;ks gSA

xhr jks i[k ew y+ :i es a Hkkouk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ ks gq os SA b.k okLrS m.k es a futw lq[k&nq%[k jh vuqHkw fr;ka izxVh tkoSA O;fäxr Hkkouk lw a mift;ksM+ S xhrka es a eu jh ihM+ k] osnuk vj la?klZ jks fp=.k

lqHkkfod gSA xhr es a Hkko jh lPpkbZ vj rhozrk lqHkkfod gSA jktLFkkuh es a ftdks xhr dkO; fy[;ks m.kes a iz se] fl.kxkj] izØfr] /kjrh iz se bR;kn jks fp=.k gSA

vkstLoh xhr ijEijk es a es?kjkt eqdqy vj dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jS iNS lR;izdk’k tks’kh vj xtkuu oekZ jks mYys[ktksx LFkku gSA tks’kh :ekuh fetkt jk xhrdkj gS aA m.kka jS xhrka es a yksdxhrka

jS izHkko jks vglkl Hkh gq oS] dBS&dBS izxfrlhy lq j Hkh futj vkoSA yksdxhr vj yksdlaxhr lw a xgjk tqfM+;ksM+ k dfo;ka es a xtkuu oekZ jks uka o fljSA lq jhyks lq j] yksdxhrka jh feBkl vj yksd/kquka jS laxhr



49

jks izHkko xtkuu oekZ jS dkO; jh izeq[k fols lrkoka gSA */kjrh jh /kqu*] *lksuks fuitS js r es a*] *ckjgeklks*vka jS xhrka jS rhu izeq[k laxs S z gS aA xtkuu oekZ jS xhr esa la osnukoka jk dsbZ i[k gSa ftdk ekjfedrk

jS lkFkS eu uS Hkk T;koSA *gYnh jks jax lq jax* vj *la Ldkj xhr* es a C;ko jS eksdS xk;k tko.k okGk xhrka jks ekjfed :i nhlSA *lks ou Fkky+* dfork jks vsd uew uks %&

ikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;k ikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;k ikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;k ikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;k ikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;k

ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+

NksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBh NksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBh NksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBh NksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBh NksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBh cktj eksB fp.kk jh nky cktj eksB fp.kk jh nky cktj eksB fp.kk jh nky cktj eksB fp.kk jh nky cktj eksB fp.kk jh nky

cM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+ks

ckt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ A

/ofuijd xhr fy[k.kokGk es a xtkuu oekZ vsdyk dfo gSaA *lVduy+ h* vj */kq.k jS fiatkjk*

oekZ jk /ofuijd xhr gSaA xhrka jS eka; xtkuu oekZ dsbZ iz;ksx dj~;kA

jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka es a fd’kks j dYiuk dka r jh vsd vyx fiNk.k gSA oS vktknh lw a iSyka

dkO; fljt.k es a ykX;ksM+ k gkA oka jS xhrka jh la osnuk O;kid vj izHkkoh gs SA HkkokRed fLFkfr;ka jS lkFkS

vkijS fpa ru jh xgjkbZ uS tksM+*j xhr fy[k.kk] fd’kks j dYiuk dka r jh fols lrk gSA

dY;k.k flag jktkor jS xhrka es a fl.kxkj vj izØfr jh iz/kkurk gSA jktLFkku jk pkok

xhrdkjka esa jktkor jh Bkoh Bks SM+ gSA jktkor ewy+ :i es a :ekuh fetkt jk dfo gS i.k izØfr vj

[ks r&[ky+ S lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h oka jh la osnuk izxfrlhy Hkh gSA *jkefr;k er rksM+*] *vk tehu vki.kh* vj

*dq.k dq.kuS le>koka* vkijk izeq[k xhr laxsS z gSA

j?kq jkt flag gkMk vj y{e.kflag jloa r Hkh pkok xhrdkj gS aA j?kq jkt flag gkM+ kS rh jk izeq[k

xhrdkj gs S aA *Qw y ds lw yk Qw y* vj *v.k ckP;k vk[kj* vka jk nks xhr laxz s S gS aA jloa r jk xhr fl.kxkj

ijd gS aA

eksgEen lnhd jS xhrka jh la osnuk vkt jS thou jh folxfr;ka tqfM+;ksM+ h gSA *tw >rh

tw .k*¼1982½ vj *va rl rkl*¼1980½ vka jk pkok xhr laxs z S gSA

lhrkjke egflZ jS xhrka es a Hkko jh xaHkhjrk vj fpa ruijd nhB jS;h gSA *eNyh eu Egkjks*]*ekaVh jh eqy+d*] *iz hr ihM+ jks iky+*] *esy nh vMk.kS phr*] *fje>ksy*] *cksy bdrkjks* bR;kn vkijk xhr

laxs S z gSA enu xksiky 'kekZ ¼xks[kka ÅHkh xks jM+ h½ jS xhrka es a fl.kxkj jh ekndrk gSA vkt jS xhrdkjka

esa HkkxhjFk flag HkkX; jS xhrka es a fol;xr uohurk vj flYi jh rktxh gSA *njnfnlkoj* vj *xhrka

iSyh ?kw ?kjh* vka jk nks laxsS z gSaA

jktLFkkuh jk nw tk xhrdkjka es a ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn] jsornku

dfYir] lqeus’k tks’kh] fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj] euqt ns okir] ds’ko ifFkd] Hkhe ikaM;k] cæhnku xkM.k

¼fcFkk dyl] >w edks½] nqxkZnku xkSM+] eqdqV ef.kjkt] vej flag jktiq jksfgr] ohjsUnz y[kkor] vka sdkj

ikjhd] ’;ke lqUnj Hkkjrh] /kuat; oekZ] dkUgnku dfYir] jkexksiky ’kekZ uoy] vk’kk ’kekZ]

’kfDrnku dfo;k] vkse iqjksfgr bR;kn gS aAxhr jS lkFkS jktLFkkuh es a xty Hkh ?k.kh fy[khth gS a vj eapk ekFkS pkoh Hkh gq;hA xty



50

fy[k.kokGk dfo;ka es a lR;su tks’kh ¼ca ry½] lka oj nb;k ¼vk lnh fetyh ejS½] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh ¼xquSxkj xty½] ’kadjyky Lokeh ¼xty jks xtjks½] dqUnu flag lty] iznhi ’kekZ] iz seth iz se bR;kn gSaA

eksgu vkyksd jktLFkkuh dkO; es a uq ok iz;ksxka jS okLrS ?k.kk tk.khtSA vki *rqDrd* jS :i es a *Mka[ky+ k* fy[;k ftdk ?k.kk pkok gq;kA vS *Mka[ky+ k* rh[kS O;aX; lw a Hkfj;ksM+ k gSA vaxzsth es a ftdksfyefjd gS m.kuS bZ jktLFkkuh esa *Mka[kyks* c.kk fn;ksA ba;k bZ vaxzsth es a lksusV fy[;k gS vkS j

jktLFkkuh es a eksgu vkyksd Hkh lksusV ¼lkS lksusV½ fy[;k gSA jktLFkkuh es a *Mka[kyk* fy[k.kokGk nw tk dfo;ka es a fo|klkxj 'kekZ] ctjax lkjLor] jkeLo:i fdlku] x.kifr] lEir ljy bR;kn gS aA

b.k xhr/kkjk jka izeq[k xhrdkjka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gSa%&fd’kks jdYiuk dka r %& vkijks tye pw : ftyS jS jrux<+ dLcs es a 1930 bZ- esa gq;ksA

*vksGeks* tSM+ h lkfgfR;d if=dk jS ek/;e lw a vki ftdh lsok djh] ok vSfrgkfld egŸo jh gSAvki jktLFkkuh jk ofjLB xhrdkj gs S aA vka jS xhrka es a ekuo eu jh la osnukoka js S vNw rS :i jS lkFkSvk/;kfRed fpa ru Hkh lek;ksM+ ks gSA *eku[kks gsyks ekjS* vkijks iSyks xhr laxz s S gksA nw th iksF;kaesa *dw [k i³~;S jh ihM+*] *rkj ctk*] *ns[kS ftlh fprkjS* bR;kn xhr laxzS gSA vkijS xhrka es a xS jkbZ]iz kS<+ rk vj fpa rukRedrk gSA vsd xhr jks uew uks b.k Hkka r %&

b.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue es a Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue esa Qw y&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+ kc gSb.k tue es a lw y] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue es a lwy] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue es a lw y] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue es a lwy] lqxa/k iq li jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa lw y] lqxa/k iqli jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue es a ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue es a ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ ko gSvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj js

vlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js A

dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %& vkijks tye ukxkS j ftyS jS fprkok xka o es a lu~ 1939 bZ- es a

gq;ksA eap jk pkok vj yw aBk xhrdkjA is ze vj fl.kxkj jS Hkkoka jh eks Sfyd iz Lrqfr vka jS xhrka jks vNw rks

i[k gSA *jkefr;k er rksM+*] *vk tehu vki.kh* vj *dq.k dq.kuS le>koka* vka jk rhu laxs z S gSA *vk;ks rks gq oSyks*]*:i frtks jh*] *csyM+ h bR;kn dforkoka ?k.kh pkoh gq;hA

j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& vkijks tye >kykokM+ ftyS jS peyklk xka o es a 1933 bZ- es a gq;ksA

vki gkM+ kS rh vapy jk ofjLB xhrdkj gSaA jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka es a vkijks Bkoks LFkku gSaA *?kw ?kjk*]*v.k

ckP;k vk[kj*] *gjnksy*] *vkey [khojk* vj *Qw y ds lw yk Qwy* vkijk izeq[k xhr laxsz S gSaA

3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %& jktLFkkuh dkO; es a izxfrlhy ps ruk jks mnS vaxz sth lklu dky lw a

bZ gq;X;ksA ns l jh turk ekFkS gq o.kokGk vR;kpkj] vukpkj vj lks l.k jS okLrS egkRek xka/kh vj nw tk

lekt lq/kkjd Hkh vkokt mBkork jS;kA jktLFkku es a lkeUrh ifjos l es a nfc;ksM+ h turk jS nq%[k &njn

uS m.k c[kr jk jktus rk vj dha jpukdkj Hkh eS lw l djhA b.k jks bZ vks ifj.kke gks ds vsd rjQ vaxs zth

lklu jks fojks/k gq;ks rks nw tS dkuh lkeUrh vR;kpkjka jS f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZA ew y+ :i esa ftdh

jktuhfrd ps ruk gh] ok bZ vkxS pky*j izxfrlhy dkO; jh vk/kkjHkkse c.khA tu dfo mLrkn] js ornku



51

pkj.k] lqeus’k tks’kh] euqt nsikor bR;kn b.k dkO; /kkjk jk izeq[k dfo gkAvktknh jS iNS lkekftd vj jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka es a ftdh iw athoknh vj lkeUrh euks ojrh

mith] m.k jks vS dfo tks jnkj fojks/k dj~;ksA vka jh dforkoka es a vU;k;] lks l.k vj vR;kpkj lk:vkØks l vj fojks/k jks Hkko gS] cBS bZ fdlku vj etnw j es a tkxjrh Y;ko.k jh Hkkouk HkhA

x.ks’khyky O;kl] lqeus’k tks’kh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] js ornku pkj.k] es?kjkt eqdqy]fd’kks jdYiuk dka r] xtkuu oekZ] euqt nsikor] Hkhe ikafM;k] osn O;kl] eksgEen lnhd] nqxkZnku

xkSM+] y{e.knku dfo;k bR;kn vSM+ k dfo gS a ftadk jS dkO; es a izxfrlhy Hkkouk jks lqUnj :i nhlSAizxfrlhyrk jks lq j jktLFkkuh jh uq a oh dfork es a Hkh mtkxj gq;ksA vkt jS feu[k jh fLFkfr;ka

lk: uqa ok dfo vkijh tkx:drk jks ifjpS ns ork m.k jS la?klZ jh fgek;r djhA vSM+k dfo;ka esa rstflag tks/kk] uan Hkkj}kt] jktsUnz cksgjk] ikjl vjksM+ k] pUnzizdkl ns oy] ’;ke egflZ] vkbZ nku flag

HkkVh] psru Lokeh bR;kn izeq[k gS aA

izxfrlhy dkO; ps ruk jk izeq[k dfo b.k Hkka r gSa%&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %& lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk jk leZFkd mLrkn jks tye tks/kiq j

esa 1904 bZ- esa gq;ksA vS ØkfUrdkjh gk vj vktknh lw a iSyka dsbZ ckj tsy+ Hkh x;kA *tudfo mLrkn* jS uka o lw a vka jh dforkoka Nirh jS;hA mLrkn u`R;xhr] :id xhr bR;kn Hkh fy[;k gs a SA tu uk;d

t;ukjk;.k O;kl jS lkFkS vki tu&vkanksyuka ea s cjkscj Hkkx ys orkA

mLrkn jh fljt.k la osnuk jk dsbZ i[k gS aA oka jh dfork mn~cks/kukRed] bfr;klw ps ruk lw a Hkjiw j vj lkekftd tu tkxj.k jh Hkkouk uS lesV~;ksM+h gSA vka jh dfork esa tkxjrh] fonzksg vj

O;aX; jh rh[kh ekj gS aA lkeUrh O;oLFkk esa cnGko Y;ko.k lk: mLrkn yksxka uS b.k <ax lw a is zfjr

dj~;k &

Fks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa Mjiks

fx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iks

Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+

cank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy A

b.kh Hkka r *tkx j.kcadk flikgh*] *ekFkk ns.kk iM+ lh eqyd uS eksV~;kjka*] *ij.;k MjS erh*

bR;kn mn~cks/ku lwa Hkfj;ksM+ h dforkoka gS aA

mLrkn eq agQV gk b.k okLrS oka uS dS ork tst uh ykxrhA oS ftdks eS lw l djrk] m.kuS rq jUr

dS; ns ork] fta;k&

Hkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k dslj D;kjh AHkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k ds lj D;kjh AHkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k dslj D;kjh AHkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k ds lj D;kjh AHkw y djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+ k dslj D;kjh A

b.k lw a vkxS mLrkn tq>k: O;fäRo jk /k.kh gkA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; es a mLrkn jh

dfork jks lqj lxGk lwa vkxs S gksA

js ornku pkj.k %& jsornku pkj.k %& js ornku pkj.k %& jsornku pkj.k %& jsornku pkj.k %& vkijks tye tks/kiq j ftyS jS eFkkf.k;k xka o ea s 1924 bZ- es a gq;ksA

izxfrlhy ps ruk jh nhB lw a js ornku pkj.k jks dkO; ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA mLrkn jks lq j tBS tu tkxj.k

es a xw aT;ka s rks js ornku pkj.k jks lq j dfo&lEesyuka es aA vki eap jk pkok&Bkok vj yw aBk dfo gkA *ps r eku[kks* vkijh jpukoka jks laxs z S gSA vkijh dfork es a iw athoknh vj lkeUrh O;oLFkk ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; gSA

vktknh lw a iSyka fy[;ksM+ h dforkoka esa fdlku fonzksg jh >yd gSA *badykc jh vka/kh*] *ps r eku[kk*]



52

*ekVh FkuS cksy.kks iM+ lh* bR;kn vkijh ?k.kh pkoh dforkoka jS;h gS aA fdlku uS ps rkorka fy[;ksM+ h dfork jks vsd uewuks &

ekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lh ekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lh ekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lh ekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lh ekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lh eksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lh eksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lh eksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lh eksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lh eksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lh

lkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks ] tksj trk.k ks iM+lh lkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks ] tksj trk.kks iM+lh lkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks ] tksj trk.k ks iM+lh lkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks ] tksj trk.kks iM+lh lkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;k s] tksj trk.kks iM+lh [ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh [ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh [ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh [ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh [ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh

yksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGh yksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGh yksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGh yksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGh yksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGh fdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyh fdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyh fdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyh fdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyh fdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyh

js cank psr eku[kk js cank psr eku[kk js cank psr eku[kk js cank psr eku[kk js cank ps r eku[kk tekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks A

js ornku pkj.k jh dfork esa vkst vj O;aX; gSA

xtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %& vkijks tye pw : ftyS jS jrux<+ dLcs es a 1927 bZ- es a gq;ksA vki jktLFkkuh

jk pkok xhrdkj gSa vj eapk ekFkS ?k.kh yksdfiz;rk vftZ r djhA */kjrh jh /kqu*] *lksuks fuitS js r

esa*] *ckjgeklk* bR;kn vkijk dfork laxs z S gSA vka jS xhrka es a xka o jS thou jks eueksgd fp=.k gS

cBS bZ izxfrlhy lq j jks izHkko Hkh gSA */kjrh vc ilokM+ks Qs js*] *iw jc es a yky lw jt mx vk;ks*]

*vM+ oks [ks r :[kkyS +* bR;kn dforkoka izxfrlhy fopkj lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gSA4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %& vktknh lw a iSyka Hkh jktLFkkuh dfork es a izØfr jks fp=.k cjkscj gq orks

jS;ks gS D;w ads feu[k vj izØfr jks lEcU/k l: lw a gSA izØfr jks lq) fp=.k jktLFkkuh es a vk/kqfud ;qx

jh bZ nsu gSA b.k nhB lw a pUnz flag jh *cknGh*¼1942½ jktLFkkuh lqra rj izØfr fp=.k jh iSyh Ñrh

gSA Ãa jS iNS pUnzflag jh *yw * d` rh Hkh folq) izØzfr dkO; gSA ijEijkÅ Nan jks iz;ksx] iz lkn xq.koky+ h

lSyh vj lgt vfHkO;fä *yw * jh [kkfl;r dgh tkoSyhA b.k jS iNS rks jktLFkkuh es a ukuwjke

la LdrkZ] MkW- euksgj ’kekZ] ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lqes j flag ’ks[kkor] mn;ohj ’kekZ] dY;k.k flag

jktkor] y{e.knku dfo;k] dku flag HkkVh bR;kn dfo;ka izØfr jk lq ra rj dkO; fy[;kA dkO; esa

izØfr jS vkyEcu vj mÌhiu :i esa rks fp=.k lxGk bZ dfo fd;ks i.k dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] MkW-

euksgj ’kekZ] fd’kks jdYiuk dka r] lqeus’k tks’kh] js ornku pkj.k] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] egkohj iz lkn tks’kh] lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd bR;kn izeq[k gS aA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jks izØfr dkO; *jl /kkjk* izØfr vj

vk/;kfRed fpa ru lw a feY;ksM+ ks ljl dkO; gSA iwjh jpuk iz lkn lSyh es a fy[;ksM+ h gSA b.kh Hkka r vka

jh nw th d` rh *xteks rh xteks rh xteks rh xteks rh xteksrh* Hkh izØfr fp=.k &jgL;kRed Hkkouk uS mtkxj djSA

lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd jks */kjrh /kjrh /kjrh /kjrh /kjrh* ¼1992½ egkdkO; lq) izØfr fp=.k jh lcGh vj ljl jpuk

gSA

y{e.knku dfo;k jh *:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ* ¼1991½ Hkh izØfr jS fp=.k jh nhB lw a egrkÅ gSA b.k

esa Hkka r&Hkka r jS :a[kka jks oj.ku] :a[kka jh efgek] Hkkjr jh lka LØfrd ijEijkoka jks oj.ku gq;ks gSA

lrlbZ izØfr&fp=.k jh ijEijk esa egrkÅ dkO; d` rh fx.khtSyhA dY;k.k flag jktkor jh

*ijHkkrh ijHkkrh ijHkkrh ijHkkrh ijHkkrh* izØfr fp=.k jh yksdjax es a jP;ksM+ h ?k.keksyh jpuk gSA ekuohdj.k jS iz;ksx lwa dkO; esa

ljyrk vj yksdjatuk izxV gqoS gSAvk/kqfud thou jh tfVyre la osnukoka uS izxV dj.kS jS okLrS jktLFkkuh uq a oh dfork esa izdzfr



53

jS lUnHkZ es a uq a oks nzfLVdks.k fn[kkbZ ns oSA vBS u rks izdzfr lk: HkkoukRed nzfLV gS vj uh izdzfr ekFkSdks sbZ HkkoukRed vkjksi.kA uqa ok dfo;ka es a ef.k e/kqdj] uan Hkkj}kt] xks j/ku flag 'ks[kkor] ikjl vjksM+ k] Hkxorh yky O;kl] pUnzizdk’k ns oy] vtq Zuns o pkj.k] lka oj nb;k] dq anu ekyh] ekypan frokM+ h] ’;ke egf"kZ] jfo iq jksfgr bR;kn gSaA

izØfr dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkjka jks ifjpS b.k Hkka r gS a %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %& vkijks tye Jhxaxkuxj ftyS jS fcjdkyh xka o esa lko.k lqdyk iw jf.kek

fo-l- 1969 bZ- e s a gq;ksA jktLFkku jh izdzfr lw a xgjks yxko jk[k.k jS s dkj.k vki jktLFkkuh dkO;uS *cknGh* vj *yw * tSM+ h egrkÅ d`fr;ka nhA *cknGh* jpuk jks vSfrgkfld egŸo gS D;w ads b.k dkO; jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork es a izØfr fp=.k jh vsd U;kjh fujoky+h ijEijk l: gq;hA

*cknGh cknGh cknGh cknGh cknGh* dkO; es a izdzfr jS cny+ rs :i jS lkFkS ekuoh Hkkoukoka jks b.k Hkka r fp=.k dj~;ks gS %&igjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; A

lw jt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lw jt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA lwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA

*cknGh *cknGh *cknGh *cknGh *cknGh* jktLFkkuh tho.k es a lq[k jks lapkj dj.kokGh gSA vks bZ otS gS ds xjeh jS iNS yksx cknGh jh mMhd dj.kS ykx tkoS&

vk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS A

iku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lw fd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AA lksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka A lksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka A lksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka A lksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka A lksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka A

e:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AA

b.kh Hkka r *yw * dkO; es a xjeh jS ekSle es a pky.kokGh yw vka jh izp.Mrk jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k dj~;ks gSA vka nksuw a dkO;ka jS ek/;e lwa izØfr fp=.k jS lkFkS&lkFkS yksdtho.k jh HkkoukRed vj lka LØfrd ps ruk jks Hkh oj.ku gq;ks gSA pUnz flag izØfr jk dqly fprs jk gSa vka jh Hkklk esaykfyR; gSA

ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuw jke laLdrkZ %&ukuwjke la LdrkZ %& vka jh fy[;ksM+ h izØfr dkO; jh jpukoka es a *dyk;.k*¼1949½ vj

*nlns o*¼1955½ izeq[k gSa A izØfr jS lkFkS&lkFkS yks Sfdd ifjos l jks lkarjks fp=.k vka jS izØfr dkO;ka

esa gSA vk dfo jh eks o.kh jpuk gSA vS *izØfr lbdM+ ks* uka o lw a izØfr fp=.k jk lkS Nan Hkh fy[;k gsS aA

ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %& HkkVh jh *lka>* ¼1954½ izØfr dkO; jh yw aBh vj izkS<+ jpuk gSA

Nk;koknh la osnuk] fcEc fo/kku] ekSfyd dYiuk bR;kn HkkVh jS dkO; jh fols lrkoka dgh tkoSy+ hA

* lka> lka> lka> lka> lka>* b.kh Hkkocks/k jh jpuk gq o.k [kkrj cknGh jh ijEijk es a vsd vuqie d` rh dghtlhA b.k iksFkh

esa dqy 115 i| gS a] vBS Hkh izØfr vj ifjos l jks xgjks lEcU/k dfo jh [kkfl;r gSA feu[k jh ftdh

Hkkoukoka izØfr lw a tqM+*j eksgd c.kxh] m.kka jk vkReh; fp=.k b.kes a gSA ekuohdj.k vyadkj jks [kw c

iz;ksx gq;ks gSA HkkVh jh nw th dforkoka esa Hkh txka&txka izØfr jks fp=.k feyS ft.kes a Nk;koknh lSyh

jks izHkko lkQ nhlSA

lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& lqes j flag ’ks[kkor %& vkijh *es?kekG* ¼1964½ fjrq ijEijk es a ljl vj ltho dkO; gSA

cjlk fjrq es a tBS izØfr vkijks eueks o.kks :i fn[kkoS] cBS bZ izØfr jS b.k l:i uS ns[k*j dsbZ rjS jh

Hkkoukoka tkxSA *es?kekG* Nan es a jP;ksM+ ks dkO; gS vj b.k es a c;.k lxkbZ Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA Nk;koknh



54

lSyh jks :i Hkh dkO; es a gS& fp=kRedrk] ekuohdj.k] yk{kf.kdrk] lcn flYi bR;kn ckrka es?kekGesa gSA dfo jS nw tS dkO; *e:&eaxy* esa Hkh izØfr vj la LØfr jks lka rjks fp=.k gq;ks gSA *es?keky+* lwavsd mnkgj.k ns[kks%&

yqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyw ek >w ek yks j Ayw ek >wek yks j Ayw ek >w ek yks j Ayw ek >wek yks j Aywek >w ek yksj A

Hkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xy Hkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xy Hkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xy Hkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xy Hkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xy

fu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj A>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS

eksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeks j c<+ S eu eks jk A

mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& mn;ohj ’kekZ %& vkijks tye >qU>quw ftyS jS fclkÅ dLcS esa fo-la- 1988 es a gq;ksA vki

cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk jpukdkj gS aA vkijh izØfr dkO; jpukoka es a *MkaQh* vj *lw aVks* izeq[k gSaA

* lwaVks lwaVks lwaVks lwaVks lw aVks* dkO; es a dfo tBS izØfr jks lqUnj fp=.k djS] cBS bZ *lw aVks* foukldkjh l:i jS

dkj.k m.k uS ØkfUr jks njl.k eku ys oSA b.k nhB lwa dkO; es a vsd fopkj/kkjk izxV gq oSA dfo

lkekftd folerk] oxZ la?klZ vj fonz ksgh Hkkouk uS dsbZ rjS lw a izxV djSA xjhch jks fp=.k djrk

Fkdka dfo ds oS &

[kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke [kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke

cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+ S] n;k fn[kk D;w a rks eu uS Fkke cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkke cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+ S] n;k fn[kk D;w a rks eu uS Fkke cka <wa<k esa D;w a flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkke cka <w a<k es a D;wa flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkke

jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+ jksVh iks rk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+

dje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AA

mn;ohj ’kekZ jh *MkaQh* ¼1973½ es a fl;kyS + es a cs So.kokGh rh[kh lhr ygj jks fp=.k dj~;ks

gSA *MkaQh* vj *lw aVks* nksuw a izØfr jk vSM+ k :i gS a ftdka lw a vk[kks feu[k lekt tqfM+;ksM+ ks vj izHkkfor

gSA lh/kh ljy Hkklk] izØfr jS ek/;e lw a izxfrlhy fopkj jh vfHkO;fä vj ekuoh; ps ruk jks uq a oks

vk;ke& vS mn;ohj 'kekZ jS dkO; jh folslrkoka gSaA

nw tS dfo;ka es a dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jS dfork laxs S z&*dw a d*w a] *v?kks jh dky+*] *lrok.kh*] *yhyVka l*

vj *eha>j* es a izØfr jk lqUnj fp=.k gs SaA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jS dkO; *jl/kkjk* vj *xteks rh* es a izØfr

jks ijEijkÅ fp=.k gS aA dY;k.k flag jktkor jh *ijHkkrh*¼1979½ es a mlk dky jks lqUnj fp=.k gSA

izdzfr jks iz rhdkRed fp=.k js ornku pkj.k] es?kjkt eqdqy] xtkuu oekZ bR;kn dfo;ka jh dforkoka

esa Hkh txka&txka futj vkoSA

5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %& gkL; vj O;aX; nksuw a feY;ksM+ k js SoS A vka jS fcPpS la rqyu gks o.kks

t:jh gSA ts dksbZ jpuk lq) gkL; jh gq oSyh rks Qxr euks jatu ek= dghtlhA b.k okLrS gkL; jS

lkFkS&lkFkS m.k es a O;aX; Hkh gkso.kks pkbtS ft.k lw a jpuk es a rh[kksi.kks vk T;koSA jktLFkkuh es a l:

es a ftdh dforkoka fy[kh] oka esa lq/kkjoknh ps ruk gkso.kS lw a folxfr;ka vj dqizFkkoka ekFkS O;aX; gksA

bL;k dfo;ka es a Åejnku ykyl jks uka o vxz.kh gSA ykyl jh dforkoka jks lq j O;aX;kRed gksA

vktknh lw a iSyka lkez kT;okn] vkjfFkd lks l.k] vR;kpkj bR;kn jS f[kykQ jktuhfrd tkxz rh Y;ko.kh gh] b.k otS lw a ftdh dforkoka fy[khth] oka es a vkØks l ?k.kks vj O;aX; de gksA vktknh iNS



55

nsl jh O;oLFkk esa tSM+ ks HkzLVkpkj] dkGkcktkjh vj uSfrd ew Y;ka jks iru gq;ks] oka uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j

O;aX; dforkoka fy[khthA vka dfo;ka es a x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn] js ornku pkj.k] xtkuu oekZ bR;kn

izeq[k gS aA

x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn jh dforkoka es a jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka lk: rh[kks vkØks l vj xgjks

O;aX; gSA *EgS vk;k vdy crkck uS*] *vktknh jks mrkjks*] *usrkoka jh fuljekbZ*] *Hkw y djh tu uk;d

Hkkjh* bR;kn dforkoka es a rh[kks O;aX; gSA b.kh Hkka r izxfrlhy fopkjka jk leZFkd mLrkn lkekftd

:f<+;ka vj va/kfoLoklka ekFkS Hkh rh[kk izgkj djrk jS;kA js ornku pkj.k vj xtkuu oekZ jh dforkokaesa iw athoknh euxr vj lksl.k jS f[kykQ O;aX; gSA

jktLFkkuh dfork es a gkL;&O;aX; jh pkoh fLFkfr dfo lEesyuka jS ek/;e lw a feyhA bL;k

dfo;ka es a fo’oukFk ’kekZ foeys’k] cqf)izdk’k ikjhd] ukxjkt ’kekZ] vUujke lqnkek] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh]

lEir ljy] euksgj yky xks;y bR;kn jk uka o izeq[k gS aA vS dfo lelkef;d tho.k] lkekftd

vlaxfr] eagxkbZ] cs jkstxkjh] lektokn] dkG bR;kn fLFkfr;ka ekFkS O;aX; djrk jS;k gSA

fo’oukFk ’kekZ foeys’k jks gkL;&O;aX; dfo;ka es a fljS uka oA vka jh O;aX; dforkoka jks folS

lkekftd vj jktuhfrd jS;ks gSA *fcjekth jks cj*] *u;h lky jks dys.Mj*] *chu.kh m?kkM+ S ew aMS vkbZ*]

*pq.kko Hkkl.k*] *ifjokj fu;kstu* bR;kn dforkoka eap ekFkS ?k.kh pkoh jS;h gSA vka jh O;aX; dforkoka

jk dbZ laxz S NI;k gSa ft.kesa *lridokuh*] *NsM+[kkuh*] *dqpj.kh*] *Vldksy+ h*] *ukS jl gkL;*] *[kjh el[kjh* bR;kn izeq[k gS aA vka jh Hkklk BsB 'ks[kkokVh vj lcn&p;u O;aX;kRed gSaA

O;aX; dfo;ka esa cqf)izdk’k ikjhd Hkh ?k.kk pkok dfo gs Sa ftdk jh dforkoka es a jktuhfrd

vj lkekftd fLFkfr;ka lk: rh[kks O;aX; gSA vka jS gkL; O;aX; laxzS es a *lcM+dk*] *pw aVD;k*] *frjlk*]

*dynkj*] *bUnj lw a bUVjO;w * bR;kn gSaA Hkklk es a BsB <w <+ kM+ h jks eqgkojks vj lcn p;u lw a gkL; O;aX;

jh fLFkfr mitSA

gkL; O;aX; dfo;ka es a ukxjkt 'kekZ jks egrkÅ LFkku gSA BsB ’ks[kkokVh cksyh esa fy[;ksM+ h

ukxjkt jh dforkoka lkekftd vlaxfr;ka vj jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks izgkj djSA *Fkkjks ds

Y;ka gk* ukxjkt ’kekZ jh dforkoka jks laxz S gSA

lcnka jk BsB ew y+ :i es a idM+*j m.kka jS ek/;e lw a gkL; O;aX; jh rkdr iSnk dj.kks eksgu ek/kqjh jh dforkoka jh fols lrk gSA jkex<+ ’ks[kkokVh es a tk;k tyE;k eksgu ek/kqjh jks vsd dfork

laxS z *nM+ kNaV* uka o lw a NI;ks gSA vUukjke lqnkek jh dforkoka es a Hkh dBS&dBS O;aX; jks :i fn[kkbZ ns oSA

*fijksy+ es a dqŸkh C;kbZ* lqnkek jks gkL;&O;aX; dforkoka jks laxzS gSA

gkL; O;aX; jk flYi rqdkUr vj vs S rqdkUr nksuw feySA vBhuS O;aX; dforkoka es a iS jksM+ h] Mka[ky+ k

¼rqDrd½ bR;kn jk iz;ksx Hkh gq;k gS aA eq jyh/kj O;kl] cqf)izdk’k ikjhd bR;kn iS jksM+ h fy[kh gSa rks

eksgu vkyksd jk *Mka[ky+ k* jS ek/;e lw a gkL;&O;aX; dfork jks flYi jS :i es a uq oks iz;ksx nhlSA gkL;

O;aX; dfo;ka esa rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh] dj.khnku ckjgB] f=yksd xks;y] Hka oj cSjkxh] lEir ljy] Hkxorh

iz lkn pkS/kjh] gjQw y flag jfld] jkefujatu fBekÅ bR;kn jk uka o fy;k tk ldSA

1965 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh jh uq a oh dfork es a Hkh O;aX; jh Bkoh fLFkfr mith gSA vka dforkoka

es a ekStw nk thou jh folaxfr;ka] ew Y;ghurk] fujklk] vukLFkk vj dq aBk bR;kn ij rh[kks O;aX; gSA vka

dfo;ka es a ef.k e/kqdj] rst flag tks/kk] xks j/ku flag ’ks[kkor] ikjl vjksM+ k] uan Hkkj}kt] is zeth is ze]



56

lka oj nb;k] Hkxorh yky O;kl] vks adkj Jh bR;kn gS aA vktknh jS iNS xka o es a vk;ksM+ S cny+ ko uS rstflag tks/kk vkijh dfork *bS xka o es a dBS bZ dha OgSxks* es a rh[kS O;aX; lkFkS mHkkj~;ks gSA

6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %&6- lEcks/ku dkO; %& yksd dkO; jS :i es a *<+ ksyk ek: jk nw gk* ¼fo-la- 1530½ ?k.kk egrkÅ gS aA ew y :i es a ns[;ks tkoS rks vks dkO; is ze dFkk vj lEcks/ku dkO; jS fljt.k jks is z j.kk lz ks r gSAfca;k lEiw j.k lEcks/ku dkO; es a *tsBoS jk lks jBk* vkoSA vka jS iNS yk[k.klh pkj.k ¼fo-la- 1530½

jk fy[;k *Ãfy;k jk lks jBk*] *ck?kth jk nw gk* ¼fo-la- 1563½] nq jlk vk<+ k jk *fo#n fNgrjh* vj

iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jk *HkkxhjFkh jk nw gk* lEcks/ku dkO; es a bZ vkoSA vka iNS jkeukFk dfo;k jk *ikcw th jk lks jBk*] *d:.kk ckouh*] lkanw jk;flag jk *eksfr;k jk nw gk* bR;kn gSaA vka es a Ñikjke f[kfM+ +;k ¼fo- la- 1800&1890½ jk fy[;ksM+ k *jkft;k jk lks jBk* lxGk lw a fljS vj ?k.kk pkok gq;kA *jkft;k jk lks jBk* jS iNS lEcks/ku dkO; jh yw aBh ijEijk l: gq;h ftdh fo-la- 1530 es a *Ãfy;k jk lks jBk* jS iNS

fdlfu;k] jkft;k] jkeyk] uksiyk] exfu;k] eksfr;k] Qwfl;k] NksfV;k] ukfu;k] ghfj;k] ekfu;k]pdfj;k] lka ojk] ckoy+ k bR;kn jS :i es a lEcks/ku dkO; jS :i es a c/krh x;hA

b.kh ijEijk es a vkt Hkh lEcks/ku :i es a dha dkO; fy[;k x;k gSa ft.kes a euksgj ’kekZ ¼jketh jk lksjBk½] MkW- mn;ohj ’kekZ ¼ekSydS s jk lks jBk½] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh ¼ckoyk jk lksjBk½] egkohj iz lkn

tks’kh ¼nw fn;k jk lksjBk½] cLrhey lksyadh ¼cfLr;k jk lks jBk½] jkethyky dY;k.kh ¼jk?ko lSdM+ ks½]vLr vyh eydk.k ¼vkeuk jk lks jBk½ bR;kn izeq[k gSaA

7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqa oh dfork %&7- uqaoh dfork %& ijEijkÅ jktLFkkuh dfork es a dF; jh nhB lw a 1965 bZ- jS vklS&iklScny+ ko jh fLFkfr;ka lkQ futj vko.k ykxhA bZ a cny+ ko jS ikNS cny+ rh la osnuk vj fLFkfr;ka jks xgjks

ncko gksA 1960 bZ- iNS jktuhfrd Lrj ekFkS Hkz LVkpkj] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] xqVcanh] ukSdjlkgh]

iz kUrh;rk jks Hkko bR;kn gks rks lkekftd Ns = es a xjhch] cs jkstxkjh] fc[kjrk ew Y;] Vw Vrk ekuoh lEcU/k]

vjktdrk] vO;oLFkk vj HkVdko jh fLFkfr ghA Ãa ifjos l lw a ftdh vfLFkjrk] vla rqyu vj fujklk

lw a ifjiw j.k fLFkfr;ka c.kh] oka jks izHkko ;q ok jpukdkjka jh la osnuk ekFkS i³~;ks vj jpukRed ps ruk

jh fLFkfr cnGhA ua q oks dF; vj vkijS ifjos l lw a tqM+ko jh bZekunkjh vk dforkoka jks eksVks vk/kkj

gksA b;ka eS lw l gq;ks ds dfork vcS dYiuk lw a nw j gks;*j lkapS ;FkkjFkoknh vj iz kekf.kd v.kHko uS

ys;*j uq aok lUnHkkZ uS vfHkO;fä ns oSA

vktknh jS iNS ukuw jke la LdrkZ jks *le; jks ck;jks* ¼1953½ vj ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jks*nqxkZnkl* ¼1956½ eqDr Nan jS eka; fy[;ksM+h dforkoka esa flYixr uqaoksi.kks gqorka Fkdka Hkh

eks Stw nk tho.k jks ;FkkjFk m.kka es a uhA jktLFkkuh uq a oh dfork 1960 bZ- jS vsMS +&NsM+ S fy[k.kh l:

gq;h vj 1971 bZ- esa tn MkW- rstflag tks/kk jh *jktLFkkuh dfork&vsd* ¼=Sekfld if=dk½

Ni*j vkbZ rks jktLFkkuh uqoha dfork ckcr yksxka jks /;ku x;ksA l: eas uqaoh dfork xy+S uh

mrjh b.k okLrS fojks/k Hkh lqHkkfod gks] i.k fojks/k jks ery+c bZ dha uq oSi.kka lw a gksA vk ckr

lkQ gS ds jktLFkkuh uq a oh dforkoka jh laosnuk ijEijkÅ dfork lw a lko vyx ghA bZa if=dk es a

ikap dfo& xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor] ikjl vjksM+k] ef.k e/kqdj] vksadkj ikjhd vj [kqn rstflag

tks/kk jh VkGoh uqoha dforkoka ghA

b.k if=dk jS lEikndh; jh rh[kh izfrfdz;k gq;h i.k jktLFkkuh uq a oh dfork [kqn uS LFkkfir

dj.kS esa lQy gqbZA

*jktLFkkuh&vsd* jS lEikndh; es a uq a oh dfork jS dF; vj flYi uS vkt jS lUnHkZ esa njlk;ks



57

gSA uq a oks dfo tho.k lk: vkijh vkLFkk izxVS vj tho.k jh pq.kksfr;ka jk eqdkcyks djrka Fkdka vkt

jh ifjfLFkfr;ka ekFkS tw >SA uqa oks dfo uh fd.kh fopkj lw a ca/;ksM+ ks gS rks uh m.k jk fd.kh Hkka r jk vkxzg

ghA oks tho.k uS tho.k jS :i es a ;FkkjFk :i es a ns[kS&ij[ks S vj b.k jS iNS m.k jks O;kid ekuoh;

nzfLVdks.k gSA

vkt jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ua qoh dfork ledkyhu Hkkjrh; Hkklk jS tksM+ es a fd.kh rjS lw a de

uhA ;qxcks/k] vuqHkw fr jh lPpkbZ vj flYixr rktxh] iz;ksx vj uqa oS eqgkojs esa m.k jks foxlko ?k.kks

egrkÅ gSA jktLFkkuh es a gkbdw Hkh fy[;k x;k gS rks ykEch dforkoka HkhA xks j/ku flag ’ks[kkor ¼fdjdj½] lka oj nb;k ¼gkbdw ½] vks adkj ikjhd ¼uSuh dforkoka½ bR;kn NksVh dforkoka jk dsbZ iz;ksx

dj~;k rks rstflag tks/kk ¼bZ a xka o es a dBS bZ dha OgSxks gS] Egkjk cki½] xks j/ku flag ’ks[kkor ¼[kqn lw a [kqn

jh ckrka½] uan Hkkj}kt ¼va/kkj i[k½] ikjl vjksM+ k ¼c/kkiks½ bR;kn ykEch dforkoka Hkh fy[khA

vktknh jS iNS ftdks cny+ko vk;ks m.k es a xkao jh ftnaxh jk v.kHko Hkh dkO; la osnuk jk

egrkÅ fcnq a jS;k ga S vktknh jS iNS xz keh.k ps ruk jks :i Vw Vrks&fc[kjrks x;ks] xanh jktuhfr lw a vkil

esa yM+ kbZ&>xM+ k] ekjihV vj nq le.kh jks bL;ks okrkoj.k c.;ks ds yksx xka oka lw a lSgjk dkuh Hkkx.k

ykX;kA rstflag tks/kk] xks j/ku flag ’ks[kkor] uan Hkkj}kt] ef.k e/kqdj] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh]

gjeu pkSgku] lka oj nb;k] iq:lksŸke Naxk.kh bR;kn dfo;ka jh dforkoka es a yksdtho.k jS b.k cny+ ko

uS ;FkkjFk :i es a izxV~;ks gSA jktLFkkuh dfork es a uq a ok dfo;ka jks lksp ua qoh jktLFkkuh dfork uS [kw c vkxS c<+ k;ks gS vks

bZ dkj.k gS ds vkt jktLFkkuh uq a oh dfork Hkkjrh; ledkyhu lkfgR; jh dforkoka jS eqdkcy+ s S esa

vkijk ix tek; jk[;k gS aA dha dfo;ka jh la osnu fLFkfr;ka ekFkS b.k Hkka r fopkj dj~;ks tk ldS gS a %&

rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& rst flag tks/kk %& ¼tye 7 tqykbZ 1950 bZ- ½ jktLFkkuh uqa oh dfork jk vkxhok.k dfo

ekuhtSA tks/kk dforkoka de fy[kh i.k dF; vj flYi lw a uq oh dfork jh vksG[kk.k c.kko.k es a vka

jh dforkoka /k.kh egrkÅ gS aA vki *jktLFkkuh&vsd*] *nhB* bR;kn if=dkoka jk dha vad Hkh fudkY;kA

*vksGw jh vksG~;ka* vkijh iSyh dkO; Ñrh gSA *dBS bS dha OgSxks*] *Egkjk cki* vj *nhBko jS cstk eka;*

vkijh ?k.kh pfpZ r dforkoka jS;h gSA vka dforkoka jks eqgkojks vSM+ ks gks ds fgUnh jk dha dfo Hkh vka

lw a is zfjr gks;*j dforkoka fy[khAef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdjef.k e/kqdj ¼tye flrEcj 1942 bZ-½ %&%&%&%&%& jktLFkkuh jk uqa ok dfo;ka es a vkijh lUnHkZxr

vj ;qxcks/k jh la osnukoka lw a vkijh lk[k dk;e djhA flYi jks peRdkj ef.k jh [kkfl;r jS;h gSA

*dkGks ?kksM+ ks*] *ujdokM+ ks*] *lkstrh xsV* bR;kn vka jh pfpZ r dfork jS;hA *ixQsjks* vkijh dforkoka

jks iSyks laxs Sz gSA

xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xks j/ku flag ’ks[kkor %& ¼tye 10 viszy 1941½ jktLFkkuh jk izeq[k uqa ok dfo gS A

*fdjdj* ¼1971 bZ-½ vj *iuth ek:* ¼1988 bZ-½ uka o lw a vkijk nks dfork laxz S NI;ksM+ k gSA *iuth ek:*]

*dkG*]*Egkjks xka o*] *iz hr* vkijh lka rjh dforkoka gSA ifjos l jh tfVyre fLFkfr;ka vj v.kHko la osnu

uS vki dsbZ fcEcka vj iz rhdka jS ek/;e lw a O;Dr dj~;ks gSA

ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+ k %& ¼tye 1937½ vk/kqfud la osnukoka uS vfHkO;ä dj.kokGk lejFk dfo gSaA

vka jh dforkoka es a lgjh tho.k jks ifjos l gSA *>G* vka jks iSyks dfork laxz S gSA

uan Hkkj}kt %&¼ uan Hkkj}kt %&¼ uan Hkkj}kt %&¼ uan Hkkj}kt %&¼ uan Hkkj}kt %&¼tye 9 vxLr 1948½ izxfrlhy nzfLVdks.k vj xka o jh fLFkfr;ka lw a usM+ kÅ



58

:i es a tqfM+;ksM+ k dfo gSaA *va/kkj i[k* uka o lw a vka jks vsd dfork laxs z S NI;ksM+ ks gSA

pUnzizdk’k ns oy %&pUnzizdk’k nsoy %&pUnzizdk’k ns oy %&pUnzizdk’k nsoy %&pUnzizdk’k nsoy %& yksdtho.k jh lgtrk lwa vkt jS feu[k jh leL;koka uS vkijh dfork

esa mtkxj djh gSA vkijh dforkoka es a rktxh vj lgtrk gSA *ikxh*] *dkoM+*] *ekjx* *rksiukek* vj

*jkx fctksx* vkijk dfork laxz s S gS aA vka jh dfork vk/kqfud thou ifjos l uS çxVSA

lkaoj nb;k lka oj nb;k lkaoj nb;k lka oj nb;k lka oj nb;k ¼tye 10 vDVw Ecj 1948½ %&%&%&%&%& vka jh dforkoka es a vkt jS eku[kS jh vc[kk;ka

jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gSA m.kka jh lksp fLFkfr;ka jh psruk uS vsM+S la osnu lkFkS lkeh Y;ko.kh ft.klw a oS

vkijh jpukRedrk uS vk;ke ns ldSA oka jS dfork laxz S es a *euxr*] *dky+ vj vkt jS fcPpS*] *vk[kj jh vkSdkr*] *vk[kj jh vka[k lw a* vj *gq oS jax gtkj* izeq[k gS aA

ekypan frokM+ h %&ekypan frokM+h %&ekypan frokM+ h %&ekypan frokM+h %&ekypan frokM+ h %& ¼tye 19 ekpZ 1958½ uqa ok dfo;ka es a vkijh vyx vksG[kk.k jk[kSA

vka jh dforkoka ledkyhu ;FkkjFk uS vkijS futw jpko lw a mtkxj djrh vsd vs SM+ S fojks/k uS izxVs S

ftdks dfork jk ix etcw r djSA frokM+ h jh dforkoka dF; vj flYi es a rktxh fy;ksM+ h gSA *mrj~;ks

gS vkHkks* vka jks iSyks vj pfpZ r dfork laxz S gSA b.k esa is ze vj nkjlfud Hkkoukoka jks futw Lrj ekFkS

vcksV fcack vj izrhdka jS ek/;e lw a fp=.k gq;ks ga SA

vksadkj ikjhd %&vks adkj ikjhd %&vksadkj ikjhd %&vks adkj ikjhd %&vksadkj ikjhd %& ¼26 ekpZ 1934½ vka jh dforkoka es a vkt jS folaxfr;ka jks fp=.k gSA

*fN.kcks/k fN.kcks/k fN.kcks/k fN.kcks/k fN.kcks/k* jh vuqHkw fr jS :i esa ikjhd jh *uSuh dforkoka* egrkÅ gSaA

b.k es a dksbZ lansg uh ds vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork esa uq a oh dfork cks/k jS /kjkry+ ekFkS nw th fo/kkoka es a vxz.kh jS;h gSA vkt uqa oh dfork esa lxGk lw a cs lh jpukdkj gSa ftdk dfork Hkh fy[kS rks

dsbZ ua qok iz;ksx Hkh djs SA vka uq a ok dfo;ka es a dUgS;kyky lsfB;k ¼yhyVka l] yhd ydksfy+;k½] Hkxorh

yky O;kl ¼v.kgn ukn] lcn jkx vj vxuh ea rj½] vtZ quns o pkj.k ¼fjanjksbZ½] eksgu vkyksd

¼x&xhr½] ';ke egf"kZ ¼vM+oks½] gjh’k Hkknk.kh] vkbZnku flag HkkVh ¼ga lrksM+ k gksBk jks lkap½] oklq

vkpk;Z ¼lhj jks ?kj½] ehBs’k fueks Zgh ¼vkiS vksyS+ nksyS +½] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh ¼Egkjks xka o½] vUukjke

lqnkek ¼fijksy es a dqŸkh C;kbZ½] is zeth isze] ckcw yky 'kekZ ¼fga oykl]lcn lk[k½] jkeLo:i fdlku

¼fgoMS + mith ihM+½] iq:"kksŸke Naxk.kh ¼lka lk jks lw r] fcpky+ S½] lR;su tks’kh] gjeu pkSgku] ps ru Lokeh]

jkeLo:i ijs’k] d".kxksiky ’kekZ] ¼ps ru jh /kw .kh½] y{e.knku dfo;k] T;ksfriq at] uhjt nb;k ¼lk[k]

ns lw aVk½s] lR;ns o lforsUnz] jfo iq jksfgr ¼paexw axk½] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk] glZnku glZ] fouksn lksekuh ga l

¼feu[k½] gjh’k Hkknk.kh] pSu flag ifjgkj] ch-,y- ekyh] ’;ke lqUnj Hkkjrh] dq anu ekyh ¼tx jks ys[kks]

lkxj ika[kh½ ]Jhxksiky tSu ¼dky jks prqHkqZt½] lR;ukjk;.k bUnkSfj;k ¼fcd chp ctkjka½] ’kadjflag

jktiq jksfgr] pUnz’ks[kj vjksM+ k] vkse iq jksfgr dkxn] eksgu eaMsyk] ,l-vkj- Vsyj ¼ikaxy+ h ihM+ jk

vk[kj½] vrqy dud] jes’k e;ad] rkjky{e.k xgyks r bR;kn gSaA Hkxorhyky O;kl jk rhu dfork

laxz S NI;k gS a * lcn jkx lcn jkx lcn jkx lcn jkx lcn jkx*] *vg.knukn vg.knukn vg.knukn vg.knukn vg.knukn* vj *vxuh earj vxuh earj vxuh earj vxuh earj vxuh ea rj*A vka jh dforkoka es a vkt jS feu[k jh

fLFkfr;ka jks ;FkkjFk ;qx cks/k jS lanHkZ es a izxV dj~;ks gSA dforkoka es a iz ks S<+ rk vj flYi jh vkijh c.kxV

gSA vka jh dforkoka ledkyhu feu[k jh fpa rka oka lwa Hkfj;ksM+ h vkLFkkoknh gSA

T;ksfriq at jh dforkoka ¼cksy Mw axjh <+c <+cw d½ es a la osnuk jk vNw rk fcEc vj izHkkoh vfHkO;fä

gSA ckcw yky 'kekZ jk nks dfork laxzS *fgoaykl* vj *lcn lk[k* NI;k gSaA vka dforkoka es a dF; jks

uqa oksi.kks vj lEis zl.kh;rk gSA oklq vkpk;Z jk Hkh vckj&vckj nks dfork laxzS *lhj jks ?kj* vj *lw dks rkykc* izdkflr gq;k gS aA ba;k bZ uhjt nb;k jks *lk[k*] jfo iq jksfgr jks *pexw axks*] vkbZ anku flag HkkVh



59

jks *ga lrksM+ k gksBka jks lkap*] ch-,y-ekyh jks *gsyh*] vrqy dud jks *vkoks ckr djka* bR;kn laxz S

ledkyhu dforkoka jk la krjk laxz S gS aA

ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %& vk/kqfud dfork jS v/;;u lw a lkQ y[kkoS ds vk/kqfud dky es a tBS

ijEijkÅ fljt.k gq;ks] cBS 1857 bZ- jh ØkfUr jS iNS dha vSM+ k dfo vk;k ftdk ;qx dfo jS :i esavkijh Hkw fedk fuHkkbZA vktknh jS iNS fLFkfr;ka es a cny+ ko vk;ks rks dkO;&la osnu es a cny+ ko vko.kkst:jh gksA b.k dkj.k dfork jh /kkjk es a dsbZ iz ozfr;ka mithA jkLVªh;] lka LØfrd vj O;fäxr xhr

iz/kku] izØfr] gkL; O;aX; vj uqoha dfork jS :i esa dfork jk jax fu[kj~;kA 1960 bZ- jS iNS dfork jh la osnuk ledkyhu ;FkkjFk lw a tqM+*j ekuoh ew Y;ka uS uqa oh nhB lw a vfHkO;fä nhA vBS lw a jktLFkkuh

esa uq oh dfork jks mnS gq oS vj vkt jktLFkkuh jh uqoha dfork fd.kh Hkh ledkyhu Hkklk jh dfork lw a ykjS uhA *nqxkZnkl*] *ehjk* ¼ukjk;.k flag HkkVh½] *cksy Hkkjeyh* ¼ lR;izdk’k tks’kh½] *yhyVka l*

¼dUgS;kyky lsfB;k½ bR;kn vuqie dkO; Ñfr;ka gSA ba;k bZ izdzfr dkO; jh nhB lwa *cknGh*] *yw *¼pUnzflag½] *lka>* ¼ukjk;.k flag HkkVh½] *es?kekG* ¼lqes j flag 'ks[kkor½] *lw aVks* ¼mn;ohj ’kekZ½ bR;kn egrkÅ jpukoka fx.khtSA

izxfroknh dkO; jh nhB lw a x.ks’khyky O;kl] js ornku pkj.k ¼mNky+ ks½] xtkuu oekZ] euqt

nsikor jh dforkoka tu&ps ruk uS izHkkfor dj.kokGh fLFkfr;ka uS mtkxj djhA jktLFkkuh jh ua qoh

dfork jk laxz S vtS de fudY+;k gS iNS Hkh *ixQs jks* ¼ef.k e/kqdj½]*va/kkj i[k* ¼uan Hkkj}kt½] *ikxh*¼pUnzizdk’k nsoy+½] *iuth ek:* ¼xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor½] *>G* ¼ikjl vjksM+ k½] *fjanjksbZ* ¼vtqZuns o

pkj.k½ *mrj;ks gS vkHkks* ¼ekypan frokM+ h½ ] *dky vj vkt jS fcPpS* ¼lka oj nb;k½] *rksiukek* vj

*jkx&fotksx* ¼pUnzizdk’k ns oy½] *v.kgnukn* ¼Hkxorh yky O;kl½] *Egkjh dforkoka* ¼çse th çse½]

*Egkjks xkao* ¼jkes'oj yky Jhekyh½] *lhj jks ?kj* ¼oklq vkpk;Z½] *lkxj ika[kh* ¼dqanu ekyh½ bR;kn

dfork laxS z egrkÅ gS aA QqVdj :i es a fy[;ksM+ h dsbZ dfork jh vsdyh jpuk Hkh uq a oh dfork jh tkrjk

jks egrkÅ fgLlks gSA

x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh jks x| lkfgR; ?k.kks tw uks vj lefj/k gSA jktLFkkuh es a

x| lkfgR; jh mRifŸk 13&14oha lrkCnh jS eka; gqbZ vj 16&17oha lrkCnh es a oks vkijh mUur voLFkk

esa iw xX;ksA iz kphu x| uS uhpS fy[;S :i es a ckaV ldka gka %&

1- /kkjfed x|

2- vSfrgkfld x|

3- dykRed x|

4- vU; :i

1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %& /kkjfed x| js S fodkl es a tSu lk/kqoka jks ?k.kks ;ksxnku jS;ks gSA vS

vkijS /kje jS izpk: vSM+ ks lkfgR; fy[;ks gSA vkS lkfgR; ekSfyd de vj /kkjfed xz aFkk jh Vhdk jS

:i es a gSA vS Vhdkoka nks :ika es a feyS& ckykocks/k vj VCckA ckykocks/k lh/kh ljy vj lqcks/k Vhdk

gq oSA b.k jS eka; jh O;k[;k jS lkFk tSu /kje jS fl)kUrk uS le>ko.k lk: dsbZ dFkkoka jks lgkjks fy;ks

x;ks gS aA

VCck ckykocks/k lw a NksVks gqoSA b.k es a ew y+ lcn jks vjFk Åij&uhpS] vklS&iklS fy[;kstkoSA vkpk;Z r:.kizHk lw fj dk lMko’;d ckykocks/k* ¼fo-la- 1411½ jktLFkkuh x| jh iSyh iz kS<+



60

Ñrh ekuh tkoSA/kkjfed lkfgR; nks lSfy;ka esa feyS& vsd tSu lSyh vj nwth tSu ls Syh lw a vyxA2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %& /kkjfed x| jS lkFkS vSfrgkfld x| jh l:vkr gq;hA vSfrgkfld

x| es a [;kr] okr] oa lkoyh]inkoyh] ihf<+;koyh] foxr] gdhdr] gky bR;kn feySA [;kr es a jktkoka jks oa lkuqØe feySA vkt Hkh jktLFkku jS bfr;kl jS lUnHkZ esa eqg.kks r uS.klh] vkfl;k ckadhnkl vj

n;kynkl jh [;kr izfl) ga SA

vSfrgkfld x| nks lSfy;ka es a fy[;ks x;ks gS& ts Su lSyh vj pkj.k lSyhA tSu lSyh jh Hkklk lh/kh ljy vj pkj.k lSyh jh eaft;ksM+ h gSA3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %& dykRed x| jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a vkijks egŸo gSA dykRed

x| eq[; :i lw a opfudk] flyksdk] o.kZd vj okr :i es a feySA opfudk x|&i| feflz r gSA vknlZ opfudk es a vk/kks x| vj oks Hkh rqdkUr gq oSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ftdh egrkÅ opfudk fy[khth m.k es a *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ¼flonkl xkM.k½ vj *opfudk jkBkSM+ jrufla?k egs lnklks r jh*

gSAdykRed x| nokoS r es a Hkh feySA nokoS r es a HkkV ekyhnkl jh fy[kh *ujflagnkl dh nokoS r*

?k.kh pks[kh gSA b.kh Hkka r dykRed x| jks vsd :i *flyksdk* Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh es a okr lkfgR; jksv[kw V Hk.Mkj gS b.k jS eka; Hkh x|&i| jks :i nhlSA ckr jh vkijh lSyh gSA

4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %& x| jS nw tk :ika es a flyksys[k] iÍk&ijokuka gS aA

vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh jks tw uks x| lkfgR; rks yw aBks jS;ks

gS i.k m.k jh rqyuk es a vk/kqfud dky es a x| jh lxGh fo/kkoka es a la krjks jpukRed lkfgR; fy[;ksx;ksA vk/kqfud x| jh izeq[k fo/kkoka es a miU;kl] dgkuh] ukVd] ,dkadh] fuca/k] lekykspuk bR;kn gSAvka x| fo/kkoka jks fodkl b.k rjS ns[;ks tk ldS gS %&

miU;kl %& miU;kl %& miU;kl %& miU;kl %& miU;kl %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a iSyks miU;kl f’kopan Hkjfr;k jks fy[;ksM+ ks *dud lqUnj*¼1903½ miyC/k gq oS] b.k jS okLrS ys[kd xqtjkrh es a izpfyr *uoy dFkk* lcn jks iz;ksx fd;ks gSAb.k miU;kl jh dFkk ikfjokfjd gSA

*dud lqUnj dud lqUnj dud lqUnj dud lqUnj dud lqUnj* jS iNS Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jks *pkpk* ¼1925½ jktLFkkuh jks nw tks miU;kl gSAvks lkekftd miU;kl gS vj b.k es a *o`) fookg* jh leL;k uSs izxV djh gSA

vS nksuw a miU;kl iSyk miU;kl gS vka jks mns l lekt lq/kkj jh Hkkouk gS dF; vj flYi ?k.kh iz kS<+ rk uhA

vka nks miU;klka jS iNS vsd yEcks va rjky jS;ks vj vktknh jS iNS 1956 bZ- es a Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jks *vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh vkHkS iVdh* miU;kl NI;ksA b.k miU;kl es a fo/kok fookg jh leL;k mBk;h x;h gSAvks Hkh vsd lekt lq/kkj jS nzfLVdks.k lw a fy[;ksM+ ks lkekftd miU;kl gSA ls oV leL;k jks lek/

kku vknlZ :i es a gq;ks gSA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jks nw tks miU;kl */kks jka jks /k.kh* ¼1968 bZ-½ vj rhtks *vsd chu.kh jks chan* ¼1973 bZ-½ gSA */kks jka jks /k.kh* bVyh fuoklh MkW- Vs lhVjh js S thou ekFkS

vk/kkfjr gSA vka nksuw a miU;klka es a Hkh miU;kldkj jks nzfLVdks.k vknlZ oknh jS;ks gSA jktLFkkuh miU;kl Ns = es a b.k jS iNS vUukjke lqnkek jks Bkoks vj yw aBks uka o fy;ks tk ldS

gSA vka jh dFkkps ruk vkijS ifjos l lw a tqM+*j leL;koka uS vknlZ oknh :>ku ekFkS iz Lrqr djSA vka jS miU;klka es a *eSdrh dk;k eqy+drh /kjrh* ¼1966½] *vka/kh vkSj vkLFkk* ¼1974½] *es oS jk :a[k* ¼1977½]

*Mkdhtrk ekuoh* vj *?kj la lkj* ¼nks Hkkx½ gSA *es Sdrh dk;k vj eqy+drh /kjrh* es a vkRedFkkRed lSyh



61

esa lqFkkjh ukuh jh ihM+ uS izxV djh gSaA *vka/kh vj vkLFkk* miU;kl es a vdky+ lw a tw >rk feu[k jh ;FkkjFk dgk.kh gS rks *es oS jks :[k* vkikrdky jh fLFkfr;ka uS ys;*j fy[;ksM+ ks miU;kl gSA vUukjke

lqnkek jS miU;kl jh folS oLrq iz sepan jh la osnuk lw a xSjh izHkkfor gS b.k okLrS vknlZ] lks l.k] xjhcfeu[k jh n;uh; fLFkfr jks ekuoh; /kjkry ekFkS fp=.k dj~;ks x;ks gs SA Hkklk vj flYi jh nhB lwa

lqnkek jk miU;kl jktLFkkuh miU;klka es a Bkoh Bks SM+ jk[kSA miU;kl ys[k.k jS okLrS ftdks oLrq fo/ kku vsd BkoS miU;kldkj dUuS gqo.kks pkbtS] oks vUukjke lqnkek duS gSA

;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz *gw ¡ xks jh fd.k iho jh* ¼1970½ vj *tksx&latksx* ¼1973½ miU;kl fy[;kAvS nksuw a miU;kl lkekftd gS aA *gw ¡ xks jh fd.k iho jh* es a vsd vkdfLed ?kVuk latksx jS ek/;e lwa

iquj fookg jh leL;k mBkbZ gS& rks *tksx&latksx* egkuxjh; thou jh >y+d izLrq r djSAN=ifrfa lg jks *frjldw a* ¼1974½ vfuLpS vj fuj.k; jS vHkko ea s HkVdrS uk;d¼iou½ jh

la?klZiw j.k dgkuh gSA miU;kl es a ØkfUr jh ctk; jkseka l jks fp=.k ?k.kks gSA

lR;su tks’kh *da oyiw tk*¼1974½ miU;kl fy[;ks ftdks jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iSyks vs Sfrgkfld

miU;kl gSA b.k jS eka; rUuksV jktk fot;jkt vj egew n xtuoh jS fcPpS gq;ksM+ S tq) jks oj.ku gSA

vkapfydrk jS dkj.k miU;kl es a rktxh vj ua qoksi.kks gSA

fot;nku nsFkk jk nks miU;kl *rhMkS jko* ¼1966½ vj *eka jks cny+ ks* NI;k gS aA nksuw a miU;kl

O;aX; lSyh es a yksddFkk jS tfj, lekt jh fLFkfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks izgkj djSA *rhMks S jko* vsd iz rhd ik= gS ftdks v;ksX; gq orka Fkdka Hkh vkijh frdM+e lw a vkxS iw x T;koSA *eka jks cny+ ks* miU;kl es a lkeUrh

O;oLFkk ekFkS O;aX; gSA

jkefuokl 'kekZ jks *dky&HkS joh* ¼1976½ vj *eka>y+* jkr xka ok es a QSY;ksM+ S ra =&ea=] va/

kfo’okl bR;kn jks euks oSX;kfud fp=.k djSA miU;kl esa xka o jS yksxka jks Hkksyksi.kks vj vX;kurk uS

njlk;ks gS] vks euks oSX;kfud miU;kl gSA

ch-,y- ekyh jk *feu[k jk [kkst* vj *vcksy+ h* uka o lw a nks miU;kl NI;ksM+ k gS aA nksuw a miU;kl

vkt jh leL;koka uS ys;*j pkyS aA *feu[k jk [kkst* miU;kl es a tkfrxr ca/kuka lw a vyx gV.kS jh ihM+ k

jks rks *vcksy+ h* es a thou jh vsdjlrk jks fp=.k dfj;ks gS tBS vsd ukjh vkijh rM+Qu vj O;Fkk&dFkk

uS crkorh jS oSAikjl vjksM+ k jS miU;kl *[kqyrh xkaBk* ¼1977½ vk/kqfud thou jh leL;koka uS ys;*j

fy[;ksM+ ks gSA b.k jS eka; vSM+ h isze dFkk gS ftdh xSj tkfr; fookg jks lek/kku <w <+ SAxks j/kuflag ’ks[kkor jks *vsd QkSth 'kghn*¼2000½ djfxy jS tq) es a nsl lk: vkijS tho.k

uS vjfir dj.kokGS QkSth flikgh jh lw johjrk] R;kx vj lgknr jh lkaph ?kVuk gSA QkSth tho.k

ekFkS fy[;ksM+ ks jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a vks iSyks miU;kl gSA

uan Hkkj}kt jks miU;kl *lkEgh [kqyrks ekjx* ¼2001½ jsfxLrkuh bykdS jsS feu[k jh la?klZ

xkFkk uS ;FkkjFk :i es a vfHkO;ä djSA vktknh rks vkika uS feyh i.k b.k jks dksbZ vlj vkika jS tho.k

esa gq;ks] b.k jks lka rjks fp=.k b.k miU;kl es a gSAvka miU;klka jS vykok jktLFkkuh es a ’kkfUr Hkkj}kt jkds’k jks *mM+tk jS lw ok* vSM+h bZ

ekjfed vj d:.k dgkuh gSA ft.kes a vkS jr vkijS gdka okLrS tqYeka lw a yMS +A miU;kldkj jks flYi uq a oks vj izHkkfor dj.kokGks gSA vCnqy oghn jks *?kjk.kks* miU;kl uq a oS dFkkud uS ys;*j lka rjh



62

Hkklk lSyh es a fy[;ksM+ ks gSA Ãa es a tyerkabZ dU;kc/k jh dqizFkk jks fp=.k gSA nsofdlu jktiqjksfgr vkt jk Bkok miU;kldkj gS aA vka jk lekt vj ifjokj lwa tqfM+;ksM+k dFkkudka uS ys;*j dsbZ miU;kl NI;ksM+ k gS a] ft.kesa *dyad*] */kkM+ oh*] *diwr*] *tatky+*] *nkrkj* vj *lwjt* ?k.kk egrkÅ gSaA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa y?kq miU;kl Hkh dsbZ fy[;k x;k ftdk dha rks *gjkoy+*] *vksGeks*]*ykMslj*] *jkLVªiw tk gsyks*] *tkxrh tks r* bR;kn esa NI;kA vka miU;klka esa lhrkjke egf"kZ jk nks miU;kl *dq.k le>S pa ojh dk cksy* vj *ykyM+ h vsdj Qs: xexh*] MkW- u`flag jktiqjksfgr jks *Hkxoku egkohj*] nhun;ky dqanu jks *xqao kjikBks*] jkenŸk lkaÑR; jks *vkH kyns* ] Hkwjflag jkBkSM+ jks *jkrh ?kkVh*] is zeth iz se jks *lsyh Nka o f[kT;w j dh*] fd’kks jdYiuk dka r jks */kkM+ oh*] ekypan frokM+ h jks *Hkksy+ ko.k*] dj.khnku ckjgB jks *ea =h jh csVh*] vksenŸk tks’kh jks *ik.kh ihtS Nk.k* vj uouhr ikaMs jks *ekVhtw .k* izeq[k gS aA

vBS ts jktLFkkuh miU;klka jh fodkl ;k=k ekFkS fopkj djka rks y[kkoS ds *dud lqUnj* lw a ys;*j vtS rkabZ jS miU;klka es a dsbZ rjS jh iz ozfŸk;ka nhlS fta;k& lkekftd] vSfrgkfld] jktuhfrd

vj ikS jkf.kdA vka miU;klka es a dsbZ vSM+ k miU;kl gS ft.kes a vknlZ okn] ?kVukRed la;ksx] oj.kkRedrk vj leL;koka jks lrgh fp=.k Hkh gq;ks gSA vSM+ k miU;kl ?kVuk iz/kku gkso.kS lw a jkspd rks t:j gSaysfdu m.kka jS eka; Bks l dF; jks vHkko gSA xka oka jS tho.k jks fp=.k djrk Fkdka dBS&dBS vkapfydrk

jks njlko Hkh mYys[ktksx gSAflYi jh nhB lw a ns[kka rks *vkHkS iVdh*] *eSdrh dk;k eqy+drh /kjrh*] *vka/kh vj vkLFkk*]

*gw ¡ xks jh fd.k iho jh*] *frjldw a*] miU;klka es a ijEijkÅ flYi gSA la;ksx] ?kVukRedrk vj oj.ku lSyh jS dkj.k vS miU;kl iszepan jS ;qx jh la osnuk lw a ?k.kk tqfM+;ksM+ k gSA vka miU;klka es a vkRedFkkRed lSyh ¼eSdrh dk;k] eqy+drh /kjrh½] iz rhd ls Syh ¼rhMkSjko½ bR;kn jks :i Hkh nhlSA vUukjke lqnkek jh Hkklk es a xgjh O;atuk] lgtrk vj iz okg gSA fot;nku nsFkk jh Hkklk es a eatkoV gSA uan Hkkj}kt

jh ls Syh vkt jS ;FkkjFk uS lgh vfHkO;fä ns o.kokGh gSA

izeq[k miU;kldkjka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&

;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %& vkijks tye 13 vxLr 1932 bZ- es a chdkus j es a gq;ksA vki

jktLFkkuh jk ekuhrk dFkkdkj gSaA vki dgk.kh] ukVd vj miU;kl fy[;ka gSA *gw ¡ xks jh fd.k iho jh* vj *tksx&latksx* vc rkabZ NI;ksM+ k nks miU;kl gSA

vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %& vkijks tye mn;jkelj ¼chdkus j½ es a gq;ksA vki cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk jpukdkj gSaA *eSdrh dk;k eqy+drh /kjrh*] *es oS jk :a[k* vj *?kj&la lkj* vka jk NI;ksM+ k miU;kl gS aA jktLFkku jS miU;kldkjka es a vUukjke lqnkek jh vkijh miU;kl dyk vj ftnaxh jS ykjS vkijks lksp

jS;ks gSA ;FkkjFk jS lkFkS&lkFkS vknlZ jh >yd fn[kk;k fcuk vka jks oLrqfo/kku iw jks uh gqoSA vka jS miU;klka es a yksdthou jks xS jkbZ lw a fp=.k gq;ks gSA izxfrlhy fopkjka jk fgek;rh vUukjke lqnkek jh Hkklk lh/kh&ljy vj O;atukRed gSA

fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %& vkijks tye cks:ank ¼tks/kiq j½ es a 1926 bZ- es a gq;ksA vkijk nks miU;kl *eka jks cny+ ks* vj *rhM+ kS jko* NI;ksM+ k gS a ft.kes a yksddFkkoka us S vk/kkj c.kk*j lekt O;oLFkk ekFkS rh[kks

O;aX; dfj;ks gSA vka jS yksd miU;kl es a yksddFkk jk lxGk rŸo vj yksd ifjos l ekStw n gSAdgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %& jktLFkkuh es a s okr lkfgR; jks rks v[kw V Hk.Mkj gS vj m.k jh vsd vkijh ijEijk



63

jS;h gS ftdh vkt Hkh yksdthou es a nhlS ysfdu dgk.kh rks vk/kqfud lkfgR; jh fo/kk gSA jktLFkkuh esa fta;k miU;kl vj ukVd jS :i es a iSyk ys[kd f’kopUn Hkjfr;k ekU;k tkoS fca;k gh jktLFkkuh uS iSyh dgk.kh Hkh f’kopUn Hkjfr;k jh *foJkUr iz okl* lu~ 1904 es a dydŸkS lw a Ni.kokGh ekfld i= *oS’;ksidkjd* es a NihA b.k jS iNS xqykcpan ukxkSjh jh *cM+ h rht*] *cM+ h csVh dh fodjh* vj *cgw dh [kjhn* bR;kn dgk.;k vyhx<+ lw a izdkflr *ekgs’ojh* if=dk es a NihA ukxkS jh jS iNS f’koukjk;.k

rks luhoky jh *fo|kijns ore~* vj *L=h f’k{k.k dks vksukeks* ekfld ukfld lw a izdkflr iapjkt esa

NihA iz oklh jpukdkjka jh vka dgk.;k es a vknlZ okn vj lekt lq/kkj jh Hkkouk ghAvka jS iNS chl cjl rkabZ jktLFkkuh es a dksbZ dgk.kh uh NihA lu~ 1935 bZ- jS vklS&iklS Qs:

dgk.kh ys[k.k jh l:vkr gq;h] ft.kes a eq jyh/kj O;kl ]Jhpanjk; ekFkq j bR;kn izeq[k gS aA eq jyh/ kj O;kl jks iSyks dgk.kh laxzS *cjlxkaB* ¼1956½ izdkflr gq;ksA fca;k b.k lw a iSyk O;kl jh dsbZ

dgk.;k Ni pqdh ghA O;kl jS iNS dgk.kh fy[k.kokGk es a ukuw jke la LdrkZ] u`flag jktiq jksfgr]cStukFk ia okj] Jhyky uFkey tks’kh] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] vUukjke lqnkek] nkeksnj 'kekZ] dj.khnku

ckjgB] jkes’ojn;ky Jhekyh ]ew ypan izk.ks’k ]nhun;ky vks>k] Jhea rdqekj O;kl] jkefuokl 'kekZbR;kn gS aA vka dgk.khdkjka jks iz ozfrxr :i es a foHkktu uh dj ldka D;w ads vka jS ys[ku esa fd.kh vsd iz ozfr jh iz/kkurh uhA

dF; vj flYi jh nhB lw a ftdks cny+ ko jktLFkkuh dgk.kh es a vk;ks m.k jh >y+d lu~ 1970bZ- jS iNS fy[;ksM+ h dgk.;ka es a futj vkoSA b.k lw a is Syka rks dgk.;ka ?kVuk&iz/kku] vknlZ oknh vj ijEijkxr flYi uS ys;*j pky.kokGh ghA

eq jyh/kj O;kl vj oka jS iNS jk dgk.khdkjka jh ew y+ nhB lkekftd ps ruk lw a tqfM+;ksMh jS;hAb.k okLrS vka jh dgk.;ka es a lekt lq/kkj vj vknlZ oknh Hkkouk jh iz/kku ghA O;kl jh dgk.;ka jh folS oLrq lgjh tho.k lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gS iNS Hkh oka jh dgk.;ka es a lekt lq/kkj vj lkekftd dqizFkkokaekFkS rh[kkS O;aX; gS fta;k oka jh *C;ko*] *cyeS jks eksy+*] vj *ujes?k ;k lekt jks uhjk* dgk.;ka ns[kh tk ldS gSA vka dgk.;ka es a pfjr ;k okrkoj.k iz/kku uh gks;*j leL;koka jk r;lqnk lek/kku ikBdka

jS lkeh jk[khT;k gSaA dgk.;ka jh Hkklk lh/kh&ljy gSAukuw jke la LdrkZ jk *X;ksgh*¼1957½] *nlnks[k* ¼1966½ vj */kj jh jsy* ¼1970½ uka o lwa rhu

dgk.kh laxz S NI;ksM+ k gS aA vka jh dgk.;ka vkapfyd tho.k jh ijEijk] yksdfoLokl] lq[k&nq%[k vj lkekftd cq jkb;ka jks fp=.k djSA vka dgk.;k jk flYi ijEijkxr gS vj vka es a vknlZ] euks jatu] minsl vj oj.ku jh iz/kkurk gSA

uflag jktiq jksfgr jktLFkkuh jk dgkuhdkjka es a vkijh Bkoh BkSM+ jk[kSA xzkeh.k tho.k jScny+ rS lUnHkkZ uS u`flag jktiq jksfgr xgjh la osnuk jS lkFkS vfHkO;ä dj~;k ga SA *jkrcklks* ¼1961½] *vej pw uM+ h* ¼1969½] *eÅ pkyh eky oS* ¼1973½] *ijHkkfr;ks rkjks* bR;kn vka jk izeq[k NI;ksM+ k dgk.kh laxz SgS aA vktknh jS iNS cny+ rS lkekftd ew Y;] Hkz LV jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka] fjLor[kks jh] Hkz LVkpkj] dky+ vj

lekt jh ihM+ knk;d fLFkfr;ka jks fp=.k vka jh dgk.;ka esa gq;ks gSA u`flag jktiq jksfgr jh dgk.;ka esavkt jh folaxfr;ka vj fuEuojx jS tho.k ps ruk jks bZekunkjh lw a izxV dj;ksM+ ks ;FkkjFk gSA *jkrcklks*]

*mŸkj Hkh[kk Egkjh ckjh*] *fxjtM+ k*] *Hkkjr HkkX; fo/kkrk*] *dqvS Hkkax iM+ h* bR;kn uflag jktiq jksfgr jh lko ;FkkjFkdkjh dgk.;ka gS aA vka dgk.;ka es a flYixr uq a oksi.kks Hkh y[kkoSA *v/kw jk liuk* vkijks[kkl dgk.kh laxz S gSA



64

xz keh.k tho.k jh eka;Gh vj vc[kk;ka vj lgjh izHkko jS vuqHkw fr jS /kjkry+ ekFkS izxV dj.kokGk dgk.khdkj gS cStukFk ia okjA ia okj jk rhu dgk.kh laxz S *ykMs lj* ¼1970½] *uS.kk [kw V~;ks uhj*vj *vksG[kk.k* NI;ksM+ k gS aA ia okj jh dgk.;ka vknlZ dkuh mUeq[k gq;ksM+ h ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka gSaAvka es a *ykMslj*] *bukeh HkkHkh*] *uS.kk [kw V;ks uhj* izeq[k gS aA

vknlZ okn lw a bZ izsfjr Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jh dgk.;ka lgjh thou lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h leL;kokauS izxVSA vka jh dha dgk.;ka eukSoSX;kfud Hkh ga S ftdh ifr&iRuh jS vkilh lEcU/kk jh my>uka uS

euksfoX;ku jS lUnHkZ esa lqy+>koSA *eksyk;ksM+ h ykMh* esa vuesy C;ko jh rks *ij.;ksM+ h da okjh* esaifr&iRuh jS lEcU/kk jk uq a ok vk;ke nhlSA

MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jh dgk.;ka es a lkekftd leL;koka uS mtkxj djh gS vka jh dgk.;ka esavknlZokn vj ;FkkjFkokn gSA *dU;knku* ¼1971½ uka o lwa vka jks dgk.kh laxzS NI;ksM+ ks gS ft.k esa

lsB&lkgw dkjka jh mnkjrk] vkilh ln~Hkko vj fuezojx jk yksxka jh ihM+ koka jks lkapks fp=.k gSA*dU;knku*] *Qfr;S jks C;ko*] *[kkath* bR;kn vka jh jkspd dgk.;ka gS aA

uflagiq jksfgr jS iNS jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka es a vkijh U;kjh vksG[kk.k c.kko.kokGk dgk.khdkjkaesa vUukjke jks fols l eqdke gSA vUukjke lqnkek vkLFkkoknh jpukdkj gS a vj ;qx ;FkkjFk jS ykjS okafutw lksp vj vsd ÅaMh nhB jS;h gSA *vka/kS uS vka[;ka*] *xyr bykt* vj *ek;k jks jax* vkijk NI;ksM+ k dgk.kh laxz S gSA vka jh dgk.;ka xz keh.k ifjos l lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h vj m.k jh eka;yh fLFkfr uS lkoG <ax

lw a vfHkO;fä nso.kokGh gSA vka jk ik= thoV jk gS a] cS tq>k: c.k*j fLFkfr;ka lw a la?klZ t:j djSai.k oka jS cks/k vj fpa ru jh vsd lhek t:j gSA lqnkek jh dgk.;ka es a dsbZ txka dkO;kRedrk vj fopkj cks/k jS dkj.k flYixr flfFkyrk Hkh vk;h gSA *<+yS Mw axj % QVS pÍku*] *lqyrku usdh jks lez kV*]*vka/ks S uS vka[;ka* bR;kn lqnkek jh dha izeq[k dgk.;ka gSaA

dj.khnku ckjgB vkijh dgk.;ka es a xz keh.k ifjos l jS cny+ rs :i uS izxV dj~;ksA *vkneh jks lhax* vj *ekVh jh egd* vka jk pfpZr dgk.kh laxs S z gS ft.kesa ifjokj vj lekt jh leL;koka jks oj.ku gSA vktknh jS iNS lkeUrh O;oLFkk Vw Vh rks jktuhfr jks xanks izHkko xka oka jS ekFkS i³~;ks] b.k jks fp=.k vka jh dgk.;ka es a gS aA *nkst[k*] *fpeuh jks P;ku.kks*] *ekS r jh xkaB* bR;kn b.k jh izfrfuf/k jpukoka gsSA

nkeksnj iz lkn 'kekZ jh dgk.;ka jh la osnuk xz keh.k vj lgjh thou lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gSA ekuo

eu jh eka;yh fLFkfr;ka uS mtkxj dj.kS es a nkeksnj 'kekZ vsd leFkZ dgk.khdkj gSaA *iz srkRek jh izhr*uka o lw a vka jks vsd laxzS NI;ksM+ ks gSA *fprjke*] *isz rkRek jh izhr*] *getksy+ h* bR;kn vka jh egrkÅ dgk.;ka gSA

ew ypan iz k.ks’k jh dgk.;ka es a tho.k jS ;FkkjFk ifjosl jks fp=.k gSA izk.ks’k vkijh dgk.;kaaes a ifjokjka jh vkjfFkd raxh ]etcw jh vj eu jh nksxkpha rh jks lka rjks oj.ku dj~;ks gSA *mdy+ rk vka rjk % lhy+ k lkl* ¼1973½ vj *pLenhB xokg* iz k.ks’k jk nks dgk.kh laxz S gS aA

fot;nku nsFkk ew yr% yksd dFkkdkj gS aA m.kka jh yksddFkkoka jk dsbZ laxz S fudY+;k gSaA*vys[kw fgVyj* dgk.kh laxS z vka jks ekSfyd dgk.kh laxs S z gS i.k b.k jS <kapk es a yksddFkkoka jk rŸo t:j fNI;ksM+ k gS aA vka jh ekSfyd dgk.;ka jks flYi Hkh dFkk lSyh lw a izHkkfor gSA nsFkk izxfrlhy fopkj

lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k gS aAvktknh jS iNS vkjfFkd nckoka jS dkj.k xka oka es a Hkh vsd lkFkS jsS of.k;ka ifjokj Hkh /khjS&

/khjS Vw V.k ykX;k rks ifjokj jS fjLrka es a Hkh dha Qjd vk;ksA ifr&iRuh jS lEcU/kk es a Hkh dsbZ rjS jh tfVyrkoka



65

vk;h rks ekuoh fjLrk Vw V.k ykX;kA vk vsd vs SM+ h la osnuk gh ft.k jS izHkko lw a vkt Hkh xka o ;k lgj vNw rks uhA bZ a vkilh lEcU/kk jS cny+ ko uS dha dgk.khdkj vkijh jpukRed laosnu jks folS c.kk;ks]b.kes a ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] jkefuokl 'kekZ] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh bR;kn dha vSM+ h dgk.;ka fy[khAvkilh lEcU/kk jS s cny+ ko ea s jkefuokl 'kekZ jh *lqgkx.k&Hkkx.k* vj ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz jh *cki vj csVh* egrkÅ gS aA vkt feu[k elhu jh nkabZ pDdj dkVs S ft.k lw a oks lko tM+ ;k Qxr ta = c.kX;ksgSA b.k jks fp=.k jkefuokl 'kekZ jh *ySEi iksLV* vj *vkrecks/k* rFkk jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh jh

*lGoVka* dgk.;ka es a nhlSA Jhekyh jh dgk.;ka nfyrojx jh ihM+ k] foo’krk vj nhurk uS izxV djSA*[kkt:*] *tlksnk* bR;kn Jhekyh jh pfpZ r dgk.;ka gS aA *lGoVka* uka o lw a vka jks dgk.kh laxz S Hkh NI;ksgSA

jktLFkku es a vkbZ lky vdky+ iM+ + rks jSoS vj vdky+ jh Hkhl.k fLFkfr lw a vBS jks tu tho.k]ilq /ku bR;kn izHkkfor gq;k fcuk uh jS; ldSA vdky+ jS dkj.k xka ookGk uS Hkh jkstxkj jh rykl es a xka o lw a ckjS tko.kks iMS +A vka fLFkfr;ka jks ifjokj ekFkS dsbZ izHkko iM+ SA eq jyh/kj O;kl ¼esgek;ks½]u`flag jktiq jksfgr ¼xka o jh gFkkbZ] fl.kxkjh½] cStukFk ia okj ¼/kkih Hkw ok½] Jhea rdqekj O;kl] j?kqukFk flag ¼vdky+ Åij rks dky+½ bR;kn pks[kh dgk.;ka fy[kh gSaA cnz hnku xkM.k jh dgk.;k ifjok:

la osnuk lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h gSa vka jks vsd dgk.kh laxz S *vka acS jh Mky+ ljoj jh iky+* NI;ks s gSAvknlZoknh] vknlZ dkuh mUeq[k gq;ksM+ h ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka bR;kn es a lkekftd leL;koka

jh iz/kkurk jS;h gSA L=h&iq:l jS lEcU/kka uS ys;*j dsbZ dgk.;ka fy[;ksM+ h gSaA ifjokj jh v.klqy>h fLFkfr;ka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h euks oSX;kfud dgk.;ka Hkh vkt jh fLFkfr;ka uS izxVSA b.k nhB lw a u`flag

jktiq jksfgr] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh] jkefuokl ’kekZ bR;kn jh dgk.;ka mYys[ktksx gSaAvSfrgkfld dFkkudka uS ys;*j Hkh yksddFkk lSyh es a dsbZ dgk.;ka fy[khthA vka dgk.;ka esa

jktLFkku jh la LØfr vj eku&ew Y;ka jks fp=.k gSA y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor jh *eka>y jkr*] *ew ey+*] *fxj Åapk*] *Åapk x<+ k*] *dS jS pdok ckr* bR;kn dgk.kh laxz S] bfr;klw lUnHkkZ lw a Hkjiw j gS aA b.kht Hkka r vSfrgkfld dgk.;ka fy[k.kokGk esa y{eh dqekjh pw aMkor] lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor] c`teksgu tkofy;k bR;kn gSaA b.kh rjS ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed izlaxk js S vk/kkj ekFkS Hkh jktLFkkuh es a dgk.;ka fy[khth gSaA

vktknh jS iNS lkekftd] /kkjfed vj jktuhfrd Lrj ekFkS ftdks cny+ ko vk;ks m.k jh lgh vfHkO;fä jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka es a lu~ 1970 bZ- jS iNS bZ gq;hA jktLFkkuh uq a oh dfork es a la osnukRed cny+ ko ekStw nk ;qx cks/k jS lUnHkZ es a vŸkks izHkkolkyh :i es a vk;ks ds vsdj jktLFkkuh dfork uS ys;*j pks[kh ppkZ gq;hA vkt jktLFkkuh dgk.kh Hkh la osnuk jS Lrj ekFkS fnuksfnu vkxS c<rh tk; jS;h gSAfca;k jktLFkkuh es a vkt Hkh dha jpukdkj vkijS iq jk.kS flYi cks/k uS ys;*j dgk.;ka fy[kS] i.k vSM+ k yksx de gS aA vkt jktLFkkuh jk dgk.khdkj dFkk ps ruk jS ijEijkÅ :i lw a gV*j ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka fy[k jS;k gSaA vS dgk.;ka vkt jS ifjos l lw a miT;ksM+ h vj uqa oS dF; uS izxV dj.ks S oky+ h gSaAbL;k uq a ok dgk.khdkjka es a lka oj nb;k] ekypan frokM+ h] pUnzizdk’k ns oy] uan Hkkj}kt] eksgu vkyksd]Hka ojyky lqFkkj Hkzej]] ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] ns ofdlu jktiq jksfgr ¼fcjtw M+ h jks ri vj eks lj can½] ch-,y- eky+ h] gjeu pkSgku] fouksn lksekuh ga l] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] jkeLo:i ijs’k] enu lSuh] Hkjr

vksy+ k] vkuan dkS j tks’kh] MkW- pkan dkS j tks’kh] ehBs’k fueks Zgh] ps ru Lokeh] ek/kksflag bUnk] cqykdh 'kekZ]iq:"kksŸke Naxk.kh] lR;ukjk;.k bUnksfj;k] lq[knk dPNkok] lanhi /kkew ] iq Liyrk d’;i] veksydpan tkafxM+] lR;ukjk;.k tks’kh] izeksn ’kekZ Hka oj O;kl]v'kksd tks'kh ØkUrk bR;kn gS aA



66

uq a oh ih<+ h jk dgk.khdkjka es a la koj nb;k ikfjokjhd ;FkkjFk vj uq oha la osnukoka lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h lka rjh dgk.;ka fy[kh ft.kes a& *vlokM+ S&ilokM+ S*] */kjrh dn rkabZ ?kw eSy+ h*] *vsd nqfu;k Egkjh*] *iksFkh

ftlh iksFkh* ¼1996½ bR;kn gS aA jktLFkkuh es a oS ua q oh la osnuk lw a dgk.kh fy[k.kokGk uq oh ih<+ h jk iSyk dgk.khdkj ga SA nb;k vkijh dgk.;ka es a flYi jk ?k.kk iz;ksx dj~;kA la okn lSyh uS vi.kk;*j nb;k

jh yxS&VxS nl dgk.;ka gS aA l: es a vka jh dgk.kh *xy+ h ftlh xy+ h* ?k.kh pkoh gq;hA vLlh jS nld esa a dgk.kh ys[ku jh l:vkr lw a nb;k csxk bZ vkijh Bkoh Bks SM+ c.kkbZA la osnuk vj flYi jks ua q oksi.kks

nb;k jh [kkl fols lrk gSA *gkyr* nb;k jh la okn lSyh es a fy[;ksM+h mŸke dgk.kh gS nw th dgk.;kaesa *xy+ h c.krk ?kj*] *lqdM+htrk vkax.kk*] *tq³~;k dV~;k*] *vkstw ca lr* bR;kn izeq[k gSaA vS lxGh dgk.;ka ;FkkjFkoknh gs S aA *vsd nqfu;k Egkjh* vka jks [kkl laxS z gSA

;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz jktLFkkuh jk Bkok dgk.khdkj gS a vj oS cjlka lw a dgk.;ka fy[k jS;k gSaA

vka jh dgk.;ka es a ikfjokjhd ftnaxh jh dsbZ vcjok;ka jks lka rjks oj.ku gSA vkijh dgk.;ka jktLFkkuh

yksd thou uS njlkorh vj eku[kS jS eka;yh ijrka uS [kksy.kS okGh gS aA *tekjks* vka jks [kkl dgk.kh

laxS z gSA

uq oha ih<+ h jS dgk.khdkjka es a ekypan frokM+ h jks uka o fljSA oS vc rkabZ yxHkx nks njtu

dgk.;ka fy[kh gS s aA */kMan* vj *lsfycs z lu* ¼1998½ m.kka jk nks dFkk laxSz gSA vka jh dgk.;ka jh la osnuk

lko vNw rh vj feu[k jS va rjeu jh m.k fLFkfr;ka uS izxVS ft.k jS eka; vkt feu[k [kks jS;ks gSA flYi

jh rktxh vj dF; uS izHkkolkyh <ax lw a izxV dj~.kks ekypan frokM+ h jh dgk.;ka jh vkijh fols lrk

gSA vka jh dgk.;ka ledkyhu Hkkjrh; Hkklk jh fd.kh Hkh dgk.;ka lkFkS jk[kht ldSA *uktk;t*]

*uhan*] *lsfycz slu*] *dhfe;ka jks cki*] *esn HkkbZ lkgc* bR;kn dgk.;ka vkijh vyx fiNk.k jk[kSA

Hka ojyky Hkzej jh dgk.;ka jk rhu dFkk laxz S NI;ksM+ k gS a& *rxknks*] *vew tks dn rkabZ* vj *lkra w

lq[k* ¼1997½ vka jh dgk.;ka es a vke vkneh jh ihM+ k] vHkko vj ?kqVu jks fp=.k gS vj vS dgk.;ka

lh/kh&ljy gS aA

ch-,y- ekyh v’kka r jh dgk.;ka le;&lR; uS vkijh nhB lw a izxVSA vka jk nks dgk.kh laxS z

*fdyh fdyh dVdks* vj *jkbZ jkbZ js r* NI;ksM+ k gSA *dkty jh gR;k*] *fpxY;ksM+ k gkFk*] *fHk[kkjh*]

*xqnM+h jks njn* bR;kn vka jh pfpZ r dgk.;ka gS aA v’kka r jh dgk.;ka esa ijEijk vj O;oLFkk jks

fojks/k gSA vka jh Hkklk lh/kh ljy vj flYi jh lka rjh c.kxV gSAeuksgj flag jkBkSM+ jh dgk.;ka es a vklS&iklS jh fLFkfr;ka lw a mBk;ksM+ k ik=ka jS ek/;e lw a vSM+ h

fLFkfr uS ;FkkjFk :i es a izxVh gS ftdh ekuoh la osnuk lw a ?k.kh Hkfj;ksM+ h gSA vka jk rhu dgk.kh laxz S

*jks’kuh jk tho* ¼1983½ ] *f[kM+dh* ¼1989½ vj *x<+ jks njoktks* ¼1997½ NI;ksM+ k gSaA nz ksinh] cGn]

^jks’kuh jk tho* vj ^x<+ jks njoktks* vka jh pfpZ r dgk.;ka jS;h gaSA

jkeLo:i ijs’k jh dgk.;ka e/;eojx jS lektw ;FkkjFk uS xS jkbZ lw a vfHkO;ä djSA vka jh

dgk.;ka es a ekuoh fLFkfr;ka jk ihM+ knk;d lUnHkZ feySA *mMhd*] *vka/kh jks vSuk.k* bR;kn vka jh egrkÅ

dgk.;ka gSaA

;q ok dgk.khdkjka esa Hkjr vksy+ k jh dgk.;ka jks vsd vyx eqgkojks gS A vka jks vsd dFkk

laxS z *tho jh tkr* ¼1998½ NI;ksM+ ks gSA vksy+ k jh dgk.;ka jS eka; dF; jh iz/kkurk gSA vkijS lh/kS ljy flYi es a ca/;ksM+ h vS dgk.;ka vkijh la osnuk es a ?k.kh ÅaMh gS a vj vkt jS thou ;FkkjFk lw a tqfM+;ksM+h



67

gSA *ij*] *lj.kkVks*] *C;ktfM+;ks*] *nw tks ujd* bR;kn vka jh pfpZr dgk.;ka gS aA jkeLo:i fdlku jh dgk.;ka vkt jS ;FkkjFk uS lkeh Y;koSA vkijks vsd dgk.kh laxz S

*gkMk[kksM+ h* ¼2002½ NI;ksM+ ks gS ft.kes a xzkeh.k tu thou jh vc[kk;ka vkt jS ifjos[k es a vfHkO;ä gqbZgSA vka jh dgk.;ka es a xka o jk fofo/k fprjke izxV gq oSA xka o jks lh/kks ljy thou dŸkks my+f>;ksM+ ksgS] tfVy gS& vka jks izek.k fdlku jh dgk.;ka es a feySA *nyky* fdlku jh vsd pfpZ r dgk.kh gS ftdSuS 1997 jks dFkk iq jLdkj Ã feY;ksA

enu lSuh vSM+ k dgk.khdkj gS ft.kka jh lh/kh ljy dgk.;ka jk dFkkud vkijS ekax v.k nhB rkdr uS fNik;ksM+h gSA vkijks vsd dgk.kh laxz S *Qq jlr* ¼1997½ NI;ksM+ ks gSA *n;k*] *tksM+ k;r*] *lksuS jks lw jt*] *Qq jlr* bR;kn vkijh pfpZ r dgk.;ka gSA

veksyd pan tkafxM+ jh dgk.;ka esa dF; jh uohurk vj flYi jh rktxh gSA tkafxM+ jh dgk.;ka es a 'ks[kkokVh vapy jks ?k.kks izHkko gSA vkijk nks dgk.kh laxz S *’ks[kkokVh jh vkapfyd dgk.;ka*vj *e/kq ou jh jk/kk* uka o lw a NI;ksM+ k gS aA *tew jks* vka jh pfpZ r dgk.kh gSA cqykdh 'kekZ jks *fgyks jks*¼1994½iSyks dgk.kh laxSz gS ft.kes a n¶rjh ftnaxh jh ihM+k] dq aBk] grklk bR;kn jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gSaA

vka dgk.khdkjka jS vykoka nw tk dsbZ dgk.khdkj gS ftdk lqra rj :i lw a dgk.;ka fy[kh gSa

rks dsbZ jk dgk.kh laxzS bZ NI;k gS a vka es a enu ds ofy;k] pUnzizdk’k ns oy] uan Hkkj}kt] fouksn

lksekuh¼pqih vj rhl½] d` L.k dfYir] eksgu vkyksd] ehBs’k fueks Zgh ¼vekol] vsde vj pkan½] guqeku

ikjhd] vkaun dkS j O;kl] iqLiyrk d’;i ¼/kjeatyka % /kj dw apk½] is zeth isze] ek/ko ukxnk] psru Lokeh] f’kojkt Naxk.kh] nhun;ky vks>k] pkan dkSj tks’kh] lksukjke fo'uksbZ] lR;ukjk;.k bUnks Sfj;k

¼mrkj&p<+ ko½] izgykn Jhekyh] ek/kks flag bUnk ¼ikMS oky+ ks iw aN½] iq:"kksŸke Naxk.kh ¼fcpky+ S½] cqykdh 'kekZ bR;kn gS aA

jktLFkkuh es a y?kqdFkkoka Hkh [kw c fy[khth gs S b.kes a MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] MkW- mn;ohj 'kekZ]

veksydpan tkafxM+] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk] ns ofdlu jktiq jksfgr] nqxs Z’k] jkeLo:i fdlku] Hka ojyky

Hkzej] uhjt nb;k] dey jaxk bR;kn izeq[k gSA b.k rjS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh dF; vj flYi es a uq a oksi.kks

ys;*j vkxs S vsd Hkjks lS jS lkFk c/k jS;h gSA

ukVd %&ukVd %&ukVd %&ukVd %&ukVd %& jktLFkkuh ukVd jh l:vkr f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k jS ukVd *dslj foykl* ¼1900½

lw a ekuhtSA vks iSyks ukVd gksA b.k es a lq/kkjoknh nzfLVdks.k uS ys;*j ukVddkj lekt jh vlaxfr;kauS izxVh gSA bZ a jS iNS f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k jks *QkVdk tatky* vj *cq<+kik jh lxkbZ* NI;ks ft.kesa

lkekftd cq jkb;ka jks iz Lrqfrdj.k gksA lekt lq/kkj jh b.k l:vkr es a vkxS pky*j Hkxorh iz lkn

nk:dk jks *cky fookg ukVd*] *ekjokM+ h eks lj* vj *lxkbZ tatky*] ckyd` L.k ykgkS jh jks *dU;k fcØh*vj ukjk;.knkl vxz oky jks *cky C;ko dks QklZ* mYys[ktksx gSA vka lxGk ukVdka es a lekt lq/kkj

jh Hkkouk] vknlZ okn] minsl jh iz/kkurk vj lektw dqizFkkoka jks fp=.k jS;ks gSA ukVd jaxeap okLrS

fy[;k tkoS vj m.kka jh lQyrk jh dlkSVh Hkh jaxeap bZ gq oSA vka ukVdka es a Hkjfr;k jS *ds lj foykl*

uS jaxeap ekFkS t:j lQyrk feyhA

lkekftd ukVdka jh b.k ijEijk es a enu eksgu fl) jk *t;iqj dh T;ks.kkj* ¼1928½ ukVd

jaxeap jh nhB lw a ?k.kks pkoks gq;ksA vks nks [kaMk es a NI;ksM+ ks gSAb.k jS iNS 1929 bZ- es a dksydkŸkk es a Bkdq j nŸk nk/khp jks *ekgs’ojh iapk;r jks ok;Ldksi* ukVd

NI;ksA b.k jh Hkklk tS lyes jh gSA b.k iNS jktLFkkuh ukVdka jS ys[ku es a vsd ykEcks c[kr [kkyh jS;ks



68

vj xhrdkj Hkjr O;kl jk nks ukVd *jaxhyks ekjokM+* ¼1947½ vj *<ksyk ejo.k* ¼1949½ NI;kA vS nksuw ukVd jaxeap ij v.kw rh yksdfiz;rk gkfly djh vj iNS vka ij fQYe Hkh c.khthA vka ukVdka ekFkSikjlh fFk;sVj jks izHkko gSA

lw ;Zdj.k ikjhd ftdk jktLFkkuh jk yw aBk fo}ku vj lEiknd gk] m.kka jks vsd ukVd *ehjk*¼1989½ NI;ks gS i.k bZ jks jpukdky 1930 bZ- lw a 1936 bZ- jS fcPpS gks o.kks pkbtSA

Hkjr O;kl jS iNS jktLFkkuh es a Qs: lekt lq/kkjoknh Hkkouk lw a is zfjr gks;*j teukiz lkn

ipksfj;k jks *u;h chu.kh* ¼1962½ ukVd NI;ks ft.k es a de i<+ h fy[kh ukjh vj vuesG C;ko jh leL;k jks oj.ku gSA

vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh jks s vSfrgkfld ukVd *iUuk/kk;* ¼1963½ NI;ksA bZ a jS eka; LokehHkxr iUuk/

kk; jks pfj= izLrq r dj~;ksA b.k lw a iSyk jktLFkkuh jk vSfrgkfld ukVd es a Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jks*egkjk.kk iz rki* ukVd Ni pqD;ks gks vj vks jktLFkkuh jks iSyks vSfrgkfld ukVd dº;ks tk ldSgSA bZ jS iNS egkjk.kk iz rki jS pfj= uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j fxj/kkjh yky 'kkL=h jks es okM+ h Hkklk es a *iz.kohj iz rki* uka o lwa ukVd NI;ksA

bZa iNS vk/kqfud ukVdka jks nkS j l: gq;ksA dgk.khdkj ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz jks *rkl jks ?kj*¼1973½ vj cnz hiz lkn iapksyh *ik.kh iSyh iky+* ¼1973½ ukVd NI;ksA pUnz jks ukVd vk/kqfud thou

jh la osnuk uS ys;*j pkySA ba Z js S eka; lgjh ftnaxh jh dsbZ folaxfr;ka vkt jS ifjos l es a j[khth gSAcnz hiz lkn iapksyh egkHkkjr jS dFkkud ekFkS vkijS ukVd jh jpuk djh gSA bZ a iNS lR;ukjk;.k veu

jks *xqokM+ es a tk;ksMh* vj dFkkdkj vUukjke lqnkek jks *c/krh va oykbZ* vj vtq Zuns o pkj.k jk *vkt jk nks; ukVd* vj *cksyEgkjh eNyh bŸkks ik.kh* ¼1984½ NI;kA *c/krh va oykbZ* esa vUukjke lqnkek

xka oka jh leL;koka uS O;aX;kRed :i es a iz Lrq r djrk Fkdka vsd vknlZ jk[;ksA vtq Zuns o pkj.k jk nks;ukVdka es a vsd *ladfj;ks* vj vsd *xokM+ h* gS vtq Zuns o jk nksuw a ukVd jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk lQy gq;kAvka ukVdka es a vsd fopkj lekt jS lkes S vkt jh ifjfLFkfr;ka eqtc jk[khT;ks gSA

y{ehukjk;.k jaxk jks *cS:fi;k* vj *ukxk vkneh*] jked L.k egsUnz jks *EgkjS rks fxj/kj xksiky*

Hkh jktLFkkuh jk egrkÅ ukVd gSA jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka jS lUnHkZ esa ch-,y- ekyh va’kkr jks *cksyrk

vk[kj* ¼1981½ ukVd NI;ks gSA ukVd esa jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; gS i.k ukVd jaxeap

jS vuqdw y uhAxks j/ku flag ’ks[kkor jk nks ukVd *rhl ekj[kka* ¼1988½ vj *cLrhjke* ¼1989½ NI;k gSaA

*rhlekj[kka* esa vktknh jS iNS xka oka jh ftnaxh esa vk;ksM+ h xq aMkxjnh jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k O;aX; lSyh esa

gS rks *cLrhjke* ukVd gfjtu leL;k uS vkt jS ifjis[k es a lkekftd leL;koka lw a tksM+*j izxV djh

gSA nksuw a ukVd eap lk: fy[;ksM+ k gSaA *cLrhjke* yksdukVd ls Syh jks iSyks ukVd gSA

vkt jS ukVddkjka es a vtq Zuns o pkj.k jks uka o fljSA jaxeap jh nhB lw a vka jk ukVd ?k.kk pkok

bZ uh gq;k cfYd vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ekFkS gks o.kS okGS ukVd vk;kstu izfr;ksfxrk es a Hkh iSyks njtks

vftZ r dfj;ksA vtq Zuns o ukVddkj jS lkFkS ukV~; fujnsld Hkh gSA vka jk ukVdka esa

*/kjetq)* vj *tkrjk* ] ?k.kk pkok gq;k gSA jktLFkkuh ukVd uS jaxeap jh nhB lw a vsd uq a oksi.kks vj

vsd lka rjh fopkj y[kk.k jS dkj.k vtq Zuns o Bkok ukVddkj jS :i es a vkijh vksy+[kk.k c.kk pqD;k gS aA ukVd

jS lk: lejfir vtq Zuns o bZ fo/kk es a vk/kqfud jaxeap lw a jktLFkkuh ukVdka uS tksM+*j ?k.kks ljko.k tksx



69

dke dj jS;k gSaA

fueks Zgh O;kl Hkh pkok ukVddkj gS a vj vka jk ukVd Hkh jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk yksdfiz; gq;k

gS aA ba;k bZ fueks Zgh O;kl jks *lka orks*] guqeku ikjhd jks *pks[kks&Hkw aMks fnu* vj jk?ko izdkl jks *rhljks

epk.k* pfpZ r jS;ks gSA guqeku ikjhd jS *pks[kks fnu % Hkw aMks fnu* vkt jh la osnuk uS ys;*j pkySA fueks Zgh

O;kl jks *iz.kohj ikcw th* vj *Hkh[kks <+ ksy+ h* Hkh jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk pkok gq;k gS aA

dqekj x.ks’k jk ikap ukVd NI;k gS] vS [kqn ukVddkj jS vykok ukVd funs Z ld vj vfHkus rk

Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh es a vka jk ikap ukVd gSA vkijk ukVd eaph; gS vj vk/kqfud eap uS /;ku es a jk[k*j fy[khT;k gS aA vkt jS ukVdka esa dqekj x.ks’k jh vsd Bkoh BkSM+ gS vki uqDdM+ ukVd Hkh fy[;k gSA

*vtxj jh yhd*] *mX;ksM+ ks va/kkj dw M+ uh cksyS* vj *,d gh f’kokuh*A *vtxj jh yhd* vkt jS

vka rdokn lw a tqfM+;ksM+ h leL;k jks ltho fp=.k djSA *mX;ksM+ ks va/kkj dw M+ uh cksyS* es a vsd fjVk;j

feu[k jh euksnlk jks fp=.k gSA *,d gh f’kokuh* es a ukjh euxr jks euks oSX;kfud oj.ku gSaA

T;ksfriq at jks *dadw dca/k* ¼1998½ ] dYyk th jkBkSM+ ekFkS fy[;ksM+ ks ckxM+ h cksy+ h jks lka rjks

ukVd gSA b.kesa ohj dYyk th jh lw jki.k] ns lHkxrh vj R;kx jks fp=.k gS aA

jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa vkt Hkh laHkkouk gS ds jaxeap uS /;ku jk[k*j lka rjk ukVd fy[;k

tkoSA t;Ur fuokZ.k] Hkxorh yky O;kl] MkW- jked L.k egsUnz] fueks Zgh O;kl] vCnqy oghn dey ¼rw

tk.kh d tk.kh½] gjh’k Hkknk.kh] v’kksd tks’kh] vUukjke lqnkek] ch-,y- ekyh bR;kn vkt Hkh ukVd fy[k jS;k gS aA

vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %& jktLFkkuh es a vsdkadh fy[k.kS jh l:vkr lu~ 1930 bZ- jS vklS&iklS gq;hA lu~

1930 es a 'kksHkkpan tEeM+ jks *o`) fookg fonw "k.k* vsdkadh NI;ks vj vks jktLFkkuh jks iSyks vsdkadh

ekuhtSA jktLFkkuh vsdkadh es a tEeM+ jks egrkÅ ;ksxnku gSA b.k jS iNS JhukFk eksnh jks *xksek tkV*

vsdkadh NI;ksA b.k jh jpuk lSyh ijEijkÅ ghA lu~ 1933 bZ- es a lw ;Zdj.k ikjhd jks *cksy+ ko.k* vsdkadh

izdkflr gq;ksA vks vk/kqfud lSyh esa fy[;ksM+ ks vsdkadh gSA

*cksy+ ko.k* jS iNS vsdkadh Ns = esa dsbZ cjlk rkabZ vsdkadh uh fy[;k x;k vj lu~ 1954 bZ-

esa xksfoUn yky ekFkq j jS lkr vsdkaD;ka jks laxz S *lrjax.kh* NI;ksA vka jk vsdkadh lkekftd vj

ikfjokjhd leL;koka uS ys;*j fy[;k x;k gS aA *ykyph eka&cki* b.k ladyu jks lka rjks vsdkadh gSAbZ a jS iNS ekFkq j jks nw tks vsdkadh laxzS *iapk;r jkt* ¼1963½ NI;ksA

vsdkadh fo/kk jks fcxlko m.k c[kr jh i=&if=dkoka jS ek/;e lw a gq;ksA b.k es a *e:ok.kh*]

*vksGeks*] *jktLFkku ohj*] *gjkoy+* vj vkt jh *tkxrh tks r*] *fc.ktkjks*] *jktLFkyh*] *ek.kd* bR;kn

if=dkoka jh egrh Hkw fedk jS;h gSA Jhea rdqekj O;kl jks vsdkadh laxz S *eqa’khth jh Mk;jh* NI;ks ft.kesa

pkj gkL; vsdkadh ga SA xksfoUn ekFkq j jS iNS jktLFkkuh vsdkadh fy[k.kokGk jpukdkjka esa MkW- euksgj

'kekZ] y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor] x.kifrpUnz Hk.Mkjh] jkenŸk lkadR;] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh] Jhyky uFkey

tks’kh] cStukFk ia okj] jkor lkjLor] ukjk;.k nŸk Jhekyh] nkeksnj iz lkn ’kekZ] f=yksd xks;y]

ekypan frokM+ h] ukxjkt 'kekZ] jkefujatu ’kekZ fBekÅ] Hka oj Hkknkuh] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk bR;kn gSaA

jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jh folS oLrq ekFks S fopkj djka rks ykxS ds m.k esa fofo/krk gSA jktLFkkuh

es a vSfrgkfld] lkekftd vj gkL;&O;aX; vsdkadh fy[;k x;k gSA lkekftd vsdkafd;ka es a vknlZ okn

lw a ys;*j ;FkkjFkokn rkabZ jh iz ozfr nhlSA lkekftd leL;koka uS ys;*j fy[k.kokGk vka vsdkadhdkjka es a



70

xksfoUn ekFkq j] fujatuukFk vkpk;Z] ukjk;.knŸk Jhekyh] nkeksnj iz lkn 'kekZ] ukxjkt 'kekZ bR;kn jk vsdkadh fy;k tk ldSA xksfoUn ekFkq j jk vsdkadh leL;kew yd gS aA m.kka jk vsdkadh *lrjafx.kh* uka o

lw a nks [kaMk es a NI;ksM+ k gSaA vka es a *ykyph eka&cki*] *MkDVj jks C;ko*] *cky fo/kok* bR;kn izeq[k gSaAb.kh rjS *fNa;k rkoM+ ks* ¼ukjk;.k nŸk Jhekyh½] *rksi jks ykblsUl* ¼nkeksnj iz lkn 'kekZ½] *jxr vsd feu[k jks* ¼lqjsUnz vapy½ bR;kn lkekftd leL;koka lw a tqfM+;ksM+k gS aA

vSfrgkfld vsdkadh y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor] MkW- euksgj ’kekZ] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh] jkenŸk lka LdR;

bR;kn jk gSa ftdk es a jktLFkku jS thou ew Y;ka jS lkFkS R;kx] ohjrk vj ijEijk jks lka rjks fp=.k gSAy{ehdqekjh pw aMkor jS vsdkadh *lke/kjek ekth* esa jktiw r ukjh jh ohjrk] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh jS *ns l

jS okLrS* vsdkadh es a eka jh dBks jrk] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ *jS vsdkadh dfo jks dyad*] *mekns*] *jktnaM* bR;kn esa lkeUrh lekt jh detksfj;ka jks fp=.k gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk es a gkL;&O;aX; vsdkadh Hkh [kw c fy[;ksM+ k gSA vSM+ k vsdkadhdkjka es a ekypan dhy] Jhea rdqekj O;kl] xksfoUn ekFkq j] ukxjkt 'kekZ] jkefujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ bR;kn gSaA ekypan dhy jks *dqeyks QkSt es a* ¼1967½ vj jktLFkkuh gkL; vsdkadh NI;ksM+ k gSA gkL; vsdkafd;ka esa Jhear

dqekj O;kl jk *xknMh jh iw aN*] *iksikckbZ jks lky+ ks*] vj *eklh lw a el[kjh* gS aA xksfoUn ekFkq j jS gkL;O;aX; vsdkafd;ka es a *vsdrk jh felky+*] *nk;tks ew axks iM+xks* vj *jDld c.kxk HkDld* izeq[k gS aA

jktLFkkuh gkL;&O;aX; vsdkadh fo/kk es a ukxjkt 'kekZ jk vsdkadh ?k.kk pkok gq;k gSaA vka jk

nks vsdkadh laxz S *bc rks ps rks* vj *jke feykbZ tksM+ h* NI;ksM+ k gSA bZ jS vykok i=&if=dkoka es a vka jk vsdkadh cjkscj Nirk jS oSA ukxjkt 'kekZ jS vsdkafd;ka jh fols lrk vk gS ds vsdkafd;ka es a lkekftd

vj ikfjokjhd leL;koka jks lek/kku iz Lrq r djhT;ks gSA vS vsdkadh jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk lQy gq;k gSA jkefujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ jks vsd O;aX; vsdkadh laxzS *rkbZ xkao jh nkbZ* NI;ks gSA

nw tk vsdkafd;ka es a *vkijks [kkl vkneh* ¼cStukFk ia okj½] *lEiknd jh ekSr* ¼jkor lkjLor½]

*rksi jks ykblsUl* ¼nkeksnj iz lkn 'kekZ½ bR;kn gS aA vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh vsdkadh [kw c fy[;k tk jS;k gS aA vk t:j gS ds nw th fo/kkoka jh rqyuk es a vsdkafd;ka jks foxlko de gSA

fuca/k %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk es s a fuca/k Hkh c[krflj fy[;k x;k gSA fuca/k jh l:vkr f’kopUnzHkjfr;k jh jktLFkkuh Ñfr;ka ¼dud lqUnj] QkVdk tatky bR;kn½ jh Hkw fedk es a ns[kh tk lds s SA bZa

js S iNS *ekjokM+ h fgrdkjd*] *iapjkt* bR;kn if=dkoka es a HkkokRed vj gkL;&O;aX; ls Syh es a fuca/k NI;kA vka fuca/kk es a oztyky fc;k.kh jk *eksxjk dyh*] *xqykc dyh*] *cM+ h Qtj dks nhoks* bR;kn HkkokRed lSyh jk pks[kk fuca/k gS aA bZ jS iNS jktLFkkuh es a ftdh if=dkoka fta;k tkxrh tks r] ek.kd]xks jcan] jktLFkyh bR;kn gh rks vka es a Hkh fuca/k NI;kA fuca/k ys[ku jh fu;fer l:vkr *e:ok.kh*

vj *vksGeks* tSM+ h lkfgfR;d if=dkoka lw a gq oSA vka if=dkoka jS ek/;e lw a jktLFkkuh es a oj.kkRed]fopkjkRed] foospukRed vj gkL;&O;aX; lSyh es a fuca/k fy[;k x;kA vka fuca/kk es a dBS vSfrgkfld

vk/kkj gS rks dBS lka LØfrd /kjkry jh mnknŸkk& vka fuca/kk es a dBS&dBS gkL;&O;aX; ls Syh Hkh futj vkoSA

jktLFkkuh fuca/kdkjka es a y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor] lkSHkkX; flag ’ks[kkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] tgw a j [kka

esgj] vUUkkjke lqnkek] jkor lkjLor] lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd] ch-,y- ekyh] d` L.k xksiky ’kekZ] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk] MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- xksfoUn flag jkBkSM+] Jhea rdqekj O;kl] Hka oj flag lkekS j bR;kn gS aA pw aMkor jk *es okM+ h Qkx.k* vj *es okM+ h nhoky+ h* fuca/kka es a jktLFkku jS lka LØfrd xkS jo jh >yd nhlSA



71

*jksfgM+ S jk Qw y* ¼1973½ MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jS O;aX;kRed fuca/kka jks laxz S gSA jkor lkjLor jh *FkksFkh ckrka*vj d` L.kxksiky 'kekZ jk *vs Sud*] *pksy+ ks*] *vkjtw iq jk.k* pks[kk fuca/k gSA vka jS fuca/kk es a ?k.kks futw i.kksgSA lqes j flag 'ks[kkor jks fuca/k laxzS *ek.kd eksrh* ¼1988½ jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj la LØfr jSdsbZ igyqvk uS ekSfyd fpa ru lw a mtkxj djSA lqes j flag 'ks[kkor yfyr fuca/k Hkh fy[;k gSA vka jh Hkklk jks vkijks eqgkojks vj dFk.k jh futw lSyh gSA

lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor jk fuca/k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; la LØfr vj bfr;kl lw a tqfM+;ksM+k gs SA

vka jk NksVk&NksVk yfyr fuca/k R;w agkj&okj] ukeoj dohljka] Hkxrka dksV fdyka] [;krk&ckrka lwatqfM+;ksM+ k gsSA *fp.kkS*] *opu*] *pkVw *] *thaHkk jh yikyksy+* bR;kn fuca/k ?k.kk lkarjk vj NksVh&NksVh ckrka lw a cM+ S lUnHkkZ jh ckr ds S o.koky+k gSA

tgw a j [kka esgj jk nks fuca/k laxz S *jktLFkkuh la LØfr jk fprjke* vj */kjetyk /kj dks lka* uka o

lw a NI;ksM+ k gSA vSfrgkfld ifjos l] xgjh lka LØfrd nzfLV vj Hkklk jks yfyr :i vka fuca/kk jh

[kkfl;r gSA 'kfDrnku dfo;k jks *la LØfr jh lkS jHk* uka o lw a fuca/k NI;ksM+ k gS rks MkW- fdj.k ukgVk

jks *Hky+ yqvka cktks dŸkh* foospukRed lSyh jk yfyr fuca/kka jks laxz S gSA

dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor jks fuca/k laxz S *ef.keky+* ¼1995½ jk fuca/k jktLFkkuh es a lxGk lw a iSyka

fy[;ksM+ k euks oSX;kfud fuca/k gSA *tho*] *tkfr*] *lksp*] *liuks*] *Hkw [k*] *Mj*] *ekSr* tSM+ k eukstkr lwatqfM+;ksM+ k fol;ka ekFkS xS jkbZ vj ckjhdh lw a fy[;ksM+ k fuca/k gSA ba;k Ã veksydpan tkafxM+ jk *xy+pV*

es a NI;ksM+ k fuca/k Hkh euks oSX;kfud gSaA

MkW- xksfoUn flag jkBkSM+ jh iksFkh *xka ok esa xka o lqgko.kks* ¼1998½ xka o jh yksd laLØfr vj

cBs S jh ftnaxh lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k yfyr fuca/k jks laxzS gSA Hkklk jh nhB lw a bZ vS fuca/k ?k.kk vljnkj gSaA

ch-,y- ekyh v’kka r ¼ekVh lw a etkd vj rkjka NkbZ jkr½] cqykdh 'kekZ ¼dfo] dfork vj ?kj

vky+h½] Jhea rdqekj O;kl ¼la LØfr jks lksp] >ka>j dks vj lQyrk jk ixksfr;k½ bR;kn jk fuca/k Hkh

lka rjk gSA vka jS vykok i=&if=dkoka esa Hkh fuca/k cjkscj Nirk jS;k gS aA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh]

lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor ¼lkfgR; lEink] iw tka ¼ika o½ dos ljka½] nhun;ky vks>k] ew ypan izk.ks’k] ek.kd

ca/kq frokM+ h ¼lksufy;k vksy+ +[kk.k½] lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd] ns ofdlu jktiq jksfgr ¼eks lj can½] 'kjnpUnz iaM~;k

¼ckxM+ uh la LØfr½] d` L.kyky fo’uksbZ bR;kn dsbZ fuca/kdkj vkt Hkh fuca/k fy[k jS;k gSA nhun;ky

vks>k cjkscj c[kr flj fopkjkRed fuca/k fy[k jS;k gSA lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd ¼lq j uj rks dFkrk Hkyk½

jk fuca/k Hkh iz kS<+ vj yfyr lSyh es a fy[;ksM+ k gSaA

lekykspuk %& lekykspuk %& lekykspuk %& lekykspuk %& lekykspuk %& jktLFkkuh i=&if=dkoka es a vkykspukRed ys[k vj iksF;ka jh leh{kk

yxksyx Nirh jS oSA i.k jktLFkkuh vkykspuk jks l:i vtS rkabZ lkeh uh vk;ksA ys[k vj leh{kk jh

vsd lhek gq oS rks m.k jh dha detks jh HkhA vkykspd rks rVLFk jS;*j fd.kh ekinaMk jS vk/kkj ekFkS

jpukRed lkfgR; jh ckr djS ;k fd.kh fuj.k; uS izLrq r djS rks m.k lw a vkykspuk jks :i Hkh fcxls S

vj jpukdkjka uS Hkh lgh fnlk&nzfLV feySA gjkoG] nhB] tkxrh tks r] e:ok.kh] vksy+eks] fc.ktkjks]

jktLFkyh bR;kn if=dkoka es a lekykspuk lEcU/kh ys[k Nirk jS;k gS aA l: es a jktLFkkuh jh dha dkO;

d`fr;ka esa yEch pkSM+ h Hkw fedkoka fy[khth ft.k lw a vkykspuk jks vsd ijEijkÅ nkSj l: gq;ksA

*nqxkZnkl*] *lka>*] *jk/kk* bR;kn jpukoka jh Hkw fedk ?k.kh egrkÅ gSaA

jktLFkkuh es a vkykspuk ok yksxka lw a l: gq oS ftdk ekSfyd fljt.k Hkh dj~;ks rks jpukRed



72

ps ruk jS ckcr vkijh foospukRed nhB gh izxVhA vSM+ k jpukdkjka es a MkW- rstflag tks/kk] uan Hkkj}kt]MkW- xks j/ku flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk] MkW- enu ds ofy;k] vks adkj ikjhd] ps ru Lokeh] vtq Zuns o pkj.k] dq anu ekyh] uhjt nb;k] Hka oj flag lkekSj] txeksgu flag ifM+gkj bR;kn gs SaA MkW- rst flag tks/kk jh lekykspuk esa fol; oLrq uS le>.kS jh ekSfyd nhB gSA jktLFkkuh vkykspuk es a iksF;ka jksvHkko gS A uan Hkkj}kt jks *nkS j vj nk;jksS*] MkW- rst flag tks/kk jks ijEijk jks vad *gsek.kh* ]MkW-iq:"kksŸke vklksik jks *fljt.k jh ij[k*] dq anu ekyh jh ledkyhu jktLFkkuh dfork% la osnu vj

flYi* vj vtq Zuns o pkj.k jh *jktLFkkuh dgk.kh* *ijEijk vj fodkl* vj *c[kr jh ckj[kM+ h* bR;kn dha egrkÅ iksF;ka ga SA b.k jS vykoS if=dkoka es a c[kr flj vkykspukRed vkys[k gh ?k.kk NI;k gs SaA

lekykspuk iksFkh ij[k*jjS :i es a Hkh if=dkoka es a Nirh jS;h gS vj dsbZ vkykspd lka rjS <ax lw a leh{kk

djrk jS;k gS aA

x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %& jktLFkkuh es a thouh] la Lej.k] ;k=k oj.ku]

bUVjO;w ] x|dkO; bR;kn fo/kkoka es a FkksM+ks lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ks gSA vka jk fooj.k b.k eqtc gSa %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %& jktLFkkuh es a thouh lkfgR; vktknh jS iNS fy[;k x;ksA *e:ok.kh*] *vksy+eks*]

*gjkoy* bR;kn if=dkoka es a la r&egkRek] yksdfiz; lkfgR;dkj vj dfoljka jh thouh Nirh jS;h gSA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jh xka/kh th jh thouh *vki.kk ckiw th* ¼1969½] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk jh *f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k* ¼1970½] nhun;ky vks>k jh *ns l jk xkS jo* ¼1972½] *Hkkjr jk fuekZ rk* ¼1972½] *NksVh

mej % cM+ k dke* ¼1977½] 'kkfUr Hkkukor jh *egkohj jh vksy+[kk.k* bR;kn dha mYys[ktksx thouh ga SA js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %& js[kkfp= vj la Lej.k %& js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %& js[kkfp= vj la Lej.k %& js[kkfp= vj la Lej.k %& jktLFkkuh esa 1946&47 jS vklS&iklS js[kkfp= fy[;k tko.k

ykX;kA Hka ojyky ukgVk jks *ykxw ckcks* iSyks la Lej.kkRed js[kkfp= gSA 1946 es a Jhyky uFkey tks’kh

jks *Qjkey* js[kkfp= NI;ks vj iNS if=dkoka esa js[kkfp=ka jh l:vkr gq;hA js[kkfp= fy[k.kokGk

esa eq jyh/kj O;kl] Jhyky uFkey tks’kh] eksgu yky iq jksfgr] f’kojkt Naxk.kh] useukjk;.k tks’kh]

lw ;Z’kadj ikjhd ¼eu lw a dnS uS fcljS½] Jherh deyk deys’k ¼cka nuka dh ckrka½] vLrvyh eydka.k

¼mf.k;kjk vksY;w a r.kk½] vks adkj ikjhd]lR;su tks’kh ¼jks of.k;k nklk½] cStukFk ia okj]] ns ofdlu jktiq jksfgr] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] uFkey dsfM;k] rkjky{e.k xgyksr bR;kn izeq[k gSaA

*tw uka thork fprjke* es a eq jyh/kj O;kl vj eksgu yky iq jksfgr lekt jk misf{kr ik=ka uS ys;*j

ekuoh; la osnuk jS lkFkS js[kkfp= fy[;k gS aA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jk *lcnM+ k* ¼1960½ es a vkijS ?k.kS lEidZ lw a tqfM+;ksM+ k yksxka jh ;kn uS lcnka es a <kGh gs SA vka jS eka; dha gkL; iz/kku js[kkfp= Hkh gs SA

js[kkfp=ka es a Hka ojyky ukgVk jh *ckuxh* ¼1965½] f’kojkt Naxk.kh jh *mf.k;kjk* ¼1970½] cztukjk;.k

iq jksfgr jh *vVkjoka* ¼1970½] *odhy lkgc* ¼1974½ bR;kn dha mYys[ktksx Ñfr;ka gS aA vU; QqVdj

js[kkfp=ka es a nkÅn;ky tks’kh jk *HkS a lkS gks; u feu[k dh cksy+ h cksyS +*] vks adkj ikjhd jk *gseh HkkxhjFk th*

bR;kn gs S aA js[kkfp= uS *lcn fprjke* dS;*j gjeu pkSgku jk dsbZ lka rjk js[kkfp= i=&if=dkoka es a NI;k

gS aA lR;su tks'kh jh *jks of.k;k nk*lk * js[kkfp= jh nhB lw a egrkÅ iksFkh gSA

MkW- useukjk;.k tks’kh jh iksFkh *vks +Gw jh vf[k;krka* ¼1994½ la Lej.k fo/kk jh iz kS<+ Ñrh gSA

tks’kh jk vka la Lej.kka es a jktLFkku jh yksd la LØfr jk Qw Bjk fprjke gS aA b.k iksFkh jk lkrw a bZ la Lej.k

vi.kS es a cstksM+ gS aA vk la Lej.k fo/kk jh egrkÅ Ñrh gSAvUukjke lqnkek *ns l fnlkoj* ¼1975½ vj *vkax.kS lw a vukZdqye~* iksFkh es a ;k=k jk la Lej.k fy[;k

gS aA b;ka Ã dY;k.k flag jktkor] jkedqekj vks>k] cqf)thoh jk Hkh ;k=k la Lej.k NI;k gS aA fo".kq HkV~V



73

¼lkseukFk jh ;k=k½] vejukFk d';i vj >e.kyky O;kl Hkh lka rjk ;k=k la Lej.k fy[;k gS aA*vksGw jh vkjlh* MkW- rkjky{e.k xgyksr jS vkB jktLFkkuh la Lej.kka jh iksFkh gs SA vka lxGk

jks ewy lqj gS& ukjh mRihM+uA la osnuk jS /kjkry ij fy[;ksM+ k vS la Lej.k ?k.kk ekjfed gSaA

bUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %& jktLFkkuh es a b.k fo/kk jks Hkh FkksM+ ks fodkl gq;ks vj fc.ktkjks] ek.kd] ijEijk]

tkxrh tks r] jktLFkyh bR;kn if=dkoka es a fofo/k Ns =ka es a dkedj.k oky+ k O;fä;ka jk fopkj tk.k.kS

lk: bUVjO;w fy;k x;k gSaA *ek.kd* iSyka *vkeh&lkeh LraHk* jS eka; vyx&vyx Ns =ka jS yksxka jk

bUVjO;w fy;k x;k gSa A *fc.ktkjks* if=dk es a MkW- xks j/ku flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] foeys’k]nw fy;k jk.kk] >kcjey 'kekZ bR;kn jk bUVjO;w fy;k gs SA *ijEijk* jS *gsek.kh* vad es a pUnz flag] MkW-

ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] dksey dksBkjh bR;kn jk bUVjO;w NI;k gs SaA

O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %& jktLFkkuh es a dgk.kh vj fuca/k jS lkFkS lqra rj :i lw a O;aX; Hkh ?k.kk

fy[khT;k gSaA vS O;aX; lekt vj jktuhfr esa QSY;ksM+ h vlaxfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks izgkj djS aA jktLFkkuh

esa c[krflj i=&if=dkoka esa O;aX; cjkscj Nirk jS;k gSaA vSM+ k jpukdkjka es a MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] uflag

jktiq jksfgr] lka oj nb;k] gjeu pkSgku] f=yksd xks;y] euksgjyky xks;y] cqf)izdk’k ikjhd] d` L.k

xksiky 'kekZ] xks o)Zu gsM+ kÅ] vEcw 'kekZ bR;kn jk uka o fy;k tk ldS gS aA jktLFkkuh O;aX; jks fodkl

ykjyS nks nldka es a dha ?k.kks gq;ks gSA O;aX; jh dsbZ yw aBh iksF;ka Hkh Nih gS a ft.kes a cqykdh 'kekZ jh *dfo

dfork vj ?kjvky+ h* ¼1987½] ps ru Lokeh jS lEiknu es a *jpko* ¼1991½] izgykn Jhekyh jh *vkoy+&dkoy+*¼1991½] Hkxorh iz lkn pkS/kjh jh *lqius es a pk.kd* ¼1995½] 'kadj flag jktiq jksfgr jks *lq.k vtq Zu*

¼1995½] lka oj nb;k jh *bD;kou O;aX;* ¼1996½] MkW- euksgj yky xks;y jh *Egkjh teyksd ;k=k*

¼1999½] ';ke xksbudk jh *xknM+ ks cM+X;ks* ¼1999½] cqykdh 'kekZ jh *bTtr es a btkQks* ¼2000½ bR;kn

gS aA Hkxorh iz lkn pkS/kjh jS O;aX; laxz S *lqius es a pk.kd* jktuhfr] lekt jk vkMEcj] Hkz LVkpkj] iz lklu

jh vkik/kkih bR;kn ekFkS pks[kh pksV dj.koky+k gSaA lka oj nb;k jk *bD;kou O;aX;* laxz S es a fLFkfr;ka

ekFkS lVhd O;aX; dj~;k gSaA cS fcuk fd.kh ykx&yisV jS vkijh ckr fujHkhdrk jS lkFkS vfHkO;Dr

djS aA vk nb;k jS O;aX;&laxz S jh [kkl fols lrk gSA O;aX;&fo/kk es a nb;k jk O;aX; vsd egrkÅ ;ksxnku

jS :i es a mYys[ktksx gS aA gjeu pkSgku jk O;aX; vsd rh[kh pqHku vj uqa ok folS fy;ksM+ k gS aA

vka O;aX; jpukdkjka jS vykok i=&if=dkoka es a ukxjkt 'kekZ] ';ke tkafxM+] ';kelqUnj Hkkjrh] ,l-vkj- Vsyj] Hkokuh’kadj O;kl fouksn] jktfujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ] ekyhjke 'kekZ] Hka ojyky Hkzej] Nxuyky O;kl] MkW- enu ds ofy;k] rkÅ 'ks[kkokVh] MkW- mn;ohj 'kekZ] MkW- eaxr ckny bR;kn jk O;aX; Hkh NI;k gs S aA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; es a cky lkfgR; jh fljt.kk Hkh gq; jS;h gSA cky lkfgR; cky euksfoX;ku

lw a Hkfj;ksM+ ks gSA jkuh y{ehdqekjh pw aMkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk] ch-,y- ekyh v’kka r] t;a r

fuekZ.k] cqykdh 'kekZ] vCnqy oghn dey] eksgu eaMsyk] uouhr jk;] jkefujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ] euksgj flag

jkBkSM+] is zepan xks Lokeh bR;kn jpukdkj cky dFkkoka ] cky miU;kl vj cky dforkoka fy[krk jS;k

gSA dsbZ cky dFkkoka jks nw th Hkklk lw a mYFkks Hkh gq;ks gSA

x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %& x| dkO; 1946 bZ- es a pUnz flag *jktLFkkuh* if=dk es a lhi uka o lw a jpuk fy[kh b.k

jS x| i| dkO; jh izØfr l: gq;hA b.k es a dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] eq jyh/kj O;kl] cStukFk ia okj] y{ehdqekjh

pw aMkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] xksfoUn vxz oky] ek.kd ca/kq frokM+ h vkn izeq[k gS aA lsfB;k jk *xy+xfp;k* ¼1972½] pUnz



74

flag jh *cky+ lkn*] xksfoUn vxz oky jk *uqDrhnk.kk* ¼1978½ bR;kn egrkÅ iksF;ka gS aAvuqokn %&vuqokn %&vuqokn %&vuqokn %&vuqokn %& jktLFkkuh es a nw th Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jS egrkÅ lkfgR; jks mYFkks Hkh gq;ks gSA vka

Hkklkoka es a la LØr] vaxz sth] caxyk] mnw Z bR;kn Hkklkoka jh jpuk jk vuq okn Hkh gq;k gS aA vuq okn jh nzfLV lw a pUnzflag ¼j?kq oa’k] xkFkk lIr’krh] es?knw r½] MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh ¼es?knw r½] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ

¼johUnz ok.kh] es?knw r] mej [k¸;ke½] euksgj izHkkdj ¼mej [k¸;ke] HkjFkjh lrd½] fo’oukFk 'kekZfoeys’k ¼Hkxon~ xhrk½] fd’kks jdYiuk dka r ¼fjrq lagkj] uLV uhM+] 'ksDlih;j jh ckrka½] jkeukFk O;kl

ifjdj ¼ysfuu dq lqekatfy&:lh Hkklk lw a½] jkor lkjLor ¼tQjukeks ] ca ljh xkFkk lIrlrh] fjXosn jh fjpkoka½] tksxhnku dfo;k ¼dq jku dh vk;a rka½] cæhnku xkM.k ¼e/kq'kkyk½] ;q’kqQ >qU>quoh ¼xkfyc jktLFkkuh½ bR;kn vuq okn mYys[ktksx gSA nw tk vuq okndka es a fxj/kkjh yky 'kkL=h] uflag jktiq jksfgr]

xksfoUn ekFkq j] ekaxhyky prq os Znh] vkbZ-ds- 'kekZ] Hkxorh yky O;kl] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] pUnzizdk’k ns oy]uan Hkkj}kt] ikjl vjksM+ k] xks j/ku flag 'ks[kkor] T;ksfriq at] vkbZnku flag HkkVh] 'kkjnk ØL.k ¼’kdqUryk jh vksy+[k½] jkeLo:i fdlku] lR;ukjk;.k bUnksfj;k ¼lks dha gS a cks ]eks o.kh Hkkse½]ekypan frokM+ h] uhjt nb;k]vtq Zuns o pkj.k] euksgj flag jkBks SM+] lhrkjke egf"kZ bR;kn gS aA vS b’;koL;ksifu"kn lw a mYFkks dj~;ks gSAfons’kh Hkklk jk ukVdka vj dforkoka jks ?k.kks vuq okn gq;ksA xqtjkrh] mfM+;k Hkklk jh dforkoka jks pUnzizdk’k ns oy lka rjks vuq okn dj~;ks gSA ltk ¼:lh½] tVk;q ¼xqtjkrh½] lcnka jks vkHkks ¼mfM+;k½] dky+ es a dq jtk ¼fgUnh½ jks mYFkks pUæçdk'k ns oy dfj;ksA

i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %& jpukRed lkfgR; uS vkxS c<+ ko.k lk: i=&if=dkoka jks ;ksxnku egrkÅ gs SA vktknh lw a iSyka Hkh dh if=dkoka gh fta;k& os’;ksidkjd ¼dydŸkk½] egs’ojh ¼vyhx<+½] iapjkt

¼ukfld½] ga l ¼bykgckn½] fo’kky Hkkjr ¼dydŸkk½] ekjokM+ h ¼C;koj½] jktLFkkuh ¼dydŸkk½ bR;kn ghA

vktknh jS iNS ftdh if=dkoka fudy+ h oka es a e:ok.kh ¼tks/kiq j½] vksy+eks ¼jrux<+½ ts SM+ h

lkfgfR;d if=dkoka jks vSfrgkfld egŸo gSA b.k jS iNS jktLFkkuh es a tk.kdkjh] vijap ¼tks/kiq j½]

tyeHkkse] ejo.k ¼chdkus j½] gjkoy+ ¼tks/kiqj½] uS.klh ¼dksydkŸkk½] jktLFkyh ¼JhMw axjx<+½] tkxrh

tks r ¼chdkus j½] vksy+[kk.k ¼tks/kiq j½] fc.ktkjks ¼fiykuh½] jktLFkkuh vsd vj nhB ¼j.klhlj½] dpukj

¼va rk½] cryko.k ¼fiykuh½] xks jcan ¼y{e.kx< vj xaxkuxj½] fi.kgkjh ¼t;iq j½] ek.kd ¼tks/kiq j½]

usxpkj ¼chdkus j½] bZ ljykV ¼t;iq j½ bR;kn if=dkoka gSaA ekSfyd lw >&cw > lwa MkW- rstflag tks/kk jh

jktLFkkuh vsd] nhB vj tkxrh tks r jk lEiknu pfpZ r jS;k gSA vijap] jktLFkyh] usxpkj ¼chdkus j½if=dkoka es a ;q ok ih<+ h jk jpukdkjka jh [kw c jpukoka Nih ga S] vkjfFkd ladV jh ctS lw a vk if=dkoka

esa ?k.kdjh if=dkoka can gq;xhA

ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %&ew Y;kadu %& jktLFkkuh x| jh fofo/k fo/kkoka jks ewY;kadu djka rks izrhr gq oS ds dgk.kh

uS NksM+*j nw th fo/kkoka esa Hkks r de jpukoka miyC/k gq oSA iNS miU;kl] ukVd] vsdkadh ;k nw th

fo/kkoka es a dgk.kh gh vsd vSM+ h fo/kk ftdh lelkef;drk vj vk/kqfudrk uS vi.kk;h gS aA vrh t:j

gS ds x| es a vc fy[k.kks l: gq;ks vj vsd pks[kh l:vkr dghtlhA HkaykbZ jktLFkkuh x| ys[ku jh

fLFkfr nh[k.k es a detks j ykxS i.k lxGh fo/kkoka es a uq oh&uq oh iz ozfŸk;ka jks fcxlko] vsd lqHk lads r gSA

vktknh jS iNS jh fLFkfr;ka lw a jktLFkkuh jpukdkj ?k.kks izHkkfor gq;ks gS vj oks vkt jh

jktuhfr] tM+ O;oLFkk bR;kn ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; fd;ks gSA vkt miU;kl] ukVd] vsdkadh] la Lej.k] js[kkfp=] O;aX; ys[ku /khjS&/khjS vkijh la rks ltud fLFkfr lw a Hkjks lkS t:j fnjkoSA jktLFkkuh esa

tÙkks x| fy[;ks tklh] Hkklk jh nhB lw a oks cŸkks Ã egrkÅ dghtlhA



75

vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&

oLrq fuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky % oLrq fuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky % oLrqfuLB loky %

1- fMaxy ijEijk jk Nsyk dfo dq.k gSa \

¼v½ ’kadjnku lkekS j ¼c½ lw ;ZeYy feJ.k

¼l½ jkeukFk dfo;k ¼n½ mn;jkt Åty ¼ ½

2- vk/kqfud dky jk lq/kkjoknh dfo dq.k gk \

¼v½ fgaxyktnku dfo;k ¼c½ Åejnku ykyl

¼l½ Lo:inkl ¼n½ dfo fpeu th ¼ ½

3- *d:.kk cgrjh* jk jpukdkj crkoks \

¼v½ f’kocDl ikykor ¼c½ eksM+flag efg;kfj;k

¼l½ jkeukFk dfo;k ¼n½ dfojkt eq jkfjnku ¼ ½

4- *nq jxknkl* fd.k dfo jh Ñrh gS \

¼v½ dUgS;kyky lsfB;k ¼c½ lR;izdk’k tks’kh

¼l½ egkohj izlkn tks’kh ¼n½ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh ¼ ½

5- lq ra rj izØfr fp=.k jh iSyh jpuk dq.klh gS \

¼v½ ckny+ h ¼c½ ijHkkrh

¼l½ es?keky+ ¼n½ MkaQh ¼ ½

6- *yw * dkO; fd.k jks fy[;ksM+ ks gS \

¼v½ lqes j flag ’ks[kkor ¼c½ ukuw jke la LdrkZ

¼l½ pUnzflag ¼n½ MkW- euksgj ’kekZ ¼ ½

7- uq a oh dfork jh l:vkr dn lw a ekuh tkoS \

¼v½ lu~ 1950 ¼c½ lu~ 1960

¼l½ lu~ 1970 ¼n½ lu~ 1965 ¼ ½

8- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iSyks miU;kl dq.k lks gS \

¼v½ dud lqUnj ¼c½ vkHkS iVdh ¼l½ gw Wa xkSjh fd.k iho jh ¼n½ frjldw a ¼ ½

9- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh iSyh dgk.kh dq.k fy[kh \

¼v½ eq jyh/kj O;kl ¼c½ f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k

¼l½ vUukjke lqnkek ¼n½ xqykcpUn ukxkSjh ¼ ½

10- *cksy Hkkjeyh* dkO; jk jpukdkj dq.k gSa \

¼v½ dY;k.k flag jktkor ¼c½ pUnzizdk’k ns oy

¼l½ js ornku pkj.k ¼n½ lR;izdk’k tks’kh ¼ ½

?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %

1- *cksy+ ko.k* jk jpukdkj dq.k gS a \

2- *lSuk.kh* dfork dq.k vj dn fy[kh \



76

3- dY;k.k flag jktkor jh [;kfr fd.k :i es a gS \

4- x.ks’khyky O;kl fd.k fopkj/kkjk jk dfo gS a \

5- *ps r eku[kks* jk jpukdkj dq.k gS a \

6- *jktLFkkuh jkek;.k* fd.k jh fy[;ksM+ h gS \

7- fo’oukFk 'kekZ foeys’k dSM+ k dfo gS \

8- vUukjke lqnkek jS miU;kl jks uka o crkoks \

y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %1- dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jS dkO; jh fols lrkoka fy[kks \

2- uflag jktiq jksfgr fd.k <ax jk dgk.khdkj gS a \

3- vUukjke lqnkek jh dgk.;k jh fols lrkoka crkoks \

4- fot;nku nsFkk jS miU;kl jks dkabZ uka o gS \

5- jktLFkkuh es a xty dq.k&dq.k fy[kh gS \

6- ekypan frokM+ h dSM+ k dgk.khdkj gS a \

7- jktLFkkuh es a la Lej.k fy[k.koky+ k jpukdkj dq.k gS a \

8- dkfynkl jS *es?knw r* jks jktLFkkuh es a mYFkks dq.k dj~;ks \

fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i es a loky %1- *jk/kk* dkO; jks ew y lqj dkabZ gS \

2- ikfjokjhd ;FkkFkZ jh dgk.kh fy[k.koky+ k jpukdkj dq.k gs Sa\

3- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh fLFkfr jks mYys[k djks\

4- uq a oh dfork iSyka jh dfork lw a lko vyk;nk gS dkabZ\

5- jktLFkkuh izØfr dkO; jh fols lrkoka crkoks \

6- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh fols lrkoka fy[kks \

7- lka oj nb;k jh dgk.;k jh fols lrkoka crkoks \

8- jktLFkkuh vkykspuk jh fLFkfr fda;k dkabZ gS \

raj sahitya ka itihaas

Documents