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Basic Concepts
MIS
Information And Communication
Levels of
Message
Meaning
Message
Building
Blocks
A System View
Selected
System
Definition
Types
of
Systems
Processing And Transaction
processing
Components
Transmission
Components
The
Communication
System
An Information System Concept
Organization
Setting
Information
System
Components
System View
• A System is a set of subsystems and their relationships, in an environment, organized to achieve goals.
• Subsystem refers to the components that make
up a system’s, or its environment’s, structure.
• Environment identifies the subsystems that are
not a part of the system but which significantly
affact, or are affected by, the system.
• A Relationship represents a connection
between subsystems of the system or
environment.
Types of Systems
Assumes intangible symbolic form
that exists only in mind, although it
may be recorded externally. Does
not exist physically.
Abstract
Assumes tangible physical form
that exists outside the mind. You
can touch it.
Concrete
DefinitionsSystem Types
Types of Systems
Self-contained without interaction
with the environment, depending on
external intervention to initiate and
continue its operation.
Closed
Transform matter, energy, or
information from the environment to
provide for its own regulation and
internal maintenance.
Open
DefinitionsSystem Types
Levels of Message Meaning
• Data are groups of characters recognized as having meaning. They are raw facts and opinions. – eg. It is raining.
• Information infers more meaning, as data that has usefulness (value) in a current decision situation.– eg. It is raining, and my car windows are
open.
• Knowledge, represents information with a potential use retained for reference in future decision situations.
– eg. Spring is characterized by afternoon
showers. I should shut the windows when
leaving my car in the institute parking lot.
Message Building Blocks
• Data Name– The designation given to a class of data.
• Data Item– A specific value in a class of data.
• Information Name– A group of data names that identify potential user
information.
• Information Item– The expression of a specific value for an information
name.
Properties of Information
• Understand the content
– Different personal frames of reference lend
varying interpretations to the same content.
• Relate to a Decision
– Content should relate to specifically to a
current need in any of the phases of the
decision-making process.
• Change a perception
– Accomplish with surprise or content that
reduces uncertainty about future state or
event.
• Take an action
– Should be decision-impelling by generating a
response to the content.
Attributes of Information
• Source
• Scope
• Concreteness
• Accuracy
• Redundancy
• Horizon
• Frequency
• Timeliness
Use variety of approaches
to accomplish
classification, filtering,
accumulation, and statistics
Detailed to
Summary
Scope
Use combination of source
appropriate to the situation.
Internal to
External
Source
Information System
Consideration
RangeAttribute
Exact information
is not needed
Exact to
Approximate
Accuracy
Impression should
be encouraged to
supplement facts.
Hard to SoftConcreteness
Information
System
Consideration
RangeAttribute
Past emphasis on what
has happened to the
future emphasis on
what is expected.
Past to
Future
Horizon
Include the amount of
redundancy needed to
compensate analytic
ability
None to
Some
Redundancy
Information System
Consideration
RangeAttribute
Provide as soon as
possible after the data item
is measured, but not
before the need exists.
Current to
Delayed
Timeliness
Should match the
frequency of the situation.
Often to
Occasional
Frequency
Information System
Consideration
RangeAttribute
Management
• Management is the art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups.
Managerial Functions
• Planning
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Directing, and
• Controlling.
Management Hierarchy
Middle
Management
Supervisory
Management
Top
Management
Strategic Management
Management Control
Operational Control
Planning and Control functions
• Planning is the process of deciding what an
organization wants to do (forming goals) and
determining how to achieve the goals ( guiding
implementation).
• The Control function complements planning. It
involves determining how well goals have been
achieved (comparing actual performance with
planned) and deciding what to do if the
difference is too great (taking corrective action).
Top management decides on
organization objectives, changes in
the objectives, on the resources
used to attain objectives, and on
the policies governing the
acquisition, use, and disposition of
the resources.
Strategic
Planning
Middle management assures that
resources are obtained and used
effectively and efficiently to
accomplish the organizations
objectives.
Management
Control
Supervisory management assures
that specific tasks are carried out
effectively and efficiently to
accomplish the scope of the
objective under their authority.
Operational
Control
Middle
Management
Supervisory
Management
Top
Management
Management HierarchyManagement Functions
Strategic Planning
Management Control
Operational Control
Functions Versus Attributes
Operational
Control
Management
Control
Approximate
Exact
Soft
Hard
Summary
Detailed
External
Internal
Strategic
Planning
AccuracyConcretenessScopeSourceManagement Function
Information Attributes
Functions Versus Attributes
Operational
Control
Management
Control
Delayed
Current
Occasional
Often
Future
Past
Some
None
Strategic
Planning
TimelinessFrequencyHorizonRedundancyManagement Function
Information Attributes
MIS
• Management Information System is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures, databases and data models, as its elements. The system gathers data from internal and external sources of an organization; processes it and supplies Management Information to assist managers in the process of decision-making.
Business-related Information
Systems• EIS - Executive Information Systems
• MIS - Management Information Systems
• Decision Support Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems
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