analisis pengaruh manajemen laba terhadap return saham pada perusahaan

7/23/2019 Analisis Pengaruh Manajemen Laba Terhadap Return Saham Pada Perusahaan

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/analisis-pengaruh-manajemen-laba-terhadap-return-saham-pada-perusahaan 1/91

AHALIÎ^ T@HKAVPJ BAHAO@B@H LAFA

]@VJAMAT V@]PVH ÂJAB TAMA T@VPÂJAAH

BAHPGAC]PV MI F@O YAHK MIAPMI] EL@JCAH]EV ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA F@ÂV MAH

CAH]EV ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA C@NIL

]@Î^

Miaopcah ~`fakai ~alaj ~a}p ~yava} kpha

B`bt`vel`j M`vaoam âvoaha ^"6 Baki~}`v Bahao`b`h

Tvekvab ^}pmi Baki~}`v Bahaoabah Phiw`v~i}a~ Miteh`keve

Mi~p~ph el`j ?

MEHHY AVLAHMA AHMVEB@MA

HIB( N=A447171

TVEKVAB ^]PMI BAKI^]@V BAHAO@B@H

TVEKVAB TTAA^NNAAÂAVVOOAAHHAA

PHIW@VÎ]A^ MITEH@KEVE

^ @ B A V A H K

6 4 4 :



^`v}igica~i

^aya, Mehhy Avlahma Ahmveb`ma yahk f`v}ahma }ahkah mi fa{aj ihi

b`hya}acah faj{a }`~i~ yahk ~aya aopcah ihi amalaj ja~il cavya ~aya ~`hmivi yahk

f`lpb t`vhaj mi~abtaicah ph}pc b`hmata}cah k`lav tama tvekvab baki~}`v

bahao`b`h ihi a}aptph tama tvekvab laihhya( Cavya ihi amalaj bilic ~aya, cav`ha

i}p t`v}ahkkphkoa{afahhya ~`t`hpjhya f`vama mi tphmac ~aya(

Mehhy Avlahma Ahmveb`ma

Opli 644:



T@HK@ÂJAH ]@Î^

AHALIÎ^ T@HKAVPJ BAHAO@B@H LAFA

]@VJAMAT V@]PVH ÂJAB TAMA T@VPÂJAAH

BAHPGAC]PV MI F@O YAHK MIAPMI] EL@J

CAH]EV ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA F@ÂV MAH

CAH]EV ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA C@NIL

Yahk mi~p~ph el`j Mehhy Avlahma Ahmveb`ma, HIB( N=A447171]`laj mit`v}ajahcah mi m`tah M`{ah T`hkpoi tama }ahkkal >1 Opli 644:

Mah mihya}acah }`laj b`b`hpji ~yava} ph}pc mi}`viba(

T`bfibfihk P}aba

*Tveg( Mv( J( ^pk`hk [ajypmi, BB()

T`bfibfihk Ahkke}a

*Mva( _plaicja, B~i( Ac}()

^`bavahk, >1 Opli 644:

Phiw`v~i}a~ Miteh`keve

Tvekvab Ta~na~avoaha

Tvekvab ^}pmi Baki~}`v Bahao`b`h

C`}pa Tvekvab

*Tveg( Mv( Apkp~}y G`vmihahm, BFA()



BE]]E MAH T@V^@BFAJAH

B E ] ] E

¸ “Favahk~iata f`voalah ph}pc b`hph}p} ilbp, baca Allaj acah b`bpmajcah

fakihya oalah c` ~ypvka‒

*J( V( Bp~lib)

¸ “Oamicahlaj ~afav mah ~jela} ~`fakai t`helehkbp, ~`~phkkpjhya Allaj

f`~`v}a evahk"evahk yahk ~afav‒(*Q(^( Al"Faqavaj? 10>)

Cpt`v~`bfajcah c`tama ?

1( Allaj ^[] a}a~ }apgic mah jimayaj"

Hya(

6( Fataccp J( J`vp ^ptvabehe, ^@(,

Ac}(, BB( mah Ifphmacp

Hpv{imya~}p}i, ^@ ~`v}a amiccp Mehha

B`hiha M`lla Bavyahh`, ^@( }`vnih}a(

>( Albaba}`vcp }`vnih}a



AF^]VAN]

]ji~ v`~àvnj aib {a~ }e ahalyihk àvhihk bahak`b`h} `gg`n} nehn`vhihk

v`}pvh eg ~jav` gev ke tpflin bahpgan}pv` nebtahy a} Oacav}a Fpv~avy @gg`n}

{jinj apmi}`m fy fe}j lavk` ~nal` ahm ~ball"~nal` anneph}ah} nebtahy ahm }e

ahaly` migg`v`h}ial f`}{``h v`}pvh eg F@O {jinj apmi}`m fy fe}j lavk` ~nal` ahm

~ball"~nal` anneph}ah} nebtahy(

]j`~` v`~àvnj ~abtlihk afep} 09 bahpgan}pv` nebtahi`~ {jinj ke tpflin

a} Oacav}a Fpv~avy @gg`n}, fy teelihk ma}a b`}jem *644= „ 6447), }j`v`gev`

~abtlihk abeph} *h) 2 1;;( Ma}a nell`n}ieh p~`m tpvte~iw` ~abtlihk b`}jem }ja}

i~ ma}a }ac`~ fy v`qpiv`m nvi}`via(

V`~àvnj v`~pl}~ }ja} ef}aih`m tav}ially *ihmiwimpal) he} neh}aih`m

~ikhiginah} ihglp`hn` eg àvhihk bahak`b`h} }e ~jav` v`}pvh, fe}j nebtahy {jinj

apmi}`m fy Lavk` ev ^ball CAT( ]ji~ ba}}`v ihmina}`m }ja} fe}j lavk` ahm ~ball eg àvhihk bahak`b`h} `z`np}`m fy nebtahy bahak`b`h} tav}y jaw` he}

~ikhiginah} ihglp`hn` }e ihnv`b`h} eg nebtahy ~jav` v`}pvh( Ih Nje{ ]`~} k`} }j`

G walp` afep} 16,14 bpnj lavk`v }jah }afl` G eg ~ikhiginahn` ~}ahmavm 0 % afep}

;,:: }j`v`gev` }j`v` {`v` }j` migg`v`h}ial ~ikhiginah} v`~pl} eg ~jav` v`}pvh {jinj

apmi}`m fy fe}j Lavk` ev ^ball CAT( Tv`g`v`hn` eg àvhihk bahak`b`h} an}ieh

*annvpal mi~nv`}iehavy l`w`l) a} nebtahy {jinj apmi}`m fy Lavk` CAT afep}

4,44>1 {jil` tvegi} bahak`b`h} an}ieh * annvpal mi~nv`}iehavy l`w`l ) a} nebtahy

{jinj apmi}`m fy ^ball CAT afep} 4,44=9 i}~ ~je{~ }ja} nebtahy {jinj apmi}`m

fy Lavk` CAT {a~ ~ball`v }e `z`np}`m àvhihk bahak`b`h} }ja} nebtahy {jinj

apmi}`m fy ^ball CAT(



AF^]VACÎ

T`h`li}iah ihi f`v}popah ph}pc b`hkahali~i~ t`hkavpj bahao`b`h lafa

}`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk ke tpflin mi Fpv~a @g`c

Oacav}a yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil mah ph}pc b`hkahali~i~ t`vf`maah ah}ava v`}pvh

tama t`vp~ajaah mi F@O yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah F`v~cala F`~av mah

Cah}ev Acph}ah F`v~cala C`nil(

âbt`l t`h`li}iah ihi ~`fahyac 09 t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk ke tpflic

mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a, m`hkah b`}em` teelihk ma}a *}ajph 644= " 6447), ~`jihkka

opblaj ~abt`l *h) 2 1;;( T`hkabfilah ~abt`l b`hkkphacah b`}em` tpvte~iw`

~abtlihk yai}p t`hkabfilah ~abt`l m`hkah cvi}`via"cvi}`via yahk mi}`}atcah(

Ja~il t`h`li}iah faj{a ~`nava tav~ial *ihmiwimp) }imac }`vmata} t`hkavpj

yahk ~ikhigicah Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab, faic t`vp~ajaah yahkmiapmi} el`j CAT F`~av baptph CAT C`nil( Jal ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a

f`~av c`nilhya bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcah tijac bahao`b`h t`vp~ajaah

}imac f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah tama c`haicah v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah( Tama poi

Nje{ ]`~} mit`vel`j hilai G ji}phk ~`f`~av 16,14 l`fij f`~av mifahmihkcah G }af`l

}avag ~ikhigicah~i 0% ~`f`~av ;,:: ~`jihkka mit`vel`j ja~il ama t`vf`maah yahk

~ikhigicah v`}pvh ~ajab yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil(

C`n`hm`vphkah }ihmacah bahao`b`h lafa *va}a"va}a hilai mi~cv`~ieh`v acvpal) tama

t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av ~`f`~av 4,44>1 ~`mahkcah }ihmacah

bahao`b`h lafa *va}a"va}a hilai mi~cv`~ieh`v acvpal) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi}

el`j CAT C`nil ~`f`~av 4,44=9 yahk b`hphopccah faj{a t`vp~ajaah yahk

miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av l`fij c`nil c`n`hm`vphkah b`lacpcah bahao`b`h lafa

mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil(



CA]A T@HKAH]AV

Tpoi mah ~ypcpv c`jamiva} Allaj ^[] a}a~ ~`kala libtajah vajba} mah

vimja"Hya ~`jihkka t`hpli~ mata} b`hy`l`~aicah ]j`~i~ ihi( Opmpl yahk miahkca}

malab ]j`~i~ ihi yai}p ? ‒AHALIÎ^ T@HKAVPJ BAHAO@B@H LAFA

]@VJAMAT V@]PVH ÂJAB TAMA T@VPÂJAAH BAHPGAC]PV MI

F@O YAHK MIAPMI] EL@J CAH]EV ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA

F@ÂV MAH CAH]EV ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA C@NIL‒(

Amatph bac~pm t`hyp~phah ]j`~i~ ihi amalaj ph}pc b`b`hpji ~alaj

~a}p ~yava} b`bt`vel`j k`lav ta~na ~avoaha *^6) Baki~}`v Bahak`b`h}

Phiw`v~i}a~ Miteh`keve ^`bavahk(

T`hpli~ b`hyamavi ~`laba tve~`~ t`hyp~phah ]j`~i~ ihi }`laj fahyac

b`hmata}cah fah}pah, mevehkah mah fibfihkah faic ~`nava bevil mah ba}`viil

mavi f`vfakai tijac( El`j cav`ha i}p tama c`~`bta}ah ihi t`hpli~ b`hkpnatcah

va~a }`viba ca~ij yahk ~`f`~av„f`~avhya c`tama ?

1 Fatac Tveg( Mv( Apkp~}y G`vmihahm, BFA(, ~`lacp C`}pa Tvekvab Baki~}`v

Bahak`b`h} Phiw`v~i}a~ Miteh`keve ^`bavahk(

6 Fatac Tveg( Mv( J( ^pk`hk [ajypmi, BB( ~`fakai me~`h t`bfibfihk p}aba

mah Ifp Mva( _plaicja, B~i( Ac}( ~`fakai me~`h t`bfibfihk t`bfah}p yahk

~`hah}ia~a ~afav mah t`hpj c icjla~ah b`bf vicah t`}phopc, fibfihkah mah

be}iwa~i malab t`hy`l`~aiah ]j`~i~ ihi(

> Fatac Tveg( Mv( J( Avigih âf`hi, BNeb( Jeh~, Ac}( ^`fakai T`bfah}p

M`cah Gacpl}a~ @cehebi Phiw`v~i}a~ Miteh`keve ^`bavahk(



= Fatac mah Ifp Me~`h Tvekvab Baki~}`v Bahak`b`h} Phiw`v~i}a~ Miteh`keve

^`bavahk yahk }`laj b`bf`vicah f`cal ilbp t`hk`}ajpah mah f`vfakai

ga~ili}a~ fah}pah malab t`hpli~ah ]j`~i~ ihi mah ~`laba ba~a cpliaj(

0 Fataccp J( J`vp ^ptvabehe, ^@(, Ac}(, BB( mah Ifphmacp Hpv{imya~}p}i,

^@( ~`v}a amiccp Mehha B`hiha M`lla Bavyahh`, ^@( }`vnih}a, }`viba ca~ij

a}a~ ~`bpa yahk }`laj mif`vicah faic beviil baptph ba}`viil yahk }ac

}`vjihkka hilaihya ~abtai m`hkah ~}pmi ihi ~`l`~ai(

7 ]`bah"}`bah Baki~}`v Bahak`b`h} Phiw`v~i}a~ Miteh`keve ^`bavahk }ajph

6447 *ahkca}ah 6; ~ev`) a}a~ c`f`v~abaah, fah}pah mah mevehkahhya(

; ^`bpa tijac yahk }imac mata} mi~`fp}cah ~a}p t`v ~a}p, yahk }`laj m`hkah

icjla~ b`bf`vicah fah}pah faic ~`nava lahk~phk baptph }imac lahk~phk

malab t`hpli~ah ]j`~i~ ihi(

T`hpli~ b`hyamavi faj{a malab t`hyp~phah ]j`~i~ ihi ba~ij }`vmata}

fahyac c`cpvahkah mah oapj mavi c`~`btpvhaah( El`j cav`ha i}p, t`hpli~

b`hkjavatcah ~avah mah cvi}ic yahk mata} b`hy`btpvhacah ]j`~i~ ihi, ~`jihkka

mata} b`bf`vicah bahgaa} faki ~`bpa tijac yahk b`bfp}pjcah(

^`bavahk, Opli 644:

T`hpli~



MAG]AV IÎ

Jalabah

JALABAH OPMPL (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( i

T@VHYA]AAH C@A^LIAH ]J@Î^ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ii

JALABAH T@HK@ÂJAH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ii

BE]]E MAH T@V^@BFAJAH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( iw

AF^]VAN] ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( w

AF^]VACÎ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( wi

CA]A T@HKAH]AV (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( wii

MAG]AV IÎ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( iz

MAG]AV ]AF@L ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( zi

MAG]AV KABFAV (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( zii

MAG]AV LABTIVAH ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ziii

FAF I T@HMAJPLPAH

1(1( La}av F`lacahk Ba~alaj (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1

1(6( T`vpbp~ah Ba~alaj (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :

1(>( ]popah mah C`kphaah T`h`li}iah (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9

1(=( î~}`ba}ica T`hpli~ah ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 14

FAF II ]@LAAJ TP^]ACA MAH T@HK@BFAHKAH BEM@L

T@H@LI]IAH

6(1(]`laaj Tp~}aca ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 16

6(1(1( Lafa (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 16

6(1(6( Ceh~`t Acvpal ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 16

6(1(>( Bahao`b`h Lafa malab ]èvi Acph}ah~i Te~i}ig ((((( 1=

6(1(=( Tela Bahao`b`h Lafa (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1;

6(1(0( V`}pvh âjab ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1:

6(1(7( Bahao`b`h Lafa mah V`}pvh âjab ((((((((((((((((((((((( 19



6(1(;( Cpali}a~ Apmi}ev mah Bahao`b`h Lafa ((((((((((((((((((( 64

6(6(T`h`li}iah ]`vmajplp (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 66

6(>(C`vahkca T`bicivah (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6;

6(=(T`hk`bfahkah Jite}`~i~ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 69

FAF III B@]EM@ T@H@LI]IAH

>(1(O`hi~ mah ^pbf`v Ma}a ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >=

>(6(Tetpla~i mah âbt`l (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >=

>(>(M`gihi~i Et`va~iehal Waviaf`l (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >0

>(=(B`}em` T`hkpbtplah Ma}a (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >:

>(0(]`chic Ahali~i~ Ma}a (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >9

FAF IW AHALIÎ^ MAH JAÎL T@BFAJAÂH

=(1(Ma}a T`h`li}iah ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =7

=(6(T`hkpoiah Jite}`~i~ T`v}aba ? T`hkavpj Bahao`b`h lafa

}`vjamat V`}pvh âjab (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =7

=(>(T`hkpoiah Jite}`~i~ C`mpa ? T`vf`maah V`}pvh ~ajab tama

t`vp~ajaah ke tpflin yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah

F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev Acph}ah F`v~cala C`nil ((((((((((( 7;

=(=(T`bfaja~ah ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 79

FAF W ÎBTPLAH MAH IBTLICAÎ C@FIOACAH

0(1(îbtplah (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;1

0(6(Ibtlica~i C`fioacah ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;6

0(>(C`}`vfa}a~ah T`h`li}iah (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;>

0(=(Ak`hma T`h`li}iah B`hma}ahk ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;>

MAG]AV TP^]ACA



MAG]AV ]AF@L

Jalabah

]af`l =(1 ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig *CAT F`~av) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =;

]af`l =(6 Ja~il Poi Hevbali}a~ Ma}a m`hkah Celbekevew ^bivhew

*CAT F`~av) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =:

]af`l =(> Poi Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT F`~av) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0>

]af`l =(= Ep}tp} Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i *CAT F`~av) (((((((((((((((((((((( 0=

]af`l =(0 ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig *CAT C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 00

]af`l =(7 Ja~il Poi Hevbali}a~ Ma}a m`hkah Celbekevew ^bivhew

*CAT C`nil) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 07

]af`l =(; Poi Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0:

]af`l =(: Ep}tp} Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i *CAT C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((( 74

]af`l =(9 ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 76

]af`l =(14 Ja~il Poi Hevbali}a~ Ma}a m`hkah Celbekevew

^bivhew*Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil) (((((((((((((( 7>

]af`l =(11 Poi Ap}ecev`la~i *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil) 70

]af`l =(16 Ep}tp} Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah

CAT C`nil) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 77



MAG]AV KABFAV

Jalabah

Kabfav =(1 Kvagic Hevbal T"Tle} *CAT F`~av) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( =9

Kabfav =(6 Kvagic ^na}}`v Tle} *CAT F`~av) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 04

Kabfav =(> T`hkpoiah Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT F`~av) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 06

Kabfav =(= Cpvwa Poi } ah}ava Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh

âjab *CAT F`~av) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0=

Kabfav =(0 Kvagic Hevbal T"Tle} *CAT C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0;

Kabfav =(7 Kvagic ^na}}`v Tle} *CAT C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0;

Kabfav =(; T`hkpoiah Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT C`nil) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 09

Kabfav =(: Cpvwa Poi } ah}ava Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh

âjab *CAT C`nil) ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 71

Kabfav =(9 Kvagic Hevbal T"Tle} *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7>

Kabfav =(14 Kvagic ^na}}`v Tle} *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7=

Kabfav =(11 T`hkpoiah Ap}ecev la~i *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 70

Kabfav =(16 Cpvwa Poi } ah}ava Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh

âjab *CAT C`nil) *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil) (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7;



MAG]AV LABTIVAH

Jalabah

Labtivah 1 Ma}a T`h`li}iah ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;;

Labtivah 6 Ihtp} Ma}a CAT C`nil ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9>

Labtivah > ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig Tama CAT C`nil ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9;

Labtivah = Poi Hevbali}a~ Tama CAT C`nil ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9:

Labtivah 0 V`kv`~i Lihi`v Tama CAT C`nil (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 99

Labtivah 7 Ihtp} Ma}a CAT F`~av ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 14>

Labtivah ; ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig Tama CAT C`nil ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 14=

Labtivah : Poi Hevbali}a~ Tama CAT C`nil ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 140

Labtivah 9 V`kv`~i Lihi`v Tama CAT C`nil (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 147

Labtivah 14 Ihtp} Ma}a Kafphkah ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 114

Labtivah 11 ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil 110

Labtivah 16 Poi Hevbali}a~ Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil (((((( 117

Labtivah 1> V`kv`~i Lihi`v Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil ((((((( 11;

Labtivah 1= Npvvinplpb Wi}a` (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 161



FAF I

T@HMAJPLPAH

1(1 La}av F`lacahk Ba~alaj

Latevah c`pahkah b`vptacah ~pa}p n`vbihah mavi cehmi~i ~pa}p

t`vp~ajaah cav`ha mi malabhya b`bpa} ihgevba~i"ihgevba~i yahk mifp}pjcah

el`j tijac `c~}`vhal yahk f`vc`t`h}ihkah }`vjamat t`vp~ajaah, mibaha ~alaj

~a}p tavab`}`v malab latevah c`pahkah yahk mikphacah ph}pc b`hkpcpv

cih`voa bahao`b`h amalaj lafa( Atafila latevah c`pahkah babtp

b`hyaoicah ihgevba~i yahk v`l`wah m`hkah bem`l c`tp}p~ah yahk

mit`vkphacah el`j ihw`~}ev, baca ihw`~}ev mata} b`hkkphacah ihgevba~i

}`v~`fp} ph}pc b`bfpa} c`tp}p~ah ihw`~}a~i, yai}p b`bf`li a}ap b`hopal a}ap

}`}at b`bt`v}ajahcah ~ajabhya(

Bahao`b`h b`hyamavi faj{a lafa b`bt`vel`j t`vja}iah f`~av mavi

tava t`bacai latevah c`pahkah, ~`jihkka ~èvahk bahao`v acah f`vp~aja

ph}pc b`hyaoicah lafahya ~`faic bphkcih yahk mata} b`hphopccah faj{a

`h}i}a~ yahk mic`lelahya }`vlija} ~`ja} ~`nava gihah~ial( âlaj ~a}p ptaya yahk

milacpcah amalaj m`hkah b`bahitpla~i lafa yahk milatevcah( Bahitpla~i

lafa }`v~`fp} yahk mic`hal m`hkah bahao`b`h lafa *àvhihk~ bahak`b`h} )

yahk mim`gihi~icah ~`fakai p~aja tijac bahao`v yahk mi~`hkaoa ph}pc

b`bahitpla~i latevah c`pahkah malab fa}a~ah yahk mifel`jcah el`j tvih~it"

tvih~it acph}ah~i m`hkah }popah ph}pc b`bf`vicah ihgevba~i yahk



b`hy`~a}cah tava t`hkkpha latevah c`pahkah ph}pc c`t`h}ihkah bahao`v

*B`p}ia, 644=? >>=)(

Bahao`b`h lafa amalaj nabtpv }ahkah bahao`b`h malab tve~`~

t`hyp~phah latevah c`pahkah `c~}`vhal kpha b`hnatai }ihkca} lafa }`v}`h}p

m`hkah }popah ph}pc b`hkph}phkcah mivihya ~`hmivi *a}ap t`vp~ajaahhya

~`hmivi)( T`lpahk ph}pc b`hnatai lafa }`v~`fp} }ibfpl cav`ha b`}em`

acph}ah~i b`bf`vicah t`lpahk faki bahao`b`h ph}pc b`hna}a} ~pa}p gac}a

}`v}`h}p m`hkah nava yahk f`vf`ma mah t`lpahk faki bahao`b`h ph}pc

b`lifa}cah ~pfy`c}iwi}a~ malab b`hyp~ph `~}iba~i *[ev}jy, 19:= malab

^atp}ve mah ^`}ia{a}i, 644=)( I~p fakaibaha ta~av bemal b`btve~`~

ihgevba~i acph}ah~i, }`vp}aba lafa mah cebteh`hhya, b`vptacah jal yahk

t`h}ihk faki tav}i~itah ta~av bemal( ^pfvabahyab *1997) malab Avmia}i

*6440) b`h`bpcah faj{a mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal *mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~)

f`vjpfphkah m`hkah javka ~ajab, lafa yahk acah ma}ahk mah alivah ca~ mah

b`hyibtplcah faj{a bahao`v b`bilij acvpal ph}pc b`hihkca}cah

c`ihgevba}igah *ihgevba}iw`h`~~) lafa acph}ah~i( Mi ~abtihk i}p, acvpal

b`bphkcihcah bahao`v b`hkcebphica~icah ihgevba~i tviwa} b`v`ca mah

el`j cav`ha i}p b`hihkca}cah c`babtpah lafa ph}pc b`hn`vbihcah hilai

`cehebi~ t`vp~ajaah(

T`vah acvpal ~`fakai pcpvah vihkca~ cih`voa t`vp~ajaah b`hoami

t`v}ahyaah t`h}ihk malab vi~`} acph}ah~i( Lafa acvpal mitahmahk ~`fakai

pcpvah cih`voa t`vp~ajaah yahk l`fij ~pt`viev mavitama alivah ca~ cav`ha



acvpal b`hkpvahki ba~alaj {ac}p mah c`}imacnenecah *bi~ba}njihk) yahk

b`l`ca} malab t`hkpcpvah alivah ca~( [alaptph m`biciah, cav`ha amahya

gl`c~ifili}a~ yahk mi}`}atcah el`j KAAT, acph}ah~i acvpal b`hoami efy`c

c`fioacah bahao`vial( C`fioacah bahao`vial mata} b`hihkca}cah

c`ihgevba}igah lafa m`hkah b`bf`vicah ihgevba~i cjp~p~( Mi ~abtihk i}p,

amahya c`}imac~`taca}ah ah}ava bahao`v mah t`b`kahk ~ajab b`hmevehk

bahao`v ph}pc b`hkkphacah gl`c~ifili}a~ yahk mif`vicah ph}pc b`hkpcpv

lafa ~`nava etev}phi~}ic yahk b`hy`fafcah mi~}ev~i a}a~ lafa yahk milatevcah

*[a}}~ mah _ibb`vbah, 19:7 malab Avmia}i, 6440)(

B`hpvp} Vef`v} Ahk *199;? 9;) ceh~`t v`}pvh *c`bfaliah) amalaj

}ihkca} c`ph}phkah yahk mihicba}i el`j t`bemal a}a~ ~pa}p ihw`~}a~i yahk

milacpcahhya( Tava t`bemal }`h}phya }`vbe}iwa~i ph}pc b`lacpcah ihw`~}a~i

tama ~pa}p ih~}vpb`h yahk miihkihcah m`hkah javatah ph}pc b`hmata}cah

c`bfaliah ihw`~}a~i yahk ~`~pai( V`}pvh *c`bfaliah) amalaj }ihkca}

c`ph}phkah yahk mihicba}i el`j t`bemal a}a~ ~pa}p ihw`~}a~i yahk

milacpcahhya( ]ahta amahya c`ph}phkah yahk mata} mihicba}i mavi ~pa}p

ihw`~}a~i, }`h}phya t`bemal }imac acah bap v`te}"v`te} b`lacpcah ihw`~}a~i,

yahk tama acjivhya }imac ama ja~ilhya( Oami o`la~, ~`}iat ihw`~}a~i faic oahkca

t`hm`c baptph oahkca tahoahk b`btphyai }popah p}aba b`hmata}cah

c`ph}phkah yahk mi~`fp} v`}pvh, faic ~`nava lahk~phk baptph }imac

lahk~phk( Bahao`v b`btphyai mevehkah ph}pc b`hka}pv lafa ph}pc

b`bac~ibalcah c`~`oaj}`vaah t`vp~ajaah( Mevehkah ihi }`vnit}a el`j



ceh}vac yahk ~`nava `c~tli~i} baptph ibtli~i} mima~avcah tama lafa yahk

milatevcah mah f`vfakai banab ~i}pa~i mibaha lafa yahk milatevcah

b`btphyai t`vah t`h}ihk( ^`fakiah f`~av t`h`li}iah ah}ava laih milacpcah

el`j ^pfvabahyab *1997) mah Cvi~jhah *6446) b`hk`hai bahao`b`h lafa

b`bgecp~cah tama mevehkah ihi mah b`hka~pb~icah faj{a c`babtpah

bahao`b`h ph}pc b`bfpa} t`hy`~paiah acph}ah~i ph}pc ala~ah etev}phi~}ic

~aba ah}av t`vp~ajaah( Habph yahk }`voami }imac ~`t`v}i a~pb~i }`v~`fp}(

Gac}ev"gac}ev yahk b`bf`macah ah}av t`vp~ajaah mah b`bfa}a~i

c`babtpah bahao`b`h ph}pc b`hka}pv lafa b`litp}i ~}vpc}pv ih}`vhal

kew`vhahn` t`vp~ajaah mah c`tp}p~ah acph}ah~i }ajph ~`f`lpbhya yahk

mifpa} el`j t`vp~ajaah yahk b`bfa}a~i tilijah"tilijah acph}ah~i b`hma}ahk

*M`nje{, 1990 malab Avmia}i, 6440)(

El`j cav`ha i}p, t`h`li}iah ihi f`v}popah ph}pc b`bf`vicah fpc}i

`btivi~ atacaj t`hkavpj mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab

l`fij f`~av ph}pc t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic

F`v~cala F`~av mifahmihkcah m`hkah Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil

~`jihkka mata} mic`}ajpi cpali}a~ apmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic m`hkah

bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcahhya *Avmia}i, 6440)(

T`h`li}iah ihi acah b`hkcaoi l`fij lahop} mavi ja~il t`h`li}iah yahk

milacpcah el`j Avmia}i *6440) m`hkah ja~il t`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah

mit`vel`j ja~il t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala

F`~av b`btphyai hilai va}a"va}a alivah ca~ et`va~i, tvegi}afili}a~, ~i` mah



l`w`vak` l`fij f`~av mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av( Mavi ja~il poi f`ma ~}a}i~}ic mit`vel`j

ama t`vf`maah ph}pc waviaf`l ~i` mah l`w`vak` habph }imac ama t`vf`maah

ph}pc waviaf`l tvege}afili}a~( Ja~il t`h`li}iah opka b`hphopccah faj{a ta~av

f`v`ac~i te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev

Acph}ah F`v~cala F`~av( Ta~av b`hkahkkat faj{a latevah c`pahkah yahk

miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av l`fij mata} mit`vnaya

mifahmihkcah latevah c`pahkah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic

F`v~cala C`nil, mibaha ja~il t`h`li}iah b`hphopccah faj{a bahao`b`h lafa

f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j B`mia~}p}y mah Banjge`m *644>)

m`hkah efy`c t`h`li}iah yai}p t`vp~ajaah yahk ke tpflic yahk fpcah

}`vba~pc c`lebtec t`vfahcah mah a~pvah~i m`hkah t`viem` t`h`li}iah }ajph

1990 „ 6444( Ja~il t`h`li}iah b`hphopccah faj{a c`t`bilicah bahao`vial

mah c`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal f`vjpfphkah h`ka}ig }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa(

^`mahkcah pcpvah m`{ah miv`c~i f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig m`hkah bahao`b`h

lafa(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j B`p}ia *644=) yahk b`hkpoi

jpfphkah ah}ava cpali}a~ apmi} m`hkah bahao`b`h lafa, ~`calikp~ b`lija}

t`hkavpj ihm`t`hm`h~i yahk mipcpv m`hkah heh apmi} ~`vwin`~ mah ba~a

oafa}ah apmi}ev }`vjamat jpfphkah ah}ava c`mpahya( T`h`li}iah ihi



b`h`bpcah faj{a ~`bacih }ihkki cpali}a~ apmi} acah ~`bacih v`hmaj

af~elp}` mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~ yahk }`voami mi ~pa}p t`vp~ajaah( F`vcai}ah

m`hkah t`hkavpj heh apmi} ~`vwin`~ mi}`bpcah faj{a heh apmi} ~`vwin`

b`bf`vi t`hkavpj ah}ava cpali}a~ apmi} m`hkah bahao`b`h lafa b`lalpi

b`hihkca}hya af~elp}` mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~ tama }ajph t`vp~ajaah yahk

b`h`viba apmi} ~`vwin`~( ^`laih i}p, f`vcai}ah m`hkah ba~a oafa}ah apmi}ev,

ja~il }`bpah ihi b`hmpcphk t`hmata} yahk b`hya}acah faj{a ~`bacih

}ihkki ba~a oafa}ah apmi}ev acah l`fij b`hihkca}cah cpali}a~ apmi} cav`ha

b`bf`vicah c`~`bta}ah tama apmi}ev ph}pc l`fij b`hk`hali }vah~ac~i

cli`hhya(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j ^ylwia mah P}aba *6440)m`hkah ja~il

t`hkpoiah yahk milacpcahhya mi}`bpcah faj{a waviaf`l pcpvah t`vp~ajaah

~`nava ceh~i~}`h b`btphyai t`hkavpj h`ka}ig yahk ~ikhigicah }`vjamat

f`~avhya t`hk`lelaah lafa yahk milacpcah t`vp~ajaah, av}ihya ~`bacih f`~av

pcpvah t`vp~ajaah baca acah ~`bacih v`hmaj c`bphkcihah milacpcahhya

t`hk`lelaah lafa t`vp~ajaah( ^`laih i}p, va}a"va}a t`hk`lelaah lafa tama

t`vp~ajaah m`hkah c`t`bilicah ~ajab yahk }ihkki mah fpcah t`vp~ajaah

cehkleb`va~i ~`nava ~ikhigicah l`fij }ihkki mifahmihkcah va}a"va}a

t`hk`lelaah lafa tama t`vp~ajaah laih(

T`h`li}iah laihhya milacpcah el`j Kim`eh *6440) m`hkah ja~il

t`h`li}iah b`hphopccah faj{a t`hkavpj b`cahi~b` nevteva}` kew`vhahn`,

malab jal ihi c`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal, c`t`bilicah bahao`vial mah



cebte~i~i m`{ah cebi~avi~ ~`nava f`v~aba"~aba }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa,

}`vpoi m`hkah }ihkca} t`hkavpjhya l`baj( B`cahi~b` c`t`bilicah

ih~}i}p~iehal b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa yahk npcpt

cpa}( T`hkavpj b`cahi~b` nevteva}` kew`vhahn` mah bahao`b`h lafa ~`nava

f`v~aba"~aba }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa, }`vpoi m`hkah }ihkca} t`hkavpj yahk

npcpt cpa}( C`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj }`vjamat

cpali}a~ lafa yahk l`baj( C`t`bilicah bahao`vial b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj

}`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa yahk l`baj( Cebte~i~i m`{ah cebi~avi~ b`bf`vicah

t`hkavpj }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa yahk l`baj( Mah bahao`b`h lafa

b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa yahk ~ahka} l`baj(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah [imahavhi Tpmoia~}p}i mah Aima Aihpl

Bavmiyaj *6447) m`hkah ja~il t`h`li}iah mit`vel`j faj{a cpali}a~ lafa

t`vp~ajaah }imac f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa t vp~ajaah(

Mavi ja~il t`h`li}iah mi a}a~ mata} mi~ibtplcah faj{a t`h`li}iah yahk

milacpcah Aley~ia Yah}i Avmia}i *6440) mit`vel`j ja~il yai}p bahao`b`h lafa

f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av( F`ki}p tpla m`hkah t`h`li}iah yahk

milacpcah el`j Jalib, B`im`h mah ]efihk *6440) m`hkah ja~il faj{a v`}pvh

f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat }ihkca} t`hkphkcatah lafa( T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah

el`j ^ylwia mah P}aba *6440) mit`vel`j faj{a va}a"va}a t`hk`lelaah lafa

*bahao`b`h lafa) tama t`vp~ajaah m`hkah c`t`bilicah }ihkki mah fpcah

t`vp~ajaah cehkleb`va~i ~`nava ~ikhigicah l`fij }ihkki mifahmihkcah va}a"va}a



t`hk`lelaah lafa *bahao`b`h lafa) tama t`vp~ajaah laih( ^`mahkcah ja~il

t`h`li}iah mit`vel`j Tpmoia~}p}i mah Bavmiyaj *6447) f`lpb babtp

b`bfpc}icah faj{a cpali}a~ lafa t`vp~ajaah f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat

bahao`b`h lafa t`vp~ajaah(

Mavi ja~il"ja~il t`h`li}iah mi a}a~ mit`vel`j amahya t`vf`maah ja~il

t`h`li}iah *kat v`~àvnj) yahk milacpcah el`j tava t`h`li}i( Jal ihi acah

b`hkcaoi plahk *v`tlica~i) t`h`li}iah ihi m`hkah b`bt`vfavpi t`viem`

t`h`li}iah b`hk`}ajpi t`hkavpj bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama

t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah

t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil( M`hkah

ma~av }`v~`fp} baca t`h`li}iah ihi mif`vi opmpl ‒AHALIÎ^ T@HKAVPJ

BAHAO@B@H LAFA ]@VJAMAT V@]PVH ÂJAB TAMA

T@VPÂJAAH BAHPGAC]PV MI F@O YAHK MIAPMI] EL@J

CAH]EV ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA F@ÂV MAH CAH]EV

ACPH]AH TPFLIC F@V^CALA C@NIL‒(

1(6 T`vpbp~ah Ba~alaj

Mavi la}av f`lacahk mi a}a~, baca yahk b`hoami t`vba~alajah yai}p

mi}`bpcahhya v`~àvnj kat yahk b`ho`la~cah faj{a t`hkavpj bahao`b`h

lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh t`vp~ajaah( Jal ihi mi}phopccah m`hkah b`lija} ja~il

t`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah Avmia}i *6440) m`hkah ja~il faj{a bahao`b`h lafa

f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev



Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av( ^`mahkcah ja~il t`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah

el`j Kim`eh *6440) mit`vel`j faj{a bahao`b`h lafa malab b`bf`vicah

v`~teh c`tama ta~av a}a~ ihgevba~i lafa yahk milatevcah t`vp~ajaah cpvahk

cpa} mah }imac ~ikhigicah( Mavi t`ho`la~ah"t`ho`la~ah mi a}a~, baca t`vpbp~ah

ba~alaj malab t`h`li}iah yai}p ?

1( Atacaj bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama

t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk ke tpflin mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a faki yahk

miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev Acph}ah

Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil 5

6( Atacaj ama t`vf`maah yahk ~ikhigicah ah}ava v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah mi

F@O yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil 5

1(> ]popah mah C`kphaah T`h`li}iah

]popah mavi t`h`li}iah amalaj ~`fakai f`vicp} ?

a( Ph}pc b`hkahali~i~ t`hkavpj bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab

tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk ke tpflin mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a yahk


Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil(

f( Ph}pc b`hkahali~i~ t`vf`maah ah}ava v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah mi F@O yahk





^`mahkcah c`kphaah mavi t`h`li}iah ihi ?

a( Ja~il t`h`li}iah ihi mijavatcah mata} mioamicah t`v}ibfahkah faki ihw`~}ev

malab b`lacpcah ihw`~}a~i mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a(

f( Mata} mioamicah fajah t`v}ibfahkah faki t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk ke

tpflin mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a malab t`bilijah CAT ph}pc b`hkapmi}

latevah c`pahkah t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk ke tpflin mi Fpv~a @g`c

Oacav}a(

n( ^`fakai fajah v`g`v`h~i faki tijac"tijac yahk acah b`lacpcah t`h`li}iah

l`fij lahop} b`hk`hai t`vba~alajah ihi(

1(= ^i~}`ba}ica T`hpli~ah

FAF I T@HMAJPLPAH

Faf ihi f`vi~i la}av f`lacahk ba~alaj t`h`li}iah, t`vpbp~ah

ba~alaj, }popah mah bahgaa} t`h`li}iah ~`v}a ~i~}`ba}ica

t`hpli~ah(

FAF II ]@LAAJ TP^]ACA MAH T@HK@BFAHKAH BEM@L

T@H@LI]IAH

Faf ihi acah b`hkpvai }`h}ahk }`laaj tp~}aca yahk b`hma~avi

t`bfaja~ah ~`nava b`hm`}ail, t`h`li}iah }`vmajplp, c`vahkca

t`bicivah ~`v}a jite}`~i~(

FAF III B@]EM@ T@H@LI]IAH



Faf ihi f`vi~i waviaf`l"waviaf`l yahk mikphacah malab

t`h`li}iah, o`hi~ mah ~pbf`v ma}a, tetpla~i mah ~abt`l, m`gihi~i

et`va~iehal, b`}em` t`hkpbtplah ma}a ~`v}a b`}em` ahali~i~

ma}a(

FAF IW AHALIÎ^ MAH JAÎL T@BFAJAÂH

Faf ihi b`hkpvai tecec t`vba~alajah yahk }`vmivi mavi ahali~i~

ma}a ~`v}a t`bfaja~ah(

FAF W ÎBTPLAH MAH IBTLICAÎ C@FIOACAH

Faf ihi f`vi~i c`~ibtplah mah ~avah yahk mata} b`bf`vicah

bahgaa} faki t`vc`bfahkah ta~av bemal(



FAF II

]@LAAJ TP^]ACA MAH T@HK@BFAHKAH BEM@L T@H@LI]IAH

6(1 ]`laaj Tp~}aca

6(1(1 Lafa

B`hpvp} Njavivi mah Kjeali *644>) t`hk`v}iah lafa yahk miahp}

~}vpc}pv acph}ah~i ~`cavahk ihi amalaj lafa acph}ah~i yahk b`vptacah

~`li~ij t`hkpcpvah t`hmata}ah mah fiaya( F`~av c`nilhya lafa ~`fakai

t`hkpcpv c`haicah ac}iwa ~ahka} }`vkah}phk tama c`}`ta}ah t`hkpcpvah

t`hmata}ah mah fiaya( @avhihk mi~`fp} opka ~`fakai ceh~`t lafa t`viem`(

Ceh~`t lafa t`viem` mibac~pmcah ph}pc b`hkpcpv `gi~i`h~i ~pa}p

t`vp~ajaah( Pcpvah `gi~i`h~i pbpbhya milacpcah m`hkah b`bfahmihkcah

lafa t`viem` f`voalah m`hkah lafa t`viem` ~`f`lpbhya a}ap m`hkah lafa

t`vp~ajaah laih tama ihmp~}vi yahk ~aba( Yahk }`vba~pc `l`b`h lafa tama

ceh~`t lafa t`viem` amalaj t`vi~}i{a a}ap t`vpfajah hilai yahk mata}

mic`hmalicah bahao`b`h mah f`va~al mavi c`tp}p~ah"c`tp}p~ah t`viem`

f`voalah(

6(1(6 Ceh~`t Acvpal

Malab ^}a}`b`h} eg Gihahnial Anneph}ihk Nehn`t}~ *^GAN) He( 7

tavakvag 1>9 b`hya}acah faj{a acph}ah~i acvpal b`h`cahcah tama

na}a}ah t`hkavpj c`pahkah }`vjamat c`~a}pah }vah~ac~i mah còamiah laih

mah càmaah yahk b`btphyai ceh~`cp`h~i ca~ ph}pc c`~a}pah malab

t`viem` còamiah a}ap }vah~ac~i }`v~`fp} mah càmaah yahk }`voami mavitama



jahya malab t`viem` ca~ yahk mi}`viba a}ap mifayav el`j c`~a}pah

}`v~`fp}(

Malab acph}ah~i mic`hal i~}ilaj fa~i~ acvpal mah fa~i~ ca~( Fa~i~

acvpal mikphacah ph}pc b`h`h}pcah t`hkja~ilah tama ~aa} mit`vel`j mah

ph}pc b`hkacpi f`fah yahk ~`tamah m`hkah t`hkja~ilah tama ~aa}

mit`vel`j mah ph}pc b`hkacpi f`fah yahk ~`tamah m`hkah t`hkja~ilah

tama t`viem` yahk ~aba, }ahta b`bt`vja}icah {ac}p t`h`vibaah ca~ mavi

t`hkja~ilah f`v~ahkcp}ah( Fa~i~ ca~ mikphacah ph}pc b`hkacpi

t`hmata}ah mah f`fah a}a~ ma~av ca~ }phai yahk mi}`viba(

Ceh~`t acvpal mikphacah ph}pc b`b`hpji ceh~`t ma~av

acph}ah~i ba}njihk( B`hpvp} ceh~`t ihi, t`hkacpah f`fah mah

t`hmata}ah javp~ miacpi ~`~pai m`hkah jac yahk mipcpv malab ~a}p

t`viem` acph}ah~i }imac b`bt`v}ibfahkcah amahya t`h`vibaah ca~ }phai(

T`hkja~ilah miacpi malab latevah lafa vpki calap c`haicah bahgaa}

`cehebi mi ba~a m`tah f`vcai}ah m`hkah t`hihkca}ah ac}iwa *c`cayaah)

a}ap t`hpvphah c`{aoifah( F`fah miacpi malab latevah lafa vpki

milacpcah calap t`hpvphah bahgaa} `cehebi mi ba~a b`hma}ahk f`vcai}ah

m`hkah t`hpvphah ac}iwa a}ap t`hihkca}ah c`{aoifah }`laj }`voami mah

mata} mipcpv m`hkah ahmal( Ihi f`vav}i t`hkacpah f`fah }`voami f`v~abaah

m`hkah t`hkacpah t`hkacpah c`haicah c`{aoifah a}ap t`hpvphah ac}iwa(

El`j cav`ha i}p t`hkacpah t`hmata}ah mah f`fah b`hpvp} ~}ahmav

acph}ah~i yahk mi}`viba el`j pbpb b`hkkphacah ceh~`t acvpal(



Ma~av acvpal malab latevah c`pahkah b`bf`vicah c`~`bta}ah

c`tama bahao`v ph}pc b`bemigica~i latevah c`pahkah ph}pc

b`hkja~ilcah opblaj lafa *àvhihk~) yahk miihkihcah( ^}ahmav Acph}ah~i

C`pahkah opka b`bf`vicah c`l`lpa~aah c`tama bahao`v ph}pc b`bilij

b`}em` acph}ah~i malab b`hyp~ph latevah c`pahkah( M`}`c~i a}a~

c`bphkcihah milacpcahhya bahao`b`h lafa malab latevah c`pahkah

~`nava pbpb mi}`li}i b`lalpi t`hkkphaah acvpal( Opblaj acvpal yahk

}`vn`vbih malab t`hkji}phkah lafa }`vmivi mavi mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~ mah

heh mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~( Heh mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~ b`vptacah

cebteh`h acvpal yahk }`voami ~ìvihk m`hkah t`vpfajah mavi ac}iwi}a~

t`vp~ajaah mah mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~ b`vptacah cebteh`h acvpal yahk

f`va~al mavi àvhihk~ bahak`b`h} yahk milacpcah bahao`v *Jalib,

Bìm`h mah ]efihk, 6440)

6(1(> Bahao`b`h Lafa malab ]èvi Acph}ah~i Te~i}ig

Ceh~`t @avhihk Bahak`b`h} mata} mibplai mavi t`hm`ca}ah

ak`h~i mah ~ikhallihk }jèvy( ]èvi càk`hah *ak`hny }jèvy) b`hya}acah

faj{a tvac}ic àvhihk bahak`b`h} mit`hkavpji el`j amahya cehglic

c`t`h}ihkah ah}ava ak`h *bahao`b`h) m`hkah tvih~ital *t`bilic) yahk

}ibfpl c`}ica ~`}iat tijac f`vp~aja ph}pc b`hnatai a}ap b`bt`v}ajahcah

}ihkca} c`bacbpvah yahk mic`j`hmacihya( ]èvi ~ihyal *~ikhallihk }jèvy)

b`bfaja~ fakaibaha ~`javp~hya ~ihyal"~ihyal c`f`vja~ilah a}ap

c`kakalah bahao`b`h mi~abtaicah c`tama t`bilic( T`hyabtaiah latevah



c`pahkah mata} miahkkat ~ihyal atacaj ak`h }`laj f`vfpa} ~`~pai m`hkah

ceh}vac( Malab jpfphkah càk`hah, bahao`v b`bilici a~ib`}vi ihgevba~i

}`vjamat tijac `c~}`vhal t`vp~ajaah ~`t`v}i cv`mi}ev mah ihw`~}ev(

A~ib`}vi ihgevba~i }`voami c`}ica bahao`v b`bilici ihgevba~i

ih}`vhal t`vp~ajaah yahk v`la}ig l`fij fahyac mah b`hk`}ajpi ihgevba~i

}`v~`fp} l`fij n`ta} mifahmihkcah tijac `c~}`vhal( Cehmi~i ihi b`bf`vicah

c`~`bta}ah c`tama bahao`v ph}pc b`hkkphacah ihgevba~i yahk

mic`}ajpihya ph}pc b`bahitpla~i latevah c`pahkah ~`fakai p~aja ph}pc

b`bac~ibalcah c`t`h}ihkahhya( ]ika jite}`~i~ }èvi acph}ah~i te~i}ig

*Te~i}iw` Anneph}ihk ]jèvy) yahk mivpbp~cah el`j [a}}~ mah

_ibb`vbah *1994) malab Avmia}i *6440) mata} mioamicah ma~av

t`bajabah malab }ihmacah àvhihk bahak`b`h} amalaj ?

a( Jite}`~i~ tvekvab fehp~ *]j` Fehp~ Tlah Jyte}j`~i~)

T`h`li}iah Jàly *19:0) malab Haib mah Jav}ehe *1997)

b`bfpc}icah faj{a cebt`h~a~i yahk mima~avcah a}a~ ma}a acph}ah~i

b`vptacah ih~`h}ig faki bahao`v ph}pc b`bilij tve~`mpv mah b`}em`

acph}ah~i yahk mata} b`bac~ibpbcah f`~avhya fehp~ yahk acah

mit`vel`j( Lafa ~pa}p t`viem` acph}ah~i yahk l`fij v`hmaj mavi }avk`}

lafa b`vptacah ih~`h}ig faki bahao`v ph}pc b`hkpvahki lafa yahk

milatevcah malab ~pa}p t`viem` }`v~`fp} mah b`h}vah~g`v lafa c`

t`viem` f`vicp}hya(



f( Jite}`~i~ t`voahoiah p}ahk *]j` M`f} New`hah} Jyte}j`~i~)

âlaj ~a}p t`v~yava}ah malab t`bf`viah cv`mi} ~`vihkcali b`hnacpt

c`~`miaah m`fi}pv ph}pc b`bt`v}ajahcah }ihkca} va~ie bemal c`voa

bihibal, va~ie m`f} }e `qpi}y bihibal, bac~ibpb t`bf`viah m`wim`h

c` t`b`kahk ~ajab a}ap fa}a~ah laih yahk pbpbhya micai}cah

m`hkah ma}a acph}ah~i( T`lahkkavah }`vjamat fa}a~ah"fa}a~ah yahk

}`vbpa} malab ceh}vac cv`mi} ihi b`vptacah jal yahk b`hacp}cah faki

bahao`b`h( El`j cav`ha i}p, cehmi~i c`pahkah yahk b`hy`fafcah

t`vp~ajaah f`vama malab te~i~i hyavi~ b`lahkkav t`voahoiah cv`mi}

mata} b`hoami ih~`h}ig faki bahao`v ph}pc b`lacpcah bahao`b`h lafa

malab vahkca b`bihibalcah tvefafili}a~ t`lahkkavah t`voahoiah

cv`mi}(

n( Jite}`~i~ Teli}i~ *]j` Teli}inal Ne~} Jyte}j`~i~)

Glpc}pa~i yahk f`~av malab lafa bphkcih b`havic t`vja}iah t`bfpa}

t`va}pvah *v`kpla}ev), glpc}pa~i haic yahk f`~av a}a~ lafa mata}

mitahmahk ~`fakai ~ihyal cvi~i~ mah b`hy`fafcah v`kpla}ev f`v}ihmac(

T`vp~ajaah f`~av n`hm`vphk b`hkkphacah b`}em` acph}ah~i yahk

mata} b`hkpvahki lafa mifahmihkcah t`vp~ajaah c`nil(

Te~i}iw` Anneph}ihk ]jèvy *TA]) b`hkacpi }ika f`h}pc jpfphkah

càk`hah yai}p? *1) ah}ava bahao`b`h m`hkah t`bilic, *6) ah}ava

bahao`b`h m`hkah cv`mi}ev, *>) ah}ava bahao`b`h m`hkah t`b`vih}aj(



Malab ceh}`c~ ihi TA] amalaj ph}pc b`h`vahkcah mah b`vabalcah

tilijah bahao`b`h }`vjamat b`}em` mah tve~`mpv acph}ah~i( TA]

b`hnefa b`hkahali~i~ fiaya ~`v}a bahgaa} t`hkphkcatah c`pahkah

}`v}`h}p faki cebphi}a~ yahk b`b`vlpcah ihgevba~i acph}ah~i(

A~pb~i yahk b`hma~avihya amalaj ~`bpa cebphi}a~ yahk

f`vc`t`h}ihkah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah f`v}ihmac ~`nava va~iehal ph}pc

b`bac~ibalcah c`t`h}ihkahhya(

6(1(= Tela Bahao`b`h Lafa

B`hpvp} ^ne}} *199;) malab Vajba{a}i, ^ptavhe mah Qebaviyaj

*6447), tela"tela bahao`b`h lafa, ah}ava laih ?

1( ]acihk A Fa}j

]acihk a fa}j ~`vihk mi~`fp} fik fa}j mah milacpcah akav lafa tama

t`viem` f`vicp}hya b`hoami l`fij }ihkki mavi yahk ~`javp~hya( Jal ihi

mibphkcihcah cav`ha bahao`b`h b`hkjatp~ f`f`vata ac}iwa mah

b`bf`fahcah t`vcivaah"t`vcivaah b`hma}ahk tama t`viem` ~`cavahk(

6( Ihneb` Baziba}ieh

Ihneb` baziba}ieh milacpcah akav lafa tama t`viem` ~`cavahk

b`hoami l`fij }ihkki mavi yahk ~`javp~hya(

>( Ihneb` Bihiba}ieh

Ihneb` bihiba}ieh milacpcah akav lafa t`viem` ~`cavahk l`fij v`hmaj

mavi yahk ~`javp~hya(



=( Ihneb` ^bee}jihk

Ihneb` ~bee}jihk b`vptacah fakiah mavi bahao`b`h lafa yahk

b`vptacah c`kia}ah t`vp~ajaah ph}pc b`lacpcah t`vpfajah a}ap

bahitpla~i lafa ~`nava ~bee}j a}ap l`bfp} yahk mipcpv m`hkah Ihm`c~

@nc`l( Tvec~i mavi ihneb` ~bee}jihk yahk b`hkkphacah Ihm`c~ @nc`l

f`vf`ma m`hkah tvec~i bahao`b`h lafa yahk mipcpv m`hkah

mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal(

Ihneb` ~bee}jihk *t`va}aah lafa) b`litp}i t`hkkphaah }`chic"}`chic

}`v}`h}p ph}pc b`bt`vc`nil a}ap b`bt`vf`~av opblaj lafa ~pa}p

t`viem` ~aba m`hkah opblaj lafa t`viem` ~`f`lpbhya Favim{ah

*6444)(

6(1(0 V`}pvh âjab

B`hpvp} Ahk *199;? 9;) ceh~`t v`}pvh *c`bfaliah) amalaj }ihkca}

c`ph}phkah yahk mihicba}i el`j t`bemal a}a~ ~pa}p ihw`~}a~i yahk

milacpcahhya( ]ihkca} t`hk`bfaliah ~ajab mata} mif`macah b`hoami }ika

banab, yai}p? afhevbal v`}pvh, v`}pvh `c~t`c}a~i *`zt`n}`m v`}pvh) mah

v`}pvh vàli~a~i *an}pal v`}pvh)( T`h`li}iah ihi b`hkkphacah v`}pvh

vàli~a~i( V`}pvh vàli~a~i b`vptacah nati}al kaih a}ap nati}al le~~ yai}p

~`li~ij ah}ava javka ~ajab t`viem` }ajph ~`cavahk m`hkah t`viem` }ajph

~`f`lpbhya(



6(1(7 Bahao`b`h Lafa mah V`}pvh âjab

Tava ihw`~}ev }`vbe}iwa~i ph}pc b`lacpcah ihw`~}a~i tama ~pa}p

ih~}vpb`h yahk miihkihcah m`hkah javatah ph}pc b`hmata}cah c`bfaliah

ihw`~}a~i yahk ~`~pai( V`}pvh b`vptacah ja~il yahk mit`vel`j mavi

ihw`~}a~i a}ap }ihkca} c`ph}phkah yahk mihicba}i el`j t`bemal a}a~ ~pa}p

ihw`~}a~i yahk milacpcahhya *Jav}ehe, 6444? 14;)( ]ahta c`ph}phkah

yahk mit`vel`j mavi ~pa}p ihw`~}a~i yahk milacpcahhya, }`h}phya ihw`~}ev

}imac bap b`lacpcah ihw`~}a~i yahk }imac ama ja~ilhya( ^`}iat ihw`~}a~i,

faic oahkca t`hm`c baptph oahkca tahoahk b`btphyai }popah p}aba

yai}p b`bt`vel`j c`ph}phkah yahk mi~`fp} v`}pvh, faic ~`nava lahk~phk

baptph }imac lahk~phk( V`}pvh ~ajab mata} f`vpta v`}pvh vàli~a~i yahk

~pmaj }`voami a}ap v`}pvh `c~t`c}a~i yahk f`lpb }`voami, acah }`}ati

mijavatcah acah }`voami mi ba~a yahk acah ma}ahk( V`}pvh vàli~a~i

miji}phk f`vma~avcah ma}a ji~}evi~( V`}pvh vàli~a~i mata} mikphacah

~`fakai ~alaj ~a}p t`hkpcpvah cih`voa t`vp~ajaah mah mata} opka

mikphacah ~`fakai ma~av t`h`h}p v`}pvh `c~t`c}a~i mah vi~ice mi ba~a

yahk acah ma}ahk( I~p tama fakaibaha ta~av bemal b`btve~`~ ihgevba~i

acph}ah~i }`vp}aba lafa mah cebteh`hhya b`vptacah jal t`h}ihk faki

tav}i~itah ta~av bemal( ^pfvabahyab *1997) malab Aley~ia Yah}i Avmia}i

*6440) b`h`bpcah faj{a mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal f`vjpfphkah m`hkah

javka ~ajab, lafa yahk acah ma}ahk mah alivah ca~( ^pfvabahyab *1997)

malab Aley~ia Yah}i Avmia}i *6440) b`hyibtplcah faj{a bahao`v



b`bilij acvpal ph}pc b`hihkca}cah cìhgevba}igah lafa acph}ah~i( Jàly

mah [ajl`h *199:) malab âigpl *644=) b`bfaki be}iwa~i yahk

b`hma~avi bahao`b`h lafa c` malab }ika c`lebtec yahk ~alaj ~a}phya

be}iwa~i mavi ta~av bemal yahk mi}phopccah el`j v`}pvh ~ajab( ^`mahkcah

be}iwa~i laihhya amalaj be}iwa~i ceh}vac yahk mata} f`vpta ceh}vac p}ahk

mah cebt`h~a~i bahao`b`h mah yahk }`vacjiv be}iwa~i v`kpla}evy(

]ihmacah t`vp~ajaah ph}pc b`bahao`b`h lafa acah b`bf`vicah

maya }avic }`v~`hmivi faki ihw`~}ev tama ~pa}p t`vp~ajaah cav`ha cih`voa

c`pahkah t`vp~ajaah yahk faic( Jal ihi babtp f`vmabtac faic tama

v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah cav`ha fahyachya biha} ihw`~}ev yahk

b`hahabcah ihw`~}a~i tama t`vp~ajaah }`v~`fp}(

6(1(; Cpali}a~ Apmi}ev mah Bahao b`h Lafa

Apmi}ihk b`hkpvahki a~ib`}vi ihgevba~i yahk ama ah}ava

bahao`b`h mah ~}ac`jelm`v~ t`vp~ajaah m`hkah b`bphkcihcah tijac

mavi lpav t`vp~ajaah ph}pc b`bw`vigica~i walimi}a~ latevah c`pahkah( Tava

t`hkkpha latevah c`pahkah }`vp}aba tava t`b`kahk ~ajab acah

b`hkabfil c`tp}p~ah f`vma~avcah tama latevah yahk mifpa} apmi}ev

b`hk`hai latevah c`pahkah ~pa}p t`vp~ajaah( El`j cav`ha i}p cpali}a~

apmi} b`vptacah jal t`h}ihk yahk javp~ mit`vja}icah el`j tava apmi}ev

malab tve~`~ t`hkapmi}ah( @g`c}igi}a~ apmi}ihk mah c`babtpahhya ph}pc

b`hn`kaj bahao`b`h lafa mijavatcah acah f`vwavia~i m`hkah cpali}a~

apmi}ev( Apmi}ev f`vcpali}a~ }ihkki l`fij b`btphyai c`babtpah ph}pc



b`hm`}`c~i tvac}ic"tvac}ic acph}ah~i yahk mit`v}ahyacah atafila

mifahmihkcah m`hkah apmi}ev yahk laih( El`j cav`ha i}p, cpali}a~ apmi}

yahk f`vcpali}a~ faic acah babtp b`hn`kaj }`voamihya bahao`b`h

lafa(

M` Ahk`le *19:1) malab B`p}ia *644=) b`hm`gihi~icah cpali}a~

apmi} ~`fakai c`bphkcihah faj{a apmi}ev b`h`bpcah mah b`latevcah

t`lahkkavah malab ~i~}`b acph}ah~i cli`h( T`v~`t~i }`vjamat cpali}a~

apmi} ~`lalp f`vcai}ah m`hkah haba apmi}ev( Malab jal ihi haba faic

apmi}ev ~`vihkcali mipcpv m`hkah b`hkkphacah pcpvah Cah}ev Acph}ah

Tpflic, yai}p Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev Acph}ah

Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil( M` Ahk`le *19:1) malab Avmia}i *6440)

b`h}`evicah faj{a CAT yahk l`fij f`~av b`lacpcah apmi} l`fij faic(

CAT yahk l`fij f`~av b`btphyai v`tp}a~i yahk l`fij faic mah b`bilici

~pbf`v maya bahp~ia yahk l`fij fahyac, baca b`v`ca fi~a b`bt`vel`j

cavya{ah yahk l`fij }`vabtil( Acph}ah tpflic ~`fakai apmi}ev `c~}`vhal

l`fij ihm`t`hm`h }`vjamat bahao`b`h mifahmihkcah apmi}ev ih}`vhal

mijavatcah mata} b`bihibalcah ca~p~ v`caya~a lafa mah b`hihkca}cah

cv`mifili}a~ ihgevba~i acph}ah~i malab latevah c`pahkah( T`h`li}iah opka

b`bfpc}icah faj{a cv`mifili}a~ apmi}ev f`vcev`la~i h`ka}ig m`hkah

c`~alajah malab latevah c`pahkah(



6(6 T`h`li}iah ]`vmajplp

]af`l 6(1

T`h`li}iah ]`vmajplp

He( Haba

T`h`li}i

Opmpl Waviaf`l

T`h`li}iah

Ja~il T`h`li}iah

1( Tva}aha

Tp~taB`mia~}p}y

mah Ba~’pm

Banjge`m

*644>)

Ahali~i~ Jpfphkah

B`cahi~b` Nevteva}`Kew`vhahn` mah

Ihmica~i Bahao`b`h

Lafa

C`t`bilicah

bahao`vial,c`t`bilicah

ih~}i}p~iehal,

m`{ah miv`c~i

mah bahao`b`h

lafa

Ja~il t`h`li}iah b`hphopccah faj{a

c`t`bilicah bahao`vial mahc`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal

f`vjpfphkah h`ka}ig }`vjamat

bahao`b`h lafa( ^`mahkcah pcpvah

m`{ah miv`c~i f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig

m`hkah bahao`b`h lafa(

6( Ih}`h B`p}ia*644=)

T`hkavpjIhm`t`hm`h~i Apmi}ev

]`vjamat Bahao`b`hLafa ph}pc CAT Fik 0

mah Heh Fik 0

Heh apmi}~`vwin`, cpali}a~

apmi}, mahbahao`b`h lafa

"Heh apmi} ~`vwin` b`bf`vi t`hkavpjah}ava cpali}a~ apmi} m`hkah

bahao`b`h lafa b`lalpib`hihkca}hya af~elp}` mi~nv`}iehavy

annvpal~ tama }ajph t`vp~ajaah yahk

b`h`viba apmi} ~`vwin`~(

"^`bacih lafa ba~a oafa}ah apmi}ev acah l`fij b`hihkca}cah cpali}a~

apmi} cav`ha b`bf`vicah c`~`bta}ah tama apmi}ev ph}pc l`fij b`hk`hali

}vah~ac~i cli`hhya(

>( ^ylwia

W`vehinaîv`kav mah

îmjav}aP}aba

*6440)

T`hkavpj

C`t`bilicah, PcpvahT`vp~ajaah mah

Tvac}`c Nevteva}`Kew`vhahn` }`vjamat

T`hk`lelaah Lafa

*@avhihk Bahak`b`h})

C`t`bilicah,Pcpvah

T`vp~ajaah, mah

t`hk`lelaahlafa

"Pcpvah t`vp~ajaah f`vt`hkavpjh`ka}ig }`vjamat f`~avhya t`hk`lelaah

lafa(

"Va}a"va}a t`hk`lelaah lafa tama t`vp~ajaah m`hkah c`t`bilicah

}ihkki mah fpcah t`vp~ajaah

cehkleb`va~i ~`nava ~ikhigicah l`fij

}ihkki mifahmihkcah va}a"va}a t`hk`lelaah lafa tama t`vp~ajaah

laih(

=( Kimèh ^F(Fe`miehe

*6440)

Cpali}a~ Lafa ? ^}pmiT`hkavpj Nevteva}`

Kew`vhahn` mah

Mabtac Bahao`b`h

Lafa m`hkahB`hkkphacah Ahali~i~

Oalpv

C`t`bilicahih~}i}p~iehal,

c`t`bilicah

bahao`vial,

cebte~i~im`{ah

cebi~avi~ mahbahao`b`h lafa

"C`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal,c`t`bilicah bahao`vial mah

cebte~i~i m`{ah cebi~avi~ ~`nava

f`v~aba"~aba }`vjamat bahao`b`h

lafa("T`hkavpj b`cahi~b` nevteva}`

kew`vhahn` ~`nava ihmiwimpal}`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa amalaj

~`fakai f`vicp} ? b`cahi~b`

c`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal b`bf`vicah}ihkca} t`hkavpj }`vjamat bahao`b`h

lafa yahk npcpt cpa}((



He( Haba

T`h`li}i

Opmpl Waviaf`l

T`h`li}iah

Ja~il T`h`li}iah

0( Aley~iaYah}i Avmia}i

*6440)

T`hkavpj Bahao`b`hLafa }`vjamat V`}pvh

âjab }`vjamat

T`vp~ajaah yahk

Miapmi} el`j CAT Fik0 mah CAT Heh Fik

Tvegi}afili}a~,~i`, l`w`vak`,

v`}pvh, mah

Bahao`b`h lafa

"T`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CATFik 0 b`btphyai hilai va}a"va}a alivah

ca~ et`va~i, tvegi}afili}a~, ~i` mah

l`w`vak` l`fij f`~av mifahmihkcah

m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`jCAT Heh Fik 0(

" Ama t`vf`maah ph}pc waviaf`l ~i`mah l`w`vak`, habph }imac ama

t`vf`maah ph}pc waviaf`l

tvege}afili}a~("Ta~av f`vàc~i te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh

tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

CAT Fik 0(

"Bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah yahk

miapmi} el`j CAT Fik 0(

7( [imahavhiTpmoia~}p}i

mah AimaAihpl

Bavmiyaj

*6447)

T`v~t`c}ig Ak`hny]jèvy? T`hkavpj

Ihgevba~i A~ib`}vi}`vjamat Bahao`b`h

Lafa

Cpali}a~ lafa,bahao`b`h lafa

t`vp~ajaah

"Cpali}a~ lafa t`vp~ajaah }imac f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat bahao`b`h

lafa t`vp~ajaah(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j B`mia~}p}y mah Banjge`m *644>)

m`hkah ja~il t`h`li}iah b`hphopccah faj{a c`t`bilicah bahao`vial mah

c`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal f`vjpfphkah h`ka}ig }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa(

^`mahkcah pcpvah m`{ah miv`c~i f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig m`hkah bahao`b`h

lafa(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j B`p}ia *644=) yahk b`h`bpcah

faj{a ~`bacih }ihkki cpali}a~ apmi} acah ~`bacih v`hmaj af~elp}`

mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~ yahk }`voami mi ~pa}p t`vp~ajaah( F`vcai}ah m`hkah

t`hkavpj heh apmi} ~`vwin`~ mi}`bpcah faj{a heh apmi} ~`vwin` b`bf`vi

t`hkavpj ah}ava cpali}a~ apmi} m`hkah bahao`b`h lafa b`lalpi b`hihkca}hya



af~elp}` mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal~ tama }ajph t`vp~ajaah yahk b`h`viba apmi}

~`vwin`~( ^`laih i}p, f`vcai}ah m`hkah ba~a oafa}ah apmi}ev, ja~il }`bpah ihi

b`hmpcphk t`hmata} yahk b`hya}acah faj{a ~`bacih lafa ba~a oafa}ah

apmi}ev acah l`fij b`hihkca}cah cpali}a~ apmi} cav`ha b`bf`vicah

c`~`bta}ah tama apmi}ev ph}pc l`fij b`hk`hali }vah~ac~i cli`hhya(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j ^ylwia mah ^imjav}a *6440) m`hkah

ja~il t`hkpoiah yahk milacpcahhya mi}`bpcah faj{a waviaf`l pcpvah

t`vp~ajaah ~`nava ceh~i~}`h b`btphyai t`hkavpj h`ka}ig yahk ~ikhigicah

}`vjamat f`~avhya t`hk`lelaah lafa yahk milacpcah t`vp~ajaah, av}ihya

~`bacih f`~av pcpvah t`vp~ajaah baca acah ~`bacih v`hmaj c`bphkcihah

milacpcahhya t`hk`lelaah lafa t`vp~ajaah( ^`laih i}p, va}a"va}a t`hk`lelaah

lafa tama t`vp~ajaah m`hkah c`t`bilicah }ihkki mah fpcah t`vp~ajaah

cehkleb`va~i ~`nava ~ikhigicah l`fij }ihkki mifahmihkcah va}a"va}a

t`hk`lelaah lafa tama t`vp~ajaah laih(

T`h`li}iah laihhya milacpcah el`j Kim`eh *6440) m`hkah ja~il

t`h`li}iah b`hphopccah faj{a t`hkavpj b`cahi~b` nevteva}` kew`vhahn`,

malab jal ihi c`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal, c`t`bilicah bahao`vial mah

cebte~i~i m`{ah cebi~avi~ ~`nava f`v~aba"~aba }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa,

}`vpoi m`hkah }ihkca} t`hkavpjhya l`baj( T`hkavpj b`cahi~b` nevteva}`

kew`vhahn` ~`nava ihmiwimpal }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa amalaj ~`fakai

f`vicp} ? b`cahi~b` c`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal b`bf`vicah }ihkca} t`hkavpj

}`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa yahk npcpt cpa}( Ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a

t`h`vatah b`cahi~b` c`t`bilicah ih~}i}p~iehal mata} b`bf`vicah ceh}vifp~i



}`vjamat }ihmacah bahao`b`h lafa( B`cahi~b` c`t`bilicah bahao`vial

b`bf`vicah }ihkca} t`hkavpj }`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa yahk l`baj( Ihi

b`hkihmica~icah faj{a t`h`vatah b`cahi~b` c`t`bilicah bahao`vial

cpvahk b`bf`vicah ceh}vifp~i malab b`hk`hmalicah }ihmacah bahao`b`h

lafa( B`cahi~b` cebte~i~i m`{ah cebi~avi~ b`bf`vicah }ihkca} t`hkavpj

}`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa yahk ~ahka} l`baj( Ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a

cebte~i~i m`{ah cebi~avi~ b`hoami b`cahi~b` yahk b`bf`vicah ceh}vifp~i

yahk cpvahk `g`c}ig(

T`hkavpj b`cahi~b` nevteva}` kew`vhahn` mah bahao`b`h lafa

~`nava f`v~aba"~aba }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa, }`vpoi m`hkah }ihkca} t`hkavpj

yahk npcpt cpa}( T`hkavpj b`cahi~b` nevteva}` kew`vhahn` mah

bahao`b`h lafa ~`nava ihmiwimpal }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa amalaj? C`t`bilicah

ih~}i}p~iehal b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa yahk l`baj( Ihi

b`hkihmica~icah faj{a }ihkca} c`t`bilicah ~ajab ih~}i}p~iehal ~`fakai

b`cahi~b` t`hk`hmali malab t`hyp~phah latevah lafa, cpvahk b`bf`vicah

t`hkavpj c`tama ta~av b`lalpi ihgevba~i lafa( C`t`bilicah bahao`vial

b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa yahk l`baj( Ihi

b`hkihmica~icah faj{a }ihkca} c`t`bilicah ~ajab bahao`vial cpvahk

babtp b`hoami b`cahi~b` t`hk`hmali malab t`hyp~phah latevah lafa(

Cebte~i~i m`{ah cebi~avi~ b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj }`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa

yahk l`baj( Ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a opblaj c`ahkke}aah cebi~avi~ mavi

lpav t`vp~ajaah malab b`hk`hmalicah tve~`~ t`hyp~phah latevah latevah

lafa miv`~teh l`baj el`j ta~av( Bahao`b`h lafa b`bf`vicah t`hkavpj



}`vjamat cpali}a~ lafa yahk ~ahka} l`baj( Ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a

c`f`vamaah bahao`b`h lafa malab b`bf`vicah v`~teh c`tama ta~av a}a~

ihgevba~i lafa yahk milatevcah t`vp~ajaah cpvahk cpa}( Ma~av acvpal yahk

miahp} malab ~i~}`b acph}ah~i ba~ij b`bphkcihcah }`voamihya }ihmacah

bahao`b`h lafa, yahk }ihkca}ahhya }`vkah}phk tama be}ig a}ap }popah yahk

ihkih minatai el`j t`hk`lela a}ap t`hkpvp~ t`vp~ajaah(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j Avmia}i *6440) b`bt`vel`j ja~il

t`h`li}iah faj{a t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic

F`v~cala F`~av b`btphyai hilai va}a"va}a alivah ca~ et`va~i, tvegi}afili}a~,

~i` mah l`w`vak` l`fij f`~av mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi}

el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil( Mavi ja~il poi f`ma ~}a}i~}ic

mit`vel`j ama t`vf`maah ph}pc waviaf`l ~i` mah l`w`vak` habph }imac ama

t`vf`maah ph}pc waviaf`l tvege}afili}a~( Ja~il t`h`li}iah opka b`hphopccah

faj{a ta~av f`v`ac~i te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi}

el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av( Ta~av b`hkahkkat faj{a

latevah c`pahkah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av

l`fij mata} mit`vnaya mifahmihkcah latevah c`pahkah yahk miapmi} el`j

Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil, mibaha ja~il t`h`li}iah b`hphopccah

faj{a bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh tama t`vp~ajaah

yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah Tpmoia~}p}i mah Bavmiyaj *6447) m`hkah

ja~il t`h`li}iah mit`vel`j faj{a cpali}a~ lafa t`vp~ajaah }imac f`vt`hkavpj

}`vjamat bahao`b`h lafa t`vp~ajaah(



6(> C`vahkca T`bicivah

Apmi}ihk b`vptacah ala} t`hka{a~ah yahk mikphacah el`j

t`vp~ajaah ph}pc b`hpvphcah ce~ c`ak`hah t`vp~ajaah m`hkah t`bf`vi

p}ahk mah t`b`kahk ~ajab *O`h~`h mah B`nclihk, 19;73 [a}}~ mah

_ibb`vbah, 19:>)( Tvec~i yahk talihk ~`vihk mikphacah ph}pc cpali}a~

apmi} amalaj ahkke}a Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil( Metpnj mah ^ibphin *19:6) malab Avmia}i

*6440) b`hya}acah faj{a ihw`~}ev b`va~a faj{a Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic

F`v~cala F`~av b`bilici cpali}a~ apmi} yahk l`fij }ihkki cav`ha CAT ihi

b`bilici cavac}`vi~}ic yahk f`vjpfphkah m`hkah cpali}a~ apmi} yahk l`fij

fi~a miaba}i ~`t`v}i ~t`niali`m }vaihihk mah t``v v`wi`{ mavitama Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil( Ph}pc b`hm`}`c~i ama }imachya bahao`b`h

lafa, baca t`hkpcpvah a}a~ acvpal amalaj jal yahk t`h}ihk ph}pc

mit`vja}icah( ]e}al acvpal amalaj ~`li~ij ah}ava lafa mah avp~ ca~ yahk

f`va~al mavi ac}iwi}a~ et`va~i( ]e}al acvpal mif`macah b`hoami mpa fakiah,

yai}p ? *1) fakiah acvpal yahk b`bahk ~`{aoavhya ama malab tve~`~

t`hyp~phah lafevah c`pahkah mi~`fp} m`hkah heh mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal mah

*6) fakiah acvpal yahk b`vptacah bahitpla~i ma}a acph}ah~i yahk mi~`fp}

mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal *P}abi, 6440)(

Tava ihw`~}ev }`vbe}iwa~i ph}pc b`lacpcah ihw`~}a~i tama ~pa}p

ih~}vpb`h yahk miihkihcah m`hkah javatah ph}pc b`hmata}cah c`bfaliah

ihw`~}a~i yahk ~`~pai( V`}pvh b`vptacah ja~il yahk mit`vel`j mavi ihw`~}a~i

a}ap }ihkca} c`ph}phkah yahk mihicba}i el`j ihw`~}ev a}a~ ~pa}p ihw`~}a~i



yahk milacpcahhya *Jav}ehe, 6444? 14;)( T`hkavpj bahao`b`h lafa

}`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab miahali~i~ ph}pc b`hk`}ajpi hilai ihgevba~i latevah

c`pahkah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah

Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil faki ta~av(

Ihgevba~i acph}ah~i mijavatcah mata} b`bihibalcah cehglic

c`t`h}ihkah ah}ava tijac"tijac yahk f`vc`t`h}ihkah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah

*[a}}~ mah _ibb`vbah, 1994)( Tijac"tijac yahk f`vc`t`h}ihkah }`v~`fp}

b`hnacpt bahao`v, ihw`~}ev, cv`mi}ev, cavya{ah, t`~aihk, t`b`vih}aj mah

t`ba~ec( Bahao`b`h lafa }ibfpl ~`fakai mabtac mavi t`hkkphaah

acph}ah~i ~`fakai ~alaj ~a}p ala} cebphica~i ah}ava tijac"tijac }`v~`fp} mah

c`l`bajah ih}`vh acph}ah~i( ]`vmata} }ika jite}`~i~ yahk f`vcai}ah m`hkah

av}i t`h}ihkhya ep}tp} acph}ah~i, yai}p jite}`~i~ v`hnaha fehp~ yahk

b`hya}acah faj{a bahao`v t`vp~ajaah m`hkah v`hnaha fehp~ }`v}`h}p l`fij

b`hypcai b`}em` yahk b`hihkca}cah lafa t`viem` f`voalah, jite}`~i~ p}ahk

a}ap `cpi}a~ yahk b`hya}acah faj{a bacih }ihkki va~ie p}ahk a}ap `cpi}a~

t`vp~ajaah, bacih f`~av c`bphkcihah bahao`v ph}pc b`bilij b`}em`

acph}ah~i yahk mata} b`haiccah lafa, jite}`~i~ ne~} teli}ic yahk

b`hya}acah faj{a t`vp~ajaah f`~av n`hm`vphk b`hkkphacah b`}em`

acph}ah~i yahk mata} b`hkpvahki lafa mifahmihkcah t`vp~ajaah c`nil, baca

ph}pc b`hk`}ajpi cavac}`vi~}ic t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil(



Kabfav 6(1

C`vahkca T`bicivah

6(= T`hk`bfahkah Jite}`~i~

Jite}`~i~ amalaj ~pa}p tvetev~i, cehmi~i, a}ap tvih~it yahk ph}pc

~`b`h}ava {ac}p miahkkat f`hav mah favahk cali }ahta c`yacihah, akav fi~a

mi}avic ceh~`cp`h~i leki~ mah m`hkah nava ihi c`bpmiah miamacah t`hkpoiah

}`h}ahk c`f`havahhya m`hkah b`hkkphacah ma}a `btivi~ ja~il t`h`li}iah(

T`vpbp~ah jite}`~i~ malab t`h`li}iah ihi mihya}acah malab jite}`~i~

al}`vha}ig yahk mic`bfahkcah ~`fakai f`vicp} ?

a( Jpfphkah ah}ava bahao`b`h lafa mah v`}pvh ~ajab

Malab t`h`li}iah ihi ala} ph}pc b`hkpcpv bahao`b`h lafa

amalaj mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal( ]ihmacah t`vp~ajaah ph}pc

b`bahao`b`h lafa acah b`hy`fafcah c`}`v}avicah ihw`~}ev tama ~pa}p

t`vp~ajaah cav`ha cih`voa c`pahkah t`vp~ajaah yahk faic( Jal ihi

babtp f`vmabtac faic tama v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah cav`ha

fahyachya biha} ihw`~}ev yahk b`hahabcah ihw`~}a~i tama t`vp~ajaah

}`v~`fp}(

CAT F`v~cala

F`~av

CAT F`v~cala

C`nil

Bahao`b`h

Lafa

V`}pvh ^ajab



]e}al acvpal mif`macah b`hoami mpa fakiah, yai}p *1) fakiah

acvpal yahk b`bahk ~`{aoavhya ama malab tve~`~ t`hyp~phah lafevah

c`pahkah mi~`fp} m`hkah heh mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal mah *6) fakiah

acvpal yahk b`vptacah bahitpla~i ma}a acph}ah~i yahk mi~`fp}

mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal *P}abi, 6440)( Malab cai}ah ah}ava bahao`b`h

lafa m`hkah pcpvah apmi}ev mata} mio`la~cah faj{a apmi}ev f`~av

miahkkat b`bilici cpali}a~ yahk l`fij }ihkki mifahmihkcah m`hkah

apmi}ev c`nil( Apmi}ev yahk micla~igica~icah ~`fakai f`~av opka

miahkkat acah l`fij babtp b`bfa}a~i tvac}`c bahao`b`h lafa

mifahmihkcah m`hkah apmi}ev c`nil(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah Avmia}i *6440) mit`vel`j ja~il faj{a

mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil acah f`vt`hkavpj h`ka}ig }`vjamat

v`}pvh ~ajab( F`vma~avcah t`vhya}aah"t`vhya}aah mi a}a~, baca

jite}`~i~ c`mpa malab t`h`li}iah ihi amalaj ?

Ph}pc b`hm`}`c~i ama }imachya bahao`b`h lafa, baca

t`hkpcpvah a}a~ acvpal amalaj jal yahk t`h}ihk ph}pc mit`vja}icah(

]e}al acvpal amalaj ~`li~ij ah}ava lafa mah avp~ ca~ yahk f`va~al mavi

ac}iwi}a~ et`va~i( ]e}al acvpal mif`macah b`hoami mpa fakiah, yai}p

*1) fakiah acvpal yahk b`bahk ~`{aoavhya ama malab tve~`~

t`hyp~phah lafevah c`pahkah mi~`fp} m`hkah heh mi~nv`}iehavy



annvpal mah *6) fakiah acvpal yahk b`vptacah bahitpla~i ma}a

acph}ah~i yahk mi~`fp} mi~nv`}iehavy annvpal *P}abi, 6440)(

F`f`vata fakiah yahk f`vcai}ah m`hkah bahao`b`h lafa amalaj

apmi}ev yahk b`lacpcah apmi} }`vjamat latevah c`pahkah( C`kia}ah

apmi} amalaj ~pa}p tve~`~ ph}pc b`hkpvahki c`}imac~`lava~ah ihgevba~i

yahk }`vmata} ah}ava bahak`v mah tava t`b`kahk ~ajab m`hkah

b`hkkphacah tijac lpav ph}pc b`bf`vicah t`hk`~ajah }`vjamat

latevah c`pahkah( Apmi}ev mijavatcah mata} b`bfa}a~i tvac}`c

bahao`b`h lafa ~`v}a b`bfah}p b`hoaka mah b`hihkca}cah

c`t`vnayaah ba~yavaca} pbpb }`vjamat lafevah c`pahkah( Habpv

m`biciah, `g`c}iwi}a~ mah c`babtpah apmi}ev ph}pc b`hm`}`c~i

bahao`b`h lafa }`vkah}phk tama cpali}a~ apmi}ev }`v~`fp}( Cpali}a~

apmi} fia~ahya micai}cah m`hkah pcpvah apmi}ev yai}p f`~av a}ap c`nil(

Apmi}ev f`~av miahkkat b`bilici cpali}a~ yahk l`fij }ihkki

mifahmihkcah m`hkah apmi}ev c`nil( Apmi}ev yahk micla~igica~icah

~`fakai f`~av opka miahkkat acah l`fij babtp b`bfa}a~i tvac}`c

bahao`b`h lafa mifahmihkcah m`hkah apmi}ev c`nil *B`p}ia, 644=)(

T`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j Avmia}i *6440) mit`vel`j ja~il

faj{a mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal yahk mikphacah ~`fakai tvec~i

bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah mah te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh

~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic



F`v~cala F`~av( F`vma~avcah t`vhya}aah"t`vhya}aah mi a}a~, baca

jite}`~i~ t`v}aba malab t`h`li}iah ihi amalaj ?

J1? Bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama

t`vp~ajaah ke tpflin mi F@O(

f( T`vf`maah V`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic

F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil

B`hpvp} ^pfvabahyab *1997) malab Avmia}i *6440) faj{a

mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal f`vjpfphkah m`hkah javka ~ajab, lafa yahk

acah ma}ahk, alivah ca~ mah b`hyibtplcah faj{a bahao`v b`bilij

acvpal ph}pc b`hihkca}cah c`ihgevba}igah lafa acph}ah~i( Mi ~abtihk

i}p, acvpal b`bphkcihcah bahao`v b`hkcebphica~icah ihgevba~i tviwa}

b`v`ca mah el`j cav`ha i}p b`hihkca}cah c`babtpah lafa ph}pc

b`hn`vbihcah hilai `cehebi~ t`vp~ajaah( Lafa acvpal mitahmahk

~`fakai pcpvah cih`voa t`vp~ajaah yahk l`fij ~pt`viev mifahmihkcah

alivah ca~ cav`ha acvpal b`hkpvahki ba~alaj {ac}p mah c`}imacnenecah

yahk b`l`ca} malab t`hkpcpvah alivah ca~ *M`nje{, 199=)( [alaptph

m`biciah, cav`ha amahya gl`c~ifili}a~ KAAT, acph}ah~i acvpal b`hoami

~pfy`c c`fioacah bahao`vial, ~`jihkka f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat cih`voa

c`pahkah t`vp~ajaah(

T`h`li}iah el`j Avmia}i *6440) b`hphopccah faj{a t`vp~ajaah

yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av b`btphyai

hilai va}a"va}a v`}pvh ~ajab acah l`fij f`~av mifahmihkcah m`hkah



t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil(

F`vma~avcah t`vhya}aah"t`vhya}aah mi a}a~, baca jite}`~i~ c`mpa malab

t`h`li}iah ihi amalaj ?

J6? Ama t`vf`maah yahk ~ikhigicah tama v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah

yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah

v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah




FAF III

B@]EM@ T@H@LI]IAH

>(1 O`hi~ mah ^pbf`v Ma}a

T`h`li}iah ihi b`hkkphacah ma}a ~`cphm`v f`vpta latevah c`pahkah

t`vp~ajaah t`v M`~`bf`v yahk }`v~`mia mi F@O }ajph 644= „ 6447 mah javka

~ajab t`hp}ptah }ajphah( Ma}a mit`vel`j mavi Ihmeh`~iah Nati}al Bavc`}

Miv`n}evy(

>(6 Tetpla~i mah ^abt`l

Tetpla~i malab t`h`li}iah ihi amalaj t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk ke

tpflic mah }`vmag}av mi fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a tama }ajph 644= „ 6447( T`h`li}iah

ihi b`hkphacah latevah c`pahkah t`v >1 M`~`bf`v 644= „ 6447 ~`fakai

~abt`l( M`hkah b`hkkphacah ~abt`l yahk v`la}ig favp mijavatcah ja~il

t`h`li}iah acah l`fij v`l`wah ph}pc b`bajabi cehmi~i yahk ac}pal mi

Ihmeh`~ia(

T`vp~ajaah yahk b`hoami ~abt`l malab t`h`li}iah ihi amalaj

t`vp~ajaah yahk mitilij f`vma~avcah b`}em` tpvte~iw` ~abtlihk yai}p

t`hkabfilah ma}a f`vma~avcah cvi}`via"cvi}`via }`v}`h}p( Amatph cvi}`via"

cvi}`viahya yai}p t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O yahk b`btphyai lafa f`v~ij

~`laba > f`v}pvp}"}pvp} t`viem` 644= „ 6447(



>(> M`gihi~i Et`va~iehal Waviaf`l

T`hkavpj bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah

bahpgac}pv yahk ke tpflin mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil,

mibaha waviaf`l t`h`li}iah }`vmivi mavi ?

a( Waviaf`l f`fa~ ? bahao`b`h lafa

f( Waviaf`l }`vica} ? v`}pvh ~ajab

M`gihi~i et`va~iehal ba~ihk"ba~ihk waviaf`l t`h`li}iah mata}

mio`la~cah ~`fakai f`vicp} ?

1( Waviaf`l Bahao`b`h Lafa

Bahao`b`h Lafa malab t`h`li}iah ihi mitvec~i *mipcpv) m`hkah

mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal( Mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal b`vptacah ~pa}p nava

ph}pc b`hkpvahki t`latevah lafa yahk ~pli} mim`}`c~i b`lalpi bahitpla~i

c`fioacah acph}ah~i yahk f`vjpfphkah m`hkah acvpal, bi~alhya m`hkah

nava b`haiccah fiaya abev}i~a~i mah m`tv`~ia~i, b`hna}a} c`{aoifah yahk

f`~av a}a~ oabihah tvempc *kavah~i), ceh}ik`h~i mah te}ehkah javka, mah

b`hna}a} t`v~`miaah yahk ~pmaj p~ahk *B`mi~}p}i mah Ba~’pm, 644>)(

Ihneb` ~bee}jihk b`vptacah fakiah mavi bahao`b`h lafa yahk

b`vptacah c`kia}ah t`vp~ajaah ph}pc b`lacpcah t`vpfajah a}ap

bahitpla~i lafa ~`nava ~bee}j a}ap l`bfp} yahk mipcpv m`hkah Ihm`c~

@nc`l( Tvec~i mavi ihneb` ~bee}jihk yahk b`hkkphacah Ihm`c~ @nc`l

f`vf`ma m`hkah tvec~i bahao`b`h lafa yahk mipcpv m`hkah mi~nv`}iehavy

annvpal( Waviaf`l bahao`b`h lafa malab t`h`li}iah ihi }imac b`hkkphacah



tela ihneb` ~bee}jihk mah }acihk a fa}j, habph b`hkkphacah tela

ihneb` baziba}ieh mah ihneb` bihiba}ieh(

Mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal miji}phk m`hkah b`hkkphacah Bemigi`m

Oeh`~’ Bem`l~ *M`nje{, 1990 yahk micp}it el`j Bimia~}p}y mah Ba~’pm,

644>) ?

a( ]e}al annvpal~ ~`~phkkpjhya

]AN 2 HIi} " NGi}

Mibaha,

HIi} 2 lafa f`v~ij *h`} ihneb`) t`vp~ajaah i tama t`viem` }

NGi} 2 avp~ ca~ et`va~i *na~j gle{ eg et`va}ieh) t`vp~ajaah i tama

t`viem` }

f( ]e}al annvpal~ yahk mi`~}iba~i m`hkah t`v~abaah v`kv`~i EL^

*Evmihavy Là~} qpav`) amalaj

* ) * ) } } } } } } } } ]ATT@ ]AÂL]A]A]AN ϑ α α α ##∇#2 ∖∖∖∖ 1>16111 )1*

mibaha,

]AN} 2 }e}al annvpal~ malab t`viem` }

]A}"1 2 }e}al a~~`} t`viem` }"1

∇ÂL} 2 t`vpfajah t`hmata}ah a}ap t`hopalah f`v~ij malab

t`viem` }

TT@} 2 tvet`v}y, tlah, ahm qpitb`h} t`viem` }

α1, α6, α> 2 ce`gi~i`h v`kv`~i

n( Heh acvpal mi~cv`~ieh`v

* ) * )S R * )1>1611 1 ∖∖∖ #∇∖∇#2 } } } } } } } ]ATT@ ]A V@N ÂL]A HM]AN α α α

mibaha,



∇V@N} 2 t`vpfajah tip}ahk f`v~ij malab t`viem` }

α1, α6, α> 2 gi}}`m ne`ggini`h} yahk mit`vel`j mavi ja~il v`kv`~i tama

t`vji}phkah }e}al annvpal~

m( Mi~cv`~ieh`v ]e}al Acvpal

} } } } HM]AN ]A]AN M]AN ∖2 ∖1

mibaha,

M]AN} 2 mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal }ajph }

]AN} 2 }e}al annvpal~ }ajph }

HM]AN} 2 heh acvpal mi~cv`~ieh`v tama }ajph }

6( Waviaf`l V`}pvh ^ajab

V`}pvh b`vptacah ja~il yahk mit`vel`j mavi ihw`~}a~i( *Jav}ehe, 6444?

14;) a}ap }ihkca} c`ph}phkah yahk mihicba}i el`j t`bemal a}a~ ~pa}p

ihw`~}a~i yahk milacpcahhhya( Malab t`h`li}iah ihi acah b`hkkphacah

vpbp~ v`}pvh ~ajab ~`nava pbpb yahk b`bt`v}ibfahkcah nati}al kaih

amalaj ?

C`}`vahkah ?

Vi} 2 V`}pvh ~ajab ba~ihk"ba~ihk t`vp~ajaah

Ti} 2 Javka ~ajab i tama javi c`"}(

Ti}"1 2 Javka ~ajab i tama javi c`"}"1

>( Cvi}`via Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic

Amatph Cvi}`via Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic yahk }`vba~pc malab

CAT F`~av mah c`nil t`vf`maah amalaj ~`fakai f`vicp}?

V i} 2 *Ti} „ Ti}"1) Ti}"1



6( CAT F`~av amalaj CAT yahk mica}acah f`~av oica f`vagilia~i m`hkah CAT

yahk }`vhaba milpav h`k`vi aha}ava laih ?

>( Tva~`}ye P}ebe mah Ne( f`vagilia~i m`hkah Av}jpv Ahm`v~`h

[evlm{im` ^KW ' Ne(

6( Jami ^p}ah}e mah V`cah f`vagilia~i m`hkah Tvin`{a}`vjep~` Neet`v~(

>( Jahami, âv{ece mah âhmoaoa f`vagilia~i m`hkah @vh~} ahm Yephk

Ih}`vha}iehal(

=( îmjav}a, îmjav}a mah [imoaoa f`vagilia~i m`hkah B`bf`v eg Givb

Clyhw`lm Tà} Bav{inc Ke`vm`l`v *CTBK) Ih}(

0( Jah~ ]pahace}}a Bp~}ega mah Jalib f`vagilia~i m`hkah B`bf`v eg

Givb M`lei}}`, ]epnj` ahm ]ejba}~p(

6( CAT C`nil amalaj CAT yahk }imac f`vagilia~i m`hkah Av}jpv Ahm`v~`h

[evlm{im` ^KW ' Ne, @vh~} ahm Yephk Ih}`vha}iehal, B`bf`v eg Givb

Clyhw`lm Tà} Bav{inc Ke`vm`l`v *CTBK) Ih}, B`bf`v eg Givb M`lei}}`,

]epnj` ahm ]ejba}~p

>(= B`}em` T`hkpbtplah Ma}a

B`}em` t`hkpbtplah ma}a yahk milacpcah yai}p ?

1( ^}pmi mecpb`h}a~i }`vjamat latevah c`pahkah }ajphah t`vp~ajaah yahk

mit`vel`j mavi INBM(

6( Li}`va}pv f`vpta ? fpcp, }`c~, av}ic`l, opvhal mah baoalaj, ~`v}a ma}a }`v}pli~

laihhya yahk f`vjpfphkah m`hkah ihgevba~i yahk mifp}pjcah(



>(0 ]`chic Ahali~i~ Ma}a

1) ^}a}i~}ic Mi~cvit}ig

^}a}i~}ic mi~cvit}ig mikphacah ph}pc b`hk`}ajpi hilai va}a"

va}a *b`ah), mi~}vifp~i gv`cp`h~i, hilai bihibpb mah bac~ibpb,

~`v}a m`wia~i ~}ahmav( ^}a}i~}ic mi~cvit}ig acah milacpcah tama

ma}a cavac}`vi~}ic t`vp~ajaah *mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal mah

v`}pvh ~ajab)( Ma}a yahk mi}`li}i acah mic`lebteccah b`hoami

mpa c`lebtec ~abt`l, yai}p t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev Acph}ah


6) Poi Hevbali}a~

T`hkpoiah mi~}vifp~i ma}a f`v}popah ph}pc t`hkpoiah

~pa}p ma}a t`h`li}iah atacaj malab bem`l ~}a}i~}ic, waviaf`l

}`vica} mah waviaf`l f`fa~ f`vmi~}vifp~i hevbal a}ap

f`vmi~}vifp~i }imac hevbal( Mi~}vifp~i ma}a hevbal b`hkkphacah

~}a}i~}ic tavab`}vic ~`fakai ala} t`hkpoiah( ^`mahkcah

mi~}vifp~i }imac hevbal mikphacah ph}pc ahali~i~ t`hkpoiah

~}a}i~}ic heh tavab`}vic( Poi hevbali}a~ malab t`h`li}iah ihi

milacpcah ph}pc b`hkpoi hevbali}a~ ma}a mavi ba~ihk"ba~ihk

waviaf`l m`hkah b`hkkphacah eh`"~abtl` celbekevew"

~bivhew(

Ph}pc b`hkpoi hevbali}a~ ma}a ~pa}p t`h`li}iah, ~alaj

~a}p ala} yahk mikphacah amalaj b`hkkphacah poi Celbekevew



^bivhew( B`hpvp} Kjeali *6440), faj{a mi~}vifp~i ma}a mata}

milija} m`hkah b`bfahmihkcah _ ji}phk m`hkah _ }af`l

m`hkah cvi}`via ~`fakai f`vicp}?

" Oica _ ji}phk *Celbekevew ^bivhew) < _ }af`l *1,97), a}ap ahkca

~ikhigicah~i 8 }avag ~ikhigicah~i *α) 4,403 baca mi~}vifp~i ma}a

mica}acah hevbal(

" Oica _ ji}phk *Celbekevew ^bivhew) 8 _ }af`l *1,97), a}ap ahkca

~ikhigicah~i < }avag ~ikhigicah~i *α) 4,40 mi~}vifp~i ma}a mica}acah

}imac hevbal

>) T`hkpoiah A~pb~i Cla~ic

^pa}p bem`l mica}acah faic ph}pc ala} tv`mic~i atafila

b`btphyai ~iga}"~iga} FLP@ a}ap F`~} Lihi`v Phfia~`m

@~}iba}ev *Kpoava}i, 1990)( Mi ~abtihk i}p ~pa}p bem`l

mica}acah npcpt faic mah mata} mitacai ph}pc b`btv`mic~i

atafila ~pmaj lele~ mavi ~`vahkcaiah poi a~pb~i `ceheb`}vica

yahk b`lahma~ihya( Poi a~pb~i cla~ic milacpcah ph}pc

b`hk`}ajpi cehmi~i ma}a yahk ama akav mata} b`h`h}pcah

bem`l ahali~i~ yahk talihk }`ta} mikphacah( Ph}pc

b`hmata}cah bem`l v`kv`~i yahk }imac fia~ mah `gi~i`h, baca

t`vlp milacpcah t`hkpoiah ~`fakai f`vicp}?

" Poi Ap}ecev`la~i

Poi ap}ecel`va~i f`v}popah ph}pc b`hkpoi atacaj malab

~pa}p bem`l v`kv`~i lihi`v ama cel`va~i ah}av ahkke}a ~abt`l yahk



mipvp}cah f`vma~avcah {ac}p( T`hyibtahkah a~pb~i ihi fia~ahya

bphnpl tama ef~`vwa~i yahk b`hkkphacah ma}a }ib` ~`vi`~(

Ceh~`cp`h~i mavi amahya ap}ecev`la~i mavi ~pa}p bem`l v`kv`~i

amalaj waviah~ ~abt`l }imac mata} b`hkkabfavcah waviah~

tetpla~ihya( L`fij oapj laki, bem`l v`kv`~i yahk mija~ilcah }imac

mata} mikphacah ph}pc b`hac~iv hilai waviaf`l }imac f`fa~

}`v}`h}p(

Ph}pc b`hmiakhe~i~ amahya ap}ecev`la~i malab ~pa}p

bem`l v`kv`~i milacpcah b`lalpi t`hkpoiah }`vjamat hilai Poi

Mpvfih [a}~eh *^ah}e~e, 6444? 619)( T`hkabfilah c`tp}p~ah ama

}imachya ap}ecev`la~i?

1) Ap}ecev`la~i fila malab M[ }`vl`}ac ah}ava fa}a~ a}a~ a}ap

ptt`v fephm *mp) mah *=" mp), baca ce`gi~i`h ~aba m`hkah

hel, f`vav}i }imac ap}ecev`la~i(

6) Fila hilai M[ l`fij v`hmaj mavitama fa}a~ fa{aj a}ap le{`v

fephm *ml), baca ce`gi~i`h ap}ecev`la~i l`fij f`~av mavitama

hel, f`vav}i ama ap}ecev`la~i te~i}g(

>) Fila hilai M[ l`fij f`~av mavi tama *="ml), baca ce`gi~i`h

ap}ecev`la~i l`fej c`nil mavitama hel, f`vav}i ama ap}ecev`la~i

h`ka}ig(

=) Fila hilai M[ }`vl`}ac miah}ava fa}a~ a}a~ *mp) mah fa}a~ fa{aj

*ml) a}ap M[ }`vl`}ac ah}ava *="ml), baca ja~ilhya }imac mata}

mi~ibtplcah(



" Poi J`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~

B`lija} kvagic tle} ah}ava hilai tv`mic~i waviaf`l }`vica}

*_TV@M) m`hkah v`~impalhya *^V@ÎM)( M`}`c~i ama }imachya

j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~ mata} milacpcah m`hkah b`lija} ama }imachya

tela }`v}`h}p tama kvagic ~na}}`vtle} ah}ava ^V@ÎM mah _TV@M

mibaha ~pbfp Y amalaj Y yahk }`laj mitv`mic~i, mah ~pbfp Z

amalaj v`~impal *Y"tv`mic~i „ Y ~`~phkkpjhya) yahk }`laj mi"

~}pm`h}i`m (

B`lija} kvagic }`vlija} }imac ama tela yahk o`la~, ~`v}a }i}ic"

}i}ic b`hy`fav mi a}a~ mah mi fa{aj ahkca 4 tama ~pbfp Y, baca

}imac }`voami j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~(

=) Ph}pc Poi Jite}`~i~

a) Poi Jite}`~i~ T`v}aba ? Bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj

~ikhigicah mah te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah

ke tpflin mi F@O yahk Miapmi} CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil

Ph}pc b`hkahali~i~ t`hkavpj ah}ava waviaf`l f`fa~

}`vjamat waviaf`l }`vica}, baca mikphacah ahali~i~ v`kv`~i

~`m`vjaha( Ahali~i~ v`kv`~i ~`m`vjaha mikphacah ph}pc b`hk`}ajpi

fakaibaha waviaf`l f`fa~ mata} b`bt`hkavpji waviaf`l

m`t`hm`hhya m`hkah vpbp~?

Y 2 f4 # f Z # `

C`}`vahkah he}a~i?

Y 2 waviaf`l V`}pvh âjab

Z 2 waviaf`l Bahao`b`h Lafa



` 2 v`~impal vvev

f 2 ce`gi~i`h kavi~ v`kv`~i

T`hkpoiah jite}`~i~ ~`nava tav~ial *ihmiwimpal) milacpcah

m`hkah poi }( ]popah t`hkkphaah poi } amalaj ph}pc b`hk`}ajpi

~`f`vata oapj t`hkavpj ba~ihk"ba~ihk waviaf`l"waviaf`l f`fa~

}`vjamat waviaf`l }`vica}hya ~`nava tav~ial(

Jite}`~i~ yahk mipoi amalaj ?

J4 ? ζ1 2 4 3 f`vav}i }imac ama t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah ah}ava

waviaf`l Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh ^ajab

~`nava tav~ial *ihmiwimp)

Ja ? ζ1 ≤ 4 3 f`vav}i ama t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah ah}ava waviaf`l

Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh ^ajab ~`nava

tav~ial *ihmiwimp)

M`hkah cvi}`via t`hkpoiah ~`fakai f`vicp}?

" ]avag c`t`vnayaah 0%, h 2 0(

" Cvi}`via t`hkpoiah ?

… Atafila } ji}phk 8 } }af`l 3 baca Je mi}`viba *ama t`hkavpj

yahk ~ikhigicah)(

… Atafila } ji}phk < } }af`l, baca Je mi}elac *}imac ama

t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah)(

" Kabfav Poi } *mpa ~i~i)

4

Je

mi}`viba Je

Mi}elac

" } }af`l

Je

Mi}elac



Kabfav >(1

Cpvwa Poi }

Mi ~abtihk i}p, t`h`li}iah ihi acah b`hkcaoi ce`gi~i`h

m`}`vbiha~i( Ce`gi~i`h m`}`vbiha~i amalaj ~pa}p hilai yahk

b`hphopccah f`~avhya t`vpfajah yahk }`v~aoi miacifa}cah el`j

waviaf`l laihhya( Ce`gi~i`h m`}`vbiha~i mikphacah ph}pc

b`hk`}ajpi tve~`h}a~` f`~avhya c`}`vcai}ah ah}ava waviaf`l

ihm`t`hm`h} *Z) }`vjamat waviaf`l m`t`hm`h}hya *Y)( Ce`gi~i`h

m`}`vbiha~i mihya}acah malab V 6( Ph}pc waviaf`l f`fa~ yahk l`fij

mavi ~a}p waviaf`l, baca b`hkkphacah amop~}`m V 6(

f) Poi Jite}`~i~ C`mpa ? T`vf`maah V`}pvh ~ajab tama

t`vp~ajaah ke tpflin yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah

Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av mah Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala

C`nil

T`hkpoiah tama jite}`~i~ c`mpa ihi b`hkkphacah poi Nje{

]`~} yai}p ~pa}p ala} ph}pc b`hkpoi }`~} gev `qpali}y eg ne`ggini`h}~

a}ap poi c`~abaah ce`gi~i`h mah }`~} ihi mi}`bpcah el`j Kv`kevy

Nje{ *Ibab Kjeali, 6440)( Poi ihi milacpcah oica ja~il ef~`vwa~i

yahk mi}`li}i }`vmivi mavi 6 c`lebtec(

Lahkcaj b`lacpcah poi Nje{ ]`~} *Ibab Kjeali, 6440)

ah}ava laih ?

6) Lacpcah v`kv`~i m`hkah ef~`vwa~i }e}al *CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil) mah mata}cah hilai v`~}vin}`m v`~impal ~pb eg ~qpav`~

} }af`l



a}ap V^^v *V^^>) m`hkah mg *h1 # h6) mibaha c amalaj opblaj

tavab`}`v yahk mi`~}iba~i,

>) Lacpcah v`kv`~i m`hkah ef~`vwa~i CAT F`~av mah mata}cah

hilai v`~}vin}`m v`~impal ~pb eg ~qpav`~ a}ap V^^1 m`hkah mg

*h1 " c)

=) Lacpcah v`kv`~i m`hkah ef~`vwa~i CAT C`nil mah mata}cah

hilai v`~}vin}`m v`~impal ~pb eg ~qpav`~ a}ap V^^1 m`hkah mg

*h6 " c)

0) Opblajcah hilai V^^1 mah V^^6 ph}pc b`hmata}cah ata yahk

mi~`fp} phv`~}vin}`m v`~impal ~pb eg ~qpav`~ *V^^pv) ?

V^^pv 2 V^^1 # V^^6

M`hkah mg 2 h1 # h6 „ 6c

7) Ji}phk hilai G }`~} m`hkah vpbp~ ?

*V^^v " V^^Pv) c

G 2 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

*V^^Pv *h1 # h6 " 6c )

;) Oica hilai G jivphk 8 G }afl` baca bem`l v`kv`~i CAT F`~av

mah CAT C`nil b`bahk f`vf`ma(



FAF IW

AHALIÎ^ MAH JAÎL T@BFAJAÂH

=(1 Ma}a T`h`li}iah

Tetpla~i yahk mioamicah efy`c t`hkaba}ah yai}p t`vp~ajaah

bahpgac}pv mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a yahk ~`cavahk ~pmaj b`hoami Fpv~a @g`c

Ihmeh`~ia *F@I) yai}p ~`fahyac 1=7 t`vp~ajaah( ^`mahkcah ~abt`l

t`h`li}iah ~`fahyac 09 t`vp~ajaah m`hkah b`hkkphacah b`}em` tpvte~iw`

~abtlihk yai}p ~pa}p b`}em` t`hkabfilah ~abt`l heh tvefafili}a~ yahk

b`hkabfil efy`c mivi m`hkah cvi}`via yai}p t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O

yahk b`bilici lafa f`v~ij ~`nava f`v}pvp}"}pvp} mavi }ajph 644= " 6447(

T`hyaoiah ma}a yahk mikphacah malab t`h`li}iah ihi b`hkkphacah tah`l ma}a

* teel`m ma}a) ~`jihkka ~abt`l t`h`li}iah *h) mit`vel`j ~`fahyac 1;;(

=(6 T`hkpoiah Jite}`~i~ T`v}aba ? T`hkavpj Bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat

V`}pvh âjab

=(6(1 T`hkavpj Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab tama CAT F`~av

=(6(1(1 ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig

F`vma~avcah t`vji}phkah ~}a}i~}ic, baca ma}a bahao`b`h lafa yahk

mitvec~i m`hkah heh mi~cv`~ieh`v acvpal, v`}pvh ~ajab tama Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala F`~av tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi Fpv~a @g`c

Oacav}a t`viem` }ajph 644= „ 6447 mata} mio`la~cah tama }af`l =(1( f`vicp}

ihi(



]af`l =(1(

^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig *CAT F`~av)

M`~nvit}iw` ^}a}i~}in~

>7 "(>7 1(;; (1;9= (=17:0

>7 "(64 (10 (44>1 (4::7;

>7

V`}pvh âjab

Bahao`b`h Lafa

Walim H *li~}{i~`)

H Bihibpb Bazibpb Bàh ^}m( M`wia}ieh

^pbf`v ? Ma}a ~`cphm`v yahk mielaj

F`vma~avcah }af`l =(1 mi a}a~ mata} mi~ibtplcah faj{a va}a"va}a

v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O }ajph 644= „ 6447 yahk

mi}`li}i ~`f`~av 4,1;9= m`hkah ahkca bihibpb ~`f`~av "4,>7 mah ahkca

bac~ibpb ~`f`~av 1,;;( Ma}a ihi b`hphopccah faj{a va}a"va}a

c`ph}phkah a}a~ t`hopalah }iat l`bfav ~ajab t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk

miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av t`viem` }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,1;9=(

Va}a"va}a bahao`b`h lafa yahk mitvec~i m`hkah mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al

acvpal tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O }ajph 644= „ 6447 yahk mi}`li}i

~`f`~av 4,44>1 m`hkah ahkca bihibpb ~`f`~av "4,64 mah ahkca

bac~ibpb ~`f`~av 4,10( Ma}a ihi b`hphopccah faj{a va}a"va}a

bahao`b`h lafa t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O yahk miapmi} el`j CAT

F`~av }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,44>1(

=(6(1(6 Poi A~pb~i Cla~ic

1( Poi Hevbali}a~

T`hkpoiah hevbali}a~ ma}a ~pa}p t`h`li}iah b`vptacah ~alaj ~a}p

ala} yahk mikphacah ph}pc b`hkpoi mi~}vifp~i ma}a ~pa}p t`h`li}iah( âlaj

~a}p ala} yahk mikphacah amalaj b`hkkphacah poi Celbekevew ^bivhew(



B`hpvp} ^ihkkij ^ah}e~e *6441), faj{a mi~}vifp~i ma}a mata} milija}

m`hkah b`bfahmihkcah _ ji}phk Celbekevew ^bivhew m`hkah _ }af`l


" Oica _ ji}phk *Celbekevew ^bivhew) < _ }af`l tama }avag ~ikhigicah~i 0%

~`f`~av 1,973 baca mi~}vifp~i ma}a mica}acah hevbal(

" Oica _ ji}phk *Celbekevew ^bivhew) 8 _ }af`l tama }avag ~ikhigicah~i 0%

~`f`~av 1,973 baca mi~}vifp~i ma}a mica}acah }imac hevbal

F`vma~avcah t`hkpoiah m`hkah b`hkkphacah poi Celbekevew

^bivhew mit`vel`j ep}tp} yahk mata} milija} tama }af`l =(6 ~`fakai

f`vicp}?

]af`l =(6(

Ja~il Poi Hevbali}a~ Ma}a m`hkah Celbekevew ^bivhew *CAT F`~av)

He( Waviaf`l _ Celbekevew

^bivhew

_ }af`l

*α20%)

C`}`vahkah

1 V`}pvh ajab *Y) 1(101 1(97 Hevbal

6 Bahao`b`h Lafa *Z) 4(:4> 1(97 Hevbal^pbf`v ? Ma}a ~`cphm`v yahk mielaj

F`vma~avcah }af`l =(6 mi a}a~ faj{a mi~}vifp~i ma}a t`h`li}iah

tama waviaf`l v`}pvh ~ajab mah bahao`b`h lafa b`bilici ahkca _ ji}phk

Celbekevew ^bivhew < _ }af`l *1,97) ~`jihkka }`vkelehk ma}a yahk

f`vmi~}vifp~i ma}a hevbal(

F`ki}p tpla fila milija} mavi kvagic hevbal t"tle} b`hphopccah

tela mi~}vifp~i ~`fakai f`vicp} ?



Kabfav =(1

Kvagic Hevbal T"Tle} *CAT F`~av)

Hevbal T"T Tle} eg V`kv`~~ieh ^}ahmavmi`

M`t`hm`h} Waviafl`? LHUV@]

Ef~`vw`m Npb Tvef

1(44(;0(04(604(44

@ z t ` n } ` m

N p b T

v e f

1(44

(;0

(04

(60

4(44

Mavi kvagic mi a}a~ }abtac faj{a }i}ic"}i}ic b`hy`fav mi ~`ci}av

kavi~ miakehal, ~`jihkka }`vkelehk f`vmi~}vifp~i hevbal(

6( Poi J`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~

Poi j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~ f`v}popah b`hkpoi atacaj malab bem`l

v`kv`~i }`voami c`}imac~abaah waviahn` mavi v`~impal ~a}p t`hkaba}ah c`

t`hkaba}ah yahk laih( Oica Waviahn` mavi v`~impal ~a}p t`hkaba}ah c`

t`hkaba}ah yahk laih }`}at, baca mi~`fp} jebec`ma~}i~i}a~ mah oica

f`vf`ma j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~( Bem`l v`kv`~i yahk faic amalaj yahk

jebec`ma~}i~i}a~ a}ap }imac }`voami j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~( Nava ph}pc

b`hm`}`c~ihya amalaj m`hkah nava b`lija} kvagic tle} ah}ava hilai, tv`mic~i

waviaf`l }`vica} *_"TV@M) m`hkah v`~impalhya *^V@^IM)( M`}`c~i ama

}imachya J`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~ mata} milacpcah m`hkah b`lija} ama }imachya

tela }`v}`h}p tama kvagic ~na}`vtle} ah}av ^V@^IM mah _TV@M mibaha



~pbfp Y amalaj Y yahk }`laj mitv`mic~i mah ~pbfp Z amalaj v`~impal *Y

tv`m „ Y ~`~phkkpjhya) yahk }`laj mi"~}pm`h}i`m (

" Oica ama tela }`v}`h}p ~`t`v}i }i}ic"}i}ic yahk ama b`bf`h}pc tela

}`v}`h}p yahk }`va}pv *f`vk`lebfahk, b`l`fav, mah b`hy`bti}), baca

}`voami j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~(

" Oica }imac ama tela yahk o`la~, ~`v}a }i}ic"}i}ic b`hy`fav mi a}a~ mah

mifa{aj ahkca hel tama ~pbfp Y, baca }imac }`voami

j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~( *Ibab Kjeali, 6440)

Kabfav =(6

Kvagic ^na}}`v Tle} *CAT F`~av)

^na}}`vtle}

M`t`hm`h} Waviafl`? V`}pvh ajab

V`kv`~~ieh }ahmavmi`m Tv`min}`m Walp`

614"1"6"> V ` k v ` ~ ~ i e h ^ } p m ` h

} i ` m V ` ~ i m p a l

=

>

6

1

4

"1

"6

B`lija} kvagic *lija} labtivah) }`vlija} }imac ama tela yahk o`la~,

~`v}a }i}ic"}i}ic b`hy`fav mi a}a~ mah mi fa{aj ahkca 4 tama ~pbfp Y,

baca }imac }`voami j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~(

>( Poi Ap}ecev`la~i

Poi ap}ecev`la~i f`v}popah ph}pc b`hkpoi atacaj malab ~pa}p

bem`l v`kv`~i lihi`v ama cev`la~i ah}av ahkke}a ~abt`l yahk mipvp}cah



f`vma~avcah {ac}p( T`hyibtahkah a~pb~i ihi fia~ahya bphnpl tama

ef~`vwa~i yahk b`hkkphacah ma}a }ib` ~`vi`~( Ph}pc b`hmiakhe~i~

amahya ap}ecev`la~i malab ~pa}p bem`l v`kv`~i milacpcah b`lalpi

t`hkpoiah }`vjamat hilai Poi Mpvfih [a}~eh *^ah}e~e, 6444? 619)

T`hkabfilah c`tp}p~ah ama }imachya ap}ecev`la~i?

" Ap}ecev`la~i fila malab M[ }`vl`}ac ah}ava fa}a~ a}a~ a}ap ptt`v fephm

*mp) mah *="mp), baca ce`gi~i`h ~aba m`hkah hel, f`vav}i }imac

ap}ecev`la~i(

" Fila hilai M[ l`fij v`hmaj mavitama fa}a~ fa{aj a}ap le{`v fephm

*ml), baca ce`gi~i`h ap}ecev`la~i l`fij f`~av mavitama hel, f`vav}i ama

ap}ecev`la~i te~i}ig(

" Fila hilai M[ l`fij f`~av mavi tama *="ml), baca ce`gi~i`h ap}ecev`la~i

l`fij c`nil mavitama hel, f`vav}i ama ae}ecev`la~i h`ka}ig(

" Fila hilai M[ }`vl`}ac ah}ava fa}a~ a}a~ *mp) mah fa}a~ fa{aj *ml) a}ap

M[ }`vl`}ac ah}ava *="ml), baca ja~ilhya }imac mata} mi~ibtplcah(

]af`l =(>

Poi Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT F`~av)

Bem`l ^pbbavyf

(4;:a (447 "(46> (=6170 6(46=

Bem`l1

V V qpav`

Amop~}`m

V ^qpav`

^}m( @vvev eg

}j` @~}iba}`

Mpvfih"[

a}~eh

Tv`min}ev~? *Neh~}ah}), Bahao`b`h Lafaa(

M`t`hm`h} Waviafl`? V`}pvh ^ajabf(


F`vma~avcah t`hkpoiah a~pb~i cla~ic tama a~pb~i ap}ecev`la~i

m`hkah ^T^^ mimata}cah ep}tp} mpvfih [a}~eh }`~} ~`f`~av 6,46= *h 2 >7?



c2 13 mp 2 1,0603 ="mp 2 6,=;0)( Jal ihi f`vav}i bem`l v`kv`~i mi a}a~ }imac

}`vmata} ba~alaj ap}ecev`la~i, cav`ha ahkca m{ }`~} f`vama miah}ava mp

}af`l mah *="mp }af`l), el`j cav`ha i}p bem`l v`kv`~i ihi mihya}acah layac

ph}pc mitacai( F`vicp} ihi amalaj kabfav yahk b`hphopccah ma`vaj

t`h`vibaah yahk }imac }`vmata} ap}ecev`la~i ?

Kabfav =(>

T`hkpoiah Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT F`~av)

=(6(1(> T`v~abaah V`kv`~i Lihi`v ^`m`vjaha

V`kv`~i ~`m`vjaha mikphacah ph}pc b`btv`mic~i *b`vabalcah)

~`f`vata oapj waviaf`l f`fa~ *Z) f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat waviaf`l }`vica}hya

*Y)( F`vma~avcah poi t`hkavpj ah}ava bahao`b`h lafa *Z) }`vjamat V`}pvh

^ajab tama CAT F`~av *Y) mimata}cah t`v~abaah v`kv`~i lihi`v ~`m`vjaha

~`fakai f`vicp} ? Y 2 4,1;: # 4,>7; Z(

Mavi t`v~abaah }`v~`fp} mata} miav}icah faj{a ?

4

]elac Je fpc}i

ap}ecev`la~i

te~i}ig

Ma`vaj c`vakp

„ vakpah

B`h`viba Je a}ap Ja

a}ap c`mpa " mpahya

Ma`vaj c`vakp

„ vakpah

]elac Je fpc}i

ap}ecev`la~i

h`ka}ig

1,=11 1,060 6,=;06 6,0:9 =6,46=



" Hilai a 2 4,1;: *te~i}ig) b`hphopccah faj{a atafila bahao`b`h lafa

}imac milacpcah, baca v`}pvh ~ajab tama CAT F`~av acah b`hihkca}

~`f`~av 4,1;: ~a}pah(

" Hilai ce`gi~i`h v`kv`~i bahao`b`h lafa *f) ~`f`~av 4,>7; av}ihya

atafila bahao`b`h lafa mi}ihkca}cah ~`f`~av 1 ~a}pah, baca v`}pvh

~ajab tama CAT F`~av acah b`hihkca} ~`f`~av 4,>7; ~a}pah(

=(6(1(= Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i

Ahali~i~ ce`gi~i`h m`}`vbiha~i mibac~pmcah ph}pc b`hk`}ajpi ama

}imachya c`}`vcai}ah ah}ava bem`l waviaf`l f`fa~ malab b`h`vahkcah

waviaf`l m`t`hm`h *waviaf`l }`vica})( *Ibab Kjeali, 6440)

]af`l =(=

Ep}tp} Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i *CAT F`~av)

Bem`l ^pbbavy f

(4;:a (447 "(46> (=6170 6(46=

Bem`l1

V V qpav`

Amop~}`m

V ^qpav`

^}m( @vvev eg

}j` @~}iba}`

Mpvfih"[

a}~eh




Ja~il poi ce`gi~i`h m`}`vbiha~i mavi t`hkelajah ^T^^ mata} milija}

tama }af`l =(= mi a}a~ yahk }`vlija} hilai ce`gi~i`h m`}`vbiha~i * V6) tama

}af`l }`v~`fp} ~`f`~av 4,447( Jal ihi f`vav}i faj{a waviah~ v`}pvh ~ajab

mata} mio`la~cah el`j waviaf`l bahao`b`h lafa *M]AN) ~`f`~av 4,74%

malab b`h`vahkcah v`}pvh ~ajab( ^`mahkcah ~i~ahya yai}p ~`f`~av 144%"

4,74%2 99,=4% mio`la~cah el`j waviaf`l laih ~`laih waviaf`l yahk mi}`li}i(

=(6(1(0 T`hkpoiah Jite}`~i~



F`vma~avcah ja~il t`hkpoiah, t`hkavpj Bahao`b`h Lafa *Z)

}`vjamat V`}pvh âjab *Y), mimata}cah ahkca }"ji}phk ~`f`~av 4,=;0 < }"

}af`l *mg 2 h"c 2 >7 „ 1 2 >03 α20%, mpa ~i~i) ~`f`~av 6,4>41( F`ki}p tpla

m`hkah ahkca tvefafili}a~ ~`f`~av 4,701 8 α 2 0%, jal ihi f`vav}i jite}`~i~

Ja mi}elac ( El`j cav`ha i}p, }imac }`vmata} t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah

Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab( Jal ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a

f`~av c`nilhya bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcah tijac bahao`b`h

t`vp~ajaah acah }imac babtp f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah tama c`haicah

v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah(

Kabfav =(=( Cpvwa Poi } ah}ava

Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab *CAT F`~av)

Ja~il t`h`li}iah }imac ceh~i~}`h m`hkah t`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah

el`j Aley~ia Yah}i Avmia}i *6440) yahk f`vja~il b`bfpc}icah amahya

t`hkavpj yahk te~i}ig Bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh(

=(6(6 T`hkavpj Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab tama CAT C`nil

=(6(6(1 ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig


mitvec~i m`hkah heh mi~cv`~ieh`v acvpal, v`}pvh ~ajab tama Cah}ev

Acph}ah Tpflic F`v~cala C`nil tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi Fpv~a @g`c

4,=;04

Ma`vaj

T`h`vibaah Je

Ma`vaj

T`helacah JE

6,4>41"6,4>41

Ma`vaj

T`helacah JE



Oacav}a t`viem` }ajph 644= „ 6447 mata} mio`la~cah tama }af`l =(0( f`vicp}

ihi(



]af`l =(0(

^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig *CAT C`nil)


1=1 "(:= 7(>: (61:0 (;9=16

1=1 "(0; 1(>9 (44=9 (17014

1=1

V`}pvh ^ajab

Bahao`b`h Lafa

Walim H *li~}{i~`)




v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O }ajph 644= „ 6447 yahk

mi}`li}i ~`f`~av 4,61:0 m`hkah ahkca bihibpb ~`f`~av "4,:= mah ahkca

bac~ibpb ~`f`~av 7,>:( Ma}a ihi b`hphopccah faj{a va}a"va}a

c`ph}phkah a}a~ t`hopalah }iat l`bfav ~ajab t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk

miapmi} CAT C`nil t`viem` }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,61:0(


acvpal tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O }ajph 644= „ 6447 yahk mi}`li}i

~`f`~av 4,44=9 m`hkah ahkca bihibpb ~`f`~av "4,0; mah ahkca

bac~ibpb ~`f`~av 1,>9( Ma}a ihi b`hphopccah faj{a va}a"va}a

bahao`b`h lafa tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O yahk miapmi} el`j

CAT C`nil }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,44=9(

=(6(6(6 Poi A~pb~i Cla~ic

1( Poi Hevbali}a~

T`hkpoiah hevbali}a~ ma}a ~pa}p t`h`li}iah b`vptacah ~alaj ~a}p

ala} yahk mikphacah ph}pc b`hkpoi mi~}vifp~i ma}a ~pa}p t`h`li}iah( ^alaj

~a}p ala} yahk mikphacah amalaj b`hkkphacah poi Celbekevew ^bivhew(



B`hpvp} îhkkij âh}e~e *6441), faj{a mi~}vifp~i ma}a mata} milija}

m`hkah b`bfahmihkcah _ ji}phk Celbekevew ^bivhew m`hkah _ }af`l


" Oica _ ji}phk *Celbekevew ^bivhew) < _ }af`l tama }avag ~ikhigicah~i 0%

~`f`~av 1,973 baca mi~}vifp~i ma}a mica}acah hevbal(

" Oica _ ji}phk *Celbekevew ^bivhew) 8 _ }af`l tama }avag ~ikhigicah~i 0%

~`f`~av 1,973 baca mi~}vifp~i ma}a mica}acah }imac hevbal


^bivhew mit`vel`j ep}tp} mata} milija} tama }af`l =(7 ~`fakai f`vicp}?

]af`l =(7(

Ja~il Poi Hevbali}a~ Ma}a m`hkah Celbekevew ^bivhew *CAT C`nil)


^bivhew

_ }af`l

*α20%)

C`}`vahkah

1 V`}pvh âjab *Y) 1(;14 1(97 Hevbal

6 Bahao`b`h Lafa *Z) 1(;41 1(97 Hevbal





f`vmi~}vifp~i ma}a hevbal( F`ki}p tpla fila milija} mavi kvagic hevbal t"

tle} b`hphopccah tela mi~}vifp~i ~`fakai f`vicp} ?



Kabfav =(0

Kvagic Hevbal T"Tle} *CAT C`nil)

Hevbal T"T Tle} eg V`kv`~~ieh ^}ahmavmi`m V`~impal

M`t`hm`h} Waviafl`? V`}pvh ^ajab

Ef~`vw`m Npb Tvef

1(44(;0(04(604(44

@ z t ` n } ` m N p b T

v e f

1(44

(;0

(04

(60

4(44




Ja~il poi j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~ tama bem`l v`kv`~i t`hkavpj

bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

CAT C`nil ~`fakai f`vicp} ?

Kabfav =(7

Kvagic ^na}}`v Tle} *CAT C`nil)

^na}}`vtle}



14:7=64"6"=

V ` k v ` ~ ~ i e h ^ } p m ` h } i

` m V ` ~ i m p a l

:

7

=

6

4

"6






>( Poi Ap}ecev`la~i

Ja~il poi ap}ecev`la~i tama bem`l v`kv`~i t`hkavpj bahao`b`h

lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil

~`fakai f`vicp} ?

]af`l =(;

Poi Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT C`nil)

Bem`l ^pbbavyf

(4>1a (441 "(447 (;9709 1(:00

Bem`l1

V V qpav`

Amop~}`m

V ^qpav`

^}m( @vvev eg

}j` @~}iba}`

Mpvfih"[

a}~eh





m`hkah ^T^^ mimata}cah ep}tp} mpvfih [a}~eh }`~} ~`f`~av 1,:00 *h 2

1=1? c2 13 mp 2 1,;=73 ="mp 2 6,60=)( Jal ihi f`vav}i bem`l v`kv`~i mi a}a~

}imac }`vmata} ba~alaj ap}ecev`la~i, cav`ha ahkca m{ }`~} f`vama miah}ava

mp }af`l mah *="mp }af`l), el`j cav`ha i}p bem`l v`kv`~i ihi mihya}acah

layac ph}pc mitacai( F`vicp} ihi amalaj kabfav yahk b`hphopccah ma`vaj




Kabfav =(;

T`hkpoiah Ap}ecev`la~i *CAT C`nil)

=(6(6(> T`v~abaah V`kv`~i Lihi`v ^`m`vjaha

V`kv`~i ~`m`vjaha mikphacah ph}pc b`btv`mic~i *b`vabalcah)

~`f`vata oapj waviaf`l f`fa~ *Z) f`vt`hkavpj }`vjamat waviaf`l }`vica}hya

*Y)( F`vma~avcah poi t`hkavpj ah}ava bahao`b`h lafa *Z) }`vjamat V`}pvh

^ajab tama CAT C`nil *Y) mimata}cah t`v~abaah v`kv`~i lihi`v ~`m`vjaha

~`fakai f`vicp} ? Y 2 4,61: # 4,1=9 Z(

Mavi t`v~abaah }`v~`fp} mata} miav}icah faj{a ?

" Hilai a 2 4,61: *te~i}ig) b`hphopccah faj{a atafila bahao`b`h lafa

}imac milacpcah, baca v`}pvh ~ajab tama CAT C`nil acah b`hihkca}

~`f`~av 4,61: ~a}pah(

" Hilai ce`gi~i`h v`kv`~i bahao`b`h lafa *f) ~`f`~av 4,1=9 av}ihya

atafila bahao`b`h lafa mi}ihkca}cah ~`f`~av 1 ~a}pah, baca v`}pvh

~ajab tama CAT C`nil acah b`hihkca} ~`f`~av 4,1=9 ~a}pah(

4

]elac Je fpc}i

ap}ecev`la~i

te~i}ig

Ma`vaj c`vakp

„ vakpah

B`h`viba Je a}ap Ja

a}ap c`mpa " mpahya

Ma`vaj c`vakp

„ vakpah

]elac Je fpc}i

ap}ecev`la~i

h`ka}ig

1,;64 1,;=7 6,60=6 6,6:4 =1,:00



=(6(6(= Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i




]af`l =(:

Ep}tp} Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i *CAT C`nil)

Bem`l ^pbbavyf

(4>1a (441 "(447 (;9709 1(:00

Bem`l1

V V qpav`

Amop~}`m

V ^qpav`

^}m( @vvev eg

}j` @~}iba}`

Mpvfih"[

a}~eh





tama }af`l =(: mi a}a~ yahk }`vlija} hilai ce`gi~i`h m`}`vbiha~i * V6) tama



malab b`h`vahkcah v`}pvh ~ajab( ^`mahkcah ~i~ahya yai}p ~`f`~av 144%"

4,14%2 99,94% mio`la~cah el`j waviaf`l laih ~`laih waviaf`l yahk mi}`li}i(

=(6(6(0 T`hkpoiah Jite}`~i~


}`vjamat V`}pvh ^ajab *Y) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil,

mimata}cah ahkca }"ji}phk ~`f`~av 4,>77 < }"}af`l *mg 2 h"c 2 1=1 „ 1 2

1=43 α20%, mpa ~i~i) ~`f`~av 1,9;;1( F`ki}p tpla m`hkah ahkca

tvefafili}a~ ~`f`~av 4,;10 8 α 2 0%, jal ihi f`vav}i jite}`~i~ Ja mi}elac (



El`j cav`ha i}p, }imac }`vmata} t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah Bahao`b`h Lafa

}`vjamat V`}pvh âjab( Jal ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a f`~av c`nilhya

bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcah tijac bahao`b`h t`vp~ajaah acah }imac

babtp f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah tama c`haicah v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah(

Kabfav =(:( Cpvwa Poi } ah}ava

Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab *CAT C`nil)




=(6(> T`hkavpj Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab tama Kafphkah

CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil

=(6(>(1 ^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig


mitvec~i m`hkah heh mi~cv`~ieh`v acvpal, v`}pvh ~ajab tama CAT F`~av

mah CAT C`nil tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a t`viem`

}ajph 644= „ 6447 mata} mio`la~cah tama }af`l =(9( f`vicp} ihi(

4,>:74

Ma`vaj

T`h`vibaah Je

Ma`vaj

T`helacah JE

1,9;;1"1,9;;1

Ma`vaj

T`helacah JE



]af`l =(9(

^}a}i~}ic M`~cvit}ig *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)


1;; "(:= 7(>: (6147 (;>6=6

1;; "(0; 1(>9 (44=7 (106=;

1;;

V`}pvh ^ajab

Bahao`b`h Lafa

Walim H *li~}{i~`)




v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O yahk miapmi} el`j CAT

F`~av mah C`nil }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,6147 m`hkah ahkca

bihibpb ~`f`~av "4,:= mah ahkca bac~ibpb ~`f`~av 7,>:( Ma}a ihi

b`hphopccah faj{a va}a"va}a c`ph}phkah a}a~ t`hopalah }iat l`bfav

~ajab t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv yahk miapmi} CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil

t`viem` }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,6147(


acvpal tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O yahk miapmi} CAT F`~av mah

CAT C`nil }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,44=7 m`hkah ahkca bihibpb

~`f`~av "4,0; mah ahkca bac~ibpb ~`f`~av 1,>9( Ma}a ihi b`hphopccah

faj{a va}a"va}a bahao`b`h lafa tama t`vp~ajaah bahpgac}pv mi F@O yahk

miapmi} CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil }ajph 644= „ 6447 ~`f`~av 4,44=7(

=(6(>(6 Poi A~pb~i Cla~ic

1( Poi Hevbali}a~




^bivhew tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av mah C`nil

mit`vel`j ep}tp} yahk mata} milija} tama }af`l =(14 ~`fakai f`vicp}?

]af`l =(14(

Ja~il Poi Hevbali}a~ Ma}a m`hkah Celbekevew bivhew

*Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)


^bivhew

_ }af`l

*α20%)

C`}`vahkah

1 V`}pvh ^ajab *Y) 1(:67 1(97 Hevbal

6 Bahao`b`h Lafa *Z) 1(;:9 1(97 Hevbal





f`vmi~}vifp~i ma}a hevbal(

F`ki}p tpla fila milija} mavi kvagic hevbal t"tle} b`hphopccah

tela mi~}vifp~i ~`fakai f`vicp} ?

Kabfav =(9

Kvagic Hevbal T"Tle} *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)



Hevbal T"T Tle} eg V`kv`~~ieh }ahmavmi`m


Ef~`vw`m Npb Tvef

1(44(;0(04(604(44

@ z t ` n } ` m N p b T

v e f

1(44

(;0

(04

(60

4(44




Ja~il poi j`}`ve~c`ma~}i~i}a~ tama bem`l v`kv`~i t`hkavpj

bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

CAT C`nil ~`fakai f`vicp} ?

Kabfav =(14

Kvagic ^na}}`v Tle} *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)



^na}}`vtle}



14:7=64"6"=

V ` k v ` ~ ~ i e h ^ } p m ` h } i ` m V ` ~ i m p a l

14

:

7

=

6

4

"6




>( Poi Ap}ecev`la~i

Ja~il poi ap}ecev`la~i tama bem`l v`kv`~i t`hkavpj bahao`b`h

lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil

~`fakai f`vicp} ?



]af`l =(11

Poi Ap}ecev`la~i *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)

Bem`l ^pbbavyf

(4>=a (441 "(440 (;>=4: 1(;90

Bem`l1

V V qpav`

Amop~}`m

V ^qpav`

^}m( @vvev eg

}j` @~}iba}`

Mpvfih"[

a}~eh





m`hkah ^T^^ mimata}cah ep}tp} mpvfih [a}~eh }`~} ~`f`~av 1,;90 *h 2

1;1? c2 13 mp 2 1,;;:3 ="mp 2 6,666)( Jal ihi f`vav}i bem`l v`kv`~i mi a}a~

}imac }`vmata} ba~alaj ap}ecev`la~i, cav`ha ahkca m{ }`~} f`vama miah}ava

mp }af`l mah *="mp }af`l), el`j cav`ha i}p bem`l v`kv`~i ihi mihya}acah

layac ph}pc mitacai( F`vicp} ihi amalaj kabfav yahk b`hphopccah ma`vaj


Kabfav =(11

T`hkpoiah Ap}ecev`la~i *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)

4

]elac Je fpc}iap}ecev`la~i

te~i}ig

Ma`vaj c`vakp

„ vakpah

B`h`viba Je a}ap Ja

a}ap c`mpa " mpahya

Ma`vaj c`vakp

„ vakpah

]elac Je fpc}iap}ecev`la~i

h`ka}ig

1,;0: 1,;;: 6,6666 6,6=6 =1,;90



=(6(>(> Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i




]af`l =(16

Ep}tp} Ce`gi~i`h M`}`vbiha~i *Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)

Bem`l ^pbbavyf

(4>=a (441 "(440 (;>=4: 1(;90

Bem`l1

V V qpav`

Amop~}`m

V ^qpav`

^}m( @vvev eg

}j` @~}iba}`

Mpvfih"[

a}~eh





tama }af`l =(16 mi a}a~ yahk }`vlija} hilai ce`gi~i`h m`}`vbiha~i * V6) tama



malab b`h`vahkcah v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT

F`~av mah CAT C`nil( ^`mahkcah ~i~ahya yai}p ~`f`~av 144%" 4,14%2

99,94% mio`la~cah el`j waviaf`l laih ~`laih waviaf`l yahk mi}`li}i(

=(6(>(= T`hkpoiah Jite}`~i~


}`vjamat V`}pvh ^ajab *Y) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av

mah CAT C`nil, mimata}cah ahkca }"ji}phk ~`f`~av 4,=0> < }"}af`l *mg 2 h"

c 2 1;1 „ 1 2 1;43 α20%, mpa ~i~i) ~`f`~av 1,9;=4( F`ki}p tpla m`hkah



ahkca tvefafili}a~ ~`f`~av 4,701 8 α 2 0%, jal ihi f`vav}i jite}`~i~ Ja

mi}elac ( El`j cav`ha i}p, }imac }`vmata} t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah



t`vp~ajaah acah }imac babtp f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah tama c`haicah

v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah(

Kabfav =(16( Cpvwa Poi } ah}ava

Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh ^ajab *CAT C`nil)

*Kafphkah CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil)




=(> T`hkpoiah Jite}`~i~ C`mpa ? Ama t`vf`maah v`}pvh ~ajab tama

t`vp~ajaah ke tpflin yahk miapmi} el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah F`v~cala F`~av

mah Cah}ev Acph}ah F`v~cala C`nil

T`hkpoiah tama jite}`~i~ c`mpa ihi b`hkkphacah poi Nje{ ]`~} yai}p

~pa}p ala} ph}pc b`hkpoi }`~} gev `qpali}y eg ne`ggini`h}~ a}ap poi c`~abaah

4,=0>4

Ma`vaj

T`h`vibaah Je

Ma`vaj

T`helacah JE

1,9;=4"1,9;=4

Ma`vaj

T`helacah JE



ce`gi~i`h mah }`~} ihi mi}`bpcah el`j Kv`kevy Nje{ *Ibab Kjeali, 6440)(

Poi ihi milacpcah oica ja~il ef~`vwa~i yahk mi}`li}i }`vmivi mavi 6 c`lebtec(

Ja~il t`hkpoiah tama ef~`vwa~i }e}al mit`vel`j hilai v`~}vin}`m v`~impal

~pb eg ~qpav`~ a}ap V^^v *V^^>) ~`f`~av 9=,>4= mah mg 2 1;; „ 1 2 1;4(

V`kv`~i m`hkah ef~`vwa~i CAT F`~av mah mata}cah hilai v`~}vin}`m v`~impal

~pb eg ~qpav`~ a}ap V^^1 ~`f`~av 7,4=0 m`hkah mg *h1 „ c2 >7 „ 1 2>0)( Mah

V`kv`~i m`hkah ef~`vwa~i CAT C`nil mah mata}cah hilai v`~}vin}`m v`~impal

~pb eg ~qpav`~ a}ap V^^6 ~`f`~av ::,64= m`hkah mg *h1 „ c2 1=1 „ 1 21=4)(

T`hopblajah ah}ava V^^1 mah V^^6 ~`f`~av 9=,6=9 yahk mi~`fp}

m`hkah phv`~}vin}`m v`~impal ~pb eg ~qpav`~ *V^^pv) m`hkah mg 2 h1 # h6 „ 6c

~`f`~av 1;0 mah mit`vel`j hilai G }`~} ~`fakai f`vicp} ?

*V^^v " V^^Pv) c


*V^^Pv *h1 # h6 " 6c )

*9=,>4= „ ::,64=) 1


*::,64= *1;0)

7,1

G 2 UUUUUUUUUU 2 16,14

4(04=

Ja~il }`v~`fp} b`hphopccah hilai G ji}phk ~`f`~av 16,14 ~`mahkcah G

}af`l m`hkah mg1 2 c21 mah mg6 2 h1#h6"6c 2 1;0 ~`f`~av

;,:: yahk f`vav}i faj{a bem`l v`kv`~i yahk milacpcah malab t`hkpoiah

t`hkavpj bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab tama CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil b`bahk f`vf`ma(



T`vf`maah ah}ava t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av mah CAT

C`nil mata} milija} m`hkah b`bfahmihkcah hilai va}a"va}a mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al

acvpal *bahao`b`h lafa) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av

~`f`~av 4,44>13 ~`mahkcah hilai va}a"va}a mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal *bahao`b`h

lafa) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil ~`f`~av 4,44=9( Mavi ma}a

}`v~`fp} b`hphopccah t`vf`maah yahk ama faj{a mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal

*bahao`b`h lafa) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av l`fij v`hmaj

mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil(

F`ki}p tpla hilai va}a"va}a v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j

CAT F`~av ~`f`~av 4,1;9=3 ~`mahkcah hilai va}a"va}a v`}pvh ~ajab tama

t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil ~`f`~av 4,61:0( Mavi ma}a }`v~`fp}

b`hphopccah t`vf`maah yahk ama faj{a v`}pvh ~ajab tama t`vp~ajaah yahk

miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av l`fij v`hmaj mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk

miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil(

=(= T`bfaja~ah

Malab t`h`li}iah ihi ala} ph}pc b`hkpcpv bahao`b`h lafa amalaj

mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal( ]ihmacah t`vp~ajaah ph}pc b`bahao`b`h lafa

acah b`hy`fafcah c`}`v}avicah ihw`~}ev tama ~pa}p t`vp~ajaah cav`ha

cih`voa c`pahkah t`vp~ajaah yahk faic( Jal ihi babtp f`vmabtac faic

tama v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah cav`ha fahyachya biha} ihw`~}ev yahk

b`hahabcah ihw`~}a~i tama t`vp~ajaah }`v~`fp}( Ja~il t`h`li}iah mit`vel`j

faj{a ~`nava tav~ial *ihmiwimp) }imac }`vmata} t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah




f`~av c`nilhya bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcah tijac bahao`b`h t`vp~ajaah

}imac f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah tama c`haicah v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah( Ja~il

t`h`li}iah }imac ceh~i~}`h m`hkah t`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j Aley~ia

Yah}i Avmia}i *6440) faj{a Bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat

v`}pvh(

B`hpvp} ^pfvabahyab *1997) malab Avmia}i *6440) faj{a bahao`v

b`bilij acvpal ph}pc b`hihkca}cah c`ihgevba}igah lafa acph}ah~i( Acvpal

b`bphkcihcah bahao`v b`hkcebphica~icah ihgevba~i tviwa} b`v`ca mah

el`j cav`ha i}p b`hihkca}cah c`babtpah lafa ph}pc b`hn`vbihcah hilai

`cehebi~ t`vp~ajaah( Lafa acvpal mitahmahk ~`fakai pcpvah cih`voa

t`vp~ajaah yahk l`fij ~pt`viev mifahmihkcah alivah ca~ cav`ha acvpal

b`hkpvahki ba~alaj {ac}p mah c`}imacnenecah yahk b`l`ca} malab

t`hkpcpvah alivah ca~( Cpali}a~ apmi}ev yahk mi}phopccah m`hkah }ihmacah

apmi} yahk milacpcah el`j CAT F`~av mah CAT C`nil ~`nava }`evi}i~ mata}

b`bt`hkavpji }ihmacah bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcah t`vp~ajaah( Ja~il

t`hkpoiah mit`vel`j hilai G ji}phk ~`f`~av 16,14 l`fij f`~av mifahmihkcah G

}af`l }avag ~ikhigicah~i 0% ~`f`~av ;,:: ~`jihkka mit`vel`j ja~il ama

t`vf`maah yahk ~ikhigicah v`}pvh ~ajab yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av mah

CAT C`nil tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil yahk b`hphopccah

faj{a t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av l`fij c`nil c`n`hm`vphkah

b`lacpcah bahao`b`h lafa mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi}

el`j CAT C`nil(



FAF W

ÎBTPLAH MAH IBTLICAÎ C@FIOACAH

0(1(îbtplah

F`vma~avcah ja~il ahali~i~ yahk }`laj milacpcah }`vjamat ja~il

t`h`li}iah yahk }`laj mit`vel`j, baca mata} mi}avic f`f`vata c`~ibtplah ?

1( ^`nava tav~ial *ihmiwimp) }imac }`vmata} t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah

Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab, faic t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi}

el`j CAT F`~av baptph CAT C`nil( Jal ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a


t`vp~ajaah }imac f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah tama c`haicah v`}pvh ~ajab

t`vp~ajaah( Ja~il t`h`li}iah }imac ceh~i~}`h m`hkah t`h`li}iah yahk

milacpcah el`j Aley~ia Yah}i Avmia}i *6440) faj{a Bahao`b`h lafa

f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v }pvh(

6( Tama poi Nje{ ]`~} mit`vel`j hilai G ji}phk ~`f`~av 16,14 l`fij f`~av

mifahmihkcah G }af`l }avag ~ikhigicah~i 0% ~`f`~av ;,:: ~`jihkka mit`vel`j

ja~il ama t`vf`maah yahk ~ikhigicah v`}pvh ~ajab yahk miapmi} el`j CAT

F`~av mah CAT C`nil( C`n`hm`vphkah }ihmacah bahao`b`h lafa *va}a"va}a

hilai mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT

F`~av ~`f`~av 4,44>1 ~`mahkcah }ihmacah bahao`b`h lafa *va}a"va}a hilai

mi~cv`~ieh`v }e}al acvpal) tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil

~`f`~av 4,44=9 yahk b`hphopccah faj{a t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j



CAT F`~av l`fij c`nil c`n`hm`vphkahhya ph}pc b`lacpcah bahao`b`h

lafa mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT C`nil(

0(6(Ibtlica~i C`fioacah

0(6(1( C`fioacah ]`evi}i~

]ihmacah t`vp~ajaah ph}pc b`bahao`b`h lafa acah b`hy`fafcah

c`}`v}avicah ihw`~}ev tama ~pa}p t`vp~ajaah cav`ha cih`voa c`pahkah

t`vp~ajaah yahk faic( Jal ihi babtp f`vmabtac faic tama v`}pvh ~ajab

t`vp~ajaah cav`ha fahyachya biha} ihw`~}ev yahk b`hahabcah ihw`~}a~i

tama t`vp~ajaah }`v~`fp}( Ja~il t`h`li}iah mit`vel`j faj{a ~`nava tav~ial

*ihmiwimp) }imac }`vmata} t`hkavpj yahk ~ikhigicah Bahao`b`h Lafa

}`vjamat V`}pvh ^ajab( Jal ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a f`~av c`nilhya

bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcah tijac bahao`b`h t`vp~ajaah }imac

f`vt`hkavpj ~ikhigicah tama c`haicah v`}pvh ~ajab t`vp~ajaah( Ja~il

t`h`li}iah ihi }imac ceh~i~}`h m`hkah t`h`li}iah yahk milacpcah el`j

Aley~ia Yah}i Avmia}i *6440) yahk f`vja~il b`bt`vel`j ja~il yai}p

bahao`b`h lafa f`vt`hkavpj te~i}ig }`vjamat v`}pvh(

0(6(6( C`fioacah Bahao`vial

Ihw`~}ev t`vlp b`bt`v}ibfahkcah cpali}a~ apmi}ev }`vp}aba

t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av l`fij c`nil c`bphkcihah

b`lacpcah bahao`b`h lafa mifahmihkcah m`hkah t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi}

CAT C`nil( Jal }`v~`fp} b`bf`vicah ihgevba~i c`tama ihw`~}ev malab

b`h`h}pcah c`tp}p~ah f`vihw`~}a~i mitahmahk mavi ~i~i cpali}a~ apmi} yahk



milacpcah el`j Cah}ev Acph}ah Tpflic( El`j cav`ha i}p, ihw`~}ev

j`hmachya l`fij b`bt`v}ibfahkcah ph}pc t`hkabfilah c`tp}p~ah

f`vihw`~}a~i tama t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av cav`ha cpali}a~

apmi}evhya l`fij faic mah l`fij c`nil c`bphkcihah b`lacpcah bahao`b`h

lafa(

Tama jite}`~i~ t`v}aba mah c`mpa mit`vel`j ja~il faj{a tama

t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi} el`j CAT F`~av baptph t`vp~ajaah yahk miapmi}

el`j CAT C`nil b`hphopccah bahao`b`h lafa }imac f`vt`hkavpj

~ikhigicah }`vjamat V`}pvh ^ajab( Ja~il ihi b`hkihmica~icah faj{a

f`~avhya bahao`b`h lafa yahk milacpcah t`vp~ajaah }imac b`bt`hkavpji

~`nava ~ikhigicah }`vjamat glpc}pa~i *haic }pvphhya) v`}pvh ~ajab

t`vp~ajaah(

0(>(C`}`vfa}a~ah T`h`li}iah

C`}`vfa}a~ah t`h`li}iah ihi ah}ava laih ?

1( T`viem` t`h`li}iah yahk mikphacah yai}p > }ajph miva~acah ba~ij v`la}ig

~`mici} ph}pc b`{acili ~abt`l(

6( T`h`li}iah ihi jahya b`hkpoi 1 waviaf`l f`fa~ m`hkah ceh}vifp~i t`hkavpj

bahao`b`h lafa }`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab yahk v`la}ig c`nil yai}p }imac

~abtai ~`f`~av 1%(

0(=(Ak`hma T`h`li}iah B`hma}ahk



Mavi c`}`vfa}a~ah t`h`li}iah mi a}a~, baca ak`hma t`h`li}iah b`hma}ahk

ah}ava laih ?

1( T`viem` t`h`li}iah ~`lahop}hya t`vlp b`habfaj t`viem` {ac}phya m`hkah

b`hkkphacah t`viem` }ajph yahk l`fij laba(

6( T`vlp civahya ph}pc b`hkpoi f`f`vata waviaf`l laih yahk f`vt`hkavpj

}`vjamat v`}pvh ~ajab, ~`laih bahao`b`h lafa(



MAG]AV TP^]ACA

Aley~ia Yah}i Avmia}i, 6440( T`hkavpj Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat V`}pvh âjab

}`vjamat T`vp~ajaah yahk Miapmi} el`j CAT Fik 0 mah CAT Heh Fik, Wel(

: jal 6>0"6=9

Ahi~ Njavivi mah Ibab Kjeali, 644>( ]èvi Acph}ah~i, FT PHMIT, ^`bavahk(

Fabfahk Viyah}e, 199; Ma~av"ma~av T`bf`lahoaah T`vp~ajaah, FT@K

Oekyacav}a(

Mabemav Kpoava}i, 1990, Fa~in @neheb`}vin >vm

, PÂ? Bn Kva{jill Ih}`vha~iehal

Mabemav Kpoava}i, 1990( Fa~in @neheb`}vin >

vm

, PÂ? Bn Kva{jill Ih}`vha~iehal

M`nje{, 644=, ]j` T`v~i~}ahn` ahm Tvinihk eg }j` Na~j Nebteh`h} eg @avhihk~,

]j` Oepvhal Anneph}ihk ahm @nehebin(

M{i Tva~}e{e mah Oplia}y, Vigca, 6446, Ahali~i~ Latevah C`pahkah Ceh~`t mah

Atlica~i, @mi~i V`wi~i, Yekyacav}a ? PTT ABT YCTH(

Kimèh ^F(Fe`miehe, 6440( Cpali}a~ Lafa ? ^}pmi T`hkavpj Nevteva}`

Kew`vhahn` mah Mabtac Bahao`b`h Lafa m`hkah B`hkkphacah Ahali~i~

Oalpv( Opvhal ^HA WIII, 10 „ 17 ^`t}`bf`v (

Ibab Kjeali, 6440( Atlica~i Ahali~i~ Bpl}iwavia}` m`hkah Tvekvab ^T^^ (

^`bavahk? FT PHMIT

Ih}`h B`p}ia, 644=( T`hkavpj Ihm`t`hm`h~i Apmi}ev ]`vjamat Bahao`b`h Lafa

ph}pc CAT Fik 0 mah Heh Fik 0( Opvhal Vi~`} Acph}ah~i Ihmeh`~ia, Wel( ;

He( >(

Oekiyah}e Jav}ehe, 6444( ]èvi Tev}egelie mah Ahali~i~ Ihw`~}a~i, @mi~i C`mpa(

Yekyacav}a? FTG@(

Opli}a âimi, 6444( @avhihk Bahao`b`h mah ^}ahmav Acph}ah~i C`pahkah, B`mia

Acph}ah~i, He 16%]J WII%Akp~}p~ 6444,WIII"ZIII (

Babmpj B( Jahagi mah Afmpl Jalib, 6444( Ahali~i~ Latevah C`pahkah(Yekyacav}a? PTT ABT YCTH(

Haib mah Jav}ehe, 1997( ^}ahmav Acph}ah~i Yahk B`bf`vi T`lpahk Faki

Bahao`b`h Ph}pc B`lacpcah Tvac}`c T`va}aah Lafa, Opvhal He( 1: (

Hpv Ihmviah}eve mah Fabfahk ^ptebe, 1999, B`}em` T`h`li}iah Fi~hi~,

Yekyacav}a?FTG@



Tva}aha Tp~ta B`mia~}p}y mah Ba~’pm Banjge`m( 644>( Ahali~i~ Jpfphkah

B`cahi~b` Nevteva}` Kew`vhahn` mah Ihmica~i Bahao`b`h Lafa( Opvhal(

Vef`v} Ahk, 199;( Fpcp Tih}av Ta~av Bemal Ihmeh`~ia, Oacav}a? B`mia êg}Ihmeh`~ia

âigpl, 644=( Jpfphkah Bahao`b`h Lafa *@avhihk Bahak`b`h}) m`hkah Cih`voa

Et`va~i mah V`}pvh âjab mi ^`ci}av ITE, Opvhal Vi~`} Acph}ah~i Ihmeh`~ia

Wel( ; He( > jal >17 „ >>6(

îhkkij âh}e~e, 6444 ^T^^ W`v~i 14(4 B`hkelaj Ma}a ^}a}i~}ic ^`nava

Tveg`~iehal( Oacav}a? T] @l`c B`mia Cebtp}ihme

^pam Jp~hah, 199:, Bahao`b`h C`pahkah ]èvi mah T`h`vatah *C`tp}p~ah

Oahkca T`hm`c), Fpcp 1, Yekyacav}a? FTG@

^ylwia W`vehina îv`kav mah îmjav}a P}aba,( 6440( T`hkavpj C`t`biciha,

Pcpvah T`vp~ajaah mah Tvac}`c Nevteva}` Kew`vhahn` }`vjamat

T`hk`lelaah Lafa *@avhihk Bahak`b`h})( îbte~ipb Ha~iehal Acph}ah~i

WIII, 10 „ 17 ^`t}`bf`v(

[imahavhi Tpmoia~}p}i mah Aima Aihpl Bavmiyaj, 6447, T`v~t`c}ig Ak`hny

]jèvy? T`hkavpj Ihgevba~i A~ib`}vi }`vjamat Bahao`b`h Lafa, Opvhal

@cpi}a~ Wel = He 1 Bav } 6444, 69"=6(

[i{ic P}abi, 6440( T`hkavpj Bahao`b`h Lafa }`vjamat Fiaya Bemal @cpi}a~

*^}pmi Tama Tv`p~ah Tpflie ^`c}ev Bahpgac}pv)( Opvhal ^HA WIII êle(

Yanef ^ptavhe Vajba{a}i mah Hpvpl Qebaviyaj, 6447( T`hkavpj A~ib`}vi

Ihgevba~i ]`vjamat Tvac}ic Bahao`b`h Lafa Tama T`vp~ajaah T`vfahcah

Tpflic yahk ]`vmag}av mi Fpv~a @g`c Oacav}a( ^HA IZ Tamahk(

analisis pengaruh manajemen laba terhadap return saham pada perusahaan

Documents