chakravarthy ppt

8/2/2019 Chakravarthy Ppt

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FOOD RESOURCE

CHAKRAVA

Food is any substance consumed to providenutritional support for the body. It is usually

of plant or animal origin, and containsessential nutrients, such ascarbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,or minerals. The substance is ingested by an

organism and assimilated by the organism'scells in an effort to produce energy, maintainlife, or stimulate growth.

Agriculture Sector is changing thesocio-economic environments

of the population due to liberalizationand globalization

About 75% people are living in ruralareas and are still dependent onAgriculture. About 43% of India’sgeographical area is used foragricultural activity

Agriculture continues to play a majorrole in Indian Economy

Indian Agriculture

Provides about 65% of the livelihoodAccounts for 27% of GDP

Growth Rate in production - 5.7%Food grains production – 211.17 mtContributes 21% of Total Exports, andSupplies Raw materials to Industries

India’s position in world Agriculture Rank

Total AreaSeventh

Irrigated Area First Population

Second Economically Active population Second Total Cereals Third Wheat

Second

RiceSecond Coarse grains

Fourth Total Pulses First Oil Seeds

Second

Total Geographical Area (TGA) - 329M.H Potential for Biological Production - 265M.H

Net Sown Area (NSA) - 143M.H Net Irrigated Area - 56 M.H Area threatened by land degradation - 50%

of T GA Drought-prone Area - 190 M.H

Mile Stones in AgriculturalDevelopment

Green Revolution (1968)

Ever-Green Revolution (1996)

Blue Revolution (water, fish)

White Revolution (Milk)

Yellow Revolution (flower, edible)

Bio-Technology Revolution ICT Revolution

Development of Indian Agriculture : Basic

Issues

Revitalization of Cooperative

Institutions

Improving Rural Credits

Research, Education & Extension

Human Resources Development

Trade & Export Promotion

Land Reforms Enabling Environment for higher

Agricultural Growth

The thrust areas:Diversification of Agriculture

Inter-cropping

Micro Management

Water Management

Organic Farming

Agri-Clinics and Agri-business Centres Bio-Technology

Efforts on Policies, strategies and

Frameworks

National Agriculture Policy (2000) National Seeds policy (2002) Cooperative Policy Agricultural Price policy Agricultural Extension Framework (2001) WTO/GATT agreement (1994)

In addition to, various working groups, taskforces,mid-term appraisals and plan schemes (~68)

(for further details www.agricoop.nic.in)

Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural

Development

Biotechnology Pre & post harvesting technology

Energy saving technology Environment protection technology Information and Communication technology

GIS & RS technology Internet/Intranet Technology

Ecosystem Services of Natural Areas:Ecosystem Services of Natural Areas:

1.1. Wildlife habitat (protect species)Wildlife habitat (protect species)2.2. Flood and erosion controlFlood and erosion control

3.3. Soil formation/maintenanceSoil formation/maintenance

4.4. Groundwater rechargeGroundwater recharge

5.5. Recycle wastes (nutrient cycles)Recycle wastes (nutrient cycles)and break down pollutantsand break down pollutants

Pasture and Open RangelandPasture and Open Rangeland

Predominantly grassesPredominantly grasses

with a fibrous rootwith a fibrous rootsystem. Rangelandssystem. Rangelands

occupy about 26% of occupy about 26% of

the world’s landthe world’s land

surface.surface.

Pasture and Open RangelandPasture and Open Rangeland

There is twice as much permanent grazing land as areaThere is twice as much permanent grazing land as area

given to agricultural crops in the world. Much of thegiven to agricultural crops in the world. Much of thewestern Great Plains and the Prairie provinces of western Great Plains and the Prairie provinces of

Canada fall in this category.Canada fall in this category.

Pasture and Open Rangeland:Pasture and Open Rangeland:

Carefully managed, grazing can be sustained in grasslandsCarefully managed, grazing can be sustained in grasslands

(with the loss of a few grazing-intolerant plant species),(with the loss of a few grazing-intolerant plant species),

becausebecause most species are tolerant of being grazedmost species are tolerant of being grazed..

Benefits of grazing include:Benefits of grazing include:

Hooves create seed-to-soil contactHooves create seed-to-soil contact

Natural grazers break soil crusts that keep seedsNatural grazers break soil crusts that keep seedsfromfrom growinggrowing

Grazers trample standing vegetation into mulchGrazers trample standing vegetation into mulch

Grazers act like living compost piles, turningGrazers act like living compost piles, turningvegetationvegetation into high-quality fertilizer into high-quality fertilizer

By pruning stale growth, they keep forage plants atBy pruning stale growth, they keep forage plants atpeakpeak productionproduction

Effects of overgrazing grazingEffects of overgrazing grazinginclude:include:

Compacting soil thusCompacting soil thus

preventing seeds frompreventing seeds from

germinating and water fromgerminating and water from

seeping into soil.seeping into soil.

Overfeeding on plants notOverfeeding on plants notallowing them time toallowing them time to

recover and adequately root.recover and adequately root.

OvergrazingOvergrazingOvergrazingOvergrazing is when plants are consumed such that theis when plants are consumed such that the

plant community does not quickly recoverplant community does not quickly recover.

1/31/3rdrd of the world’sof the world’s

range is severelyrange is severelydegraded bydegraded by

overgrazingovergrazing, making it, making it

the largest cause of soilthe largest cause of soil

degradationdegradation.

OvergrazingOvergrazing

The first symptom of overgrazing is the loss of palatableThe first symptom of overgrazing is the loss of palatable

species of herbs and grasses.species of herbs and grasses. Continued overgrazingContinued overgrazing

compacts the soil, strips the ground bare, and leads tocompacts the soil, strips the ground bare, and leads to

erosionerosion..

DesertificationDesertification

Continued degradation leads to a fertile land becoming moreContinued degradation leads to a fertile land becoming more

desert-like.desert-like.

Without plants toWithout plants to

hold soil moisture,hold soil moisture,

surface runoff surface runoff

increases, wellsincreases, wells

dry, thedry, the

microclimatemicroclimatebecomesbecomes

inhospitable forinhospitable for

plants, and desertsplants, and deserts

occur.occur.

DesertificationDesertification

In Africa, deserts have increased by 50 million hectares,In Africa, deserts have increased by 50 million hectares,

and humid or semiarid lands have decreased by thatand humid or semiarid lands have decreased by thatamount. Is human activity responsible?amount. Is human activity responsible?

Remember theRemember the

Tragedy of theTragedy of the

CommonsCommons

Any commonly heldAny commonly held

resource becomes degradedresource becomes degraded

or destroyed because theor destroyed because the

narrow self-interests of narrow self-interests of

individuals tend to outweighindividuals tend to outweigh

the public interests.the public interests.

Forests and Forest ProductsForests and Forest Products

The amount of fuel wood consumed by each person inThe amount of fuel wood consumed by each person in

developing countries isdeveloping countries is roughly equal to that used asroughly equal to that used aspaper products by each American.paper products by each American.

Demand for fuel woodDemand for fuel wood will be twice the availablewill be twice the available

supply in just 25 years.supply in just 25 years.

The Rates of Deforestation Are IncreasingThe Rates of Deforestation Are Increasing

Causes of Tropical Rainforest DestructionCauses of Tropical Rainforest Destruction

Commercial Logging:Commercial Logging: tropical forests harvested fortropical forests harvested for

timber.timber.

Subsistence agriculture:Subsistence agriculture: “slash and burn tacticsslash and burn tactics” (also” (also

calledcalled swiddenswidden oror milpa agriculturemilpa agriculture).).

Cattle ranching:Cattle ranching: After commercial harvesting or afterAfter commercial harvesting or after

subsistence agriculture, or on its ownsubsistence agriculture, or on its own.

““Slash and Burn” (Swidden or MilpaSlash and Burn” (Swidden or Milpa

Agriculture.Agriculture.

Farmers clear a small plot (2 acres), burn the dried plantsFarmers clear a small plot (2 acres), burn the dried plants

to provide a burst of nutrients (and ash is basic,to provide a burst of nutrients (and ash is basic,

increasing the release of minerals from clay).increasing the release of minerals from clay).

On field, they practiceOn field, they practice polyculturepolyculture (using some(using some

perennials). Banana/plantain, papayas, cassava and sweetperennials). Banana/plantain, papayas, cassava and sweet

potato (root crops), beans (increase nitrogen), and maizepotato (root crops), beans (increase nitrogen), and maize

(plots hold the soil because there is a variety of roots).(plots hold the soil because there is a variety of roots).

In time, the plot is given over to encroaching forestIn time, the plot is given over to encroaching forest

because the fertility has decreased, and the farm begins inbecause the fertility has decreased, and the farm begins in

a new area.a new area.

Milpa AgricultureMilpa Agriculture

Depends on land to rotateDepends on land to rotate

through.through. If the farm remainsIf the farm remains

long term, the productivitylong term, the productivity

of the land declines.of the land declines.

Higher populations areHigher populations are

increasing the pressure on theincreasing the pressure on the

land and not allowing enoughland and not allowing enoughtime for recovery.time for recovery.

Cattle RanchingCattle Ranching

Ranching often introduced after commercial harvesting orRanching often introduced after commercial harvesting or

after subsistence agriculture, or on its own.after subsistence agriculture, or on its own.

Tropical soils areTropical soils are OxisolsOxisols andand

ultisols -ultisols - soils that aresoils that are highlyhighly

leachedleached and nutrient poor.and nutrient poor.

Minerals are locked up in theMinerals are locked up in the

vegetation; if vegetation is lost,vegetation; if vegetation is lost,

minerals are lost.minerals are lost.

So, it is hard to go from a pastureSo, it is hard to go from a pasture

back to a forest again.back to a forest again.

Clear cuttingClear cutting:: removal of all wood in a compartment.removal of all wood in a compartment.

Strip cutting:Strip cutting: harvesting strips within a compartment on aharvesting strips within a compartment on arotational basis.rotational basis.

Selective cuttingSelective cutting:: planned removal of individual trees orplanned removal of individual trees or

small groups of trees within a forest stand.small groups of trees within a forest stand.

Kinds of cuttingKinds of cutting::

Cl C ttiCl C tti

Clear CuttingClear Cutting:

Cost effective because large machines can be used, makingCost effective because large machines can be used, making

it easier to fell, trim and skid logs.it easier to fell, trim and skid logs.

But:But: 1.1. Eliminates almost all habitatEliminates almost all habitat

2.2. Increases soil erosion greatlyIncreases soil erosion greatly

3.3. Favors early succession tree species and deer (game)Favors early succession tree species and deer (game)

4.4. Increases soil and water temperatures.Increases soil and water temperatures.

Sometimes seed trees or nurse plants leftSometimes seed trees or nurse plants left

Cl C ttiCl C tti

Cl C ttiClear C tting

Strip CuttingStrip Cutting

1. R1. Reduces erosion compared to clear cuttingeduces erosion compared to clear cutting

2. P2. Provides seed sources for establishment,rovides seed sources for establishment,

But stripBut stripcutting stillcutting still

favors earlyfavors early

successionalsuccessional

tree speciestree speciesand edgeand edge

animals.animals.

Selective CuttingSelective Cutting

• FFavors the more shade-tolerant trees like red spruce,avors the more shade-tolerant trees like red spruce,

sugar maple and hemlock because the shade is notsugar maple and hemlock because the shade is not

broken.broken.

2.2. Provides a continuing supply of food and cover forProvides a continuing supply of food and cover for

wildlife throughout the life of the forest.wildlife throughout the life of the forest.

3.3. An uneven-aged stand is particularly favorable to birdsAn uneven-aged stand is particularly favorable to birds.

Selective CuttingSelective Cutting

Need intensive skilled management to prevent degradationNeed intensive skilled management to prevent degradation

of the remaining stand (genetically superior trees are likelyof the remaining stand (genetically superior trees are likelyto be removed).to be removed).

Management and skidding costs are likely to be higher,Management and skidding costs are likely to be higher,

road construction and maintenance must be moreroad construction and maintenance must be moreextensive.extensive.

High gradingHigh grading - taking out- taking out

the few choice trees forthe few choice trees forprofit and leaving the rest.profit and leaving the rest.

Lowest impact, butLowest impact, but

requires other skiddingrequires other skidding

techniques.techniques.

The Food Security Scenario inSouth Asia

Country FoodProduction

Food Exports Food Imports Food Balance

Bangladesh 26,924 1.6 2,827 -4,601

India 1,74,655 9,490 56 23,826

Nepal 5,839 11 39 57

Pakistan 24,936 2,966 288 3,818

Sri Lanka 1,938 9.8 1,307 252

Source: FAO, 2004. Figures in thousand metric tones for 2002

India’s AnnualGrowth Rate

Year GDP Per capitaincome

1951-79 3.6 1.3

1980-91 5.6 3.5

1992-06 6.5 4.7

P o p u la t io n , G D P a n d F o o d g r a

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 9 5 1 1 9 6 1 1 9 7 1 1 9 8 1 1 9 9 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 6

P o p u la t i

F o o d g r a

P r o d u c t

Growth of GDP i

annual increase5.1 6.2 7.0 7.3 7.5 5.1 6.5 6.1 4.4 5.6 4.4 8.5 7.5 8.4

F o o d g r a in P r o d u c t io n ( m ill i

Series1 199.4 192.3 203.6 209.8 196.8 211.9 174.2 210.8

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Foodgrain exports in million tonnes

Total exports 4.685 12.385 10.308 0.753 28.131

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Total

% f W k F d d t

69.569 .7

19 61 19 71 19 81 19 91 20 01

% of Work Force dependent onAgriculture

Percentage below poverty line1973 56

1987 39

1994 35

1999 26

2004 28

Poverty

There should be no food

insecurity in IndiaBoth GDP and foodgrain production haverisen faster than the growth in population

over the last 50 years And yet chronic hunger and starvation persist in large

sections of the population. There has been a declining

calorie consumption especially in the bottom 30% of the population.

N e t a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f o o d g r a i n s p e r c a

1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 200

I di h th l t f d

India has the largest foodschemes in the World Entitlement Feeding Programmes

ICDS (All Children under six, Pregnant and lactating mother) MDMS (All Primary School children)

Food Subsidy Programmes Targeted Public Distribution System (35 kgs/ month of subsidised food grains

Annapurna (10 kgs of free food grain for destitute poor)

Employment Programmes National Rural Employment Scheme (100 days of employment at minimum

wages)

Social Safety Net Programmes National Old Age Pension Scheme (Monthly pension to BPL) National Family Benefit Scheme (Compensation in case of death of bread winner

to BPL families)

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