Lynnong-I

LYNNONG - 1

KA MAITPHANG

Ka Litereshor Khasi ha ka dur ka thoh ka pule, ka wan mih paw pyrthei

hadien ka jingwan jong ki mishoneri ka niam Khristan na ri Wales sha Ri

Khasi ha u snem 1841. Shuwa kane, ki mishoneri jong ka Baptist Mission na

Serampore hapoh ka jingpyni'aid u Sahep William Carey ki la phah i'a u

Alexander Lish, u mishoneri banyngkong eh jong kane ka mission ban wan

sha ri Khasi, bad u la wan shong ha Sohra ban pymar la ka lyngkha trei jong

ka mission. Ha kata ka por ka la don ka jingpyrshang ban hikai i'a ki Khasi

ban thoh bad pule da kaba pyndonkam Ta ki dak-thoh Bengali na ka bynta ka

ktien Khasi. Hynrei ka jingtrei jong kane ka mission kam shym la neh slem.

Kumta dei ki mishoneri jong ka Balang Presbyterian na ri Wales kiba la long

u maw-khrum ha ka ban seng nongrim i'a ka thoh ka pule jong ki Khasi da ki

dak Roman bad kine ki la neh bad sah haduh mynta mynne.

Ha kane ka bynta yn ia peit khyndiat halor ka jingroi jong ka poitri Khasi

hapoh jong ka juk shuwa ka jinglaitluid jong ka Ri India (1888-1947). La

buh u mawmer ba sdang jong kane ka juk ha u snem 1888 namar la lap ba u

S.M. Amjad Ali u long uba nyngkong eh ban pynmih kot poitri ha ka ktien

Khasi ha une u snem lyngba ka kot kaba u la ai kyrteng ka Ka Myntoi lane

Ka Kot Boit. Ha kane ka kot poitri, u Amjad Ali u la thoh haduh khatphra

tylli ki poim kiba kren shaphang ki phang kiba iadei bad ka longbriew

manbriew ha ka imlang sahlang. U H.W. Sten u ong ba ki poim jong u

Amjad Ali ki dei kita kiba pynneh pynsah Ta ka jingiadei ha ka rukom thoh

ia ki poim barim jong ka juk Tathuh bad ka rukom thoh jong ka juk ba

thymmai.' Naduh utei u snem haduh u snem 1925 ngim shym i'ohi kot poitri

ei ei shuh ki ban mih pyrthei. Hapoh jong kine ki snem ngin lap shibun ki

poim ba la pynmih lyngba ki kot khubor ba la thoh da ki myllung bapher

bapher. Uwei na kita ki myllung dei u Morkha Joseph, uba la thoh nyngkong

eh i'a ka poitri shaphang u Sierlapalang. U Morkha Joseph u la thoh ruh

shibun ki poim kynthup ruh la ki jingpynkylla ktien (translation) na ki poitri

phareng. "U Sierlapalang" bad "U Jumai Bah Ha Ri Khasi" ki dei ki ar tylli

ki poim kiba kham paw kiba u la noh synniang sha ka poitri Khasi. Haba

phai sha kane ka poim "U Sierlapalang" jong u Morkha Joseph, la Tohi bad

lap ba une u myllung u la thoh la ka ha ka dur saw lain ha ka shi dkhot bad u

la pynmih nyngkong eh i'a ka ha ka kot khubor Khasi kaba kyrteng U

Nongkit Khubor ha u bnai Nohprah jong u snem 1891. Hadien ba u la thoh

i'a kane ka poim "U Sierlapalang" ba saw lain shi dkhot, u Morkha Joseph u

la nang pynjanai shuh shuh la kane ka poim da kaba u thoh la ka ha ka dur

shiphew lain kawei ka dkhot hynrei u la pynneh i'a kajuh ka kyrteng kata, "U

Sierlapalang". la baroh ki poim jong u kiba u la thoh, ha ki snem kiba

hadien, la lum la lang bad la pynbit pynbiang da u khun jong u, u Hilkaia

James Tham bad ha u snem 1967, u la pynmih pyrthei ia ki ha ka dur jong

ka kot, kaba u la ai kyrteng Ka Ryngkap Ne Ki Poetry Khasi. Kiwei pat ki

poim kiba hapoh kine ki snem ki long ki poim ba la thoh da kiwei de ki

myllung kiba ki la mih pyrthei ha ki kot khubor bapher bapher kum u R.S.

Berry, u Rash Mohon Roy, u L. Majaw. Ia kine ki poim la lum la lang bad la

pynmih pyrthei da ka Khasi Authors' Society ha ka kot kaba la ai kyrteng Na

Ka Thiar Ki Longshuwa bad kaba la pynmih ha u snem 1980.

1. H. W. Sten, Khasi Poetry: Origin & Development, Delhi, Shree Hari Printers, 1990, p. 126.

Ha u snem 1925 u Soso Tham u la pynmih la ka kot poitri banyngkong jong

u kaba u la ai kyrteng Ki Poetry Khasi. Ha kane ka thup poitri u myllung u

la pynrung katto katne tylli ki poim kiba u la thaw hi bad katto katne pat

kiba u la shu pynkylla sha ka ktien Khasi na ki poim phareng. U myllung

Soso Tham u la nang pynbha bad pynmih biang Ta kane ka kot ha u snem

1931. Dei ha u snem 1936 ba u myllung u la nang pynheh pynkhraw la ka da

kaba u bsut shuh shuh sa katto katne tylli ki poim ha ki rukom thoh bapher

bad u la pynkylla ruh la ka kyrteng jong ka sha Ka Duitara Ksiar Ne Ki

Poetry Khasi. Ha u snem 1930 pat u D.N.S. Wahlang u la pynmih la ka kot

poitri jong u kaba u ai kyrteng Ki Khasi Poem Ne Ki Sur Khasi. Ha kane ka

kot u myllung u la thoh shibun ki poim kiba don i'a ki jingsneng jingkraw

khamtam eh na ka bynta ki khynnah skul. Ha u snem 1933 la mih sa uwei

pat u myllung kata, u P.G. Gatphoh. Ha une u snem une u myllung u la

pynmih i'a ka kot jong u kaba kyrteng Sawdong Ka Lyngwiar Dpei. Ha kane

ka kot kiba bun hi na ki jingthoh jong u P.G. Gatphoh ki dei hi ki khana

lyngkot hynrei u la pynrung ruh lai tylli ki poim ha ka. Ki kyrteng jong kita

ki poim ki long, "Ka Sohlyngngem," "Ka Per Tyrso" bad "Ka Meirilung."

Ha u snem 1936 u myllung Soso Tham da ka jingtrei radbah jong u ban

pynroi bad kyntiew ia ka poitri Khasi, u la pynmih sa Ta kawei ka thup poitri

ba kynsai jong u kaba u la ai kyrteng Ki Sngi Barim U Hynfiiew Trep. Ha ki

poim jong u ha kane ka kot, u myllung u la kren shaphang ka jingkylla ha ka

longbriew manbriew jong ka jaitbynriew Hynfiiew Trep naduh ka aiom jong

ka sotti juk haduh ka kuli juk. Ha une u juh u snem, u Bronath Thangkhiew

u la pynmih ia kawei ka kot poitri jong u kaba u ai kyrteng Ki 'Tienrwai

Khasi (Poetry Khasi). Ha ki katto katne tylli ki poim jong kane ka kot, u

myllung Bronath Thangkhiew u la tied tymem bad ktah matibng plak Ta ka

rukom im, ka i'aid ka ieng, ki jingleh jingkam bad ki jingsniew ba bun jait

kiba ki briew ha kito ki por ki la sdang ban pynmyllen i'a lade. la kane la lap

kum ha ki poim "Ka Kiad bad Ka Pyrthei u Mendih" "Ka Jingrwai U

Nongtem Duitara".

U P.G. Gatphoh sa shisien u la pynmih pyrthei sa la ka kot jong u kaba u la

ai kyrteng Ki Khanatang Bad U Sierlapalang ha u snem 1937. Ha kane ka

kot u P.G. Gatphoh u la pynrung i'a kawei ka poim jong u kaba kyrteng "U

Sierlapalang". U myllung ha kane ka poim u la wanrah Ta ka rukom thoh ba

thymmai ha ka poitri Khasi, la kaba u H.W. Sten u khot ka jait poitri

Romance-Allegory.^

Ha u snem 1937 u H. Elias u la pynmih i'a ka kot poitri jong u kaba kyrteng

Ka Pansngiat Ksiar Ki Saw Aiom. Kane ka kot ha kaba nyngkong ka

kynthup ia ki saw tylli ki bynta kata, "Hapneh ki par rupa par ksiar; u sieng

iwbih u 'tiew-lyngksiar", "Ha lyngwiar dpei u longshuwa", "Ka Saron

Ksiar" bad "Ha Kper ki 'Tiew-Rosiperi". Ha ki snem kiba hadien la shem ba

kitei ki lai tylli ki bynta kiba sha khmat u H. Elias u la weng noh na kane ka

kot bad kaba sah ha kane ka kot - Ka Pansngiat Ksiar Ki Saw Aiom, ka long

tang ka bynta "Ha Kper u 'Tiew-Rosiperi" kaba don 47 tylli ki poim bad ha

kane ka kot u la kynthup sa i'a kawei pat ka bynta "Ka Kper Lapongnai"

kaba don 34 tylli ki poim. Ia ki lai tylli ki bynta ba nyngkong pat kata,

(1) "Hapneh ki par rupa par ksiar; u sieng iwbih u 'tiew-lyngksiar", (2) "Ha

lyngwiar dpei u longshuwa" bad (3) "Ka Saron Ksiar", u la pynmih ha

2. H.W.Sten, Khasi Poetry: Origin & Development, p. 182.

kawei pat ka kot kaba u jer kyrteng Ka Hamsaia Ki Por, i'a kaba u la pynmih

hau snem 1963.

Ha u snem 1945 la iohi i'a ka jingmih pyrthei jong ar tylli ki poim. U R.S.

Lyngdoh u kynthoh ha ka kot jong u, Ka History Ka Thoh Ka Tar-II, ba la

sam paitbah la kawei ka poim kaba kyrteng "U Ngap Ri War Na Amerika"

ba la thoh da u Critic ha ka 11 tarik u Naiwieng 1945. Kane ka poim ka dei

ka jingkynthah mati'ong i'a u J.J. M. Nichols Roy bad la ka "Federated" jong

u. Imat la thoh ia kane ka poim da ki rangbah jong ka kynhun "Federation".

Ha ka 12 tarik u Nohprah 1945 pat la sam paitbah i'a kawei pat ka poim kaba

kyrteng "U Dkhi Kynthah Na Ri Khasi" ba la thoh da u Counter Critic. Imat

Ta kane ka poim la thoh da ki rangbah na ka kynhun "Federated", namar ba

kane ka poim ka pynksan la ka nongrim ba la i'eng da u J.J.M. Nichols Roy

bad kane ka poim ka kynthah mati'ong kylla 'la ki rangbah jong ka

"Federation" . La shon biang 'la kine baroh ar tylli ki poim ha ka kot Na Ka

Thiar Ki Longshuwa ba la pynmih da ka Khasi Authors' Society ha u snem

1980. Kine ki poim ki kup ki phong i'a ka rukom thoh poitri thymmai ha ka

thoh ka tar ia kaba la tip kum ki poitri kynthah briew ne ka Sataiar. Ym lah

ruh ban len ba ka jingroi jingsan jong ka poitri Khasi ka la sdang na ki

jingpynkylla ktien, da ki mishoneri 'ia ki poitri niam bad kiwei de ki jait

poitri. Ha kane ka bynta la kynthoh lyngkot tang halor ki poitri ki bym dei ki

jingpynkylla ktien bad ruh 'i'a kiba la pynmih ha ka kot.

La pyni haneng kumno ka poitri Khasi ka la 'ioh ka jaka ba snah bha bad ka

kyndan ba i don jingkyrmen ha kaba iadei bad ka jingroi jingsan jong ka ha

3. Rollingstone Warikhar, Ki Phang Bad Ki Buit-T/taw Ba Kongsan Ha Ki Poim U H. Elias, Unpublished M. Phil Dissertation submitted to the North Eastern Hill University, 2002, pp. 10-11.

4. Contemporary Khasi Authors' Association, UMawmer Ka Khasi Litereshor, Shillong, Bluebell Printers, 2004, p. 6.

ka litereshor Khasi. Shuwa jong kane ka juk, ki Khasi ki la don lypa la la ka

jong ka litereshor kaba riewspah bha, ia kaba ym shym la buh jingthoh ha ki

kot hynrei ba la tynsat ha ka jabieng baproh jong ki longshuwa manshuwa

bad kaba la shu iathuh na kawei ka pateng bynriew sha kawei pat. Ha ka

liang ka poitri, ka jaitbynriew ka don Ta ki phawar ba bun rukom, ki syrwet

ka sawangka (drama) ki paw ha ki jingleh niam kum ki jingleh niam kiba

iasnoh bad ka 'Thep Mawbah', ka rukom poikha poiman.^ Ha ka liang ka

parom mutdur (fiction) ki don ki puriskam ki purinam bad kiwei de. Kine

baroh ki long ki bynta jong ka litereshor kren (oral literature).

Ka litereshor kren ka long kawei na ki tnat kiba khlaiii bha ha ka jingpule ia

ka Nongkynti Jingstad (Folklore) bad ka long ruh ka bynta kaba la suhthied

bha ha ka jaitbynriew Khasi. Kumta kane ka lyngkha pule ka don ka bynta

kaba khraw ha kaba pynriewspah i'a ka litereshor Khasi kaba paw ha kaba

thoh. Ha kane ka wad-bniah (research) la tyrwa jingmut ban khot kyrteng ia

ka 'Folklore' da ka "Nongkynti Jingstad". Lada ka jingmut jong ka kyntien

'Folklore' ha ka ktien Phareng ka thew Ta ka jingmut kaba kham palat ban i'a

ka 'folk' bad 'lore' kumba la pyndonkam i'a ka mynta. Kumta la tyrwa ha ka

ktien Khasi la ka kyntien "Nongkynti Jingstad" kaba thew la ka jingstad, ka

jingngeit, ki jinghikai kiba kyrpang bad barim kiba la hiar pateng na ka

mynnor bad kito kiba ka kynhun jaitbynriew ki Ta Toh bynta lang ha kane ka

por ba mynta. Haba phai sha kane ka bynta la lap ba bun ki myllung Khasi

ki la Toh ban kjit jingmut na kine ki bynta jong ka Nongkynti Jingstad ha ki

poim jong ki. Kane ka paw tyngkrein khamtam ha ki poim jong ki myllung

ka juk shuwa ka jinglaitluid ka ri India (Pre-Independence Period). Ka

jingthmu ba kongsan jong kane ka wad-bniah ka long ban tai bad bishar sani

5. Bevan L. Swer, NaPneh KaRynsan, T' Edition, Shillong, Ibani Press, 1994, pp, 4ff.

bha la ki ar tylli ki snap ka Nongkynti Jingstad kumba ki paw ha ki poim

jong ki myllung jong ka juk shuwa ka jinglaitluid ka ri India, kata naduh u

snem 1888 haduh u snem 1947. Kine ar tylli ki long ki khanatang (myths)

bad ki khana-pateng (legends).

Namar ka jingthmu jong kane ka wad-bniah ka long ban bishar halor kitei ki

bynta ne ki snap ka Nongkynti Jingstad ha ka poitri Khasi, sngew donkam

ban kdew lyngkot halor ka jingmut jong ka kyntien "Nongkynti Jingstad"

bad ruh halor kitei ar tylli ki bynta jong ka.

Ka Nongkynti Jingstad ka dei kaei kaei kaba la rim bha kaba don ha kano

kano ka kynhun bynriew. U Jawaharlal Handoo uwei na ki riewstad jong

kane ka lyngkha pule u ong ba lehse ka Nongkynti Jingstad ka long kaba la

rim kat ka rta hi jong ka kynhun bynriew ha ka pyrthei. Ha ri England la ju

tip teng ia ka kum ka 'Popular Antiquities' lane ka 'Popular Literature'

hynrei kiba bun ki nongwad bniah ki la sngew donkam ban pynwandur ia

kane ka lyngkha pule tang da kawei ka kyntien ban 'ia pyndonkam paitbah.

Kumta la ai da ka kyntien 'Folklore' kumba la thoh nyngkong la ka ha ka

The Anthenaeum ha ka 22 tarik u Nailar 1846. Kane ka kyntien thynunai

'Folklore' ka wan mih paw pyrthei ha kaba la pyndonkam nyngkong eh la

ka ha utei u snem da u William Thoms. La loh ia ka kyntien 'folklore' da

kaba pyni'asnoh lang i'a ki ar tylli ki kyntien kata, 'folk' bad 'lore'. U

N.Vijaya u la wanrah i'a ka jingbatai kaba shai bha halor kajingkit jingmut

kaba jylliew bad ka phang kaba i'ar jong ka Nongkynti Jingstad bad da kaba

u pynshong nongrim halor ki jingthoh jong u Richards M. Dorson, uba la

wanrah la ki jingmut tynrai ba la Tit bniah biang (revised concept) bad ban

kit i'a ka jingmut ba pyndonkam ha ka juk mynta (modem concept). Da kaba

pynshong nongrim ha ka jingmut jong ki riewstad ba mynta, u N.Vijaya u

ong ba ka kyntien 'folk' ka lah ban kdew ia kano kano ka kynhun bynriew

kaba loh bynta lang la kumno kumno la kawei ka nongkynti, la ka long ha

ka trei ka ktah, ka ktien ka thylliej ne ka niam. Kaba kham donkam ka long

ba kata ka kynhun ka dei ban don ia la ka tynrai khnang ba ki dkhot jong ka

kin i'oh ban kam kynti kum la ka jong. Kata ka kynhun ka dei ban don ia ka

bor tipthuh ban pynithuh ia lade khlem da kheiil ia ka jingbun paid.

La ju pyndonkam la ka kyntien 'folk' ban thew ia ka kynhun bynriew ba

kyrpang bad ba im ha ka jaka ba ki hi ki shong ki sah. U Sankar Sen Gupta u

kynthoh ba ka kyntien 'folk' ka ieng na ka bynta ka jinglong bakyrpang bad

ka kolshor kaba kyrpang kaba ngi lah ban shem ha nongkyndong ne ha sor

kumjuh. Ha ka rukom pyrkhat jong ka juk barim, ka kyntien 'folk' ka thew

ia ki briew kiba dang sahdien bad ki bym pat nang pat stad kum ki briew

kiba im sha ki nongkyndong lane kum ban shu ong noh ki nongrep. U M.

Islam ha kaba iadei bad kane ka kyntien u batai ba ka kyntien 'folk' haba

shu shim kyllum ka thew ia ki riew-paitbah ki bym nang bym stad kum ki

nongrep, ki nongbylla sngi, ki riewlum, kito kiba dang sahdien. U ong ruh

ba ka la don ka por ha kaba ia ka jingmut jong ka kyntien 'folk' la pyniahab

bad kito ki briew kiba dang dum.^ Ka kyntien 'folk' kham bunsien ka thew

la kano kano ka kynhun bynriew kaba dang bat pyrkhing bha ia ki jinglong

tynrai jong ka ia kiba la saindur naduh ki longshuwa manshuwa jong ki. U P.

Goswami u batai ba ka kyntien 'folk' ka kynthup ia kito ki briew kiba dei ki

nongshong shnong, la ka long ha ki shnong rit, ki jaka sor bad wat ha ki

nongbah kiba shong kajuh ka jaka, kiba sngewthuh bad niew kor ia la ka

kolshor tynrai bad ka jinglong bakyrpang jong ka, kita ki long kiba ki la ioh

6. N. Vijaya, The Role Of Traditional Folk Media In Rural India, Delhi,1988, p. 13. 7. S.P. Arya, "Preface" in A Sociological Study of Folklore, Calcutta, Indian PubJication

1975. p. 4. 8. Mazharul Islam, Folklore: The Pulse of the People, New Delhi, 1980. p, 6.

pateng da kaba shu lathuh na kawei ka pateng sha kawei pat ym da kaba

pule na ki kot. Kita ki briew ki long kiba dang im ka jingim kaba kynjai bad

ba palei kumba long ki kpa tymmen jong ki. Ka jingim jong ki ka pher bak-

ly-bak haba la nujor bad ka jingim jong kito kiba la khot ki riewshai.

Na kitei ki jingbatai haneng la sngewthuh ba ka kyntien 'folk' kam da thew

eh tang Ta ka kynhun bynriew ne ki briew kiba dang im ka jingim kaba dang

sahdien hynrei ka kynthup lut la ki kynhun bynriew kiba shong ha kano

kano ka jaka ba kyrpang la ka long ha sor ne ha nongkyndong. Ka jingmut

tynrai jong kane ka kyntien kum ban shu shim jingmut na katei ki jingbatai

haneng ka long, ba kano kano ka kynhun bynriew kaba dang bat pyrkhing la

la ka jinglong kyrpang bad ka jinglong tynrai ha baroh ki Hang, kam pher la

ki briew jong kata ka kynhun ki shong ki sah ha sor ne nongkyndong bad

kam pher ruh la ki long ki ba nang ba stad ne ki bym nang bym stad.

Ka kyntien 'lore' pat ka thew 'la ka jingstad bad jingshemphang jong ka

kynhun bynriew kaba la hiar pateng la pateng naduh ki longshuwa jong ka,

ha kaba ki briew ki i'ai bat bad pyndonkam ia ki na ka por sha ka por. Ka

Oxford Dictionary & Thesaurus ka batai ba kane ka kyntien ka thew i'a ka

jingtip ba bniah i'a kiei kiei kiba rim ba la shim bad leh da kano kano ka

kynhun bynriew bathikna.'° Ka kyntien 'lore' ka kit ruh ha ka Ta ka jingmut

jong kita kiei kiei baroh ba la tip bad leh da ka kynhun bynriew kum, ki

jingleh niam leh rukom, ki jingngeit, ka trei ka ktah, ka synshar khadar, ka

khaii pateng, ki khana ba bun jait bad baroh ki jingleh jingkam jong ki, kaba

la hiar pateng ha ki kum ka kynhun bynriew. Kat kum ka Dictionary of

9. Praphulladatta Goswami, Ballads and Tales of Assam , Calcutta, P.B. Roy, Prabartak Printing & Halftone Private Ltd., 1960, pp. 9-10.

10. Julia Elliott (ed), Oxford Dictionary & Thesaurus, New York, Oxford University Press Inc., 2001.p.444.

English Folklore ka kyntien 'lore' ka kynthup la ki jingleh jingkam ba la

hiar pateng, ka jingngeit bad ka jinglong jingman jong ki dkhot ka kynhun

bynriew. Kane ka kyntien ka kynthup ruh ha ka nalor ki jingngeit tynrai, Ta

ki riti ki dustur, ki khana ba bun jait, ki jingrwai bad ki ktien tymmen kiba

lai sah thymmai la ka long hapdeng kito ki kynhun bynriew ba dang sahdien

bad ba dang lai tyngkai i'a ki lane da kito ki kynhun bynriew kiba la kham

shai ruh kumjuh." Kum ban shu shim kyllum, ka kyntien iore' ka dei ka

jingstad ne jingshemphang kaba la ibh nongkynti pateng la pateng ha kano

kano ka kynhun bynriew ha kane ka pyrthei. Ban shu bynrap Ta kaei ba la

kdew haneng; lada ka kyntien 'folk' ka thew Ta ki riew paitbah jong kano

kano ka kynhun bynriew, kumta ka kyntien 'lore' ka thew i'a kata ka jingstad

bad ka bor shemphang kaba don ha kata ka kynhun bynriew.

Hadien ba la ai ka jingbatai halor ki ar tylli ki kyntien 'folk' bad 'lore',

mynta pat yn peit ia ki katto katne ki jingbatai jong ki nongthoh bapher halor

ka jingmut jong ka kyntien "Nongkynti Jingstad" (folklore). U M. Islam u

batai Ya ka, ba ka dei kaba la pynlong da ka kynhun bynriew kaba la ibh

bynta lang ia ka jingialong kawei ha ka shong ka sah bad ka kolshor

kumjuh. Kam pher lada ki shong ha ki nongbah ne ki shnong rit hynrei i'a ki

jingleh jingkam, ka jingngeit, ka rukom im jong ki la ha ka ktien ka thylliej,

ka nongmei nongpa bad ka shong ka sah jong ki la pyniaid ryntih lang

kumjuh.'^ Lyngba ka Nongkynti Jingstad ngi ibhi i'a ka dur ba thikna jong

kano kano ka kynhun bynriew kumba ka long, bad ka long ka bynta kaba

kongsan tarn ha ka jingim jong u briew hi. U M. Islam u batai ruh i'a kane ka

lyngkha pule kum ka jingsain dur ia ka kynhun riewshai kaba shong ba sah

1 ]. Jacqueline Simpson & Steve Roud (ed), A Dictionary of English Folklore, New York, Oxford University Press Inc., 2000. Steve Roud p. 130.

12. Mazharul Islam, Folklore: The Pulse of the People, p. 6.

10

ha ka jaka ba kyrpang, kaba loh bynta lang kajuh ka ktien ka thylHej, ka

kolshor, ka lad ka lynti ban kamai ja kpoh, ha kaba i'a ka rukom im bad ka

nongpateng jong ki la teh song lang da ka jinglong ba kyrpang. U kdew

ruh ba ka Nongkynti Jingstad ka mih na ka bor pyrkhat bajanai jong ki briew

ban pynpaw *ia kita ki jingstad da kaba shu iathuh bad ruh lyngba ki jingleh

jingkam. Kine ki jingstad ki lah ban mih na ka kynhun bynriew hi ne na u

briew shimet bad kine ki hiar pateng da kaba shu iathuh na kawei ka pateng

bynriew sha kawei pat bad na kawei ka ri sha kawei pat ka ri. Ki bujli jaka

hapdeng kaba i'athuh bad kaba buh ha ki jingthoh.'"^

U I.M. Simon pat ha ka jingbatai jong u i'a ka Nongkynti Jingstad u ong ba

ka kdew la kaba kham palat ban Ta ka jinglum la ki khana parom bad ki

jingrwai tynrai. Ban sngewthuh shaphang kajinglong jingman jong ki briew,

donkam ban tip ia ka jingngeit, ki jingleh jingkam, ki ktien tymmen, ka

rukom pyrkhat halor jong ka jingim bad ruh kyllum la ka pyrthei, ha shnong

ha thaw bad ki rukom jingleh pateng jong ki.'^

Ka Nongkynti Jingstad ka dei ka thymmei jong kano kano ka jaitbynriew.

Haba ong ka thymmei, hangne ka mut ka rukom im bad ka jinglong

bakyrpang jong kata ka jaitbynriew, kaba dang lai sah bad Tai phymai katba

dang mih ki sngi ki por. U B.L.Swer uba la ngam jylliew bha ha kane ka

lyngkha pule, u la ai ka jingbatai kaba shai halor jong ka jingmut jong ka

kumne: "Ngi dei ban sngewthuh ba folklore kam mut eh tang i'a kiei kiei

kiba rim kiba la hiar pateng hynrei kumno kine ki kylla long kiba im ba kren

briew bad kiba dang kyndeh ha u klong snam jong kano kano ka jaitbynriew.

13. Ibid, p. 6. 14. Ibid, p. 6. 15. I, M. Simon, Khasi AndJaintia Tales And Beliefs, "Introduction" Gauhati, Lakhmi

Printing Press, 1966. P.3.

11

Haba ong da kumwei pat folklore ka thew la ka jingkyrpang ka kynhun-

bynriew bad kumno kita ki jinglong tynrai ki tei i'a kata ka jaitbynriew ha

kiba bun ki liang ki jong ka".'^ Ka Nongkynti Jingstad namarkata, ka dei ka

nongkynti bad ka thymmei jingstad ba la i'oh bynta lang da ki dkhot jong ka

kynhun bynriew. Ka Nongkynti Jingstad ym tang ba ka lathuh la ka bor

sngewthuh bad jingstad jong ka jaitbynriew hynrei ka pynithuh ruh la ka

jinglong bakyrpang jong ka.

Ka jingpule i'a ka lyngkha baiar jong ka Nongkynti Jingstad ka kynthup ruh

la ka jingim jong u briew baroh kawei kum ki jingleh niam leh rukom, ki

kam ki jingtrei, ki tamasa ba bun rukom, ki jait jingngeit, ki jingmut

jingpyrkhat bad kiwei de. Ka kren ruh i'a ka jingiadei u briew bad ki

sawdong sawkun jong ka mei mariang baroh kawei. U briew u dei u

jingthaw uba don ka jingiadei bajan bha bad ka mariang bad lyngba jong ka

u lah ban shem ki jait jingstad bapher kiba paw shynna bad kiba pyni ruh la

u briew kumba u long. U P. Goswami ha ka jingbatai jong u, u la ktah lut la

baroh ki bynta kiba ladei bad ka jingim u briew bad wat i'a ki bynta jong ka

mariang kiba u briew u iatyngkhuh man ka khep ha ka jingim jong u da kaba

u kynthoh ba ka Nongkynti Jingstad ka kynthup ha ka la ki jinghikai tynrai,

ki jingngeit, ki buit thaw ba bun rukom, ki riti ki dustur, ki jingiathuh khana

ki jingrwai bad ki ktien tymmen kiba ju i'ai pyndonkam na ka por sha ka por

da ki kynhun bynriew kiba dang sahdien Ta kaba la Tai tyngkai i'a ki da ki

briew ka juk ba mynta.'^ U ong ruh ba ka Nongkynti Jingstad ka kynthup la

ki rukom jingngeit bad jingshemphang halor ki sawdong sawkun jong ka

mariang, la i'a kiba don jingim ne ki bym don jingim kumjuh. Ka kynthup

16. B.L. Swer, Ka Mati'ong Ki Khanatang, Shillong, Sawlyer Printing Press, First Edition, 1995. P.2.

17. Praphulladatta Goswami, Ballads and Tales of Assam, p. 2.

12

ruh ha ka i'a ka jinglong jingman jong u briew bad kiei kiei kiba ma u hi u la

thaw, ka leh jadu myntor, ki ksuid bad ki puri, ki bor jadu, ki kuboit, ka bok

ka nusib, ka jingpang bad ka jingi'ap. Nangta ka kynthup ruh ia ki riti dustur

bad ka leh niam ka leh rukom ha ka kyntiew kurim, ka hiar pateng i'oh

pateng, ka jingiap bad ka rukom pynkhuid la ka met Yap, ka tamasa, ka i'aleh

thma, ka beh mrad, ka khwai dohkha, ka ri jingri, ka thung ka tep bad kiwei

de. Ka kynthup ruh la ki khanatang, ki khana-pateng, ki jingrwai, ki

jingshad, ki ktien tymmen, ki pharshi kyntip, ki jingrwai khynnah rit bad ki

jingleh pateng.'^ U S.P. Arya pat u batai ba ka kyntien Nongkynti Jingstad

ka thew *ia ka thup jingstad ba la i'oh kynti da ka kynhun bynriew ha ki bynta

baroh jong ka jingim jong ki. Kane ka kynthup ha ka ia ki jingngeit, ki

jingngeit tynneng, ki riti dustur, ki nongtymmen bad ka litereshor kren ba la

i'oh pateng na ki kpa tymmen kulong kumah.'^

Ka Nongkynti Jingstad namarkata, ka dei ka nongkynti, ka thymmei

longbriew bad ka thymmei jingstad jong kano kano ka kynhun bynriew ia

kaba la ioh pateng na ka mynnor. Ka Nongkynti Jingstad ym tang ba ka

iathuh i'a kata ka bor shemphang bad jingstad jong ka jaitbynriew ba ka don

hynrei ka pynithuh ruh ia ka jinglong bakyrpang jong kawei ka jaitbynriew

na kawei pat.

Ha kane ka wad-bniah la jied ban bishar halor ki khanatang (myths) bad ki

khana-pateng (legends) kumba ki paw ha ka poitri Khasi shuwa ka

jinglaitluid ka ri, kata hapdeng u snem 1888 bad u snem 1947. Harum yn ai

ia ka jingbatai halor kitei ki ar tylli ki snap ka Nongkynti Jingstad shuwa ban

18. Ibid, p. 2. 19. S.P. Arya, "Preface" i n ^ Sociological Study of Folklore, p. 5.

13

bishar la ki khnang ban lah ban tai bad pharia la ki poim ha kane ka wad-

bniah.

Ha kane ka wad-bniah la ai kyrteng Khasi halor jong kitei ar kumba u B.L.

Swer u la tyrwa jingmut ha ka ka kot jong u Ka Mat'iong Ki Khanatang. Une

u nongthoh u ong kumne, "Hangne mynta nga tyrwa jingmut ba i'a ki myths

yn khot ki khanatang, la ki legend da ki khana-pateng bad i'a ki folktale pat

da ki khana parom." Ka bynta bakongsan ba yn tai bad bishar ha kane ka

wad-bniah ka long tang halor ar tylli ki bynta jong ka Litereshor Kren (Oral

Literature), kata ki khanatang bad ki khana-pateng. Shuwa ban wanrah la ki

jingbatai halor ki khanatang bad ki khana-pateng, sngew donkam ban ai

shuwa ka jingbatai lyngkot halor ka litereshor kren (oral literature).

Ka Litereshor Kren:

Ka litereshor kren, ka dei kawei na ki tnat jong ka jingpule la ka Nongkynti

Jingstad. Ka dei kata ka litereshor kaba la rim bha ba kano kano ka

jaitbynriew ka la ifoh pateng na ka mynnor bad kaba long ka nongkynti jong

kata hi ka jaitbynriew. Ka New Encyclopedia Britannica ka batai i'a ka

litereshor kren kum kata ka jingstad ba kyrpang jong ka kynhun bynriew ka

bym don dak thoh dak pule, kaba la shu iathuh bad hiar pateng na kawei ka

pateng bynriew sha kawei pat. Ka kynthup ha ka ia ka parom ha ka prose

bad ka parom ha ki jingrwai (verse narratives), ki poim bad ki jingrwai, ki

khanatang, ki sawangka, ki jingleh niam leh rukom, ki kyntien tymmen, ki

jingkyntip bad kiwei de. Kumta ka dei ruh kata kaba la thaw ne la pynlong

da ki riewhyndai ki bym pat nang thoh nang pule bad namarkata kine baroh.

20. B.L.Swer, Ka Mationg Ki Khanatang, p. 9. 21. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., The New Encyclopedia Britannic, Vol. 1, 15* Edition,

USA, 1974. p. 454

14

99

ki hap ha kata ka nongkynti ba la hiar pateng da kaba shu Tathuh. Ka

litereshor kren ka pynpaw shynna ruh i'a ka pyrkhat pyrdain jong u briew ha

ka imlang sahlang la ka long ha ka trei ka ktah, ki jingleh jingkam kiba u

pynpaw shabar. U Chhanda Chakraborty u batai ia ka litereshor kren ba ka

don ka jingi'adei bajan hapdeng ki jingthmu ki jingangnud, ki jingkmen, ki

jingsngewsih, ki jingleh jingkam bad ka rukom pyrkhat jong ki

riewpaitbah.

Ka litereshor kren ka dei kata kaba ju shem salonsar ha ka pyrthei baroh

kawei, namar kiba bun ki jaitbynriew ha ka pyrthei ki don la la ki jong ki

litereshor kren kiba pynpaw ia ka jinglong kyrpang bad ka jingriewspah

jong ka kolshor jong ki. Ka long ruh ka nongmuna bakynsai ha kaba i'adei

bad ka thoh ka tar jong kano kano ka jaitbynriew. U Alan Dundes u kren

shai halor kane ka phang lyngba ka jingthoh jong u ha kaba u ong ba ki snap

jong ka litereshor kren ki lah ban ai mynsiem kham bha shuh shuh ha ka ban

pynjanai "la ka litereshor thoh.̂ "̂ Shuh shuh ruh u Alan Dundes u batai i'a ka

jingdonkam jong ka litereshor kren ym tang ha ka thoh ka pule hynrei wat i'a

ka sainpyrkhat u briew ha ka imlang sahlang. Dei halor kane ka bynta u

bteng shuh da kaba ong ba ka litereshor kren ka long ka lad ka lynti kumno

ban lohi kham bha Va ka kolshor naduh shapoh shaduh shabar kumba ka

long, ym tang da kaba i'ohi tang na shabar jong ka.̂ ^ Haba phai pat sha ka

jingbatai jong u Desmond Kharmawphlang u ong ba "Ha ka folk literature

lah ban kynthup ia ki jingiathuhkhana, puriskam, khanatang, ki jingsneng

tymmen, jingrwai, jingsneng, jingkren phylla ba shait lap ha ki parom

22. J.A. Cuddon (ed), A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, 4* Edition, USA, Blackwell Publishers, 1998, p. 322.

23. Chhanda Chakraborty, Common Life in the Rgveda and Atharvaveda, Calcutta, Punthi Pustak, 1977,p.l

24. James A. Clifton (ed), Introduction To Cultural Anthropology, USA, \96Sj^^l^ ^'.I'O 25 . Ibid. p. 128. /K 'A

15

(charms) bad wat ki jingkren ki bym ladei bad ka jingkren kaba man ka sngi

(slangs and colloquial speech)"

Halor ki Khanatang (Myths):

Ki khanatang ki dei ki jingiathuhkhana kiba hiar pateng na ka mynnor na

kawei ka pateng bynriew sha kawei pat. Ym tip mynno ki sdang bad mano

ba thaw i'a ki, hynrei la shu shim bad ngeit la ki kumba ki long da kano kano

ka kynhun bynriew pateng-la-pateng. Ka kyntien "Myth" ka mih na ka ktien

Greek 'mythos' kaba mut 'kren' ne 'jingi'akren'. Ki 'myth' ne kiba la jer

kyrteng ha ka Khasi ki khanatang ki dei ki khana kiba kren shaphang ki

kynja bor bamaifa kum ka jingdon bad ka jingtrei kam jong ki kynja blei.

Wat la ngim lah ban pynshisha thikna i'a ki jingjia jong kita kiei kiei, hynrei

la ngeit pat da uba bun ba lang jong kano kano ka jaitbynriew ba ki

khanatang ki long kiba la jia shisha. U Dan Ben Amos u bynrap ba ki

khanatang ki long kiba kyntang la kaba ki lathuh i'a ki jingjia ba la don lypa

naduh mynnor bad ki kren kham bun sien eh shaphang ki blei.^^ Ki

khanatang ki kynthup ruh ha ki la ki jingiathuh khana shaphang ki blei bad

ki kynja blei la kiba la ngeit da ki nongi'athuh khana ne ki kpa tymmen jong

ki ba ki long kiba shisha.^^

Ha ki khanatang la ju lap kynrei i'a ka jingtrei kam ki bor ba kynja blei bad

ka jingdon ki kynja bor ba mai'a ha kaba i'adei bad ki jingthaw bad ki

jingpynlong baroh ha ka pyrthei. Kham bunsien eh Ta ki jingjia kiba don ha

26 . Desmond Leslie Kharmawphlang, Ki Matti Byrshem, Shillong, Scorpio Printers, Mawkhar, 2000, p. 2

27. Dan Ben Amos, Folklore In Context Essays, New Delhi, South Asian Publishers, Prabhat Press, 1982, p. 134

28. Jan Knappert & E. J. Brill, Bantu Myths And Other Tales, (Collected and Translated) Printed in Belgium. 1977. p. 7.

16

ki khanatang ym lap sabut satia ban pynshisha halor jong ki hynrei kham

bunsien la shim bad ngeit ia ki ba ki da jia shisha. Kine ki rukom jingngeit

ki la longdoh longsnam bad ki la suhthied tynrai bha pateng la pateng ha

kano kano ka jaitbynriew. Dei namarkata, u B.L. Swer ruh uwei na ki

nongthoh Khasi ba paw khmat haba u batai shaphang ki khanatang u ong

kumne: "Ki myths barabor ki kren shaphang ki blei ki dken bad kiwei kiwei

de ki kynja jingthaw bairn bakhih ha ka pyrthei. Ia ki myths la ju ngeit ba ki

long ki khana ba la jia shisha wat lada ym don sakhi ban pynshisha."

Kumta naduh ki kpa tymmen jong kano kano ka jaitbynriew, ki shim bad

ngeit ba ki khanatang ki long kiba shisha bad kata ka jingshisha kan dang iai

sah na kawei ka pateng bynriew sha kawei pat.

Wat la la ki khanatang la shim bad iiiew da kiba bun ba lang ba ki long kiba

shisha, hynrei la fiiew ruh i'a ki, ba ki long kita ki nongkynti kiba kyrpang

bad kiba kyntang ha ka kynhun bynriew. Kata ka jinglong kyrpang bad

kyntang jong ki ka pynlong ia ki briew ba kin khein kor ia ki kum ka

nongkynti kaba ki kpa tymmen jong ki, ki la ai bad pynkhamti ha ki. Ki

Khanatang ym tang ba la niew la ki ba ki long kiba shisha hynrei ki i'athuh

bad batai ruh kurmio bad mynno la sdang bad la pynlong la ki jingleh niam

leh rukom.̂ *̂

Ki khanatang ki dei ruh ki khana kiba kit jingmut. Borabor ki kham kren i'a

ka jingsdang bad ka jingpynlong i'a ka pyrthei baroh kawei kynthup ruh

shaphang kumno u briew u wan long briew sha kane ka pyrthei. Ki i'athuh

ruh shaphang ki jait jingngeit bad ki jingleh niam ba bun rukom kiba u briew

u pyndep ha ka jingim jong u. Ki khanatang ki kren ruh shaphang ka

29. B.L. Swer, "Ka Folklore Khasi" in Ka Saia Jingtip By Syngkhong Kyntiew Ri, Shillong, Sawlyer Printing Press, 1998, p. 7.

30. Mazharul Islam, Folklore: The Pulse of the People, p. 386.

17

jinglong kyrpang u briew ha ka imlang sahlang, la ka long ha ka trei ka ktah,

ka shong ka sah, ka pyrkhat pyrdain bad kumta ter ter. Dei kumta keiii ba ki

khanatang ki dei ki khana ba kit jingmut kiba kren kyrpang shaphang ka

jingsdang bad jingpynlong i'a kiei kiei baroh ha ka pyrthei, kum ki rukom

jingngeit ba bun rukom, ki jingleh niam, bad ki kdew kyrpang ruh i'a ka

longbriew manbriew ha ka imlang sahlang.^' U B.L. Swer pat haba kren

shaphang ki khanatang, um shym la pynkut i'a ka jingbatai jong u tang

shaphang ka jingwan longbriew jong u briew sha kane ka pyrthei hynrei u

kren ruh shaphang ka jingiap bad ka jingim ha lyndet jong kata ka jingiap ha

kaba bun ki jaitbynriew ha ka pyrthei ki ngeit. Dei kumta kein u ong ba:

"Shuh shuh, la batai ba ki myths ki ju kren shaphang kumno la pynlong la

ka pyrthei, kumno wan longbriew ha ka pyrthei, kumno wan ka jingiap bad

kumno don jingim pat ha lyndet ka jingTap.̂ ^

Ki khanatang lah ruh ban ong ba ki sdang ha kano kano ka jaitbynriew, da

ka jingkwah tip jong u briew i'a ka jingmaia jong ki jingpynlong kiba don ha

ka sawdong sawkun jong ka mei mariang. U B.L. Swer u kren shai ba ki

khanatang bunsien ki pyrshang ban pynshongnia ban lap i'a ki jubab halor ki

jingmaia kiba pynlyngngoh Ta u briew, da kaba u ong ba ki khanatang "ki

jubab ne batai ne pynshai la kano kano ka jingkylli kaba ym sngew lah

shemphang lane kaba sngew lyngngoh lane kaba sngew mai'a."^^ Dei na

kane ka daw ba u briew, khnang ban sngewthuh bad batai la ki jingphylla

jingmaia baroh kiba u mad lane kiba u lohi sawdong jong u, u wanrah da ki

khana ha kiba u la bsuh i'a ki symboh pyrkhat lyngba ki jingjia ha ki. Hadien

ba la sain kumtei ia kine ki khana, la iathuh pateng pat ia ki na kawei ka

31. http:/www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/-minagouli/defmyth.htm. dt. 21/4/2010 32. B.L. Swer, "Ka Folklore Khasi" in Ka Saia Jingtip, p. 7. 33. B.L. Swer, "Ka Folklore Khasi" in Ka Saia Jingtip, p. 7.

18

pateng bynriew sha kawei pat bad kumta la shim bad ngeit 'la ki kumba ki

long da ki longdien mandien. Dei na kata ka daw lah ruh ban ong ba ki

khanatang ki dei kata ka snap jingtip jong ki longshuwa manshuwa halor ki

jingthaw kiba don ha ka mariang bad kumjuh ruh i'a ka sain pyrkhat jong ki

halor u Blei bad ki bor ba maia kiba u latyngkhuh ha ka jingim jong u ba

man ka sngi. Dei kine kiei kiei kiba la pynlong la u Kishore Jadav u riewstad

halor ka Nongkynti Jingstad ban ong ba ka jingwad bniah ba khlem kut jong

u briew ban tip i'a ki jingshisha kiba don ha ki sawdong sawkun jong ka mei

mariang, ka pynlong i'a u ban thaw la ki khanatang ha kaba i'a ki jingsdang

jong kita jingjia lah ban sngewthuh shai kdar.̂ "̂ U B.L. Swer ruh u Ta kubur

lang halor katei ka phang da ka ba u ong shuh shuh kumne: "kine ki 'khana'

bunsien eh ki seng nongrim i'a lade ha ka ban batai i'a ka jingmaian ka jingim

lada ha ka jingiadei u Blei bad u briew ne u briew para briew ne u briew bad

u ksuid u khrei, ne u briew bad kiwei pat ki jingthaw ba-im ba-khih ba her

ha sla pyrthei. Kumta kum kine ki 'khana' ki kylla long kiba 'kyntang' bad

kiba da long kiba 'shisha' ha kita ki jaitbynriew."^^

Lyngba ki khanatang la pyntrei kam i'a ka bor sngewthuh jong u briew

shaphang ki jingshisha kiba don ha ka imlang sahlang bad ka kolshor jong

ki. Dei kita ki jingshisha ba don ha ki khanatang kiba la pynlong i'a ki briew

ban ngeit la kaei kaba ki leh ha ka jingim jong ki ba man la ka sngi, kum ha

ka shonglang sahlang, ki jingleh niam leh rukom bad kiwei kiwei de. Ki

khanatang namarkata, ki dei ruh ki khana kiba i'athuh ia ka jingsdang jong ka

niam ka rukom bad kumno la pyntrei kam la ka ha ka imlang sahlang bad ha

ki bynta bapher jong ka jingim briew. Kumjuh ruh kumno ki kylla long ka

34. Kishore Jadav, Folklore Audits Motifs In Modern Literature, New Delhi, Manas Publications, 1998, p. 17.

35. Bevan L. Swer, Ki Sla Na Mynwei, Shillong, Deo Gratias-DTP, Laitumkhrah, 2003, p. 27.

19

nuksa ban pynskhem la ki jingshisha kiba don ha ki. U Dan Ben Amos u ong

shuh shuh ba ki khanatang ki lah ban shim ia ka bynta ban buh beit buh

ryntih la ki jinglong kyrpang ha ka kolshor bad ka imlang sahlang. Dei na

kata ka daw, ka long kaei kaei kaba donkam ban sngewthuh i'a kata ka

jingryntih bad kyrpang ha ka ban pynlong i'a ki kum ki nongmuna ba kynsai

bad ba shisha.^^ Kumta, ka jinglong kyrpang bad ba kit jingmut jong kiei

kiei kiba don sawdong jong ngi, ka dei kaba la shon shap da ki khanatang ba

bun jait kiba don ha kano kano ka jaitbynriew ha ka ban pynjanai kham bha

la ki, la ka long i'a ka ktien ka thyliiej, ka niam ka rukom bad ki jingstad ba

bun jait. Ki khanatang namarkata, ki pynithuh la kano kano ka jaitbynriew

bad wat 'la u briew hi shimet ha khmat ka pyrthei shi tyllup. Namar ki

jaitbynriew ha ka pyrthei ki don i'a la ki khanatang kiba pher kawei na kawei

pat. Ka lah ban don ka jingiasyriem ha ki katto katne ki bynta jong ki

khanatang ha ki jaitbynriew bapher, hynrei ka saiiipyrkhat halor kine ki

khanatang pat kim dei kijuh. U Rajiva Verma u batai shuh shuh shaphang ki

khanatang da kaba u ong ba ka sainpyrkhat kaba don ha ki khanatang ha ka

jingshisha ka don ka jingi'adei bajan sha kata ka 'jingpynithuh' ia ka kynhun

ne i'a u briew shimet. La pynlong ia kata ka jingpynithuh lyngba da ki jingjia

ba kham kongsan ba la jia naduh mynnor. Namarkata, khlem ki khanatang

ka jingim jong u briew bad ka imlang sahlang kumjuh kan kulmar lut bad

kan pait kan pra, namar dei tang ki khanatang kiba lah ban pynpaw i'a kita ki

bynta bakongsan tarn jong ka mynnor.

Ki khanatang ki dei ka tynrai ne ka tyllong kaba pynwan dur bad pynjanai ia

ka jingsdang bad jinglong ba kyrpang jong kiei kiei baroh ha ka pyrthei

36. Dan Ben Amos, Folklore In Context Essays, p. 30. 37. Rajiva Verma, Myth, Ritual, And Shakespeare, New Delhi, Spantech Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

1990, p. 136 38. Rajiva Verma, Myth, Ritual, And Shakespeare, p. 171.

20

mariang kynthup ia ki jingstad ba bun rukom. Halor ka jinglong ba kyrpang

jong kita ki jingpynlong kiba don ha ka mariang u B.L. Swer u ong ba ki

khanatang ki iathuh ruh shaphang ki mrad ki mreng, ki sim ki doh, ki lum ki

wah, ki khlaw ki btap bad bunsien eh i'a ka jinglong bamai'a kaba la tynsat

hapoh jong ki. Haba phai sha ka jaitbynriew Khasi la shem ba ki don bun

ki khanatang kiba iathuh shaphang ki lum ki wah bad ka jinglong ba maia ha

ki kum u lum Sohpetbneng, la ngeit ba dei nangne u khun Khasi u wan sha

kane ka pyrthei. Ym tang katta hynrei ki don u lum Diengi'ei, u lum Shillong

kiba don la ki snap ba mai'a ba la tynsat ha ki. Haba phai sha ki khlaw ki

btap, ki don ki Ryngkew ki Basa ia kiba la ngeit ba ki long ki nongri nongda

bad nongsumar la kine ki khlaw. Kumta ki khanatang ki iathuh ia ki

jingphylla bad jingmaia jong ki jingpynlong u Blei ha ka mariang hi baroh

kawei.

Ki khanatang ki shim ka bynta kaba donkam haduh katta ha ki poim jong ki

myllung ba kongsan jong ka juk shuwa ka jinglaitluid ka ri. Ki myllung kum

u Soso Tham, bad u P.G. Gatphoh ki la ngam bad suhkhlieh bha sha ki

khanatang ha ki poim jong ki. Ki khanatang ha ka jaitbynriew ki iathuh ia ka

jingsdang jong ka jingpynlong, ki iathuh ruh ia ka jingwan u briew sha ka

pyrthei ha ryngkat ka suk ka sain kaba u la ioh mad ha kata ka juk jong ka

aiom ksiar. Ki iathuh shuh shuh ba hadien ba u briew u la lyndet noh ia ki

hukum jong u Blei, ka jingiateh jutang hapdeng jong ki ka la dkut noh bad

dei nangne ba sa wan ka niam ka rukom hadien ba u briew u la sngewthuh ia

la ki jingbakla bad phai khmat pat sa shisien sha la u Nongthaw. Ka

khanatang u Diengi'ei ka kren shaphang kata ka palat hukum jong u khun

bynriew bad ka khanatang shaphang ka Krem Lamet Krem Latang pat ka

39. B.L. Swer, "Ka Folklore Khasi" in Ka Saia Jingtip, p. 7.

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wan ban pynbeit la kata ka jingbakla. Ki myllung hapoh kane ka juk ki la

pyrshang lyngba ki poim jong ki ban pynneh pynsah bad pynsaphriang Ta

kine ki jingstad u barim. Kane ka jingleh jong ki, lah ban ong ba ka dei

shibynta na ka jingbuh thup ha ki jingthoh lyngba ki lain poitri khnang ba ki

longdien kin nym klet la ka nongpateng jong ka mynnor. Kiba kham bun hi

na ki jait khanatang ba ki myllung jong kane ka juk ki kham iatuklar bha ha

ki poim jong ki, ki long kham bunsien kitei ki khanatang kiba la kdew

haneng, kata ki khanatang halor ka jingpynlong bad ki khanatang niam. Da

kaba ki leh kumne, ka ai lad la ki longdien mandien ba kin tip bad tih kham

bniah i'a la ka tynrai ha ki bynta bad ki Hang bapher kiba don bad kynthup

hapoh kane ka lyngkha jingstad ba i'ar. Kumta lah ban ong ba ka bynta jong

ki khanatang ka long kaba donkam bad ba kongsan bha ha ka poitri Khasi

hapoh ka juk shuwa ka jinglaitluid ka ri.

Ki khanatang ki don bun jait ia kiba la kdew da ki riewstad kane ka lyngkha

pule bad kine harum ki long ki jait khanatang ba la shem ha ki poim ba la

jied ban tai bad bishar ha kane ka wad-bniah:

1. Ki Khanatang halor ka Jingpynlong (Creation Myths)

2. Ki Khanatang Niam (Religious Myths)

3. Ki Khanatang ba ai Jubab (Aetiological Myths)

4. Ki Khanatang ba Pynbymgia (Recreation Myths)

5. Ki Khanatang halor ka Jingkylla Dur (Transformation Myths)

Ka jingbatai kaba kham bniah halor kine ki jait khanatang kan laid ryngkat

bad kaba tai ba thimia Ta ki poim ba la jied ha kane ka wad-bniah.

22

Nalor ki khanatang, la shem ba kawei pat ka tnat kaba hab hapoh ka

litereshor kren bad kaba la shem kynrei ha ka Poitri Khasi jong kane ka juk

ka dei ka khana-pateng. Kumta la ai ka thimia bad ka jingbatai kyllum halor

jong ka.

Halor ki Khana-pateng (Legends):

Ki khana-pateng ki dei ki khana kiba iathuh ia ki jingjia shaphang ka

mynnor ha kano kano ka jaitbynriew bad kiba la iathuh na kawei ka pateng

sha kawei pat da ki nongiathuh khana kiba tbit. Lyngba kita ki nongi'athuh

khana, ki khana-pateng ki lah ban pher katto katne na uwei u nongiathuh sha

uwei pat. Kata ka shong ha ka jingtbit jong u nongiathuh la kata ka khana.

Hynrei ka mynsiem jong ka khana pat la shem ba ka sah kumjuh naduh ka

por ba ki longshuwa kiba long ki nongshna i'a kine ki khana ki la buh. Ha

kaba batai ia ka khana-pateng, ka Dictionary of Literary Terms ka batai ba

ka khana-pateng ka dei ka khana kaba la hiar pateng naduh ki por mynbarim

ia kaba la i'a pdiang paitbah ba ka long kaba shisha. Ka khana-pateng ha

kaba myn-nyngkong ka kdew kyrpang shaphang ki riewkhuid hynrei ha kine

ki sngi ba mynta ka mut la kino kino ki khana ba la thaw bad mutdur kiba

kren kyrpang shaphang ki briew kiba im shisha, ki jingjia bad ki jaka kiba

don shisha. Ka Dictionary of English Folklore pat ka batai ba ka khana-

pateng ka dei ka khana lyngkot kaba la iathuh pateng naduh mynnor

shaphang u riewshlur, ka jinglong jingman ki jaka puta, lane kiei kiei ki

jingpynlong ha ka mariang kiba jia shisha, kiba la dep jia lane ia kiba la

ngeit ba ki la jia; wat lada ki iathuh i'a ki bor bamaia lane ki jingjia ki bym

da jia kynrei, hynrei kine baroh la niew ba ki ju lai jia ha ka jingim briew ba

40. Harry Shaw (ed). Dictionary of Literary Terms, Printed in the United State of America.1905, p. 218

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shisha.'*' Ki khana-pateng ki dei ruh ki khana kiba ki longshuwa ki thaw ban

buh jingkynmaw i'a ki jingjia sah jingkynmaw kiba la jia naduh mynshuwa

ha ka jaitbynriew, khnang ba ki longdien kin tip pateng la pateng lyngba ki

nongi'athuhkhana kiba nang bad ba tbit. Kine ki khana la ong ba ki lah ban

nang bang nang thiang katba dang mih ki por lyngba ka jingpnah lathuh

jong ki nongi'athuh bad dei tad ynda la don ka thoh ka pule ba la buh

jingthoh la ki ha ki kot khnang ba kin nym jah nym dam noh na ka

jaitbynriew. Haba phai pat sha ka Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary

Theory, ka batai ba ki khana-pateng ki dei ki khana ne jingiathuhkhana kiba

'leng hapdeng ka khanatang bad ki jingjia ba shisha, kiba kren shaphang uno

uno u briew. Kine ki khana bunsien ki kham snah bad kham jrong katba

dang laid ki por bad ha kaba khatduh la buh jingthoh lane buh jingkynmaw

'la ki lyngba ki jingrwai ne ki rukom kynud poitri ban pynneh pynsah 'la ka

jinglong tynrai jong ki.'*^ Lada shim i'a ka jingmut ba kyllum halor ka

jingbatai i'a ki khana-pateng, lah ban ong ba ka don ka jingiapher na ki

khanatang namar ha ki khana-pateng barobor ki ju kham kren shaphang ki

kam ki jam jong ki riewkhuid bad ki riewshlur kiba im ha ki juk ba la leit

noh bad ba la buh jingkynmaw i'a ki kam jong ki da kaba shu iathuh khana i'a

kine ki jingjia pateng la pateng. Dei namarkata, ba la ong ba ki khana-pateng

ki dei ki khana kiba la hiar pateng da kaba shu i'athuh na kawei ka pateng

bynriew sha kawei pat. Kine ki pher shibun na ki khanatang namar ki khana-

pateng ki kham kren i'a ka jinglong jingim briew ban ia ki kynja bor blei.

Bunsien kine ki khana ki ju i'athuh shaphang ki riewkhuid bad ki

riewkhraw.'*^

41. Jacqueline Simpson & Steve Roud, (ed), A Dictionary of English Folklore, p. 212. 42. J.A. Cuddon (ed), A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Tlteory, p. 452. 43. A.J. Sebastian & N.D.R. Chandra, Literary Terms in Poetry, Delhi, Authors Press, Tarun

Offset, 2001, p. 136.

24

Ki khana-pateng ym tang ba ki Tathuh shaphang ki kam ki jam jong ki briew,

ki jinglong kyrpang ki jaka puta, hynrei ki i'athuh ruh shaphang ka jingsdang

ki hima sima bad ka jingkynriah jaka noh jong kano kano ka kynhun

bynriew shawei pat. Ki lathuh ruh la ka jingsdang jong ki riti ki dustur

khamtam eh ha ka synshar khadar ha kano kano ka jaitbynriew, kiba ki ju lai

bud na kawei ka por sha kawei pat. La ong ba ki khana-pateng ki kren ruh

shaphang ki thma ki jingi'aleh hapdeng uwei u syiem bad uwei pat, la ka

long ha ka jingpymar hima ne ka jingi'aknieh pud knieh sam ban pyniar

hima. Ki kren ruh shaphang ki riewkhraw bad ki riew paitbah kumjuh

lyngba ki kam bad ki jingjia kiba kham phylla la kiba la jia naduh ki por ba

mynshuwa bad i'a kine ki jingjia pat la shu i'athuh pateng-la-pateng na kawei

ka por sha kawei pat. U William A. Haviland u batai ba ki khana-pateng ki

dei ki bynta jong ki khana ka histori kiba 'i'athuh shaphang ki kam jong ki

riewshlur, ka 'I'aid ka 'I'eng jong ki briew, ka jingsdang jong ki riti ki dustur ha

kano kano ka jait bynriew."̂ "̂ U Lalruanga pat u batai ba ki khana-pateng ki

kren shaphang ki briew, ki jaka puta bad ki jingjia, ha kaba ki nong'i'ashim

bynta ba kongsan ki dei ki briew. Ki 'i'athuh shaphang ka jingkynriah jaka

bad ki kam jong ki riewshlur ba mynshuwa bad kumjuh ruh ki khana ba

'i'athuh shaphang ki jingkynshew ba kordor, ki ksuid bad ki puri bad kiwei

de. Wat lada la ju ngeit ba ki long kiba shisha bad ba ki don jing'iasnoh bad

ki jingshisha na ka histori, ym lah ban shim pat kum ki bynta ba thikna ha

kaba 'ladei bad ki jingjia ha ka histori."^^ U B.L. Swer ha ka jingbatai jong u

'la ki khana-pateng u kubur lang bad kiba bun ki nongthoh kiba batai ba ki

khana-pateng ki dei ki khana kiba la 'loh pateng na ka mynnor bad ki la hiar

pateng da kaba shu 'i'athuh na kawei ka por sha kawei pat. Une u nongthoh

44. William A. Haviland, Cultural Anthropology, U.S.A. 1978, p. 363. 45. Lalruanga, A Study ofMizo Folk Literature, Ph.D Disertation Submitted to Guahati

University, 1984, p. 170.

25

ha ka jingiohi bad ka jingsngewthuh jong u, u ong ba: "la kane ka tnat ka

folklore, la ju batai ba ka dei ka khana kaba la hiar pateng na ka mynnor.

Kine barabor ki i'ajan bad ka histori bad ki don la ki syrwet ka jingshisha

hapoh ka jingthew u diengkot ba pyrkhing jong ka histori. Ha ki legends

don tang khyndiat eh ka bynta jong ki bor bamaia (supernatural element). la

ki legends la ju ngeit ba ki dei kiba la jia shisha namar (ym kum ki myths)

ki dang jan bad ka bor jingkynmaw briew wat la pateng-la-pateng. Ki pher

ruh na ki myths namar ki tyngshop puron ne ki characters ki dei ki briew

kum ma ngi wat la tengkhat ki don i'a ki bor bamaia ha ki. Kine ki legends ki

i'athuh ruh shaphang ka phet wir, ka buhai shnong, shaphang ki thma, ki kam

ramhah, ki khla-ka-wait, shaphang ki nongialam lane ki syiem bad ki kam

ratbah jong ki, shaphang ka longsyiem mansyiem ka rukom hiar pateng jong

ki, bad kumta ter ter.""̂ ^

Na kitei ki jingbatai haneng la sngewthuh shai ba ki khana-pateng ki dei kita

ki khana kiba don ka syrwet jong ka histori ha ki bad kiba la i'oh pateng na

ki longshuwa ka jaitbynriew. La tyngkai bad pashat jingtip lem sha ki

longdien da kaba shu Tathuh da ki nongiathuh khana na kawei ka pateng sha

kawei pat. Ha ka juk thoh kot la lah ban tyngkai la kine ki khana da kaba

buh jingthoh ha ki kot bad kumta ki la lai neh lai sah ha ki kot pule haduh

kine ki sngi.

Kumba long ki khanatang, ki khana-pateng ruh ki don i'a ka bynta kaba

kongsan bad ba donkam bha ha ka litereshor Khasi. Ka jingthmu jong ki

myllung haba ki wanrah Ta ki phang jong ki khana-pateng ha ki poim jong

ki, ka long ban pynneh pynsah lyngba ki poim jong ki khnang ba kine ki

jingtip ba kordor jong ka mynnor kin nym duh nym dam noh na ka

46. B.L. Swer, "Ka Folklore Khasi", in Ka Saia Jingtip, pp. 7-8.

26

jaitbynriew. Ki myllung bapher jong ka juk shuwa ka jinglaitluid ka ri

khamtam eh u myllung H. Elias, ki la i'aleh katba lah kumno ban pyni ha ki

longdien ia kita ki jingtip ba bniah halor ki jingjia bapher kiba la jia ha ka

jaitbynriew ha kaba i'adei bad ka jingsdang jingpynlong la ki hima Khasi bad

ki jingjia bapher kiba don ka jingiasnoh bad bad ki. Kum ka jaitbynriew

donkam namarkata ban tip la ki tynrai ki riti kiba ki longshuwa manshuwa

ki la buh bad la tynsat lyngba kine ki khana. Ka jingpule ia ki khana-pateng,

namarkata, ka long ka bynta kaba donkam ban tip bad ban tih bniah la ki

jingjia kiba la jia naduh mynnor ha kaba ladei bad ka histori jong ka

jaitbynriew.

Kum ki khanatang, ki don bun j ait ki khana-pateng bad kine harum ki long

ki katto katne ki jait ba kham kongsan bad ba la shem ha ki poim ba la jied

ban bishar ha kane ka wad-bniah:

1. Ki Khana-pateng kiba don ia ki snap jong ki Bor Bamaia (Mythical Legends)

2. Ki Khana-pateng kiba don i'a ki snap jong ka Histori (Historical Legends)

3. Ki Khana-pateng kiba don ka jingi'adei bad ki Jaka Puta (Place Legends)

ia kine ki jait khana-pateng kumba long i'a ki khanatang, yn sa ai ka

jingbatai kaba kham bniah ryngkat bad ka thimia bad ka bishar bniah halor

ki poim ba la jied ban tai ha kane ka wad-bniah.

Ka bynta ba kongsan bad ba donkam ha kane ka wad-bniah ka long ba

kumno ka poitri ka pyrshang ban pynpaw i'a ki jingmut ba rich bad ki

27

symboh pyrkhat kiba don ha ki i'a ka sain pyrkhat jong ki my Hung bapher.

Ka poitri ka don ruh ha ka i'a ka bynta ka bakhraw ha ka ban buh jingthoh la

kita ki jingjia ha ki kot ki sla. Haba phai sha ki khanatang bad ki khana-

pateng, lah ban pynsabut lyngba ki myllung bapher ha kaba ki la buh

jingthoh ia ki lyngba ki poim khnang ban pynneh pynsah i'a kita ki jingstad u

barim ba kin i'ai neh bad Tai sah na kawei ka pateng sha kawei pat. Ym kum

ka jingiathuhkhana kaba i'athuh bad pynpaw shai i'a ki jingjia kumba ki long

hynrei ha ka poitri, la lap ba ia kita ki jingjia la bsuh lyngba ki dur bad sur

kyntien ba tuid tyrsiang bha kiba dawa la ka bor pyrkhat bad bor jabieng u

briew ban sngewthuh i'a ki. Kumta lah ban ong ba ia ki jingjia bapher kiba la

lap ha ki khana la bsuh la ki ha ka dur jong ki symboh pyrkhat ha ki laiii

jong ka poitri. Kumta ka poitri ka long kum ka jingkieng kaba pyniasoh ia

ki jingjia bad ki jingtip ha ka juk ba shu iathuh bad ka juk thoh, khnang ba

kita kiei kiei kiba la shu iathuh mynshuwa, kin iai neh iai sah mynta da kaba

buh ha ki jingthoh.

Sa kawei pat ka bynta kaba donkam bha ha kane ka wad-bniah ka long ka

jingpyrshang ban wanrah bad saindur kyntien thymmai la ki kyntien phareng

ki bym pat don ha ka ktien Khasi. Kum ka nuksa, la tyrwa ia ka kyntien

'Folklore' da ka 'Nongkynti Jingstad', ia ka kyntien 'Oral Literature' da ka

'Litereshor Kren.' Kane ka wad-bniah ka don ruh lehse ka bynta ba donkam

bad u syrmiang ban kyntiew ia ka litereshor bad ban pynriewspah ruh ia ka

ktien Khasi.

28