abhimanyu synopsis

“Effect of Post-Harvest Treatments and Wrapping Materials on

Ripening, Shelf Life and Post- Harvest Quality of Mango

(Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari.’’ A

Synopsis

Submitted

To

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology,

Meerut

By

Mr. Abhimanyu Kumar Singh

ID. No. 2680

IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENTOF THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY

IN

HORTICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY

OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY,

MEERUT-250110 (UP) INDIA

2

Synopsis of the doctorate research work in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the doctoral degree

1. Name of the student- Abhimanyu Kumar Singh

2. ID.No.- (2680/PG-13)

3. Degree programme- Ph.D. Horticulture

4. Registration year/Batch- 2013-2014

5. Department- Horticulture

6. University– Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut.

7. Name of the advisor/Chairman- Dr.Manoj Kumar Singh (Assistant Professor)

8. Member of the advisory committee:

1) Dr. Satya Prakash

2) Dr. Sunil Malik

3) Dr. Mukesh Kumar

4) Dr. Pooran Chand

Thesis Topic/Title: “Effect of Post-harvest treatments and wrapping materials

on ripening, shelf life and Post- harvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica L)

cv. Dashehari.’’

Introduction: - Mango is recognized as one of the choicest and is well accepted fruit all

over the world and also acknowledged as the king of fruit (Shahjahan et al., 1994). In India

mango is considered to be the best of all indigenous fruits because of its excellent flavour,

attractive fragrance, beautiful shades of colour, delicious taste and nutritional value. Ripe

mango is exceedingly refreshing to eat and is an excellent source of Vitamin-A and C. The

immature and green fruit is used in various ways in curries, pickles and chutneys. Ripe mango

slices and pulp can be preserved and canned for use when the fresh fruit is out of season.

Dashehari variety is most important and popular varieties of north India. The fruit is medium

size (about 150 g in weight), attractive in shape (oblong oval) and colour. The pulp is also soft

and sweet with pleasant flavour. It is very yielder but irregular in bearing. The keeping and

canning quality of the fruit is good. It comes in bearing even after four years of planting. It is

mid-season cultivar, maturing toward the end of June.

The fruits undergo many physiological and biochemical changes that lead to ripening and

senescence. Shelf-life of mango might be extended by stopping or slowing down these

physico-chemical changes. Due to lack of proper preservation technology, the post-harvest

loss of mango due to decay is considerable. To reduce this loss and to increase the shelf-life,

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efforts are need to develop post-harvest technologies. Recently, (Hassan, 2010) reported that

the post-harvest loss of mango in supply chain was 27%. Hence, adequate measures should be

taken to prolong shelf-life of mangoes. Due to mishandling, inadequate storage or lack of

post-harvest technical knowledge, producers and traders have to face about 27% losses

(Hassan, 2010) and loss of this perishable commodity is estimated up to 320.7 thousandtons

annually with a value of Tk 3,000 lakh in the country (Haq, 2002). India is the second largest

producer of fruits occupies about the area under fruit cultivation is 6982 thousand hectare

with a production of 81285 MT and productivity about 7.2 MT per hectare in India. India

shared about 21.1 % in production of mango next to banana. Total 2500 thousand hectare

cultivated area under the mango cultivation in the country. The production of mango is 18002

thousand MT with productivity of 7.2 MT per hectare. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of

mango in the country after the state like Andhra Pradesh. The total area under mango

cultivation in Uttar Pradesh is 274.03 thousand hectare with production of 4386.99 thousand

MT and productivity is about 16.0 MT per hectare (Anonymous 2013). Post harvest handling

is the problem of mango as due to climacteric nature of the fruit. So, post-harvest handling

can play a major role to reduce the losses.

1. JUSTIFICATION & PRACTICAL UTILITY

This work focused on the evaluation and the comparison of difference post-harvest treatments

and wrapping materials to find out the ripening behaviour of mango fruits when stored at

room temperature and to determine the pos-harvest quality as affected by various physical and

chemical treatments. The hypothesis is that if the fruits treated with appropriate method and

concentration of a various physical and chemical treatment prior to storage with appropriate

wrapping materials enhances the ripening of mango and the shelf-life of the fruits can be

extended.

Keeping in view the above facts in mind, the present investigation entitled “Effect of

Post-harvest treatments and wrapping materials on ripening, shelf life and Post- harvest

quality of mango cv. Dashehari” will be carried out at Post Harvest Laboratory, Department

of Horticulture, SVP University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut- 250110 in the year

2014 and 2015, respectively. The following objects shall be achieved during the

experimentation.

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2. OBJECTIVES:

1. To find out the ripening behaviour of mango cv. Dashehari as affected by different physical,

chemical and wrapping materials.

2. To determined the post-harvest quality as affected by different physical, chemical and

wrapping materials.

3. To find out shelf-life as affected by different physical, chemical and wrapping materials.

3. BRIEF RESEARCH REVIEW

Bhullar et al. (1981) found that the TSS contents of fruits tended to increase with the

maturity and, therefore the highest increased initial TSS contents at harvest. During the

storage period the TSS contents increased up to 9th day on ripening in all stages with all

treatments. The increase in TSS during ripening might be due to the alteration or

transformation in cell wall structure and break down of complex carbohydrates, peptic

substances, hemicelluloses or other polysaccharide into simple sugars and dehydration of

fruits during storage.

Maini et al. (1984) found that the fruits wrapped with different wrappers exhibited

significantly less decay loss in comparison to unwrapped fruits. The least decay (16.4%) was

observed in fruits wrapped in newspaper. Butter paper and Nylon net were next in order of

superiority. Wrapping of polythene sheet proved to be the least effective. The decay incidence

showed progressive increase with increasing period of storage. There was significant

difference among the loss estimated at 15 days of storage.

Khumlert (1992) found that polythene provides a protective covering which slowed

down the rate of respiration and delayed ripening on mango.

Kapse (1993) found that the mango is highly perishable, ripen faster during summer

and unfit for consumption very soon. Pre-cooling of mango is very recent concept in post-

harvest technology but, has a great importance especially in export of mangoes. General aim

of pre-cooling is to remove field heat and slower down the respiration which helps in

minimizing the susceptibility to microbes and reduce water loss and thereby increase shelf-

life. The pre-cooling at 12 and 16 ºC temperature resulted in improving the quality of ripened

fruits and delayed ripening with the extension of shelf-life by about 4 days than control also

completely inhibited the incidence of stem end rot and anthracnose till 13th day of storage

with or without fungicidal treatments in mango cv. Kesar.

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Koolpluksee et al. (1993) reported that the post-harvest treatments of wrapping

materials manifested highly significant differences in respect of time required for ripening.

White paper treated fruits required maximum time (5.253 days) for ripening among the

treatments followed by brown paper (4.290 days). On the other hand the minimum ripening

time (3.573 days) was need in control treatments.

Kumar and Singh (1993) reported that pre-harvesting sprays of GA3 (50 or 75 ppm)

or ethrel (500 ppm ) brought forward mango (cv. Amrapali ) fruits maturity by 8-11 days and

ripening by 10-14 days as compared to control. It was significantly improved the fruit quality

(TSS content, sugar, ascorbic acid and β- carotene concentration) and reduced the spoilage

losses under storage condition.

Shahjahan et al. (1994) study has got support by different post-harvest treatments

showed highly significant variation in storability of mango. The maximum shelf-life (11.50

days) was observed in brown paper bagged fruits and the closest (11.17 days) of it was

obtained in newspaper bagged fruits whereas minimum shelf-life was found in control

treatment (7.83 days).

Singh and Sharma (1996) recorded that Ethrel 600 ppm treatment improved juice

and total soluble solid content and reduced acidity in grape (cv. Thompson seedless) berries.

Krishnamurthy and Rao, (2001) reported that the post-harvest losses in mango are

about 25 to 30 per cent. This is mainly due to the non availability of commercial low

temperature store houses,lack of cool chain during transport and storage.

Srinivasa et al. (2002) who observed that when fruits were kept in low density

polythene bag showed off-flavour due to fermentation and fungal growth which has

conformity with the present findings. Fruit skin colour as affected by CaNO3 treatments

increased up to 1.5 - 2.5%.

Gautam et al. (2003) found that the change in skin colour from green to yellowish-

green was observed on 6- 8th day, while yellow colour was developed on 10th day with 1.5%

CaNO3. However, light green, greenish-yellow and yellowish-green colour was obtained with

2.0 and 2.5% CaNO3 on 6th, 8th and 10th days.

Hiwale and Singh (2003) found that the more acidity content was recorded in all

treatments on 6th day of storage, while it decreased markedly on 8th and 10th day of storage

respectively. The maximum acidity (0.91, 0.42 and 0.39%) was recorded with fruit covered

with polythene sheet (200 gauge) at all the stages of storage period, while minimum acidity

(0.17%) was found with Bavistin (500 and 750 ppm) on 10th day of storage. It was due to

6

slow rate of degradation in acidity in fruits covered with polyethylene bags reduced

physiological losses in weight and enzymatic activity, thereby slowing the rate of ripening.

Mumzuroglu et al.(2003) reported that the huge amount of important fruits crops are

being spoiled due to prevailing temperature, humidity, inappropriate post-harvest handling as

well as sub-optimal knowledge in the field of post-harvest technology after harvesting. This

spoilage of fruits is attributed to adverse biochemical changes, namely losses of weight owing

to respiration and transpiration, losses of flesh hardness, losses of resistance to different

microbial attack and overall devastating deterioration of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, some

oxidative enzymes, minerals and nutrient status. Minerals play an important role in

physiological function of the body especially in the buildings and regulation process. Mango

is one of the favoured fruits of the country and considered as a good source of vitamins,

proteins, sugars, fat and dietary minerals including calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and

so many others.

Singh et al. (2003) observed that the organoleptic characters of mango and sapota like

fruit colour, pulp colour and taste showed the highest score in the fruits when treated with

pre-cooling at 8ºC for 8 hours.

Kulkarni et al.(2004) reported that ethrel (500 ppm ) treated mango fruits ripened 8

days with excellent sensory quality attributes, whereas control fruits ripened in 12 days.

Physico-chemical parameters such as TSS, pH, total sugars and total carotenoids showed

increasing trend up to 8 days during ripening.

Patel (2006) reported that the physiological loss in weight in mango could be

decreased by pre-cooling treatment. In the initial period (5th) days of storage, marketable fruit

percentage was significantly more in fruits treated with pre-cooling treatments at 8ºC for 8

hours.

Pandey et al. (2006) found that the application of the wrapping materials influenced

the characteristics of mango fruits during storage at ambient the physiological loss in weight

(PLW) of mango fruits increased in storage period. Minimum weight loss was recorded in

fruits wrapped with newspaper and maximum weight loss was recorded in fruits wrapped

with polythene sheet and control. This may due to higher rate of respiration and transpiration

of fruits on 5, 10 and 15 days after storage.

Singh et al. (2010) an experiment was carried out to assess the effect of various

chemicals and fungicidal treatment on post-harvest quality of mango cv. Amrapali. Ethrel 750

ppm treated fruits showed better results followed by ethrel 500 ppm. Treatment

ethrel+bavistin (750+1000 ppm) were also found to be the significantly superior over control

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in respect of post-harvest quality of fruit. Based on results of this study, it can be concluded

the ethrel 750 ppm was found to be the most suitable treatments in improving post-harvest

parameters, i.e., specific gravity, moisture loss, decay, acidity, sugar content and sugar acidity

ratio etc.

Malik at el. (2011) reported that the late maturing (En Aug to Mid Sept) Pakistan

mango cv. Sufaid Chausa has high export potential, particularly in neighboring markets of

Iran and China. Some more fruit were also subjected to HWT of 48 degrees C for 60 min with

additional dip of hot carbendazim (40 g/100 Lit.) at 52 degree C for 5 min. Non-treated fruits

were considered as control. Treated fruits were divided into two equal lots and stored at 10

and 12 degrees C (80-85% RH). During storage, fruit peel colour and softness were recorded

on 21, 27 and 32 days, while disease development, physico-chemical and organoleptic

characteristics were assessed at ripe stage. Fruit subjected to HWT (48 degrees C for 60 min.)

with additional treatments of hot carbendazim (40 g/100 Lit.) at 52 degree C for 5 min were

more firm and had higher level of total sugars as compared to the fruit of other treatments.

Among organoleptic characteristics better pulp colour core with better taste, texture and

aroma was recorded in fruit stored at 10 degree C by the taste panel. After that ethylene

treatment and at final day of ripening. Over all open top packaging was found to be more

advantageous as compared to closed top packaging, in both cultivars under low temperature

storage (11 degree C; 80-85% RH).

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4. TECHNICAL PROGRAMME

S.No. Details of Treatments Treatments

1. Ethrel 500 ppm + Brown paper T1

2. Ethrel 500 ppm + Tissue paper T2

3. Ethrel 500 ppm + Butter paper T3

4. Ethrel 750 ppm +Brown paper T4


6 Ethrel 750 ppm + Butter paper T6

7. Ethrel 1000 ppm + Brown paper T7


9. Ethrel 1000 ppm + Butter paper T9

10. Bavistin500 ppm +Brown paper T10

11. Bavistin 500 ppm + Tissue paper T11

12. Bavistin 500 ppm + Butter paper T12

13. Bavistin 1000 ppm + Brown paper T13

14. Bavistin 1000 ppm + Tissue paper T14


16. Bavistin 500 ppm + Brown paper T16

17. Bavistin 500 ppm+ Tissue paper T17


19. Pedicillate fruit 15mm + Brown paper T19

20. Pedicillate fruit 15mm + Tissue paper T20

21. Pedicillate fruit 15mm + Butter paper T21

22. Control T22

1) Design- Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

2) Number of treatments- 22

3) Number of replication- 3

4) Total number of treatments- 66

5) Experimental Materials- Dashehari cv. of mango shall be taken for the experiment in

coming season. Dashehari is a medium season cultivar which is ready to harvested 25 June

onward. Its fruits are small to medium size (150 g.), ovate-oblong, good cropper and have

biennial bearing tendency, peels are readily, somewhat fiber, pulp firm, deep orange red

fibreless. The quality of fruits is good excellent in test, good to table purpose, the mature

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fruits are harvested in hard green stage and have a consumable life span up to 9 to 11 days at

normal room temperature during transportation to distant markets.

6) Experimental site- Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, SVP

University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110 in fourth coming year, 2014 and

2015, respectively.

OBSERVATION TO BE RECORDED

To find out the effect of post-harvest treatments and wrapping materials on ripening, shelf

life and Post-harvest quality of mango. The following observations shall be taken during in

experimentation.

A. Physical qualitative characters

1. Fruit skin colour

2. Flavour / Aroma

3. Organoleptic test

4. Marketability

5. Moisture loss

6. Decay%

7. Fruit firmness

8. Specific gravity

B. Chemical qualitative characters

1. TSS

2. Sugar content

3. Acidity

4. Sugar / Acidity Ratio

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References

Anonymous 2013. Indian Horticulture Database, N.H.B. Gurgaon Haryana (India).

Bhullar, J.S.; Khakhar, U.V. and Agnihotri, R.P. 1981. Studies on storage of Kinnow

mandarin. Punjab Hort. J., 21: 27-31.

Gautam, B., S.K. Sarkar and Y.N. Reddy 2003. Effect of post-harvest treatments on shelf-life

and quality of Banganapalli mango. Ind. J. Horticul., 60, 135-139.

Haq, A. 2002. Pasckage for mango production, post-harvest techniques and its export prospects,

Mango Res. Inst. Shajabad. pp: 1- 15.

Hassan, M. K. 2010. A Study to Formulate Policy for Post-harvest Loss Reduction of

fruits and Vegetables and Socio-Economic Uplift of the Stakeholders.P.188 (A Research

Project Funded by USAID and EC, and Jointly implemented by FAO and FPM of the

Ministry of Food and Disaster Management under the National Food Programme

Capacity Strengthening Programme NFPCSP).

Hiwale, S.S. and S.P. Singh 2003. Prolonging shelf-life of guava. Ind. J.Horticul. , 60, 1-9.

Kapse, B. M. 1993. An integrated Approach to post-harvest handling of mango (Mangifera

indica L.). Cultivar Kesar. Ph.D. thesis, G.A.U., S. K. Nagar.

Khumlert, R. 1992. Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on some physico-chemical characteristics

of Kheaw and Sawoey mango fruit. College Laguna ( The Phillipines). 95p.

Koolpluksee, M. S. Mesta. And Subhadrabandhu, S. 1993. Effect of modified atmospheres on

quality and chilling injury of Nam Dok Mai mango fruits, Kaset. J. Nat. Sci., 27(2):115-124.

Kulkarni, S.G.; Kudachikar, V.B.; Vasantha, M.S.; Prakash, M.N.K.; Prasad, B.A. and

Ramana, K.V.K 2004. Studies on effect of ethrel dip treatment on the ripening behaviour

of mango variety ‘Neelum’. Journal of Food scienceand Technology Mysore. 41(2):216-

220.

Kumar, P.and Singh, S. 1993. Effect of GA3 and Ethrel on ripening and quality of mango

cv. Amrapali. Horticulture Journal. 6(1):19-23.

Maini, S.B., Diwan, B., Lal, B.B. and Anand, J.C. 1984. Post-harvest management of

apples. Indian J. Hort., 29: 25-26.

Malik, A.J.; Malik, M.S.; Muhammad, A.k.; Rajwana, I.A.; Saleem, B.A.; Rabiahameed

and Mazhar, M.S.; 2011. Performance of hot water phytosanitary treated mangoes for

intended export from Pakistan to Iran and China. International Journal of Agriculture and

Biology.13:5,645-651.

11

Mumzuroglu, O., Karatas, F. and Geekil, H. 2003. The vitamin and selenium contents of

apricot fruit of different varieties cultivated in different geographical regions. Food

Chemistry, 83: 205-12.

Pandey, G., Verma, M.K. and Tripathi, A.N. 2006. Studies on storage behaviour of apple

cultivars. Indian J. Hort., 63: 368-371.

Patel, U.A. 2006. Effect of post-harvest treatments on storage behaviour of hybrid mango

(Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali and Neelphonso. M.Sc.(Agri.) thesis, Navsari

Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat.

Shahjahan, M.; Shell, S.; Zaman, M. A. and Sakur, M. A. 1994. Optimization of harvesting

maturities for major mango cultivars in Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Sci. Res., 12(2):209-215.

Singh, M.K.Malik, S.Kumar,M.and Kumar.A ;( 2010). Effect of various chemical and

fungicidal treatments on post-harvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amarapali.

Annals of Horticulture Vol.:, No.;323-332

Singh, P.V. and Sharma, P.K 1996. Effect of ethrel on ripening and quality of Thompson

seedless grapes. Indian Journal of Horticulture.53(3):202- 205.

Singh, Ram; Dittander, Kumar and Goyal, R. K. 2003. Effect of oil emulsions and pre-

cooling on shelf-life of mango cv. Amarapali. Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 32(1&2): 54-55.

Srinivasa, P. C.; Baskaran, R. M.; Ramesh, N. K.; Prashanth, V. H. and Tharanathan, R.

N. 2002. Storage studies of mango packed using biodegradable chitosan film, European

Food Res. Tech., 215(6):504-508.

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Technical program (year/semester wise) start to thesis completion:-

1st

year (1st

Sem.)

Course Number Subject Credit Hours

STAT- 512 Experimental Design 3

BIOCHEM- 501 Basic Biochemistry 4

APH- 711 Nutrition of Horticultural Crops 4

APH- 790 Thesis Research 2

Total credit-13

1st year (2

ndSem.)

Course Number

Subject

Credit Hours

GP- 610 In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Germplasm 3

APH- 731 Post Harvest Physiology of Horticultural Crops 3

APH-610 Seminar 1

APH- 620 Special Problem 2


Total credit-12

2nd

year (1stSem.)


GP- 501 Principles of genetics 3

GP- 503 Principles of plant breeding 3

GP- 510 Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Resistance 3

APH- 733 Research methods in horticulture 2


Total credit-16

2nd

year (2nd

Sem.)


APH- 690 Seminar 1


Total credit-7

13

3rd

year (1st

Sem.)



Total credit-7

3rd

year (2nd

Sem.)



Total credit-7

(Signature of student)

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Certificate from advisory committee

Certified that the research work proposed in this synopsis, to be carried out by Mr.

Abhimanyu Kumar Singh, Id. No. 2680 is original and the programme has been critically

examined.

Chairman/ Advisor

(Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh)

Member Member Member Member (Dr. Satya Prakash) (Dr. Sunil Malik) (Dr. Mukesh Kumar) (Dr. Pooran Chand)

Forwarded of the college Dean Forwarded to dean PGS

HOD College Dean

Approved

Dean PGS

abhimanyu synopsis

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