sindhu-sarasvati vaidika sacred ta, civilization

Sindhu-Sarasvati Vaidika sacred ta, civilization26-06-2021 S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
[email protected] Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
Why study Sarasvati- Sindhu, Saptasindhu, Vedic, Bhratya Civilization?
"I am Brahman" ’I am a spark from the anvil’
Importance of Indus Script decipherment --to document wealth of a nation
Facets of disciplines summarised by Dennys Frenez.
26-06-2021 S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
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/ / 2.11.5 5 , , , , , , ... ()/ / 18.13 … ()/ / 4.7.5 5 …
-,, , / --Yajna purifies gold, tin, lead, iron
Bactrian Silver Cylindrical Cup – Courtesy : Miho Museum, Japan
Mohenjo-Daro Priest – Courtesy : harappa.com
Dharmaketra of Bhratam Janam (RV 3.53.12) – Dholavira Signboard proclaims rei of metalwork artisans and seafaring merchants -- ta ‘Civilization or prosperity order’; rtú any fixed time, season RV. [√r]
-- ta is holy, settled order, creating riches of a nation
-- Integrating Indus Script, vaidika jñnam, Economic History of Bhratam Janam (RV 3.53.12) from 4th m. BCE
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Pururtha "object of human pursuit“ --kma, the gratification of desire; artha, acquirement of wealth; dharma, discharge of duty; moka, final realization) ( Agni Pura)
How did Bhratam Janam create the richest nation on the globe?
--, , , ( Meluhha), Sarasvati's children and a paradigm shift in their sprachbund ‘union of spoken languages’ https://tinyurl.com/rh6jmus
--Sacred fire-ceremony; make the world prosper https://tinyurl.com/t89hx7fc
--Bronze bezel ring with Indus Script hieroglyphs of a mint accountant-scribe, lathe worker in ingots, metalware, bell-metal, fine gold https://tinyurl.com/3v6s6ajs -- Singhin ‘spiny-horned’ kha 'a young bull' rebus ka 'hamlet (of a guild)' of kunda g ‘fine-gold-, ornament-gold-smiths’ https://tinyurl.com/y6bv2zrn -- Indus Script evidence; rei dharma ( ) of guilds contributes to the wealth of guilds, janapada and of Bhratam nation https://tinyurl.com/45n9jua4 --Dholavira Signboard proclaims arkasal ‘metalworks guild'; determinative hieroglyph is khu 'pin, peg' rebus khu 'guild, community’ https://tinyurl.com/dfzm86wd
--Deciphering Paupati seal, in penance, master of animals, wealth-accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y2h5bcga --kãu 'thorny' p ‘dewlap' of zebu or double-sack kaha on one-horned young bull hieroglyphs read Meluhha rebus kãh maritime seafaring Meluhha artisans & merchants https://tinyurl.com/by5h6f27
26-06-2021S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre [email protected] Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 5
-- Dholavira Signboard proclaims rei, metalwork guild of artisans, seafaring merchants
-- History of Civilizational State Rr & Economic Order, Wealth of Nations from ca. 7th millennium BC
-- Meluhha lingua franca, sprachbund ‘speech union/linguistic area’ of Bhratam Janam united Rr ‘the civilizational state’; documented wealth of the nation, adding 8000+ Indus Script inscriptions from 4th-2nd m. BCE to Epigraphia Indica
-- Tva ‘artisan’ who created the wealth of the nation Rr is divine, venerated in RV 10.125 Dev Sktam
-- kyakeva kailsa, work is sacred, divine (Basava)
-- In the rta, settled civilizational order, artisans created the richest nation on the globe from 7th millennium BCE
-- ta is holy, settled order defined by dicta of founders of the civilization to understand cosmic, sacred order:
-- a ‘Divine’ envelopes all actions on earth. Enjoy thyself through sharing created wealth. Covet not the wealth of others. ( opaniad 1 of Vajasaneyi Samhita Book 40)
-- , tát tvam ási ‘That are You’ (Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7) Bhratam Janam are sparks from the Divine Anvil.
-- Ayam tm Brahma ( ) - "This Self (Atman) is Brahma" ( Mkya Upaniad 1.2 of the Atharva Veda) •
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Saptasindhu in Rgveda--Region in Bhratam nation of pñcanada + Sindhu + Sarasvat
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RV 2.12.12 RV 4.28.1 RV 8.24.27
“ “ “ “ -- RV 2.12.12 Who with seven guiding reins, the Bull, the Mighty, set free the Seven great Floods to flow at pleasure; Who, thunderarmed-, rent Rauhina in pieces when scaling heaven, He, O ye men, is Indra. RV 4.28.1. ALLIED with thee, in this thy friendship, Soma, Indra for man made waters flow together, Slew Ahi, and sent forth the Seven Rivers, and opened as it were obstructed fountains.
RV 8.24.27 Who will set free from ruinous woe, or Arya on the Seven Streams: O valiant Hero, bend the Dasas’ weapon down.
Saptasindhu in Rgveda
Dev sktam (RV 10.125)
26-06-2021 S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre [email protected] Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 9
Epigraphs of Indus Script authenticate and link with tradition of vaidika culture, vaidika chanting, an intangible heritage. Listen to Dev skta (3:30)
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Tuisto, Founder of the Germanic People (according to Tacitus) was Tva of Rigveda. Links Mleccha (Meluhha) of Indus Script with Germanic people of Germania.
Tuisto
M0304 Seal Hieroglyph: thattr 'buffalo horn' Rebus: tar 'brass worker’; Tuisto, Founder, Gemanic people -- Tacitus
-- Triiras is Tvar 'm. a carpenter , maker of carriages (= /) (AV. xii , 3 , 33) "creator of living beings", the heavenly builder , N. of a god (called -/, -/, -/, - /, -/, / /, /- &c RV. ; maker of divine implements , esp. of 's thunderbolt and teacher of the s i , iv-vi , x Hariv. 12146 f. R. ii , 91 , 1 -- kua 'cluster' rebus: (-), (agni) kua 'fire-pit'. kua -- 1: S.kcch. kho m. flower -- pot , knn f. small earthen pot ; WPah.kg. kvh m. pit or vessel used for an oblation with fire into which barley etc. is thrown ; J. k m. pool, deep hole in a stream ; Brj. ko m., ° f. pot .(CDIAL 3264) Rebus: kunda ‘nidhi’, kuaa ‘fine gold’
-- Tor. mi 'ram', mil 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic)
-- paaai ‘corn-rick’ Rebus: paai ‘smithy, forge’ (Kannada) Rebus: pha 'metals manufactory’. ma ‘raised platform, stool’ Rebus: ma ‘warehouse’
Two writing systems use hieroglyphs.
Egyptian hieroglyphs, vocabulary of power Emperor Narmer N’r catfish M’r Hierakonpolis ca. 3200-3000 BCE chisel
Meluhha hieroglyphs, vocabulary of long-distance trade and wealth creation (not of conquest; cf. though, horse is evidenced)
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M0312 seal cimmu ‘to butt or toss with the horns’ rebus: (Akun-Kafiri) ímä, im iron cmara ‘coppersmith’
M1406 seal hla m. large drum
[mh] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus 1: me 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mht, me ' iron' (Munda); med 'copper' (Slavic languages) Rebus 2: medha = yajña; = ( , commented on by ii , 10.) 'dhanam','wealth'
, or ollu. [Tel.] v. n. To fall, to roll over. , . dul mht, dul mee, 'cast iron'; koe mee ‘forged iron’ (Santali) Bshk. l brass pot WPah. h m. stone, hò m. big stone or boulder Rebus: dul 'cast metal'.
Banawali 7 seal rango'buffalo' rngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) rebus: rango 'pewter' raga n. tin lex. [Cf. nga -- 2, vaga -- 1]Pk. raga -- n. tin ; P. rãg f., rãg m. pewter, tin (← H.); Ku. r tin, solder , gng. rãk; N. r, ro tin, solder , A. B. r; Or. rga tin , rg solder, spelter , Bi. Mth. rãg, OAw. rga; H. rãg f., rãg m. tin, pewter ; Si. ranga tin .(CDIAL 10562)*ragapattra tinfoil . [raga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. r(g)t tinsel, copper -- foil .(CDIAL 10567)
ka, kã stalk, arrow (Oriya)(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: ka 'equipment, metalware'; e.g. ayaska 'a quantity of iron, excellent iron' (P.ga) Notch: kh A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' Rebus: khaa 'implements' Splinter: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, iron equipment workshop (working with tin, pewter and other alloying metals).
– Historic Discovery of Dholavira Sign Board, validating Meluhha speakers of Cuneiform texts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =0aaOntIlHBU (6:01)
Dholavira Signboard: arkasal khu ‘metal works Guild’; or [Tel.] A goldsmith.
-- akka-clai < arka +. Metal works; (.16,126, .);Mint;
Dholavira market street
— Arkakshetra Title of Korak in the district of Pur; — Agati . —( +)— 1 —1. Fire. 2 () 2. Agnihotr (Oriya)
agasy a Epithet of that or goldsmith who is not employed in coining Opp. to (Marathi)
Dholavira Signboard signifies metalwork repertoire of artisans’ guild/factory
kañcu mhã 'bell-metal ingot'.
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tsar ) .m.s2 nd)) P . 2). A wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a cart . tsarah, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. ey. (P)
arka ‘copper, gold; flash, ray, sun (Note: Hieroglyph repeated in 3 segments)
khu, khu f () A peg or wooden pin.
kuh 'warehouse, factory, smelter' lhakra A smelter of iron or a worker in iron; l ha ‘copper, metal’; kula ‘guild, temple’; kammaa ‘mint,coiner, coinage’
loa ‘a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata’; kamakom ‘ficus’
kanac (kana, kana kona) mhã 'corner ingot'
ko 'iron workshop'. dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'hakaa 'lid'
dula 'pair, couple (of anything)' (Kashmiri) PLUS tsar ‘wheel’ dul ‘metal casting’
ato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; aom, iom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; akop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali)
dhatu 'mineral' (Santali)
tsarkh ‘potter’s wheel’ rebus: arka ‘copper, gold’ eraka ‘metal infusion’.
kula sreshthin khr kh ‘guild-master of blacksmith guild, community (temple), factory/smelter’
The hypertext sign of ‘squirrel’ (Sign 51+variants) is on a long inscription and on Nindowari seal
Ficus PLUS mountain-range are seen on Kalibangan seal loa ‘ficus’ rebus loh ‘metal, copper’ PLUS kh fig. A hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell rebus ka A circular hamlet; a division of a or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste.
Each circular platform is kuh ‘hut, temple, artisans’ workplace’-- phaa, paae ‘manufactory’
H. ku f. fireplace; M. ku f. hut; ku f. hut MBh ; WPah. krvi granary (for corn after threshing)’; Gy.kúri house, tent, room, kuri, guri tent (CDIAL 3232) Ta. kui house, lineage, town, tenants; kuikai hut made of leaves, temple; Ko. ku hut; guy temple; Ka. gui house, temple;; Tu. gui small pagoda or shrine Te.gui temple. (DEDR 1655)
kula lohakra khu ‘guild, metalwork community (temple), factory/smelter’
‘peg, pin’
rhin m. distinguished man AitBr., foreman of a guild , n -- f. his wife Hariv. [rha -- ]Pa. sehin -- m. guild -- master , Dhp. ehi, Pk. sehi -- , sihi -- m., i -- f.; S. sehi m. wholesale merchant ; P. seh m. head of a guild, banker , seha, f.; Ku.gng. h rich man ; N. seh banker ; B. seh head of a guild, merchant ; Or. sehi caste of washermen ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. shi merchant, banker , H. seh m., han f.; G. eh, ehiy m. wholesale merchant, employer, master ; M. eh, h, e, m. respectful term for banker or merchant ; Si. siu, hi banker, nobleman H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < iá -- 2?)(CDIAL12726)
A professional calling card of the metalsmiths' guild of Mohenjodaro
A long Indus Script inscription with over 17 'signs or logographs (NOT syllables)' is a metalwork accounting ledger catalogued by rhin, guild-master
https://tinyurl.com/y6yayvkk
Line 1: bright iron/alloy metal, alloy metal mint, large metal ingot (ox-hide)
Line 2: iron ingots, metalcastings (of smithy/forge iron metals workshop) handed over to Supercargo, (a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale).
Line 3: bronze guild master of smithy/forge, mint for three types of ferrite mineral (magnetite, hematite, laterite)
Palm-squirrel on Nindowari seal: šr khra, 'squirrel', rebus: rhin ’guild-master’; khr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri).28-06-2021 S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre [email protected]
Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 21
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 22
Indus Script has been deciphered
Announcement by Hon’ble Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman on 1 Feb.2020 during the 2020 Budget Speech (3 min. video)
Based on decipherment by Dr. S. Kalyanaraman, Sarasvati Research Centre
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Brahmi inscription superimposed on Indus Script hieroglyphs on a copper plate shaped like ram’s horns
Indus Script hieroglyphs are:
Young bull with spiny horn: singi 'spiny-horned' Rebus (similar sounding word): singi 'ornament gold' kha m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kndaa n () Setting or infixing of gems; knda ‘engraver’. ka a division of a or village, composed generally of the huts of one guild. kaha A double sack carried across a beast. Rebus: kah maritime, boat. Thus, artisan maritime guild working with ornament gold and gem-setting.
Horns of a ram -- meho 'ram' Rebus: mht, me 'iron'; meho 'helper of merchant']
du. the two legs spread out (Atharva Veda xx,133,3 Rebus: karaa 'accountant, scribe'
Head of a varha, barh, bahi 'boar' Rebus: vh, bari, barea 'merchant'; baï 'carpenter'
Brhm inscription reading, meaning: Boatman, smith am ña ga – samjna ‘symbol’
k ma jhi tha – (of) majhi boatman ta a gha – an artificer who beats or hammers, a smith (Pini 3.2.55)
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² paarai , ² paaai , n. < K. paale. 1. Community; . 2. Guild, as of workmen; . Ta. paaai, paaai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paae, paai anvil, workshop. Te. paika, paea anvil; paaa workshop.(DEDR 3865).
Pectoral; gold pectoral, pendant: pha 'back' signifies phaa, paale 'guild', 'metals manufactory' held in pottu 'common commonwealth guild partnersip)'.
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--pannier or double-sack decorating the front shoulder of the 'unicorn' is kaha A double sack carried across a beast.rebus: kãh 'maritime trade'
--Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. aka -- m., °k -- f. leg , S. aga f., L. P. ag f., Ku. ãg, N. ; Or. ka leg, thigh , °ku thigh, buttock .2. B. , eri leg, thigh ; Mth. ãg, ãgri leg, foot ; Bhoj. , aari leg , Aw. lakh. H. ãg f.; G. ãg f., °g m. leg from hip to foot ; M. ãg f. leg .Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ag(h) f. leg , WPah.kg. (kc.) g f. (obl. -- a) leg (from knee to foot) .(CDIAL 5428)
Hieroglyph: g, 'waist': *hkka back, waist . Wg. ak waist ; Dm. ãk, a back , Shum. äg, Wo. g, Gaw. áka; Kal. rumb. hak waist , urt. hãk back ; Bshk. k waist , d(h)k back AO xviii 233; Tor. k, g back , Mai. g, ; Phal. k waist, back ; Sh. ki f. back, small of back , pales. ko; S. hka f. hip , L. hk; P. hk f. side, hip .(CDIAL 5582) Rebus a: dhangar 'blacksmith'
Rebus b: mint, pure gold: Ta. takam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. takam pure gold. /? < Skt. aka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 s S3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L.
Rebus c: akal -- , akaka° f. mint
pha f ( S) The back. paa f (Or or ) The girth of a bullock's packsaddle.
phaa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room
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--A. 'Ear' is a hieroglyph: *kra -- : Kho. kr ear certainly not ← Wg. BKhoT 69.(CDIAL 3056) Rebus: khr 'blacksmith’
kar 'ear' rebus: kara 'supercargo, scribe' [supercargo in charge as 'a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship'.
--B. 'Neck rings' are hieroglyphs: koiyum 'ring on neck'; [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (Gujarati) Rebus: ko 'workshop' (Kuwi)
--C.Goat hieroglyph: Ka. mke she-goat; m the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. meka, mka goat. Kol. meke id. Nk. mke id. Pa. mva, (S.) mya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mge, (S.) mge goat. Go. (M) mek, (Ko.) mka id. ? Kur. mxn (mxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mrka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. m is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat. (DEDR 5087) Rebus: milakkha, mleccha 'copper’. mh ‘face’ (Lahnda) rebus: mh ‘ingot’ PLUS mleccha, milakkha ‘copper’. --D. Forward-thrusting, spiny horn hieroglyph: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horn' Rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. 'horned' (RV)(Monier-Williams) gin a. (- f.) [ ] 1 Horned.(Apte) Rebus: gold used for ornaments (also -) (Monier-Williams) gi Gold for ornaments g Gold used for ornaments (Apte) --E. Young bull hieroglyph: kha 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus kr-kund .'manager' (Pashto); kda a kiln; ka A circular hamlet; a division of a or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste (i.e. guild of artisans). Thus, the hypertext Meluhha rendering of the five hieroglyphs together is: kr 'ear', koiyum 'rings on neck', mrka 'goat', singi 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned', kha 'young bull' Rebus: khr 'blacksmith', ko 'workshop' (working with) milakkha, mleccha 'copper', singi 'ornament gold'
Commonwealth guild of smiths/smelters: Guild-master of -- ornament gold, copper, alloys, iron, tin smiths, artisans
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pta, -aka -- m. young of animal or plant MBh.; Ku. potho any young animal (CDIAL 8399) Ta. potu common; potumai common property, To. puQf common property of undivided family; Te. pottu friendship, amity, agreement, partnership, holding in common. (DEDR 4507) PLUS koiyum ‘rings on neck’ Rebus: ko ‘workshop’. Thus, a Commonwealth Guild.
rr 'ladder' Rebus: rhin ‘foreman of a guild’; seh head of a guild, Members of the guild’ (working with a furnace) bhaa 'warrior' rebus: bhaa 'furnace’.
The guild members are (six young animal protomes emerging from a ladder) on m417 seal:
1. Telugu. mrka, Brahui. melh Rebus: milakkha, mleccha 'copper’. PLUS mh ‘face’ (Lahnda) Rebus: mh ‘ingot’ PLUS singhin ‘forward-thrusting, spiny-horned’ rebus: singi ‘ornament gold’
2. barad, balad ‘ox’ Rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) PLUS ku 'horns' rebus ko 'workplace’
3. Telugu. mrka, Brahui. melh Rebus: milakkha, mleccha 'copper’. PLUS mh ‘face’ (Lahnda) rebus: mh ‘ingot’ PLUS ku 'horns' rebus ko 'workplace’
4. kul, kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’ kolhe ‘smelter’
5. ranku ‘antelope’ Rebus: ranku ‘tin ore’ 6. (Broken hieroglyph): meh ‘ram?’. Rebus: me ‘iron’ OR bahi, ‘boar’ rebus: , baaga, artificer, badhi ‘worker in wood and iron’.
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a) manjhi 'centre, middle' Rebus 1 mãjh 'cargo boat with raised platform';
pot 'gold bead' rebus 3: ptrá 'Potr's soma vessel RV; rebus 4: pta-ptrika. n. A vessel, a ship, . " ." M. XII. vi. 222. or pta-vaikku. n. A sea-faring merchant. , . or pta-vahuu. n. A rower, a boatman, a steersman. , .
b) pot- (-t-) to bore, perforate; rebus 2: pta. adj. molten, cast in metal. pottu. [Tel.] n. Friendship, partnership, holding in common.Ta. potu common, general, public; neutrality, likeness, equality; potumai ordinariness, common property, goodness; potti generality. Ma. potu common, general. To. puQf common property of undivided family; pïty ïr ordinary (i.e. non-sacred) buffalo(es). Ka. pudu, puduvu union, joint concern, holding in common, partnership. Te. pottu friendship, amity, agreement, partnership, holding in common. (DEDR 4507).
ká one -- eyed RV PLUS vtta 'circle or space or reach of one's observation). Rebus reading yields the expression the full reach of one's observation; the expression is ka-vaam 'mint' (Ta.) , cognate Meluhha kammaa 'mint'. Cognate khambat (Gujarati)? The word ká 'one-eyed' is read rebus: kám 'wealth, possessions'. Ta. kam a land measure; landed property, possession, hereditary right; a weight (1/40 of a mañci). Ma. kam possession, goods, mortgage; Ka. ki property, possession, hereditary right (DEDR 1444)
--ka 'dotted circles', pot 'perforation, and standard kahla 'churning' device of Indus Script Corpora signify Meluhha rebus expressions: k wealth, possessions; pta 'metal infusion'; kah 'maritime trade'.
--ka 'dotted circles', pot 'perforation, and standard kahla 'churning' device of Indus Script Corpora signify Meluhha rebus expressions: k wealth, possessions; pta 'metal infusion'; kah 'maritime trade'.
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-- pottige 'flame' is signified by the smoke and flame emanating from the top surface of the portable furnace which is shown in the bottom register of the portable
Standard device. The dotted circles shown on the surface of the bowl in the bottom register also occur as trefoil decorations on the shawl worn by Mohenjo-daro priest.
kunda 'lathe' rebus 4: kõdr ‘turner’ (Bengali); kõd ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali); rebus 2: knda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ kndaa n ( ) Setting or infixing of gems. Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation.The socket of a gem.(Marathi); rebus 4: ka Guild: A circular hamlet; a division of a or village, composed generally of the huts of one profession.
A churning vessel kahla, kahl . a churning vessel
Significance of decipherment Decipherment shows that Bharatiya languages were united with a common dialect used by artisans. Composite Indian Lexicon of 25+ languages: https://www.academia.edu/37229973/Indian_Lexicon_Comparative_dictionary_of_over_8 000_semantic_clusters_in_25_ancient_Bharatiya_languages Decipherment of over 8000 inscriptions of Indus Script are documents of wealth creation by artisans and seafaring merchants. This decipherment is proof that Sarasvati River was a navigable waterway for maritime trade from 4th millennium BCE. Bharatiya artisans advanced commerce and trade and promoted economic development for millenia. For millennia, commerce and trade contributed to nation’s wealth– as narrated by Hon’ble Finance Minister in her Budget Speech 2020. Thus, we can narrate how Ancient Bharat became the richest nation on the globe from 4th
millennium BCE to 1 Common Era (CE).
Scores of circular worker platforms, Harappa James Kenoyer suggests the possibility that these platforms were used by indigo dyers. A possible, surprising validation of this hypothesis comes from an anthropomorph with overlaid Brhm script inscription. If they were engaged in dyeing, certainly, there were engaged in producing textiles on an industrial scale. Padri circular platform with Lajja Gauri temple. (Vasant Shinde, 1994)
Majitha mãjh ‘boat people, dyers’? What did the centre of a platform hold? Portable furnace? Lathe? Anvil?
Each circular platform is kuh ‘hut, temple, artisans’ workplace’-- phaa, paae ‘manufactory’
‘peg, pin’
Scribe is accountant documenting wealth in ledgers kuakara m ( & S) An officer of a village under the . His business is to keep the accounts of the cultivators with Government and all the public records.
aya ‘fish’ rebus: ayas ‘alloy metal’ kan (Commonly ) backbone; rebus: k ‘wealth, possessions’ barao = spine; backbone (Tulu) rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi.Marathi) karaa ‘rim of jar’ rebus: karaa ‘accountant, scribe’
Free-hand, cursive writing using Indus Script, an example from Kalibangan potsherd.
Indus Script Cipher explains Skanda, commander of army of deva, controller of armoury
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Vivakarma of Swmimalai (Tiruvrakam) on the banks of Kaveri river make bronze Pratim; the shrine of Skanda is one of 6 military camps (aupaai vu); the divine commander of deva is skanda; his vhana is peacock. maraka ' peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal’ Wing, feather: iaku , n. -. [T. eaka, K. eake, M. iahu.] 1. Wing, feather; Ka. eake, eake, akke, ekke wing; ae, ee wing, upper arm. Ko. rekke wing; rae upper arm. Tu. edike, rekè wing. Te. eaka, ekka, rekka, neaka, nei id. Kol. reapa, (SR.) repp id.; (P.) reapa id., feather. Nk. rekka, reppa wing. (DEDR 2591) Rebus: Ka. eaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. (DEDR 866) ccm , n. 1. Udipi in S. Kanara, sacred to Skanda, one of the six paai-vu, q.v. See . ( . 189). 2. Swmimalai in the Tanjore Dist.; . ² paai , n. ²-. [K. pae.] 1. Army; . (.) (. . 58). paai-vu , n. < id. +. 1. Encampment, soldier's quarters in an encampment; . 2. Capital; . (. . 57, 117). (.) 3. Armoury, arsenal, magazine; . 4. The six shrines of Skanda, viz., Tirupparakuam, Tiruccralaivy, Tiruvviakui, Tiruvrakam, Paamutirclai, Kuuka; , , , , , . (.) kambha 'wing' rebus: kammaa 'mint, coiner, coinage’.
Tin ingots in Haifa shipwreck with Indus Script hieroglyphs, ca. 15th cent.BCE
Note: QED: "quod erat demonstrandum“ (Latin), literally meaning "what was to be shown“.
ranku ‘liquid measure’ ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’ du ‘cross’ rebus dhatu 'ore'. dhn ‘to send out, pour out, cast (metal)’(Hindi) (CDIAL 6771). mhe ‘face’ (Santali) Rebus: mh ‘ingot’ (Santali) Together, the Meluhha expression is: ranku dhatu mh ‘tin ore ingot’. QED (Proved that the message is in Meluhha language, as Indus Script inscription on 3 ingots.)
Neolithic, chalcolithic cultures
Steatite resources
Courtesy: Randall Law & Dennys Frenez ( for brilliant network maps of resources)
--Chert used for stone blades; Steatite used for writing on seals/tablets
Networks of wealth resources
Networks for supplies of iron ore extended into Southern Bhratam
Interaction sphere of Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization with Southern Bhratam Moovar Kovil Temple Complex built (in Kodumbalur?) by chieftain Boothi Vikramakesari, in Irunkvl line of Yadu vir kings -Sangam text Purannru (ca. 400 BCE) mentions Dwaraka & heritage of 49 generations
` ?` , 5 ; ; ; ; , 10 ! , ! 15 ; , 20 !
You are the best Vlir of the Vlir clan,with a heritage of forty nine generations of Vlirs who gave without limits, who ruled Thuvarai with its long walls that seemed to be made of copper, the city that appeared in the sacrificial pit of a northern sag (Yaja). King who is victorious in battles!
Great king with garlanded elephants! Pulikatiml with a bright garland who knows what a man’s responsibility is, and what you can do for bards! I am offering them. Please accept them.
Lord of the sky high mountain that yields gold! You whose strength cannot be equaled on the earth that is covered by an arched sky and surrounded by the ocean, you whose army puts fear into enemies with victorious spears! O ruler of a land that can never be ruined!
Khetri mines copper powered the Bronze Age Revolution Provenance studies have shown that most of the tin-bronze artifacts of Mesopotamia contained copper from Khetri mines. cf. F. Begemann und S. Schmitt-Strecker, Uber Das Fruhe Kupfer Mesopotamien, in: Iranica Antiqua Volume: 44 Date: 2009, Pages: 1-45. I posit that tin traded by Meluhha merchants in Mesopotamia came from the Ancient Far East (which has the world's largest tin belt) with Meluhha traders acting as middlemen. Provenance studies are ongoing to determine the sources of tin which created the Tin-Bronze Revolution in Eurasia.
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A lead isotope study »On the Early copper of Mesopotamia« reports on copper-base artefacts ranging in age from the 4th millennium B(Uruk period) to the Akkadian at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Arguments are presented that, in the (tin)bronzes, the lead associated with the tin used for alloying did not contribute to the total in any detectable way. Hence, the lead isotopy traces the copper and cannot address the problem of the provenance of tin. The data suggest as possible source region of the copper a variety of ore occurrences in Anatolia, Iran, Oman, Palestine and, rather unexpectedly (by us), from India. During the earliest period the isotopic signature of ores from Central and North Anatolia is dominant; during the next millennium this region loses its importance and is hardly present any more at all. Instead, southeast Anatolia, central Iran, Oman, Feinan-Timna in the rift valley between Dead Sea and Red Sea, and sources in the Caucasus are now potential suppliers of the copper. Generally, an unambiguous assignment of an artefact to any of the ores is not possible because the isotopic fingerprints of ore occurrences are not unique. In our suite of samples bronze objects become important during ED III (middle of the 3rd millennium BC) but they never make up more than 50 % of the total. They are distinguished in their lead isotopy by very high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios. As source of such copper we suggest Gujarat/Southern Rajasthan which, on general grounds, has been proposed before to have been the most important supplier of copper in Ancient India. We propose this Indian copper to have been arsenic-poor and to be the urudu-luh-ha variety which is one of the two sorts of purified copper mentioned in contemporaneous written texts from Mesopotamia to have been in circulation there concurrently.This archaeometallurgical provenance study links Khetri copper mines --through Dholavira/Lothal and Persian Gulf -- with Mesopotamia. It is possible that tin from Ancient Far East (the largest tin-belt of the globe) was also routed through Meluhha merchants. Evidence? Three pure tin ingots with Indus Script inscriptions found in Haifa, Israel. My decipherment appeared in Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies. My monograph on this conclusion has been published in Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, Vol. 1, Number 11 (2010), pp.47-74 — The Bronze Age Writing System of Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two “Rosetta Stones” By S. Kalyanaraman (Editor of JIJS: Prof. Nathan Katz) http://www.indojudaic.com/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=1&Itemid=8
Copper from Gujarat used in Mesopotmia, 3rd millennium BCE, evidenced by lead isotope analyses of tin- bronze objects; report by Begemann F. et al. Title: Über das frühe Kupfer MesopotamiensAuthor(s): BEGEMANN, F. , SCHMITT-STRECKER, S.\Journal: Iranica AntVolume: 44 Date: 2009 Pages: 1-45
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In Indonesia, tin is mined on Bangka Island ("Tin Island") off the southeastern coast of Sumatra. Mining pits seen in landscape. Pit tin mine.6/20/2018
veha 'octopus' rebus: beh 'smithy guild in a citadel (enclosure) va f (Properly ) The sea- shore. (Marathi)
kha ‘young bull’ rebus: kond ‘furnace’ koa ‘guild’ PLUS singhi ‘spiny, forward-thrusting horn’ rebus: singhin ’ornament gold’
aya ‘fish’ rebus: aya ‘iron’ ayas ‘alloy metal’ khambha 'fish-fin’ Rebus: Ta. kampaam coinage, coin. coiner’
kãu 'thorny’, kaha ‘double-sack’on one-horned young bull hieroglyphs read Meluhha rebus kãh maritime, seafaring Meluhha merchants, artisans. [pa] 'zebu' rebus: [pa] 'magnetite, ferrite ore'
Ta. v petty ruler, chief, Cukya king, illustrious or great man, hero; Kur. blas king, zemindar, god; belx kingdom; bel, (Hahn) bl queen of white-ants.(DEDR 5545)
Sewn boats of Kerala and Ayn Soukhna on Red sea,19th cent. BCE Mohenjo-daro tablet with ox-hide ingots cargo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtpZPvpRMr4
26-06-2021
gm ail.com
M onographs:
https://independent.academ ia.edu/SriniKalyanaram
an
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Hieroglyphs: frog, peacock, elephant, palm tree. ta 'palm' rebus: dha 'large ingot'. maraka 'peacock' (Santali. Mu.) Rebus: loha 'a kind of calcining metal' (Samskritam) Skt. mkaka- id. (DEDR 5023) Rebus: muh ‘ingot’. Muha. The quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace. (Santali) karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron’ ib 'iron'. Hieroglyph: arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold, moltencast, metal infusion'. mil ‘markhor’ (Trwl) meho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
Bactrian ceremonial axes: Indus Script hieroglyphs
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kr crying BhP., m. jackal RV. = kru -- m. P. [√kru]Pa. kohu -- , uka -- and kotthu -- , uka -- m. jackal , Pk. kohu -- m.; Si. koa jackal , koiya leopard GS 42; -- Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. jackal < *khu -- ; H. kolh, l m. jackal , adj. crafty ; G. kohlu, lu n. jackal , M. kolh, l m.(CDIAL 3615) kul 'tiger' (Santali) kul, kola 'tiger, jackal' rebus: kol 'working in iron'. kambha 'wing' rebus: kammaa 'mint, coiner, coinage’; Wing, feather: Ka. eake, eake, akke, ekke wing; ae, ee wing, upper arm. Ko. rekke wing; rae upper arm. Tu. edike, rekè wing. Te. eaka, ekka, rekka, neaka, nei id. Kol. reapa, (SR.) repp id.; (P.) reapa id., feather. Nk. rekka, reppa wing. (DEDR 2591) Ka. eaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. (DEDR 866) bahia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: bahi 'a caste who work both in iron and wood' badiga 'artificer' (Kannada) vhi 'merchant’ (Gujarati) melh,mreka 'goat or antelope' rebus: milakkhu, mleccha 'copper'. mil 'markhor' (Trwl) meho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mht, me 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) koe meed = forged iron. yena, ‘eagle’ rebus: aani 'thunderbolt' leads to the expression P han, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. han gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. .han-garn .han-rub, s.f (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. han-rubw. See . hangar 'blacksmith'. (Pashto. ahan-gr - (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16).Kashmiri).
Taksa, extraordinary narrative of the pious donor, Brbu takan a Pai, merchant; takâyaskra 'carpenter, blacksmith’
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Ku. N. rãgo buffalo bull (or < raku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raga3 n. tin lex. [Cf. nga -- 2, vaga -- 1] Pk. raga -- n. tin ; P. rãg f., rãg m. pewter, tin (← H.); Ku. r tin, solder , gng. rãk; N. r, ro tin, solder , A. B. r; Or. rga tin , rg solder, spelter , Bi. Mth. rãg, OAw. rga; H. rãg f., rãg m. tin, pewter ; Si. ranga tin .(CDIAL 10562) B. r(g)t tinsel, copper -- foil .(CDIAL 10567)
balad m. ox , gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (Nepali. Tarai) Rebus: bharata, baran (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Marathi.Punjabi) bharatcm, bhm n A vessel made of the metal (Marathi) karibha 'trunk of elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron’ Note: Early stamp seals show hieroglyphs of sun’s rays, zebu, and of + hieroglyph which signifies an agni-kunda, ‘fire altar’.
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ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’ kara 'kid' rebus: kara 'hard metal alloy'
Hieroglyph: ram, markhor: Dm. mra m. ‘markhor’ Wkh. merg f. ‘ibex’ (CDIAL 9885) Tor. mi ‘ram’, mial ‘markhor’ (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me (Ho.); mhet ‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)
khar 'hare' rebus: khr 'blacksmith’ kaho 'thorn’ rebus: khaa 'implements'
khara 'A leopard' Rebus: kara 'hard metal alloy'
panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolhe 'smelter’. kul ‘tiger’ rebus: kula ‘temple’
kru 'crocodile' (Telugu) rebus: khr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)
koi- cock, fowl. (DEDR 2248). Rebus: kho 'alloy' (Marathi). [ kha ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down (Marathi) kho f alloy' (Lahnda)
maraka 'peacock’ rebus: marakaka loha 'copper calcining metal'.
kanku 'crane, egret, heron’ rebus: kangar 'portable furnace'.
karaa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: [kara] ’hard alloy’
Copper plate inscriptions with two-heads of giant tortoise
kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãs 'bell-metal’ PLUS dula ‘pair’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’
kassa 'turtle' rebus: kas 'bell-metal' (Oriya), kamaha 'turtle' rebus: kas kammaa 'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace’
Copper tablets, 212 Indus Script catalogues deciphered, kara wealth-accounting ledgers archives detail kunda, nidhi-s, treasures of Kubera https://tinyurl.com/y9wzbcrk
bicha ‘scorpion’ rebus: bicha ‘haematite, ferrite ore’; muka ‘frog’ muha ‘ingot’ ranku ‘antelope’ rebus; ranku ‘tin ore’; T hieroglyph: saca ‘mould’
Sedimentological data for the borewells drilled in western Rajasthan, along Palaeo-channels of Vedic River Sarasvati; at depths of 100 ft., water gushes out. Indian Remote Sensing IRS Wide-Field Senso (WiFS) image showing palaeochannel signature -- From Himalayas to Rann of Kutch, Gujarat
Ancient courses of River Sarasvati
Topographic map showing northwestern India and Pakistan, key Himalayan rivers and the distribution of urban-phase Indus Civilisation settlements. Note how Indus urban- phase settlements are not necessarily located along modern Himalayan river courses. The most prominent cluster of sites occurs located on the drainage divide between the Satluj and Yamuna rivers, an area devoid of perennial Himalayan drainage. Base digital elevation map is derived from NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Site locations are from the compilation of urban-phase Indus settlement locations collated in Possehl
Dynamic Himalayas, still growing; Cosmic dance iva tava of Naarj (Satara temple)
World’s Greatest Water Tower which nurtures over 2 billion people with fresh, sacred waters, stretches from Hanoi to Caucasus, west of Tehran and Zagros mountains. The Reservoir holds about 2000 growing glaciers on the Northern side and 1500 growing glaciers on the Southern Indian side. The glaciers are growing because the Northern Monsoon rains which fall on these mountain ranges convert to snow and ice above the height of over 8000 ft. The Himalayan ranges rise upto 24000 ft. high, constituting the highest mountain peaks of the world such as Sagar Mata [Nepalese. Also known as Mt. Everest; 8,848 m (29,029 ft)] and Mt. Karakoram K2 [8,611 m (28,251 ft)]. The glaciers yield more than five largest rivers of the globe: Yangtse,Huanghe, Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Satluj, Sindhu

Dynamic formation of Himalayas
The 6,000-kilometre-plus (3,700 mi) journey from about 70 million years ago. of the India landmass (Indian Plate) before its collision with Asia (Eurasian Plate)
Importance of Rakhigarhi- transhipment Paaa, links Brahmaputra, Gang, Yamun, Sarasvat
, ( ) Gotama Rahugana moves to from Kurukshetra; Videgha Mthava moves to Ki; Ayu went eastwards; Amavasu went westwards
Ghaggar is Sarasvati
Sarasvati River, Rr, a navigable waterway, a gateway into Indian Ocean
Sarasvati River a navigable waterway, ca. 4th m. BCE {Evolution of the Ghaggar from changes in sediment provenance and the Harappan settlement dynamics. (A) Stratigraphic changes in sediment Sr-Nd isotopic compositions in the Ghaggar alluvium during last 20 ka. Symbols and abbreviations are as in Fig. 1. (B) Evolution of the Harappan civilization in north-western India and eastern Pakistan as inferred from the settlement dynamics through ages (9.0-3.5 ka)7,10,47,48. Modern and inferred former courses (dashed lines) of the major Himalayan rivers are also shown. I: Indus; J: Jhelum; C: Chenab; B: Beas; S: Sutlej; SS: Saraswati (Ghaggar); Y: Yamuna; G: Ganga}. Anirban Chatterjee et.al., On the existence of a perennial river in the Harappan heartland, Nature, 17221 (2019).
Sharada river waters from Milam glacier of Nepal for re-born Sarasvati
Sindhur on mng, hair-parting, Nausharo, ca. 2500 BCE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iI1xbBIi_ Y (28:52) An Old Documentary on Mohenjodaro; Mortimer Wheeler, commentator BBC 1957 See Market Street, Mohenjo-daro

sindhu-sarasvati vaidika sacred ta, civilization

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