bioelektrik siti julaiha

7/23/2019 Bioelektrik Siti Julaiha

1/17

^gpg D}cbglb(6769=710?6(Vb~nb brdbeb Pmjehchag Oghkm`g~ ]G Lbc% 2

_mygmq Dh}rebc

Igomr Hvpgn ^me~hr~ ihr@mpmnpghe hi Ph|gnbe` Oghchagnbc Plrmbp~

Kblkh}` Mc+^lmrgi $# Cbcgpj}kbr Obe~bc be` Dgbekgea W}beVlhphegn~ Cbohrbphrgm~# Gen%: Vlgcb`mcvlgb# Vmee~wcybegb# 27260# ]^B:

_mnmgym`4 ? Hnphomr ?661Bnnmvpm`4 >6 Ehymkomr ?661V}ocg~lm`4 0 @mnmkomr ?661

P}ab~ J}cgbl

OGHMCMJP_GJ@r% ^b~prb J}~}kb Qgdbwb

^gpg D}cbglb ( 6769=710?6Vb~nb ^brdbeb

Pmjehchag Oghkm`g~

]egymr~gpb~ Ge`hem~gbDbe}brg ?626


2/17

2% P}cg~cbl d}`}c vbvmr `be ~mo}pjbe vrhocmk bvb ~bdb wbea lme`bj`g~mcm~bgjbe `bcbk vbvmr%%

D}`}c Vbvmr 4

Igomr Hvpgn ^me~hr~ ihr @mpmnpghe hi Ph|gn be` Oghchagnbc

Plrmbp~,^me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj }ep}j kme`mpmj~g Benbkbe pmrlb`bv oblbe oblbe omrbn}e `beoghchagn'%Vmemcgpg4Kblkh}` Mc+^lmrgi $# Cbcgpj}kbr Obe~bc be` Dgbekgea W}beVlhphegn~ Cbohrbphrgm~# Gen%: Vlgcb`mcvlgb# Vmee~wcybegb# 27260# ]^B:qqq%vlhphegn~cbo~%nhk

_mnmgym 4 ? Hnphomr ?661 ( Bnnmvpm 4 >6 Ehymkomr ?661 ( V}ocg~lm`4 0@mnmkomr ?661

Vrhocmk wbea lme`bj g~mcm~bgjbe vme}cg~ b`bcbl

^me~hr wbea b`b }ep}j vme`mpmj~gbe oblbe jgkgb `be oghchag~ omc}k kmkomrgjbejm~mkv}rebbe `bcbk ~mag ~me~gpgigpb~# `m~bge `bcbk brpg omep}j wbea om~br `be pg`bj~gkvcm ~mrpb kmkgcgjg vrh~m~ vmeahcblbe `be vrh`}j~g wbea kblbc ~mlgeaab j}rbea mimjpgi`bcbk bvcgjb~g vmeaa}ebbeewb%

Vmemcgpg bjbe kmeamkobeajbe jmcb~ obr} ~me~hr igomr hvpgj jgkgb# }ep}j kmkomrgjbevme`mpmj~gbe wbea cmogl mimjpgi `be ~me~gpgym pmrlb`bv kbpmrgbc kbpmrgbc omrbn}e(ph|gn`be kmeabe`}ea oblbe oblbe jgkgb `be oghchag `bcbk }vbwb kmkomrgjbe vrhpmj~g vb`bkb~wbrbjbp `be vmr~hemc kgcgpmr pmrlb`bv ~mrbeabe oblbe jgkgb `be oghchag%

?% @}j}eabe pmhrg bvb ~bdb wbea `g+ngpm` hcml vbvmr wbea omrjbgpbe`meabe vmewmcm~bgbe vrhocmk `g bpb~ 8 ^mo}pjbe `be Dmcb~jbe pmhrgwbea `gngpm` pmr~mo}p ~mnbrb ~geajbp%

Pmhrg+ pmhrg wbea `gvbvbrjbe vb`b vbvmr b`bcbl

+ Pmhrg vmeamkobeabe jmcb~ ~mrbp ~me~hr hvpgn geprge~gn wbea `g`b~brjbe vb`bvmr}oblbe vme`mjbpbe ncb``gea

Wbea `g~gpb~g `brg jbrwb vme}cg~ ~me`grg omomrbvb pbl}e ~momc}kewb Mc+^lmrgi# K% B% ^kbrp Pm|pgcm~ Nrmbpm` qgpl Mkom``m` ^me~hr~% K_^ O}ccmpge

Pmnlehchaw B`ybenm~ ?66># ?


3/17

^me~hr ~mrbp hvpgn `gjmkobeajbe omr`b~brjbe `m~bge kh`gigjb~g ncb``gea(nhbpgea%Wbgp} jbrbjpmrg~gj ~me~hr gepmre~gj `meabe ~mrbp ~mrbp ncb``gea wbea `gkh`gigjb~gkmewm`gbjbe jm}ep}eabe `gobe`geajbe ~me~hr jheyme~ghebc# ~mvmrpg jmjmobcbepmrlb`bv abeaa}be mcmjprhkbaempgj# omep}jewb wbea jmngc `be jhkvbj#~me~gpgigpb~ wbea pgeaag# rmkhpm ~me~gea ( vmkhegphrgea dbrbj db}l# jmkbkv}be}ep}j k}cpgvcmj~g# `be jmkbkv}be }ep}j pmrpbebk jm `bcbk omrobabg ~pr}jp}rpmj~pgc# ~mcmjpgigpb~# `be rmbcgogpb~ `be `bvbp kmebkvgcjbe vmea}j}rbe vb`b `bmrbl

wbea ~vm~gigj ~mnbrb rmbc pgkm%Ehpm ^gpg 4 Ncb``gea b`bcbl cbvg~be hvpgn c}br wbea kmko}eaj}~ nhrm(gepg `bekmkbep}cjbe jmkobcg nblbwb wbea pmrvbenbr jmc}br'%

Vrh~m~ Ncb``gea b`bcbl vrh~m~ vmcbvg~be ~bp} kbpmrgbc `meabe kbpmrgbc cbge% ]ep}jigomr hvpgn# vrh~m~ Ncb``gea kmcgv}pg ~bp} bp} cmogl cbvg~be `brg kbpmrgbc `meabege`m| rmirbj~g wbea cmogl rme`bl# `gl}o}eajbe ~mnbrb mrbp `meabe kbpmrgbc gepgwbea kmkgcgjg ge`m| rmirbj~g cmogl pgeaag'% Ncb``gea kmewmobojbe nblbwb `gobpb~gvb`b gepg ~mrbp `meabe Phpbc rmcmj~g gepmrebc vb`b obpb~ bepbrb jm`}bewb% Omomrbvb~mrbp `bvbp kme`}j}ea kh`}~ ncb``gea `bcbk vmedbcbrbe nblbwb vb`b ncb``gea~mobgj vb`b gepg ~mrbp%'

+ Pmhrg jhe`}jpgigpb~ vhcgkmr bpb} Hrabegn Nhe`}npgea Vhcwkmr ,HNV~'

Wbea `g~gpb~g `brg jbrwb vme}cg~ ~me`grg omomrbvb pbl}e ~momc}kewb

W}be# D% Vhcwkmr kbpmrgbc~ b~ kh`gigm` hvpgnbc igomr ncb``gea ihr nlmkgnbc ~me~hr~%Vl@ Plm~g~# ?662# B`yg~hr4 @r% Kblkh}` B% Mc+^lmrgi%

Vb`b igck vhcwbegcgem# vmea}j}rbe vmewmrbvbe nblbwb `gcbj}jbe ~mpmcbl igck gp}pmrjmeb }bv LNc `be EL>% Vmrom`bbe ~vmnprb kme}ed}jjbe oblqb }bv LNc `be EL>kmkgn} vmrom`bbe ~pr}jp}r obe` `be jheihrkb~g vhcgkmr% Hcml jbrmeb gp}# ~gibphvpgj igck omr}obl jmpgjb igck omrbcgl `brg ~bp} jmb`bbe ,`g`hvm` hcml LNc' jmjmb`bbe cbge ,`m+`hvm` hcml EL>'% Vmea}j}rbe ge`mj~ ogb~ hcml mccgv~hkmprwkme}ed}jjbe oblqb ge`mj~ ogb~ omr}obl `brg ?#0> ,`g`hvvm` hcml LNc' jm 2%7= ,`m+`hvm` hcml EL>'%

Vb`b igck vhcwvwrrhc# vmea}j}rbe `gcbj}jbe ~momc}k `be ~m~}`bl igck gp} pmrjmeblg`rbtge ,E?L0' `be lg rhame vmrhj~g`b ,L?H?'% %Ogb~ ge`mj~ 2#


4/17

Vhcwbegcgem `be Vhcwvwrrhc# ~mobabg ~bcbl ~bp} vhcgkmr jhe`}jpgi# kmenbvbgjhe`}jpgigpb~ mcmjprgjbc `meabe kmengvpbjbe vmkobqb k}bpbe kmcbc}g `hvgea pgvm+v ,c}obea' bpb} pgvm+e ,mcmjprhe' `brg vhcgkmr wbea `gjhed}ab~gjbe p}cbea v}eaa}ea%

Kbn@gbrkg`# B% A% ^weplmpgn kmpbc~4 b ehymc rhcm ihr hrabegn vhcwkmr~% ^weplmpgnKmpbc~ ?662# 2?=# 22+??%

Vhcwbegcgem `be Vhcwvwrrhc wbgp} oblbe jgkgb jhe`}jpgi% Vhcgkmr geg `bvbp `ghcbl `brgomrobabg vrh~m~ rm`hj~ bpb} hj~g`b~g vbr~gbc mcmjprhjgkgb bpb} vmea}rbeabe vbr~gbc%B`b d}ab o}jpg vrh~m~ ehe+rm`hj~ `hvgea% Vrh~m~ `hvgea(`m`hvgea geg kmealb~gcjbevmr}oblbe rmymr~gomc bpb} grmymr~gomc `bcbk ~gibp+~gibp cg~prgj `be hvpgj vhcgkmr geg#kbjb oblbe+oblbe `bvbp `gbvcgjb~g `bcbk `mygnm mcmnprhnlrhkgn `be ~me~hr jgkgbhvpgj%

Nhccge~# A% M%: O}njcmw# C% D% Nhe`}npgym Vhcwkmr+Nhbpm` Iborgn~ ihr Nlmkgnbc^me~gea% ^weplmpgn Kmpbc~ 2779# 1+262%

@KKV omrgepmrbj~g ~mnbrb mcmjprhegj `meabe vhcwvwrrhcm }ep}j kmegeajbpjbed}kcbl c}obea omob~ omramrbj arbpg~ vmkobqb k}bpbe%

Vme}r}ebe pbkoblbe lbkobpbe `brg igck pgvg~ vhcwvwrrhcm `bvbp `gnbvbg jmpgjb`g`hvm` `meabe b~bk Ebvlpbcmem+`g~}cvlhegn ,E@^B'# ~momc}k vbvbrbe }bv @KKV%

Vhpdm+Jbkchpl J%# Nlmkgnbc ab~ ~me~hr~ ob~m` he hrabegn ~mkgnhe`}nphrvhcwvwrrhcm Nrgpgnbc rmygmq~ ge bebcwpgnbc nlmkg~prw?66?# >?# 2?2+206%

^me~hr ab~ kmko}bp vmeaa}ebbe vhcgkmr Vhcwbegcgem `be Vhcwvwrrhc ~mobabgmcmkme vme`mpmj~g jbrmeb kmkgcgjg icmj~gogcgpb~ `m~bge wbea lmobp `be ~beabp ~pbogcvb`b ~}l} `be pmjbebe% Jhe`}jpgygpb~ `be i}ea~g jmrdb vhcgkmr geg b`bcbl `}b ~gibp}pbkb wbea `ga}ebjbe `bcbk jmkhpmrbvg+cg~prgj# jmkh+kmjbegj bpb} jmkhpmrbvg+nlrhkgn prbe~`}j~g%

+ Pmhrg Vmrlgp}eabe Gepme~gpb~ phpbc be Kh`bc Vhqmr @g~prgo}pghe ,KV@'

Wbea `g~gpb~g `brg jbrwb vme}cg~ ~me`grg omomrbvb pbl}e ~momc}kewb 4 Mc+^lmrgi# K% B% He+Igomr ^me~hr be` Kh`}cbphr% GMMM Prbe~bnpghe~ he

Ge~pr}kmepbpghe be` Kmb~}rmkmep27


5/17

Ib~m `be dmeg~ ~me~hr vhcbrg~b~g kh`}cb~g kmkomrgjbe ~me~gpgygpb~ cmogl obgj pmpbvgomr}j}rbe cmogl om~br `be kmko}p}ljbe ~}komr cb~mr `be omrogbwb pmjegj kblbc}ep}j `mpmj~g%

]ep}j kmeabpb~g jmpmrobpb~be geg# ~mo}bl ehymc pmjegj# `g b~brjbe vb`bvmkbepb}be Kh`bc Vhqmr @g~prgo}pghe ,KV@' `bcbk ~mrbp k}cpgkh`m# pmcbl`gjmkobeajbe% Pmjegj geg kmewm`gbjbe kmph`hchag ~me~gpgi `be k}rbl }ep}j

kgegbp}r bvcgjb~g ~me~hr%Vrge~gv hvmrb~g pmjegj wbea `gjmkobeajbe `g`b~brjbe vb`b Gepme~gpb~ ^vb~gbcKh`}cbpghe ,^GK' `brg kh`bc vhqmr vb`b ~mrbp k}cpgkh`m% @bcbk ~mrbp hvpgj wbeak}cpgkh`m# ~gewbc hvpgn kmewmobr ~m~}bg `meabe ~pr}jp}r kh`bc ~mrbp `be jhe`g~gvmrobpb~be% Vmr}oblbe jhe`g~g obpb~ `brg ~mrbp hvpgj bjbe kmeage`}j~g kh`bcjhvmc `be kmealb~gcjbe kh`}cb~g vb`b Kh`bc Vhqmr@g~prgo}~g ,KV@'%

Mc+^lmrgi# K%: Ig`beohwc}# J%: Mc+^lmrgi# @%: Abi~g# _%: W}be# D%: _gnlbr`~# J%: Cmm# N% BEhymc Igomr Hvpgn ^w~pmk ihr Kmb~}rgea plm @webkgn ^pr}np}rbc Omlbyghr hiVbrbnl}pm~% Dh}rebc hi Gepmccgamep Kbpmrgbc~ ^w~pmk~ be` ^pr}np}rm~ ?666# 22#>=2+>=7%

Mc+^lmrgi# K%: Cg# K%: Mc+^lmrgi# @%: Cmm# N% Igomr Hvpgn ^w~pmk ihr Kmb~}rgea plm

^pr}np}rbc Omlbyghr hi Vbrbnl}pm Bgr rhv4 R}b~g ^pbpgn be` @webkgn Pm~pgea%Nlbea# I% J% M`% N_N Vrm~~# ^pr}np}rm Lmbcpl Khegphrgea: ?662# vv% 1>> 2


6/17

W}be# D%: Mc+^lmrgi# K% B%: Kbn@gbrkg`# B% A%: Dhem~# Q% Igomr Hvpgn Nlmkgnbc^me~hr~ ]~gea Kh`gigm` Nhe`}npgea Vhcwkmr Ncb``gea% Vrhn% Hi ^VGM ?662# 0?6=#216+217%

@}b cbeajbl bvcgjb~g ,vb`b ~mrbp ~gcgnb k}cpgkh`m `meabe }j}rbe gepg(ncb``gea(dbjmpb`bcbl 26=(2?=(?=6 k'

b% Vmealgcbeabe ncb``gea vb~gi ,~mrbp wbea `g ahrm~( glgcbeajbe'`g~mo}p Igomr mpnlgea

Obagbe jmngc ,2nk `brg vbedbea ~mrbp 2 k' `brg dbjmp `g pbrgj `brg obagbe pmeabl~mrbp hvpgn% Obagbe ~mrbp wbea pmro}jb `grme`bk `bcbk cbr}pbe LI ,b~bkic}hrg b' wbea kmealgcbeajbe(mpnlm~ `be kmealbv}~ ncb``gea amcb~ ~mrbphvpgj% Vrh~m~ mpnlgea `gcbj}jbe `meabe vmkbepb}be ~mnbrb rmbc+pgkm# ~mkmepbrb~mrbp pmrme`bk `bcbk cbr}pbe mpnlgea ,LI'# pmrl}o}ea jm ~}komr nblbwb Lm+Em,vbedbea amchkobea 9>> ek' `be ihph+`mpmjphr ^gcgnhe ,Emqvhrp rmepbea vbedbeaamchkobea %Bvbjbl vme}cg~ kmebqbrjbe pmhrg bpb} kmph`m obr} }ep}jkmkmnbljbe vrhocmk wbea ~m`bea `glb`bvgewb8 Dmcb~jbe ~mnbrb~geajbp pmhrg bpb} kmph`m wbea `gjmkobeajbe hcml vme}cg~%

Vme}cg~ kmeamk}jbjbe `m~bge ~me~hr igomr hvpgj omr b~brjbe vmeamkobeabe

vmemcgpgbe vmemcgpgbe wbea ~mobagbe om~br `gcbj}jbe ~me`grg hcml Vme}cg~ `be pmbkewbvb`b pbl}e pbl}e ~momc}kewb%

Vme}cg~ kmeamkobeajbe Ehymc ncb~~ ( dmeg~ obr} }ep}j ~me~hr igomr hvpgn`meabe bvcgjb~g Vmeamkobeabe pmjegj vme`mpmj~gbe kmcbc}g Kh`bc Vhqmr@g~prgo}~g ,KV@' omr`b~brjbe vme`mjbpbe Ncb` gea wbea `gkh`gigjb~g% Wbgp}vb~~gym ncb``gea `brg ~mobagbe jmngc ~mrbp hvpgn `glgcbeajbe `be `gabepg hcmlVhcgkmr jhe`}jpgi `be ~me~gpgym }ep}j kmcbvg~g gepg(nhrm wbgp} kbpmrgbc jmkh+jrhkgj# wbea bjbe kmeabcbkg vmr}oblbe vb`b ~gibp hvpgn `meabe jmlb`grbe }bv



7/17

jgkgb ~vm~gigj wbea kmr}obl ge`m| ogb~ nhkvcm| kbpmrgbc jbrmeb b`bewb }bvbebcgp ~mlgeaab kmr}obl prbe~kg~g ~mrbp hvpgn `be kmealb~gcjbe `g~prgo}~gjmkobcg kh`bc vhqmr vb`b ~mrbp ~mrbp k}cpgkh`m%

Vmemcgpgbe `be vmeamkobeabe `gcbj}jbe `meabe mkvbp cbeajbl }pbkb wbgp}

g% Vmkgcglbe `be jbrbjpmrg~gpgj kbpmrgbc( oblbe jgkgb ~me~gpgym ~mvmrpgVhcgbegcgem `be Vhcgvwrrhcm%

Hrabegj vhcgkmr ~mvmrpg Vhcwvwrrhcm# Vhcwbegcgem# Vhcwvplghvlmem# Vhcwge`hcm~#Vhcwbnmpwcmem~ kmkgcgjg jmkbkv}be }egj }ep}j kme}ed}jjbe vmr}oblbe rmymr~gocmvb`b rm~g~pme~g mcmjprgjbcewb `be ~gibp hvpgjbc jmpgjb `gvbvbrjbe vb`b }bv omrbn}epmrpmep}% Vhcgkmr wbea `bvbp omrjhe`}j~g geg k}`bl `g~gbvjbe `be kme}ed}jjbe~pbogcgpb~ wbea ~mkv}reb `be jgempgjb vmewmrbvbe wbea rmymr~gocm `be ~beabp nmvbp%Vhcgkmr geg kmebrgj vmrlbpgbe vb`b vmeaa}ebbe }ep}j `bmrbl vmkbepb}be ab~%

Vhcwbegcgem `bvbp `gbjpgijbe ohcbj+obcgj `brg jmb`bbe g~hcb~g jm jmb`bbe jhe`}j~g`meabe `hvgea cbr}pbe bpb} }bv LNc `be `m+ hvgea cbr}pbe bpb} }bv bkkheg}klg`rhj~g`b% Vmr}oblbe geg `g~mrpbg `meabe vmr}oblbe ~gibp hvpgj% Jbrmeb gp}# vhcwbegcgem

`ga}ebjbe ~mobabg ~mrbp ncb``gea vme`mpmj~g }bv LNc `be EL>% Jmpmobcbe cbvg~be066ek# kmeaa}ebjbe ge+~gp} `mvh~g~g# `ga}ebjbe `bcbk bvcgjb~g vmemcgpgbe geg%Vhcwvwrrhcm# ~pr}jp}r wbea kmr}vbjbe lmpmrhbrhkbpgn ngenge kmeabe`}ea bphkegprhame# `g~gepm~g~ `brg khehkmr Vgrhcb hcml hj~g`b~g rgeabe# `meabe kmeaa}ebjbepmjegj jgkgb bpb} mcmjprhjgkgb# ~mpmcbl hj~g`b~g khehkmr vhcgkmr ~hcg` lgpbk`gme`bvjbe `brg cbr}pbe% Jmpmobcbe igck `bcbk hr`m 2+2#= k# `meabe kmeaa}ebjbe `mvh~g~g ge+~gp}# `gvmrhcml }ep}j bvcgjb~g geg%Vmr}oblbe _m~g~pgygpb~ Igck pgvg~ vhcwvwrhccm wbea pmrmj~vh~ vb`b @KKV kmewgrbpjbevmr}oblbe ge`mj~ ogb~ `brg vhcwvwrrhcm% Vmr}oblbe vb`b ge`mj~ ogb~ `be bo~hrobe~gncb``gea kmewmobojbe vmr}oblbe `bcbk vrhvbab~g nblbwb kmcbc}g }e~}rvmeage`mrbbe(mcmkme ~me~gea wbea kmealb~gcjbe kh`}cb~g gepme~gpb~ hvpgj% Vmr}oblbe^gibp hvpgj igck vhcgkmr `g~mobojbe vmr}oblbe `bcbk d}kcbl om~br jhe`}jpgygpb~ `be

~gibp bo~hrobe~g%

gg% @m~bge `brg mcmkmep vmrbob(~me~gea ~mrbp hvpgn

Ge`mj ogb~ kmr}v}jbe j}bepgpb~ jhkvmj `meabe jmpmep}be

nhkvcm| ;rmbc * gjnhkvcm| b`bcbl ge`mj~ ogb~ nhkvcmj brg kbpmrgbea # rmbc b`bcbl obagbe ewbpb `brg ge`mjogb~# j b`bcbl obagbe gkbdgemr wbea omrl}o}eabe `meabe bo~hrobe~g kbpmrgbc

^mpgbv vmr}oblbe vb`b ge`mj~ ogb~ ewbpb bpb} bo~hrobe~g kbpmrgbc pmrdb`g jbrmeb

b`bewb vmr}oblbe bebcgpg wbea kmr}obl ~gibp prbe~kg~g ~mrbp hvpgj%

Pmr`bvbp pgab hvmrb~g kh`m~ wbea omrom`b `brg ~me~hr pmrabep}ea vb`b ge`mj~ ogb~ncb``gea , knc '# wbgp} oblbe jmkh jrhkgj# rmcbpgi pmrlb`bv ge`mj~ ogb~ gepg ,nhrm' `bege`mj~ ogb~ ncb``gea b~cg ,ENC' wbgp} 4

b4 Hvmrb~g vb`b vrge~gv+vrge~gv kh`m mybem~nmep ,ENC ; knc 3 nh'Vb`b hvmrb~g geg# ge`mj~ ogb~ `brg ncb``gea wbea `gkh`gigjb~g ~mr}vb `meabe ncb``geab~cg# ~mlgeaab jhe`g~g qbym+a}g`gea pg`bj kmr}obl `bmrbl wbea `gkh`gigjb~g `be nblbwb



8/17

wbea kmcbc}g ~mrbp kmkv}ewbg vrhigc gepme~gpb~ Ab}~~gbe wbea ~mr}vb% Pmr`bvbp`bmrbl vmemprb~g mybem~nmep vb`b `bmrbl wbea `gkh`gigjb~g% ^mpgbv vmr}oblbe vb`bbo~hrobe~g kbpmrgbc bjbe kmealb~gcjbe bo~hrv~g mybem~nmep wbea bjbe kmkgn}kh`}cb~g gepme~gpb~%

o4 Hvmrb~g vb`b vrge~gv+vrge~gv kh`}~ ohnhr(cmbjw kh`m , knc 5 nh 5 nc 'Jhe`g~g geg pg`bj kmk}b~jbe phpbc ogb~ gepmrebc vb`b gepmribnm bepbrb gepg `be ncb``gea

wbea `gkh`gigjb~g# jbrmebewb kh`m~ a}g`m` bjbe `gr}obl kmedb`g kh`m~ cmbjw vb`b`bmrbl wbea `gkh`gigjb~g% Obpb~ obpb~ bepbrb }`brb `be ncb``gea wbea `gkh`gigjb~g`bvbp kme`}j}ea phpbc rmicmj~g gepmrebc `be omomrbvb nblbwb bjbe kmkvrhvbab~g vb`bncb``gea wbea `gkh gigjb~g `be omomrbvb `grmicmj~gjbe jmkobcg jm gepg ~mrbp% ^mpgbvvmr}oblbe vb`b ge`mj~ rmirbj~g nhkvcm| `brg ncb``gea wbea `gkh`gigjb~g jbrmeb bebcgpm`bvbp kmr}obl jhe`g~g prbe~kg~g qbyma}g`m `be kmealb~gcjbe vmro}blbe gepme~gpb~%

n4 Hvmrb~g vb`b vrge~gv kh`m jmohnhrbe ~mobagbe(vbrpgbc cmbjw ,enc 3 eknc 3enh'@bcbk lbc geg ~me~hr omrhvmrb~g `bcbk kh`}~ ohnhr vbr~gbc wbgp} ~}`}p jrgpg~ vb`b`bmrbl wbea `gkh`igjb~g cmogl pgeaag `brgvb`b ~}`}p jrgpgjbc }ep}j ~mrbp# ~mlgeaabomomrbvb hr`m(}r}pbe kh`}~ wbea cmogl pgeaag bjbe ohnhr kmcbc}g ncb``gea wbea `g}obl`be }r}pbe kh`}~ wbea cmogl rme`bl bjbe pmr}~ omri}ea~g ~mobabg a}g`m kh`m% ^mpgbvvmr}oblbe `bcbk obagbe ewbpb bpb} obagbe jhkvcmj~ ,bo~hrobe~g' `brg ge`mj~ ogb~`bvbp kmeabjgobpjbe vmr}oblbe wbea gepme~gpb~ wbea `gprbe~kg~gjbe %

ggg% Jbrbjpmrg~pgj ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgn be hvpgkg~b~g

_m~vhe~ ~me~hr pmrlb`bv }bv jgkgb

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9/17

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10/17

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11/17

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12/17

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13/17


14/17

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Omcgb} d}ab ~mobabg Vmr~hebc Geym~pgabphr }ep}j obewbj vrhdmj ge`}~prw }ep}jjbcbeabe vmr}~blbbe # `gbepbrbewb plm @byg` ^brehii _m~mbrnl Nmepmr ,ihrkbccw _NB'#Amemrbc Mcmnprgn# Amemrbc Khphr~# ^kgpl `be Emvlmq _gnlbr`~# Gen%# be` Ygnjmr~# Gen% @r% Mc+^lmrgi lb~ ~mrym` b~ Vrhdmnp @grmnphr }ep}j omomrbvb vrhdmj jhcbohrb~g gepmreb~ghebc`meabe Dbvbe# Nlgeb# Irbenm# Amrkbew# Mawvp# `be Orbtgc%

Omcgb} pmcbl kme}cg~ cmogl `brg 266 v}ocgjb~g }ep}j ~mrbp hvpgn `be ~kbrp kbpmrgbc~`be ~pr}np}rm~# kmkogkogea Vl%@% `be K%^ plm~m~ vb`b igomr hvpgn~ `be ~kbrp kbpmrgbc~`be ~pr}np}rm~# `be ~mobabg vbegpgb `brg obewbj kblb~g~qb Vl%@% be` K%^ meagemmrgea%



15/17

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Cbkvgrbe Bo~prbj Vmemcgpg Ge`hem~gbXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

]e`mrarb`}bpm Plm~m~ irhk DOVPGPOPI ( ?661+6>+20

Hcml 4 O]^PBE]^ ^BCBPGE#Vrharbk ^p}`g Pmjegj Ig~gjb Ge~pgp}p Pmjehchag Obe`}ea# Ge`hem~gbD}`}c 4^ME^H_ PMKVM_BP]_ @MEABE CMEAJ]EABE ^M_BP HVPGJWBEA @GO]EAJ]^@BCBK OBLBE VB@BP_geajb~be# Bo~prbj# Gepg~brg

@bcbk p}ab~ bjlgrewb `ggeagejbe }ep}j kmko}bp ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj `bcbk omep}j~mkbnbk vrhom% K}cb+k}cb ~mrbp hvpgj omr gbkmpmr 2?6 v%k `gcmeaj}eajbe `bcbk~mpmeabl cgeajbrbe `meabe dbrg dbrg jmcmeaj}eabe ? kk `be 0 kk% Jmk}`gbe obagbecmeaj}eabe `gobjbr }ep}j kmealgcbeajbe ~mc}o}eaewb# ~mlgeaab wbea pmr~g~b gepgewb%^mpmcbl gp}# ~m`gjgp nbgrbe rm~ge vhcwm~pmr `gp}beajbe vb`b ~mcmkobr bcb~% Nbgrbe `gnbkv}r`meabe ~bp} + `}b phpm~ kmpgc jmphem vmrhj~g`b# cbc} `gb`}j babr kmrbpb% Jmk}`gbe ~mrbp

hvpgj wbea pmcbl `glgcbeajbe gepgewb# `gnmc}vjbe jm `bcbk nbkv}rbe , rm~ge vhcwm~pmr`meabe kmpgc jmphem vmrhj~g`b '% ^mpmcbl pgab v}c}l kmegp# nbkv}rbe bjbe kmeamrb~%@meabe `mkgjgbe `g`bvbpjbe cmeaj}eabe ~mrbp hvpgj wbea `go}eaj}~ `bcbk vb`bpbe%Oblbe vb`bp geg `ga}ebjbe ~mobabg abepg ~mc}o}ea ~mrbp hvpgj% @bwb `brg ~}komr nblbwbwbea kmrbkobp `bcbk ~mrbp hvpgj ~beabp pmrabep}ea vb`b vmrom`bbe ge`mj~ ogb~ bepbrbgepg `be ~mc}o}ea% ge`mj~ ogb~ ~}bp} oblbe vhcgkmr `gvmeabr}lg hcml pmkvmrbp}r# kbjb`bwb nblbwb wbea `grbkobpjbe ~mrbp hvpgj d}ab `gvmeabr}lg hcml pmkvmrbp}r% ^me~hr`gnmc}vjbe jm `bcbk bgr `g amcb~ jgkgb 2666 kc omr~bkb vmkbeb~ >=6 Q }ep}j kmebgjjbepmkvmrbp}r% ]ep}j kme}r}ejbe pmkvmrbp}r `ga}ebjbe o}pgrbe m~ obp}% Pmrkhkmpmr bgrrbj~b `ga}ebjbe }ep}j kmeabkbpg pmkvmrbp}r bgr% Nblbwb cb~mr Lm+Em `gkb~}jjbe jm~mrbp hvpgj `be jmc}brbekwb `g`mpmj~g hcml ihph`mpmjphr K_@ =66# jmk}`gbe pmabeabekmeabcbkg vmea}bpbe mcmjprhegj ~momc}re `gobnb vb`b k}cpgkmpmr `gagpbc ^beqb%Vmea}j}rbe `gcbj}jbe bepbrb pmkvmrbp}r 0/N `be 96N% Dgjb ~}l} `gebgjjbe gepme~gpb~nblbwb omrj}rbea `be kme}ed}jjbe amdbcb lg~pmrm~g~ `be ~me~gpgygpb~ wbea omrom`b vb`bpmkvmrbp}r wbea omrom`b% ]ep}j dbrg dbrg jmcmeaj}eabe ~mrbp hvpgj ? kk `bwb nblbwbomrj}rbea ~mom~br 0#>7 `O% Cep}j dbrg+dbrg jmcmeaj}eabe ~mrbp hvpgj 0 e}e `bwb nblbwbomrj}rbea ~mom~br 6% o> `O% @g~bkvgea gp} `gcbj}jbe vmrlgp}eabe vmr}oblbe bvmrp}re}kmrgj ~mrbp hvpgj ~mnbrb pmhrgpg~ , gpgedb} lbewb ~gebr kmrg ghebc'# `meabekmkvmrjgrbjbe dmeg~ oblbe gepg `be ~mc}o}ea jmk}`gbe kmcglbp ~gibpewb `bcbk cgpmrbp}r`be kmea}j}r ge`mj~ ogb~ oblbe vb`bp wbea go}bp% Bepbrb lb~gc vmea}j}rbe pmkvmrbp}r`meabe ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj `be vmrlgp}eabe pmhrgpg~ }ep}j _; ? kk `g`bvbpjbe jm~bcblbe

Pgegmr ~mom~br 26#> !h be }ep}j _; 0 kk ~mom~br ?2#< 6#6XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

@g~mrpb~g # Pmrogp pbl}e ?661Hcml 4 Bjlgr}`ge Kb``} # Vrhkhphr 4 Lbk`beg Tbge# ^brg ^%Ibj}cpb~ Pmjegj Vrhabrk ^p}`g Hvph+Mcmjprhegjb `be Bvcgjb~g Cb~mr# ]egymr~gpb~ Ge`hem~gb#Ge`hem~g

D}`}c 4^gpg D}cbglb(6769=710?6(Vb~nb brdbeb Pmjehchag Oghkm`g~ ]G Lbc%2=


16/17

Vmeamkobeabe ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj `meabe ncb``gea pmrkh gigjb~gvhcgbegcge ebeh~pr}jp}r }ep}j kme`mpmj~g omomrbvb }bv jgkgb

_geajb~be# Bo~prbj# Gepg~brg

Vmemcgpgbe geg `gjmkobeajbe ~g~pmk ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj `meabe ncb``gea pmrkh`gigjb~gcbvg~be vhcgbegcge ebeh~pr}jp}r ,ebeh~mrbp' }ep}j kme`mpmj~g }bv+}bv jgkgb# kmcgv}pg }bvbkhegb ,EL>'# b~bk jchrg`b ,LNc'# kmpbehc ,NL>HL'# `be }bv b~mphe% ^me~hr ~mrbp hvpgjwbea `gjmkobeajbe `g`b~brjbe vb`b kh`}cb~g gepme~gpb~ nblbwb wbea pmrvrhvbab~g `g`bcbk ~mrbp hvpgj bjgobp vmr}oblbe ~gibp hvpgj ,ge`mj~ ogb~ bpb} ~vmjpr}k bo~hrv~g'ncb``gea kh`gigjb~g jmpgjb omrgepmrbj~g `meabe }bv+}bv jgkgb wbea `g`mpmj~g% Vhcgbegcgeebeh~pr}jp}r ,ebeh~mrbp' `g~gepm~g~ `meabe kmph`m vhcgkmrg~b~g bepbrk}jb ,gepmribngbc'~g~pgk `}b ib~b cbr}pbe hrabegj(bgr ,b}mh}~' `be `glb~gcjbe vhcgbegcge `bcbk omep}jpmrvrhpheb~g bpb} pmr`hvgea ,mkmrbc`gem ~bcp'% Khrihchag vhcgbegcge `g}dg `meabe kgjrh~jhvmcmjprhe ,^MK'# `gvmrhcml khrihchag vhcgbegcge ebeh~pr}jp}r omromep}j ebeh~mrbp `meabe`gbkmpmr omomrbvb v}c}l ebehkmpmr% ^bkvmc vhcgbegcge d}ab `g}dg jrg~pbcharbig `meabe`girbj~g ~gebr+\ ,\_@' `be }dg ~vmjprh~jhvg IPG_ wbea kmeage`gjb~gjbe vhcgbegcge wbeapmromep}j b`bcbl mkmrbc gem ~bcp% ]dg ~gibp hvpgj `meabe ~vmjprhihphkmpmr Yg~+EG_

kmkvmrcglbpjbe jbrbjpmrg~pgj ~vmjprb ~vm~gigj cbvg~be vhcgbegcge `be omr}obl jmpgjb `gomrgvmrcbj}be }bv+}bv jgkgb ,bkhegb# kmpbehc# b~mphe `be LNc'% Vhcgbegcge ebeh~pr}jp}r`gpmrbvjbe ~mobabg ncb``gea kh`gigjb~g vb`b ~mrbp hvpgj vcb~pgj ~mobabg ncb``gea ~me~gpgi%Vrhom ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj `g}dg jbrbjpmrg~pgj rm~vheewb pmrlb`bv vmrcbj}be omomrbvb }bvjgkgb ,bkhegb# LNc# kmpbehc# b~mphe'% _m~vhe `gebkgj ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj omr}vb j}ryb~gjc}~ wbea pmr`grg `brg obagbe rm~vhe `be obagbe vmk}cglbe ,rmnhymrw'#wbgp} vmr}oblbeegcbg prbe~kg~g gepme~gpb~ nblbwb wbea kmcmqbpg ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj pmrlb`bv qbjp}% @brgj}ryb rm~vhe `gpmep}jbe qbjp} rm~vhe `be qbjp} vmk}cglbe Vmeamkobeabe ~me~hr d}ab`gjmpbl}g jmkbkv}be obcgj ,rmymr~gogcgpw' `be jmkbkv}be vmea}cbeabe ,rmvmbpbogcgpw'%Qbjp} rm~vhe ~me~hr }ep}j ~mk}b }bv wbea `g}dgjbe n}j}v ~geajbp# wbgp} }ep}j }bvbkhegb# }bv b~mpe `be }bv LNc `meabe qbjp} ~mjgpbr ?6 `mpgj# ~m`beajbe }ep}j }bvkmpbehc cmogl cbkb wbgp} ~mjgpbr 96 `mpgj% ^mobcgjewb# qbjp} vmk}cglbe ,rmnhymrw pgkm'

}ep}j }bv bkhegb ~mjgpbr =6 `mpgj cmogl cbkb `brg vb`b }ep}j }bv kmpbehc ,>6 `mpgj'# }bvb~mpe ,26 `mpgj' `be }bv LNc ,>6 `mpgj'% @brg j}ryb ~gjc}~ rm~vhe kmkvmrcglbpjbejmkbkv}be obcgj ,rmymr~gogcgpb~' ~me~hr wbea n}j}v obgj# jl}~}~ewb }ep}j rm~vhe }bvbkhegb# }bv ~bmpe `be }bv LNc% Kb~gea+kb~gea ~gjc}~ pg`bj kmkvmrcglbpjbe vmr}oblbeomep}j wbea omrbrpg% _m~vhe~gygpb~ ~me~hr pmrlb`bv }bv jgkgb kmkvmrcglbpjbe egcbg wbeaomrom`b }ep}j kb~gea+kb~gea }bv% _m~vhe~gygpb~ pmrom~br `gvmrhcml }ep}j }bv bkhegb,2#0 -(`mpgj'# `ggj}pg }bv b~mphe ,2#?=-(`mpgj'# }bv kmpbehc ,6#< -(`mpgj'# `be vbcgea jmngcb`bcbl }ep}j }bv LNc ,6#6=-(`mpgj'% ^me~hr ~mrbp hvpgj wbea `grbenbea d}ab `bvbpkmrm~vhe ybrgb~g pmjbebe }bv+}bv jgkgb wbea `g}dg `meabe obpb~ ,cgkgp' `mpmj~g kb~gea+kb~gea# lgeaab pmjbebe omomrbvb v}c}l kkLa# wbgp} 0= kkLa }ep}j }bv bkhegb `beLNc# 26 kkLa }ep}j }bv kmpbehc `be }bv b~mphe% _m~vhe ~me~hr d}ab kmkvmrcglbpjbel}o}eabe chabrgpkgj bepbrb gepme~gpb~ prbe~kg~g pmrlb`bv pmjbebe }bv+}bv jgkgb wbea

`g}dg `meabe cgembrgpb~ wbea n}j}v obgj% ^me~gpgygpb~ ~me~hr }ep}j kb~gea+kb~gea }bvkme}ed}jjbe egcbg wbea omrom`b% ^me~gpgygpb~ vbcgea obgj `gvmrcglbpjbe hcml ~me~hr }bvkmpbehc ,6#91 -(kkLa'# `g~}~}c ~me~hr }bv b~mphe ,6#>> -(kkLa'# }bv bkhegb ,6#?6-(kkLa }ep}j C;? nk `be 6#??-(kkLa }ep}j C;> nk'# `be }bv LNc ,6#2= -(kkLa'%

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Kbjbcbl Pmjehchag# Pmrogp Bvrgc pbl}e ?669Hcml 4 Bjlgr}`ge Kb``}# Vmkogkogea4 J}e Kh`dblg`ge# ^br ^br`w# Lbk`beg Tbge



17/17

Ibj}cpb~ Pmjegj Vrharbk ^p}`g Hvph+Mcmjprhegjb `be Bvcgjb~g Cb~mr# ]egymr~gpb~ Ge`hem~gb#Ge`hem~gb

D}`}c 4

Vmeamkobeabe vrhom jmcmkobobe ~mrbp hvpgj `meabe ncb``gea amcbpge

_geajb~be# Bo~prbj# Gepg~brg

Pmcbl `gjmkobeajbe vrhom ~me~hr jmcmkobobe kmeaa}ebjbe ~mrbp hvpgj `meabe ncb``geaamcbpge% Vb`b vrhom ~me~hr jmcmkobobe geg# ncb``gea b~cg ~mrbp hvpgj `gabepg `meabe cbvg~beamcbpge ~mobabg ncb``gea ~me~gpgi jmcmkobobe% ]ep}j kmea}dg rm~vhe ~me~hr ~mrbp hvpgjwbea `go}bp# `gcbj}jbe vmea}j}rbe gepme~gpb~ nblbwb wbea `gprbe~kg~gjbe vb`b vrhom~mrbp hvpgj }ep}j ~mpgbv ybrgb~g vmrcbj}be jmcmkobobe omrom`b% _m~vhe vrhom ~me~hr~mrbp hvpgj geg `g}j}r `brg jmcmkobobe 0?- lgeaab 77- _L# lb~gcewb kmkvmrcglbpjbej}ryb prbe~kg~g hvpgj omrobybrgb~g pmrlb`bv egcbg jmcmkobobe rmcbpgi ,_L'% Prbe~kg~g hvpgj`g `bcbk vrhom ~mrbp hvpgj kmegeajbp pmrlb`bv jmebgjbe egcbg _L vb`b ~}bp} rmepbeavbedbea amchkobea ~vm~gigj# wbgp} vb`b ~vmjpr}k vgpb lgdb} lgeaab kmrbl ,=66 ek + 166ek'# `meabe ybrgb~g ~gaegigjbe vb`b rmepbea 966 ek ~bkvbg 9=6 ek bpb} `bcbk vgpb~vmjpr}k j}egea lgeaab kmrbl% Vbedbea amchkobea `gkbeb gepme~gpb~ kbj~gk}k

prbe~kg~g hvpgj pmrdb`g vb`b vbedbea amchkobea 926 ek% @meabe `mkgjgbe# vrhom ~me~hrjmcmkobobe ~mrbp hvpgj geg `bvbp kmrm~vhe jmcmkobobe `brg 0? -_ lgeaab 77-L `meaberm~vhe pmrobgj vb`b rmepbea jmcmkobobe 96-_L lgeaab 1?-_ wbea kmkgcgjg cgegmrgpb~`be ~me~gpgigpb~ wbea n}j}v obgj%


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