bhagwat 1980

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-19, NO. 6 , NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1983 Generalized Structure o f a Multilevel P W M Inverter PRADEEP M . BHAGWAT, MEMBER, IEEE, AND V . R . STEFANOVIC, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE Abstract-A generalized structure of a multilevel voltage source thyristor inverter i s proposed. The multilevel concept i s used to de- crease the harmonic distortion i n t h e output waveform without d e - creasing t h e inverter power output. A simple uniform PWM control o f t h e output voltage i s seen t o b e sufficient t o practically remove al l remaining harmonics. Harmonic analysis o f n-step waveform i s given, a nd t h e experimental results obtained on a three-step inverter a r e presented. INTRODUCTION THE CURRENT shift t o variable-frequency a c drives with associated emphasis o n improved performance a n d i n - creased power ratings i s again focusing attention t o t h e prob- l e m o f inverter harmonic distortion. T h e distortion i s particu- larly o f concern i n drives above 5 0 h p where power transistors cannot b e applied s o easily a n d t h e pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control becomes less attractive. I n fact, a n adjustable- voltage adjustable-frequency inverter operating with essentially square-wave output voltage c an b e viewed a s a generator o f higher harmonics [1]. Presently, three basic methods f o r harmonic reduction exist. 1 ) Multilevel Waveforms: I n t h e past, multilevel operation w a s achieved b y summing t h e outputs o f several inverters operating i n parallel through phase shifting transformers [2]. Obviously, this technique i s n o longer attractive f o r most applications d u e t o t h e large reactive elements used. Recently, a transistor inverter with a multilevel voltage waveform was proposed [3], [4]. Although t h e inverter provides a n efficient reduction of harmonic distortion, du e t o existing transistor technology i t s u s e i s limited t o low-power applications. 2 ) Sinusoidal P WM [5].- B y chopping t h e output waveform a n d b y appropriately controlling t h e width o f t h e resulting voltage pulses, o n e c a n successfully eliminate a l l dominant harmonics. Th e problem here i s that t h e scheme results i n t h e voltage derating o f t h e inverter. 3 ) Pulsewidth Control: B y producing several pulses during each half-period o f t he output waveform an b y controlling their position a n d width, selected harmonics c a n b e eliminated from t h e inverter output [6]. However, t h e voltage control i s limited, while t h e inverter i s still derated with this technique. T h e proposed inverter shown i n Fig. 1 i s conceptually sim- p l e a n d c a n b e easily implemented b y using power transistors. I f a higher power output i s desired, t h e u s e o f thyristors will b e required. It will b e shown that, i n t h e multilevel inverter, Paper IPCSD 82-9, approved b y t h e Static Power Committee o f t h e IEEE Industry Applications Society f o r presentation a t t h e 1980 In- dustry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, O H , Septem- b e r 29-October 3 . Manuscript released f o r publication April 2, 1982. This work w a s supported i n part b y t h e National Research Council o f Canada a n d t h e Department o f Education, Province o f Quebec. P . M . Bhagwat i s with Black a n d Decker 7 0 1 East Joppa Rd., Towson, MD 21204. V . R . Stefanovic i s with General Electric Company, P OB 8106, Charlottesville, VA 22906. Fig. 1 . T Schematic o f half-bridge multilevel inverter. t he u s e o f conventional commutation circuits will result i n a complex firing control. Th e n e w versatile cir- cuit [7 ] has t h e capability o f instantaneously commutating a n y conducting thyristor a n d therefore i s ideally suited f o r t h e multilevel inverter. This flexibility permits a P W M control o f t he inverter output voltage. T h e harmonic analysis o f a n inverter with n voltage levels i s given, a nd a number o f necessary semiconductor switches is specified. T h e circuit implementation of such a n inverter i s described, a n d t he concept i s illustrated b y considering a three- level inverter which h a s been actually designed a n d con- structed in-the laboratory. Voltage control o f this type o f n - verter i s then discussed, a n d t h e harmonic analysis o f three- level P W M inverter i s presented. I t i s seen that, with t e n uniform pulses p e r half-period o f t h e output waveform, a l l harmonics below t h e twenty-third a r e reduced t o less than o r equal t o t e n percent o f t he fundamental harmonic. Experi- mental results, corresponding t o t h e theoretical calculations a r e given i n Fig. 1 3 . T h e proposed inverter structure i s b e - lieved to offer t h e following advantages when applied t o vari- able-frequency a c drives. 1 ) T h e voltage contiol below t h e motor base frequency c a n b e obtained b y a very simple uniform P W M control while reducing practically a l l harmonics from t h e motor input voltage. 2 ) Fo r maximum voltage output (constant power operation above t he motor base frequency), t h e inverter full power c a n b e used, while a t t h e same time reducing a l l dominant har- monics from t h e motor input voltage. I I. HARMONICS I N THE OPTIMIZED STEPPED WAVEFORMS A . Optimization Techniques There i s a considerable complexity i n trade-offs when choosing t h e number o f voltage steps [ 8 ] . Considering Fig. 2 , 0093-9994/83/1100-1057$01.00 © 1983 IEEE 1057 Authorized licensed use limited to: Lucian Parvulescu. 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Page 1: Bhagwat 1980

8/8/2019 Bhagwat 1980

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bhagwat-1980 1/13

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. I A - 1 9 , NO. 6 , NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1983

G e n e r a l i z e d S t r u c t u r e o f a M u l t i l e v e l PWM I n v e r t e r

PRADEEP M. BHAGWAT, MEMBER, I E E E , AND V . R . STEFANOVIC, SENIOR MEMBER, I E E E

A b s t r a c t - A g e n e r a l i z e d s t ru c t u r e o f a m u l t il ev el v o l t a g e s o u r c e

t h y ri st o r i n v e r te r i s p r o p o s e d . The m u l t i l e v e l c o n c e p t i s u s e d t o d e -c r e a s e t h e h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n i n t h e o u t p u t w a v e f o r m w i t h o u t d e -

c r e a s i n g t h e i n v e r t e r p o w e r o u t p u t . A s i m p l e u n i f o r m PWM c o n t r o l o f

t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s s e e n t o b e s u f f i c i e n t t o p r a c t i c a l l y remove a l lr e m a i n i n g h a r m o n i c s . Harmonic a n a l y s i s o f n - s t e p w a v e f o r m i s g i v e n ,

a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o bt a i n e d o n a t h r e e - s t e p i n v e r t e r a r e

p r e s e n t e d .

INTRODUCTION

THE CURRENT s h i f t t o v a r i a b l e - f r e q u e n c y a c d r i v e s w i t h

a s s o c i a t e d e m p h a s i s o n i m p r o v e d p e r f o r m a n c e a n d i n -c r e a s e d p o w e r r a t i n g s i s a g a i n f o c u s i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e p r o b -l e m o f i n v e r t e r h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n . T h e d i s t o r t i o n i s p a r t i c u -l a r l y o f c o n c e r n i n d r i v e s a b o v e 5 0 h p w h e r e p o w e r t r a n s i s t o r s

c a n n o t b e a p p l i e d s o e a s i l y a n d t h e p u l s e w i d t h m o d u l a t i o n( P W M ) c o n t r o l b e c o m e s l e s s a t t r a c t i v e . I n f a c t , a n a d j u s t a b l e -v o l t a g e a d j u s t a b l e - f r e q u e n c y i n v e r t e r o p e r a t i n g w i t h e s s e n t i a l l ys q u a r e- wa v e o u t pu t v o l t a g e c a n b e v i e w e d a s a g e n e r a t o r o f

h i g h e r h a r m o n i c s [ 1 ] . P r e s e n t l y , t h r e e b a s i c m e t h o d s f o rh a r m o n i c r e d u c t i o n e x i s t .

1 ) M u l t i l e v e l W a v e f o r m s : I n t h e p a s t , m u l t i l e v e l o p e r a t i o nw a s a c h i e v e d b y s u m m i n g t h e o u t p u t s o f s e v e r a l i n v e r t e r so p e r a t i n g i n p a r a l l e l t h r o u g h p h a s e s h i f t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s [ 2 ] .O b v i o u s l y , t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s n o l o n g e r a t t r a c t i v e f o r m o s ta p p l i c a t i o n s d u e t o t h e l a r g e r e a c t i v e e l e m e n t s u s e d . R e c e n t l y ,a t r a n s i s t o r i n v e r t e r w i t h a m u l t i l e v e l v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m w a s

p r o p o s e d [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . A l t h o u g h t h e i n v e r t e r p r o v i d e s a n e f f i c i e n tr e d u c t i o n o f h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n , d u e t o t h e e x i s t i n g t r a n s i s t o rt e c h n o l o g y i t s u s e i s l i m i t e d t o l o w - p o w e r a p p l i c a t i o n s .

2 ) S i n u s o i d a l PWM [ 5 ] . - B y c h o p p i n g t h e o u t p u t w a v e f o r ma n d b y a p p r o p r i a t e l y c o n t r o l l i n g t h e w i d t h o f t h e r e s u l t i n gv o l t a g e p u l s e s , o n e c a n s u c c e s s f u l l y e l i m i n a t e a l l d o m i n a n t

h a r m o n i c s . T h e p r o b l e m h e r e i s t h a t t h e s c h e m e r e s u l t s i n t h ev o l t a g e d e r a t i n g o f t h e i n v e r t e r .

3 ) P u l s e w i d t h C o n t r o l : B y p r o d u c i n g s e v e r a l p u l s e s d u r i n ge a c h h a l f - p e r i o d o f t h e o u t p u t w a v e f o r m a n d b y c o n t r o l l i n gt h e i r p o s i t i o n a n d w i d t h , s e l e c t e d h a r m o n i c s c a n be e l i m i n a t e df r o m t h e i n v e r t e r o u t p u t [ 6 ] . H o w e v e r , t h e v o l t a g e c o n t r o l i s

l i m i t e d , w h i l e t h e i n v e r t e r i s s t i l l d e r a t e d w i t h t h i s t e c h n i q u e .

T h e p r o p o s e d i n v e r t e r s h o w n i n F i g . 1 i s c o n c e p t u a l l y s i m -p l e a n d c a n b e e a s i l y i m p l e m e n t e d b y u s i n g p o w e r t r a n s i s t o r s .I f a h i g h e r p o w e r o u t p u t i s d e s i r e d , t h e u s e o f t h y r i s t o r s w i l lb e r e q u i r e d . I t w i l l b e s h o w n t h a t , i n t h e m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r ,

P a p e r I P C S D 8 2 - 9 , a p p r o v e d b y t h e S t a t i c P o w e r C o m m i t t e e o f t h eI E E E I n d u s t r y A p p l i c a t i o n s S o c i e t y f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e 1 9 8 0 I n -d u s t r y A p p l i c a t i o n s S o c i e t y A n n u a l M e e t i n g , C i n c i n n a t i , O H , S e p t e m -b e r 2 9 - O c t o b e r 3 . M a n u s c r i p t r e l e a s e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n A p r i l 2 , 1 9 8 2 .T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t b y t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o fC a n a d a a n d t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f E d u c a t i o n , P r o v i n c e o f Q u e b e c .

P . M . B h a g w a t i s w i t h B l a c k a n d D e c k e r C o . , 7 0 1 E a s t J o p p a R d . ,T o w s o n , MD 2 1 2 0 4 .

V . R . S t e f a n o v i c i s w i t h G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c C o m p a n y , POB 8 1 0 6 ,C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , VA 2 2 9 0 6 .

F i g . 1 .

T

S c h e m a t i c o f h a l f - b r i d g e m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r .

t h e u s e o f c o n v e n t i o n a l c o m m u t a t i o n c i r c u i t s w i l l r e s u l t i n ac o m p l e x f i r i n g c o n t r o l . T h e n e w v e r s a t i l e c o m m u t a t i o n c i r -c u i t [ 7 ] h a s t h e c a p a b i l i t y o f i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y c o m m u t a t i n ga n y c o n d u c t i n g t h y r i s t o r a n d t h e r e f o r e i s i d e a l l y s u i t e d f o r t h em u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r . T h i s f l e x i b i l i t y p e r m i t s a P WM c o n t r o l o f

t h e i n v e r t e r o u t p u t v o l t a g e .T h e h a r m o n i c a n a l y s i s o f a n i n v e r t e r w i t h n v o l t a g e l e v e l s

i s g i v e n , a n d a n u m b e r o f n e c e s s a r y s e m i c o n d u c t o r s w i t c h e si s s p e c i f i e d . T h e c i r c u i t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f s u ch a n i n v e r t e r i sd e s c r i b e d , a n d t h e c o n c e p t i s i l l u s t r a t e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g a t h r e e -l e v e l i n v e r t e r w h i c h h a s b e e n a c t u a l l y d e s i g n e d a n d c o n -

s t r u c t e d i n - t h e l a b o r a t o r y . V o l t a g e c o n t r o l o f t h i s t y p e o f i n -v e r t e r i s t h e n d i s c u s s e d , a n d t h e h a r m o n i c a n a l y s i s o f a t h r e e -l e v e l P WM i n v e r t e r i s p r e s e n t e d . I t i s s e e n t h a t , w i t h t e n

u n i f o r m p u l s e s p e r h a l f - p e r i o d o f t h e o u t p u t w a v e f o r m , a l lh a r m o ni c s b e l o w t h e t w e n t y - t h i r d a r e r e d u c e d t o l e s s t h a n o r

e q u a l t o t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l h a r m o n i c . E x p e r i -m e n t a l r e s u l t s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n sa r e g i v e n i n F i g . 1 3 . T h e p r o p o s e d i n v e r t e r s t r u c t u r e i s b e -l i e v e d t o o f f e r t h e f o l l o w i n g a d v a n t a g e s w h e n a p p l i e d t o v a r i -a b l e - f r e q u e n c y a c d r i v e s .

1 ) T h e v o l t a g e c o n t i o l b e l o w t h e m o t o r b a s e f r e q u e n c y c a n

b e o b t a i n e d b y a v e r y s i m p l e u n i f o r m P WM c o n t r o l w h i l e

r e d u c i n g p r a c t i c a l l y a l l h a r m o n i c s f r o m t h e m o t o r i n p u tv o l t a g e .2 ) F o r maximum v o l t a g e o u t p u t ( c o n s t a n t p o w e r o p e r a t i o n

a b o v e t h e m o t o r b a s e f r e q u e n c y ) , t h e i n v e r t e r f u l l p o w e r c a n

b e u s e d , w h i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e r e d u c i n g a l l d o m i n a n t h a r -m o n i c s f r o m t h e m o t o r i n p u t v o l t a g e .

I I . HARMONICS I N THE OPTIMIZEDSTEPPED WAVEFORMS

A . O p t i m i z a t i o n T e c h n i q u e s

T h e r e i s a c o n s i d e r a b l e c o m p l e x i t y i n t r a d e - o f f s w h e nc h o o s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f v o l t a g e s t e p s [ 8 ] . C o n s i d e r i n g F i g . 2 ,

0 0 9 3 - 9 9 9 4 / 8 3 / 1 1 0 0 - 1 0 5 7 $ 0 1 . 0 0 © 1 9 8 3 I E E E

1 0 5 7

Authorized licensed use limited to: Lucian Parvulescu. Downloaded on January 29, 2010 at 01:45 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. I A - 1 9 , NO. 6 , NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1 9 8 3

F i g . 2 . G e n e r a l i z e d s t e p p e d w a v e f o r m .

t h r e e p o s s i b l e o p t i m i z a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s e x i s t t o r e d u c e t h e l o w -

o r d e r h a r m o n i c s : 1 ) a s s u m i n g e q u a l l y s p a c e d s t e p s , s t e ph e i g h t s a r e o p t i m i z e d ; 2 ) a s s u m i n g t h e s t e p s o f e q u a l h e i g h t s ,t h e i r s p a c i n g i s o p t i m i z e d ; 3 ) o p t i m i z i n g b o t h h e i g h t a n d

s p a c i n g s .T h e F o u r i e r e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e - w a v e f o r m i n F i g . 2 i s

4e=- z ( V 1 c o s n 0 1 + V 2 c o s n 0 2 + - -

7 f n= odd

s i n ( n c t )+ v c o s n 0 p ) n ( 1 )

n

4 p s i n ( n w t )=_ 1 2 ( V k c o s n O k ) ( 2 )

7 r n=odd k = l n

w h e r e p d e n o t e s t h e n u m b e r o f s t e p s i n a q u a r t e r - c y c l e , 0 kki r / 2 a n d a q u a r t e r - w a v e s y m m e t r y i n t h e w a v e f o r m i s a s s u m e d .

F o r e q u a l l y s p a c e d s t e p s w i t h n o d w e l l a t z e r o v o l t a g e , i . e . ,0 1 = 0 , ( 2 ) b e c o m e s

4e =- z [ V 1 + V 2 c o s n±V3 c o s 2 n O +

X T n=odd

s i n n O+

V pc o s ( p - l ) n O ] X

n

4 .p s i n n O= - z z ( V k c o s ( ( k - l ) n O ) ) ( 3 )

7 T n=odd k=1 n

w h e r e 0 = i r / 2 p a n d V k = 2 V 1 c o s ( k - 1 ) 0 .F o r e q u a l l y s p a c e d s t e p s w i t h d w e l l a t z e r o v o l t a g e s u c h

t h a t 0 1 = a / 2 , 0 2 = 3 a / 2 , 0 3 = 5 a / 2 , O k = ( 2 k - I ) a / 2 ,( 2 ) b e c o m e s

4 p n Oe=- Y 4 V k c o s ( ( 2 k - l ) n O ) sin- ( 4 )

7 f n=odd k=1 n

w h e r e 0 = i r / 2 p a n d V k = V 1 ( c o s O k / c o s 0 1 ) . F o r w a v e f o r m s

o f t h i s t y p e , t h e h a r m o n i c s w i l l o c c u r a s f o l l o w s :

h n = 4 p n ± 1

w h e r e n = 1 , 2 , 3 - e . T h e r e f o r e , f o r t h e o p t i m i z e d 1 2 - s t e pw a v e f o r m s w i t h p = 3 , t h e f i r s t l o w - o r d e r h a r m o n i c w i l l b e

t h e e l e v e n t h .

B . H a r m o n i c R e d u c t i o n i n t h e T h r e e - L e v e l I n v e r t e r

I n p r a c t i c e , h o w e v e r , a t r a d e - o f f h a s t o b e m a d e b e t w e e n

t h e r e q u i r e d n u m b e r o f s t e p s a n d t h e d e s i g n c o m p l e x i t y .H a r m o n i c s c a n b e r e d u c e d a s r e q u i r e d t h r o u g h P WM v o l t a g ec o n t r o l , b u t h a r m o n i c r e d u c t i o n b e c o m e s i m p o s s i b l e w h e n

t h e i n v e r t e r i s d e l i v e r i n g i t s f u l l o u t p u t , a t w h i c h t i m e t h eh a r m o n i c c o n t e n t o f t h e o u t p u t w a v e f o r m i s t h a t o f a t y p i c a ls q u a r e w a v e , w i t h t h e a b s e n c e o f t r i p l e n h a r m o n i c s .

F i g . 3 ( a ) s h o w s t h e m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r s c h e m a t i c w i t h aminimum n u m b e r o f v o l t a g e r e f e r e n c e s , w h i c h a r e a ) p o s i t i v er e f e r e n c e , b ) n e g a t i v e r e f e r e n c e , a n d c ) z e r o r e f e r e n c e .

F i g . 3 ( b ) s h o w s a t y p i c a l w a v e f o r m o f a h a l f - b r i d g e i n v e r -t e r . F r o m ( 1 ) , i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t a s p e c i f i c d u r a t i o n o f a z e r o

i n t e r v a l c a n e l i m i n a t e a n y o n e s p e c i f i c h a r m o n i c . R e w r i t i n g( 1 ) f o r F i g . 3 ( b ) ,

e = - T V 1c o s n 0 1 s i n n c o t

i r n

( 5 )

w h e r e V 1 = 0 . 5 Ed =0.5 V

* i f 0 1 = 1 8 ° , t h e f i f t h h a r m o n i c w i l l b e z e r o ,* i f 0 1 = 1 2 . 8 5 0 , t h e s e v e n t h h a r m o n i c w i l l b e z e r o , e t c .

F i g . 3 ( c ) s h o w s t h e t y p i c a l l i n e - t o - l i n e v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m o b -t a i n e d i n t h e p r o p o s e d m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r . T h i s w a v e f o r m c a n

b e o p t i m i z e d b y a n y o n e o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s d i s c u s s e d b e f o r e .T h e h a r m o n i c s o f t h i s w a v e f o r m c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s

An = V c o s ( n O 0 ) + V 2 c o s ( n O 2 ) . ( 6 )

A s t h i s w a v e f o r m i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n y t w o p h a s e

1 0 5 8

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BHAGWAT AND STEFANOVIC: GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF MU LTI L E V E L PWM INVERTER

( a )

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( c )F i g . 3 . ( a ) , ( b ) S c h e m a t i c o f t h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r a n d o u t p u t w a v e f o r m .

i n v e r t e r .

v o l t a g e s , V 1 s h o u l d b e e q u a l t o V 2 a n d 0 1 s h o u l d b e e q u a l t o

( ( i T / 3 ) - 0 2 )

..A = 0 . 5 E d [cosn(-2) +cos](n2)1 ( 7 )

0 2 c a n b e s e l e c t e d s o a s t o e l i m i n a t e a n y p a r t i c u l a r h a r m o n i c

o r t o r e d u c e t h e t o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n . E l i m i n a t i n g o n l y

o n e p a r t i c u l a r h a r m o n i c w i l l n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e t h ew a v e s h a p e ; t h e r e f o r e , r e d u c i n g t h e t o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n( T H D ) m a y b e d e s i r a b l e .

C . M i n i m i z i n g t h e T o t a l H a r m o n i c D i s t o r t i o n

T o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s

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( c ) T y pi c al p h a se a n d l i n e v o l t a g e s i n t h r e e - l e v e l

w h e r e

V t r m s v a l u e o f t h e s t e p p e d w a v e ,

V f r m s v a l u e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l ,

f o r t h e w a v e f o r m s h o w n i n F i g . 3 ( c ) :2 V

V f = [ 0 . 5 V c o s 0 1 + 0 . 5 V c o s 0 2 ]

=- V ( c o s 0 1 + C O S 0 2 )

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY A P P L I C A T I O N S , VOL. I A - 1 9 , NO. 6 , NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1 9 8 3

a n d s i m p l i f y i n g ,- . . - -0.7502 -0 . 2 5 0 1 ]

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V t 2 =-[- - - 0 . 7 5 0 2 - 0 . 2 5 (--02)]

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si n 0 2 - ) s i n -02

N u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n g i v e s 0 2 = 0 . 7 9 0 6 8 r a d=5 . 3 0 3 0 .T h u s 0 2 = 4 5 0 a n d 0 1 = ( f f / 3 ) -0 2 = 1 5 0 . T a b l e I s h o w s

t h e h a r m o n i c a m p l i t u d e s f o r t h e two w a v e f o r m s . From T a b l eI i t c an b e seen t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n oc c u rs i n t h e t o t a lh a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n f r o m 3 1 . 0 8 p e r c e n t i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l

w a v e f o r m t o 1 6 . 8 6 p e r c e n t i n t h e p r o p o s e d w a v e f o r m . A t t h es a m e t i m e , t h e d o m i n a n t f i f t h a n d s e v e n t h h a r m o n i c s a r e a l s or e d u c e d f r o m 2 0 p e r c e n t t o 5 . 3 5 p e r c e n t a n d 1 4 p e r c e n t t o

3 . 8 2 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . F i g . 3 ( c ) s h o w s t h a t t h e p r o p o s e dw a v e f o r m a n d a c o n v e n t i o n a l l i n e - t o - l i n e v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m

(11) h a v et h e

sam e average

v a l u e .T h i s means

t h a t t h i s h a r m o n i cr e d u c t i o n i s a c h i e v e d b y m a i n t a i n i n g t h e sam e average p o w e r

o u t p u t a s t h a t o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l P WM i n v e r t e r .

I I I . GENERALIZED METHOD OF COMMUTATION I NA MULTILEVEL INVERTER

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T o m i n i m i z e t h e t o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n t h e t e r m Vt2/Vf2

s h o u l d b e m i n i m u m . L e t

_ _

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.-=o=[cos (-02) + c o s 0 2 ] [ - 0 . 5 ]

[ I 1 2.* 2] [cos (C-02) ±CO2]

s i n 0 2 - s i n ( - 0 2 )

A . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e C o m m u t a t i o n T y p e s

F i g . 4 s h o ws t h e g e n e r a l i z e d s i n g l e p h a s e o f a h a l f - b r i d g em u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r w h e r e A d e n o t e s t h e o u t p u t t e r m i n a l .C u rr e nt I A t h r o u g h n o d e A i s d e f i n e d a s p o s i t i v e w h e n i tf l o w s f r o m n o d e A t o t h e l o a d . C u r r e n t I A i s d e f i n e d a s n e g a -

t i v e w h e n i t f l o w s f r o m t h e l o a d t o n o d e A . From t h e s ed e f i n i t i o n s , i t may b e o b s e r v e d t h a t i f I A i s p o s i t i v e , an y o n e

o f t h e s e m i c o n d u c t o r s h a v i n g i t s c a t h o d e c o n n e c t e d t o t e r m i -n a l A c an c o n d u c t f o r a g i v e n t i m e . I f I A i s n e g a t i v e , t h e n an y

o n e o f t h e s e m i c o n d u c t o r s w i t h i t s a n o d e c o n n e c t e d t o t e r m i -n a l A c an c o n d u c t f o r a g i v e n t i m e .

U n d e r n o r m a l o p e r a t i o n d u e t o d i / d t r e s t r i c t i o n s d u r i n gc o m m u t a t i o n , t w o s e m i c o n d u c t o r s w i l l c o n d u c t s i m u l t a n e -o u s l y u n t i l a c u r r e n t t r a n s f e r f r o m o n e s e m i c o n d u c t o r t o t h eo t h e r i s c o m p l e t e d .

U s i n g t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s , o n e c an i d e n t i f y f o u r t y p e s o f

c o m m u t a t i o n s : c o m m u t a t i o n o f a t h y r i s t o r when c u r r e n t i sp o s i t i v e a n d i s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m an y s e m i c o n d u c t o r t o a

s e m i c o n d u c t o r a t a ) a h i g h e r p o t e n t i a l o r b ) a l o w e r p o t e n t i a l ;c o m m u t a t i o n o f a t h y r i s t o r when c u r r e n t i s n e g a t i v e a n d i st r a n s f e r r e d f r o m an y s e m i c o n d u c t o r t o a s e m i c o n d u c t o r a t c ) a

h i g h e r p o t e n t i a l o r d ) a l o w e r p o t e n t i a l .From F i g . 4 i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h y r i s t o r c o m -

m u t a t i o n i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y a c h i e v e d f o r cases a ) a n d d ) w h e nt h e d e s i r e d c u r r e n t t r a n s f e r i s d o n e . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a twhen a c u r r e n t t r a n s f e r i s m a d e , t h e p r e v i o u s l y c o n d u c t i n g

t h y r i s t o r a u t o m a t i c a l l y g e t s r e v e r s e b i a s e d , a n d t h e r e f o r es p e c i a l f o r c e d c o m m u t a t i o n i s n o t r e q u i r e d . F o r cases b ) a n d

c ) , s p e c i a l f o r c e d c o m m u t a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d t o t u r n o f f t h ec o n d u c t i n g t h y r i s t o r .

I t i s a l s o i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t i f a p o s i t i v e c u r r e n t i s

f r e e w h e e l i n g i n t h e f r e e w h e e l i n g d i o d e a t t h e e x t r e m e n e g a -

. v t 2v f

1 0 6 0

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BHAGWATAND STEFANOVIC: GENERALIZE D STRUCTURE OF M U LTI L E V E L PWM INVERTER

TABLE I

A n . , A n %

- H a r m o n i c C o n v e n t i o n a l O p t i m i z e dN u m b e r W a v e f o r m W a v e f o r m

a l 1 2 7 . 3 1 2 2 . 9

a 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0

a 5 2 0 5 . 3 5

a 7 1 4 . 2 3 . 8 2

a 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0

a 1 1 9 . 0 9 9 . 0 9

a 1 3 7 . 6 9 7 . 6 9

a l 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0

a 1 7 5 . 8 8 1 . 5 7

a 1 9 5 . 2 6 1 . 4 1

a 2 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0

a 2 3 4 . 3 4 4 . 3 4

a 2 5 4 . 0 4 . 0

8 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0

8 2 9 3 . 4 4 0 . 9 2

T H D 3 1 . 0 8 : [ 1 6 . 8 6 %

F i g . 4 . Semiconductor a r r a n g e m e n t i n g e n e r a l i z e d m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r .

t i v e v o l t a g e l e v e l , i t c an b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o an y r e q u i r e d v o l t a g el e v e l w i t h o u t an y c o m m u t a t i o n p r o c e s s . S i m i l a r l y , a n e g a t i v ec u r r e n t c an b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o an y v o l t a g e l e v e l i f i t i s f r e e -w h e e l i n g i n t h e d i o d e a t t h e e x t r e m e p o s i t i v e v o l t a g e l e v e l . T h ef o l l o w i n g a p p r o a c h i l l u s t r a t e s h ow t h e c o m m u t a t i o n p r o cess

may b e s i m p l i f i e d f o r c a s e s b ) a n d c ) .T h e f i r s t s t e p d u r i n g c o m m u t a t i o n i s t o t r i g g e r a t h y r i s t o r

a t t h e e x t r e m e p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e r e f e r e n c e f o r c a s e s b ) a n dc ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s w i l l t r a n s f e r t h e p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v ec u r r e n t a u t o m a t i c a l l y t o t h e e x t r e m e p o s i t i v e or n e g a t i v ev o l t a g e r e f e r e n c e . T h e s e c o n d s t e p i s t o t u r n o f f t h e t r i g g e r e dt h y r i s t o r a n d t o t r a n s f e r t h e c u r r e n t t o t h e f r e e w h e e l i n g d i o d ea t t h e c o m p l e m e n t a r y r e f e r e n c e . T h e t h i r d s t e p i s t o t r a n s f e rt h e c u r r e n t t o a d e s i r e d t h y r i s t o r .

I f t h e P WM s w i t c h i n g i s u s e d t o c o n t r o l t h e i n v e r t e r o u t p u t

v o l t a g e , o n e w o u l d n e e d t w o c o n v e n t i o n a l c o m m u t a t i o nc i r c u i t s f o r e a c h i n v e r t e r p h a s e . T h e r e a s o n i s a s f o l l o w s : w i t h

a c o n v e n t i o n a l c i r c u i t , t h e c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r h a s t o b e

c h a r g e d w i t h c o r r e c t p o l a r i t y b e f o r e a n y g i v e n t h y r i s t o r c a n b e

t u r n e d o f f . T h u s w i t h a P WM c o n t r o l , w h e n t h e s a m e t h y r i s t o ri s r e p e a t e d l y s w i t c h e d o n a n d o f f d u r i n g e a c h h a l f - c y c l e , w h i l et h e l o a d c u r r e n t i s n o t c h a n g i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n , o n e h a s t o c a l lf o r r e d u n d a n t ( n e g a t i v e c u r r e n t ) c o m m u t a t i o n , a l t h o u g h n o

t h y r i s t o r i s c o n d u c t i n g a n d t h e l o a d c u r r e n t i s f r e e w h e e l i n gt h r o u g h a d i o d e . T h i s c o m m u t a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y t o r e c h a r g et h e c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r w i t h a c o r r e c t p o l a r i t y f o r t h e n e x t

t h y r i s t o r c o m m u t a t i o n . S u c h a n a p p r o a c h - i s n o t p r a c t i c a l w i t ha P W M - c o n t r o l l e d m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r w i t h a z e r o - r e f e r e n c es w i t c h S z ( F i g . 3 ) , s i n c e o n e w o u l d h a v e t o know i n a d v a n c e

t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e l o a d c u r r e n t s w i t c h i n g , i n c l u d i n g t h e o p -e r a t i o n a t z e r o v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d . A s a r e s u l t , i f a p r e -c h a r g e d c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r i s u s e d , t w o c o m m u t a t i o nc i r c u i t s ( o n e f o r t h e u p p e r a n d o n e f o r t h e l o w e r t h y r i s t o r

g r o u p s ) w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y .T h e i d e a l c o m m u t a t i o n c i r c u i t f o r t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n w o u l d be

t h e o n e w h e r e t h e c h a r g e o n t h e c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r i sz e r o b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t h e c o m m u t a t i o n p r o c e s s . I n t h a t c a s e ,t h e c i r c u i t b e c o m e s " i m p a r t i a l " t o t h e c o m m u t a t i o n i n t h eu p p e r o r l o w e r t h y r i s t o r g r o u p , b e i n g a b l e t o f o l l o w a n y

s w i t c h i n g s e q u e n c e . D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f s u c h a c i r c u i t i sg i v e n i n [ 7 ] a n d i s b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d h e r e .

F i g . 5 . s h o w s a h a l f - b r i d g e m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r w i t h t h e c o m -m u t a t i o n c i r c u i t . I n F i g . 5 , t h y r i s t o r T - 1 a n d d i o d e D - 1 a r ec o n n e c t e d t o t h e p o s i t i v e v o l t a g e r e f e r e n c e , t h y r i s t o r s T Z 1a n d TZ2 a r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e z e r o r e f e r e n c e l e v e l , a n d t h y r i s -t o r T - 2 a n d d i o d e D - 2 a r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e n e g a t i v e r e f e r e n c e

l e v e l . N o t e t h a t i n a n N - l e v e l m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r , T - 1 , D - 1 a n dT - 2 , D - 2 w i l l b e a t t h e e x t r e m e p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e r e f e r e n c e s ,r e s p e c t i v e l y . T A - 1 a n d T A - 2 a r e t h e a u x i l i a r y t h y r i s t o r s , a n dD A - 1 a n d D A - 2 a r e t h e a u x i l i a r y d i o d e s . T h y r i s t o r s T D- 1 a n dT D - 2 a r e d i s c h a r g e t h y r i s t o r s . A s s u m i n g t h a t t h e l o a d c u r r e n t

i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y c o n s t a n t d u r i n g c o m m u t a t i o n a n d t h a t t h y r i s -t o r T - 1 i s c o n d u c t i n g , c o m m u t a t i o n o f T - 1 i s a c h i e v e d b yt r i g g e r i n g t h y r i s t o r T A - 2 a t t = t o . ( F i g . 6 . ) . An o s c i l l a t o r yc u r r e n t w i l l f l o w f r o m t h e d c s o u r c e , t h r o u g h L D , t h y r i s t o rT - 1 , i n d u c t a n c e L , c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r C , a n d t h y r i s t o rT A - 2 t o c h a r g e t h e c a p a c i t o r t o t h e v o l t a g e = 2 E D , ( t = t 1 ) .A t t = t 1 , t h e c a p a c i t o r c u r r e n t r e v e r s e s , a n d t h e e n e r g y

s t o r e d o n t h e c a p a c i t o r i s f e d b a c k t o t h e s o u r c e t h r o u g h d i o d e

D - 1 , i n d u c t a n c e L , L D , s o u r c e , a n d t h e d i o d e D A - 2 . A s t h ec a p a c i t o r c u r r e n t i n c r e a s e s , t h e c u r r e n t i n t h y r i s t o r T - 1 w i l l be

r e d u c e d t o z e r o a t t = t 2 , t h u s t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e t o t a l l o a d c u r -r e n t t o t h e c a p a c i t o r C . E x c e s s c o m m u t a t i o n c u r r e n t i c - I Lw i l l f l o w t h r o u g h d i o d e D - 1 w h i c h w i l l r e v e r s e b i a s t h y r i s t o rT - 1 a n d t u r n i t o f f . A f t e r r e a c h i n g t h e c o m m u t a t i o n p e a k ,c a p a c i t o r c u r r e n t w i l l s i n u s o i d a l l y d e c r e a s e t o t h e l o a d c u r -r e n t I L ( t - t 3 ) . A f t e r t = t 3 , t h e c a p a c i t o r w i l l b e d i s c h a r g e da t a c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t I L w i t h t h e r a t e o f d i s c h a r g e g i v e n b yd V / d t = I L / C . A t t = t 4 = h 2 r / ( L D + L ) C t h e t h y r i s t o r p a i rT D- 1 a n d T D - 2 i s t r i g g e r e d t o e n s u r e a c o m p l e t e d i s c h a r g e o ft h e c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r . L o a d c u r r e n t w i l l b e i n f a c t t r a n s -

1 0 6 1

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1 I E E E TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. I A - 1 9 , NO. 6 , NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1 9 8 3

F i g . 5 . O n e p h a s e o f t h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r w i t h c o m m u t a t i o n c i r c u i t .

C A P A C I T O R C U R R E N T

t 2 t 3 t 4

( a )

V p = 2 E D

/

C A P A C I T O R V O L T A G E

( b )

F i g . 6 . Commutation c u r r e n t an d v o l t a g e waveforms.

f e r r e d t o d i o d e D - 2 when t h e c a p a c i t o r b e c o m e s u n a b l e t o

m a i n t a i n i t c o n s t a n t . U n d e r i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e c a p a c i t o r w i l l

b e d i s c h a r g e d t o zero b e f o r e T D - 1 a n d TD-2 a r e t r i g g e r e d .A t t = 2 7 T \ / ( L D ± r L)C+ RDC an y r e q u i r e d t h y r i s t o r c an b e

t r i g g e r e d t o t r a n s f e r a c u r r e n t f r o m d i o d e D - 2 t o t h e r e q u i r e dt h y r i s t o r . T h e t o t a l t i m e t o t r a n s f e r c u r r e n t f r o m o n e t h y r i s t o rt o a n o t h e r c an b e g i v e n a s f o l l o w s :

ILLD

t = 2 7 r \ ( L D + L ) C +RDC+ E ( 1 4 )d

An e x c e p t i o n f o r t h i s e q u a t i o n i s t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o t r a n s f e r

c u r r e n t t o t h e t h y r i s t o r s a t e x t r e m e p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e r e f -

e r e n c e s ; f o r t h e s e c a s e s , t h e t r a n s f e r t i m e i s 2 i r / ( L D + L)C s.

I f no c o m m u t a t i o n i s c a l l e d , t h e t i m e f o r an y a p p r o p r i a t e c u r -

TABLE I I

T R I G G E R I N G S E Q U E N q C E

C U R R E N T T R A N S F E R P O S I T I V E N E G A T I V EC U R R E N T C U R R E N T

P o s i t i v e t o Z e r o T - 1 , T A - 2 , * , T Z 1 , T Z 2 T Z 1 , T Z 2

R e f e r e n c e

- P o s i t i v e t o N e g - T - 1 , T A - 2 , * , T - 2 T - 2a t i v e R e f e r e n c e

Z e r o t o P o s i t i v e T - 1 T - 2 , T A - 1 , * ,R e f e r e n c e T - 1

Z e r o t o N e g a - T - 1 , T A - 2 , * , T - 2 T - 2t i v e R e f e r e n c e

N e g a t i v e t o z e r o T Z l , T Z 2 T - 2 , T A - 1 , * ,R e f e r e n c e T Z I , T Z 2

N e g a t i v e t o P o s i - T - 1 T - 2 , T A - l , * ,t i v e R e f e r e n c e T - 1

= F o r c e c o m m u t a t i o n p r o c e s s i s r e q u i r e d . A l lr e m a i n i n g t r a n s f e r s m a y n o t c a l l - f o r t h ec o m m u t a t i o n .

* T r i g g e r a f t e r c o m m u t a t i o n d e l a y , w h i c h a l s oi n c l u d e s t r i g g e r i n g o f T D - 1 a n d T D - 2 t oe n s u r e c o m p l e t e d i s c h a r g e o f c o m m u t a t i o nc a p a c i t o r .

r e n t t r a n s f e r w i l l b e

I L * O L Dt=

E D

I n c o n c l u s i o n , i t a p p e a r s t h a t z e r o c o m m u t a t i o n v o l t a g e o n

a c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r g i v e s t h e f l e x i b i l i t y o f p r o g r a m m i n g

a n y c o m m u t a t i o n s e q u e n c e . A s a r e s u l t , a n y v o l t a g e r e f e r e n c el e v e l c a n b e a p p l i e d t o l o a d a t a n y i n s t a n t , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e

c u r r e n t d i r e c t i o n . A l s o , i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t a n y p a r t i c u l a rr e f e r e n c e p a i r ( o r a l l p a i r s e x c e p t e x t r e m e p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a -t i v e ) c a n b e e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e p r o g r a m m e d s e q u e n c e , b y

b l o c k i n g t h e p u l s e s t o t h y r i s t o r s , w h e n t h e c u r r e n t i s t r a n s -f e r r e d t o e i t h e r e x t r e m e p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e r e f e r e n c e .

When a l l s u c h p a i r s a r e b l o c k e d t h e i n v e r t e r w i l l b e h a v e l i k ea c o n v e n t i o n a l v o l t a g e s o u r c e i n v e r t e r . T a b l e I I s h o w s t h et r i g g e r i n g s t r a t e g y f o r t h e p r o p o s e d i n v e r t e r .

I V . P WM OF A THREE-LEVEL WAVEFORM

A . S y m m e t r i c a l P u l s e w i d t h M o d u l a t i o n o f a T h r e e - L e v e lW a v e f o r m

A t h r e e - l e v e l w a v e f o r m o f a s i n g l e - p h a s e h a l f - b r i d g e i n v e r t e ri s s h o w n i n F i g . 3 ( c ) . T o o b t a i n a v o l t a g e c o n t r o l , s y m m e t r i c a l

o r u n i f o r m P WM t e c h n i q u e c a n b e a p p l i e d t o s u c h a w a v e f o r m

i f c e r t a i n c o n s t r a i n t s a r e f o l l o w e d . I t i s w e l l - k n o w n t h a t w i t ha s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r o f s w i t c h e s p e r c y c l e , t h e h a r m o n i c c o n -

t e n t o f a m o d u l a t e d w a v e f o r m a p p r o a c h e s t h a t o f t h e b a s ee n v e l o p e [ 6 ] .

F i g . 7 s h o w s h o w t h e u n i f o r m P WM s c h e m e c an b e a p p l i e dt o t h e t h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r . T h e b a s i c c o n s t r a i n t f o l l o w e d i s t oh a v e a n o d d q u a r t e r - w a v e s y m m e t r y i n a l i n e - t o - l i n e v o l t a g ew a v e f o r m . T o h a v e t h i s s y m m e t r y a n d u n i f o r m p u l s e w i d t h s ,t h e 1 5 0 ° c o n d u c t i o n p e r i o d i s d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e e q u a l s e g -

i~~~~- I I

1 0 6 2

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BHAGWAT AND STEFANOVIC: GENERALIZE D STRUCTURE OF M U L TI L E V E L PWM INVERTER

A A A A A t A A A A A A A A A A A A /

o~~onnnnnT E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o n n u u l

u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ld.r.f.r.f.rd

5 m pub"

U . U u u u , u uF i g . 7 . P WM o f t h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r .

m e n t s . I d e a l l y , e a c h s e g m e n t c a n h a v e a n y n u m b e r o f e q u a lw i d t h p u l s e s .

I f m i s a n y i n t e g e r 1 , 2 , 3 , , m , t h e n t o h a v e t h e q u a r t e r -w a v e s y m m e t r y i n a n L - L w a v e f o r m , t h e c h o p p i n g f r e -q u e n c y o f t h e f i x e d a m p l i t u d e t r i a n g l e c a r r i e r s h o u l d b e 1 2

m f , w h e r e f i s t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e o u t p u t w a v e f o r m . W i t ht h i s c o n d i t i o n s a t i s f i e d , i t f o l l o w s t h a t a ) t h e n u m b e r o f p u l s e si n t h e h a l f - c y c l e o f a p h a s e v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m w i l l b e 6 m ; b )t h e n u m b e r o f p u l s e s i n t h e h a l f - c y c l e o f a l i n e v o l t a g e w i l l b e

5 m ; c ) t h e s p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r o f e a c h p u l s e w i l l b e

7 r / 6 m r a d ; d ) t h e r e w i l l b e 2m n u m b e r o f p u l s e s w i t h a m p l i -t u d e s e q u a l t o 0 . 5 E D ; e ) t h e n u m b e r o f p u l s e s w i t h t h e a m p l i -t u d e e q u a l t o ED w i l l b e 3 m ; f ) t h e f i r s t p u l s e w i l l b e s p a c e d a t( 7 / 1 2 ) + ( i r / 1 2 m ) r a d f r o m t h e r e f e r e n c e a x i s ; h ) I f 6 i s t h ev a r i a b l e p u l s e w i d t h o f a p u l s e , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l maximum p u l s e -w i d t h w i l l b e A = i T / 6 m r a d .

B . H a r m o n i c A n a l y s i s o f t h e T h r e e - L e v e l PWM W a v e f o r m

T h e F o u r i e r e x p r e s s i o n f o r a w a v e f o r m w i t h a n o d d q u a r t e r -w a v e s y m m e t r y i s

00

e ( c o t ) = z A , s i n n u c . tn =l

w h e r e n i s a n o d d n u m b e r a n d

4 7 r i / 2

A n = f ( c , t ) s i n ( n c w t ) d ( w t ) .7 r

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

A n a l y s i s o f a g e n e r a l i z e d l i n e - t o - l i n e v o l t a g e w i t h 5 mn u m b e r o f p u l s e s p e r h a l f - c y c l e w i l l b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o

p a r t s : a ) w h e n m i s o d d a n d b ) w h e n m i s e v e n .

F r o m F i g . 1 ,

4 12( )+2A -- O . 5 E d s i n ( n c t ) ( d c t )

7 r J l 2 ( 1+ m)6

4 Xlm)+6m6+-f I)6 O . 5 E d s i n ( n c o t ) ( d c o t ) +

7 T ( 1 + _ m ) + _ ; T2

4 12(+m )+(P- 1) v+6+- 05SEd s i n ( n w t ) d w t

7 T27(+ m

-+p)6m 2

i r r 64 12m+2+ 6 - Ed s i n ( n c t ) ( d w t ) + - -4+ 7 r 2 6

- 4 12m 2

7 r + 1 T r + ( P - 1 ) 6 +r 6

+_ Ed s i n ( n w t ) ( d w t )4 + 1 2 m T +(p_ 1 ) 6 7 6

I 4+ - E d s i n ( n c w t ) ( d c o t ) .

7 T . 7 r _ 5 )2 2

U0

1 0 6 3

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* ( I * 1 )

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- c o s=[(2P-1)[m 6]]4 E d I~/2- 12F F/ r-cosn I c o s n 1 2 ---

n t p=L L m 1 2 2-p-1 )I1 6]]

-c os n +3_+__ m 1 2 2_

4 E d / T r f 5+ c o s n 1--

n i r \ 2 2 /

4 E d F m //r/2p-1

+ t 2-s i n (-2+ 3n + \ \12\ m

± ( s i ( n)

( 1 7 )

s i n ( )n5\

Isin )

( 2 ) )

( 1 8 )

S i m i l a r l y , w h e n n i s e v e n , .n i

= ) -. 5

n r r t /2p- 1 ( 2A = ~ (in + sin

n7r

Lp \ 2 m \2

1 . m / n -

± F , (sin-

( 2 p l ) s i n 6 ))]Isinm2( 1 9 )

F o r t h e s p e c i f i c c a s e , w h e n m= 1 , ( 1 8 ) b e c o m e s

4Ed n 7 r n 8 n 7 t n 6A = s i n -sin -+ 2 s i n -sin-

n r r 6 2 3 2

ni t n 6

+ sin-sin-.- ( 2 02 2

I f K i s t h e r e l a t i v e p u l s e w i d t h 6 / A w h e r e A - r / 6 m ,

4 E d n K r r n i T n i T nT1An = s i n [sin-+2sin-+sin- ( 2 1

n i T 1 2 6 3 2

a n d f o r m =2 , s u b s t i t u t i n g 6 = KA = T K r / 6 m , ( 9 ) b e c o m e s

4 E d nKr 3 n T r 5 n i T 7 n 7 r 9 n i TA n = s i n - sin- sin 2sin-±2

n n ' 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

l i n 122 s i n 2 4 ( 2 T J

R E L A T I V E P U L S E W I U T H( a )

R E L A T I V E P U L S E W I D T H

( b )

F i g . 8 . H a r m o n i c a m p l i t u d e v e r s u s r e l a t i v e p u l s e w i d t h , m - 1 .

C . D i s c u s s i o n

T h e s e t o f F i g s . 8 ( a ) - 1 0 ( b ) i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l) a n d o d d h a r m o n i c s u p t o t h e t w e n t y - n i n t h p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t h e

r e l a t i v e p u l s e w i d t h f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f m . I t c a n b es e e n t h a t f o r m = 1 , t h e e l e v e n t h a n d t h i r t e e n t h h a r m o n i c scan r e a c h u p t o 3 7 a n d 3 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l , w h i l e

t h e t w e n t y - t h i r d a n d t w e n t y - f i f t h h a r m o n i c s a t t a i n u p t o 1 7 s 8a n d 1 6 . 3 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . F o r m = 2 , b o t h t h e e l e v e n t ha n d t h i r t e e n t h h a r m o n i c s a r e r e d u c e d b e l o w t e n p e r c e n t w h i l et h e t w e n t y - t h i r d a n d t w e n t y - f i f t h h a r m o n i c s may r e a c h u p t o3 5 a n d 3 2 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . W i t h m = 3 , t h e t w e n t y - t h i r da n d t w e n t y - f i f t h h a r m o n i c s a r e f u r t h e r d e c r e a s e d , a n d f i n a l l y ,t h e h a r m o n i c s o f a P WM w a v e f o r m w i l l a p p r o a c h t h o s e o f t h eb a s e e n v e l o p e . W i t h a p r o p e r l y d e s i g n e d l o g i c c i r c u i t , t h ev a l u e o f m c a n b e c h a n g e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y a s a n y o f t h e h a r -m o n i c s i n c r e a s e t o , s a y , m o r e t h a n t e n p e r c e n t . T h u s w i t h a

r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e m o d u l a t i o n s c h e m e , a l l h a r m o n i c s i n c l u d i n gt h e f i f t h a n d s e v e n t h c a n b e k e p t b e l o w t e n p e r c e n t t h r o u g h -

1 0 6 4

m=

I1

m = I

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BHAGWAT AND STEFANOVIC: GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF M U L TI L E V E L PWM INVERTER

-i

1 '

m =2

, 5 /

. 1 ' . 2 . 3 .

R E L A T I V E P U L S E W I D T H

( a )

m =25/

/ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 " 9 t h 1u1th

0 . 12 . 3 .

R E L A T I V E P U L S E - W I D T H

( b )

F i g . 9 . H a r m o n i c a m p l i t u d e v e r s u s r e l a t i v e p u l s e w i d t h , m = 2 .

o u t t h e r a n g e o f v o l t a g e c o n t r o l . T h e r e f o r e , c o m p a r e d t o t h ec o n v e n t i o n a l P WM i n v e r t e r , s i g n i f i c a n t h a r m o n i c r e d u c t i o n i s

a c h i e v e d b y a r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e m o d u l a t i o n s c h e m e .

V . EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS

F i r s t , a s i m u l a t i o n o f t h e p r o p o s e d c i r c u i t w a s p e r f o r m e du s i n g d i g i t a l l y c o n t r o l l e d a n a l o g s w i t c h e s . T h r e e s u c h s w i t c h e sw e r e u s e d , o n e c o n n e c t e d t o p o s i t i v e r e f e r e n c e a n d t w o o t h e r s

t o t h e z e r o a n d n e g a t i v e r e f e r e n c e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . F i g . l 1 ( a )s h o w s t h e w a v e f o r m s o f t w o p h a s e v o l t a g e s o f a t h r e e - p h a s es y s t e m , w h i l e a t y p i c a l l i n e - t o - l i n e v o l t a g e i s s h o w n i n t h e t h i r dt r a c e . F i g . 1 l ( b ) s h o w s t h e t r a c e s o f t w o p h a s e - t o - n e u t r a lv o l t a g e s . F i g . 1 l ( c ) s h o w s s i m u l a t e d P WM s c h e m e f o r m = 2 :t h e f i r s t t w o t r a c e s s h o w t h e m o d u l a t e d p h a s e v o l t a g e s ; at y p i c a l P WM l i n e - t o - l i n e v o l t a g e i s s h o w n i n t h e t h i r d t r a c e .F i g . 1 2 s h o w s t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e t h i r d , f i f t h , s e v e n t h , n i n t h ,a n d e l e v e n t h h a r m o n i c s f o r a c o n v e n t i o n a l s q u a r e - w a v e i n -v e r t e r a n d t h e p r o p o s e d t h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r .

An a c t u a l t h r e e - p h a s e m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r w a s c o n s t r u c t e d i n

m =3

1 1 t h

( a )

m =3

R E L A T I V P U L S E W I D T H

( b )

F i g . 1 0 . H a r m o n i c a m p l i t u d e v e r s u s r e l a t i v e p u l s e w i d t h , m = 3 .

t h e l a b o r a t o r y t o d e l i v e r a p e a k l o a d c u r r e n t o f 2 7 5 A f r o m a2 5 0 - V d c b u s . A c o m n m u t a t i o n c i r c u i t w a s d e s i g n e d t o o b t a i n

4 0 0 A o f p e a k c a p a c i t o r c u r r e n t . T h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t g i v e s t h ed e s i g n e d p a r a m e t e r s .

C o m m a u t a t i o n C i r c u i t : C = 2 5 g F , L = 9 p H , RD = 1 . 5 2 .P o w e r s e m i c o n d u c t o r s : a l l t h y r i s t o r s GE 3 6 5 m , a l l d i o d e sGE A 3 9 7 m .

F i l t e r C a p a c i t o r s : Tw o 2 0 0 0 0 - , F e l e c t r o l y t i c c a p a c i t o r

b a n k s i n s e r i e s .F i g . 1 3 ( a ) s h o w s . t h e l i n e v o l t a g e a n d l i n e c u r r e n t o f t h e

d e s i g n e d i n v e r t e r , w h e n o p e r a t i n g w i t h t h r e e v o l t a g e l e v e l s a n d

s u p p l y i n g c u r r e n t t o t h e p u r e l y i n d u c t i v e l o a d . F i g . 1 3 ( b )s h o w s t h e p h a s e - t o - n e u t r a l v o l t a g e a n d c u r r e n t f o r t h e s a m e

l o a d . F i g . 1 3 ( c ) s h o w s t h e p h a s e - t o - n e u t r a l v o l t a g e a n d c u r r e n t

w h e n t h e i n v e r t e r w a s o p e r a t e d a s a s i x - s t e p i n v e r t e r . C o m -p a r i n g F i g . 1 3 ( b ) a n d ( c ) , r e d u c t i o n i n t h e c u r r e n t d i s t o r t i o nc a n b e c l e a r l y s e e n .

F i g . 1 4 s h o w s t h e m o t o r c u r r e n t w a v e f o r m s o f t h e 5 - h pt h r e e - p h a s e i n d u c t i o n m o t o r . F i g . 1 4 ( a ) - ( c ) s h o w t h e n o l o a d ,

1 0 6 5

LJ

CL .

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( a )

( b )

( a )

( b )

( c )

F i g . 1 1 . ( a ) S i m u l a t e d p h a s e a n d l i n e v o l t a g e s . ( b ) S i m u l a t e d p h a s e -t o - n e u t r a l v o l t a g e s . ( c ) S i m u l a t e d PWM p h a s e a n d l i n e v o l t a g e s ,m = 2 .

( c )

F i g . 1 2 . H a r m o n i c a m p l i t u d e s . ( a ) S q u a r e - w a v e i n v e r t e r p h a s e v o l t -a g e . ( b ) T h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r p h a s e v o l t a g e . ( c ) T h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e rl i n e v o l t a g e .

1 0 6 6

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AND STEFANOVIC: GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF MU LT I L EVE L PWM INVERTER

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( b )

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( c )1 3 . ( a ) L i n e v o l t a g e a n d c u r r e n t o f p r o p o s e d i n v e r t e r ( 1 0 0 V / d i v ,

2 0 A / d i v ) . ( b ) P h a s e - t o - n e u t r a l v o l t a g e a n d c u r r e n t o f p r o p o s e d i n -v e r t e r ( 1 0 0 V / d i v a n d 2 0 A / d i v ) . ( c ) P h a s e - t o - n e u t r a l v o l t a g e a n d

c u r r e n t , when o p e r a t i n g a s c o n v e n t i o n a l i n v e r t e r ( 1 0 0 V / d i v , 2 0A / d i v ) .

a n d f u l l - l o a d c u r r e n t w h e n t h e m o t o r w a s c o n -

t o t h e u t i l i t y t h r e e - p h a s e p o w e r l i n e s . F i g . 1 5 ( a ) - ( c )t h e s a m e w h e n t h e m o t o r w a s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e c o n v e n -

t h r e e - p h a s e i n v e r t e r . T h e d i s t o r t i o n s i n t h e m o t o r

a r e e v i d e n t . F i g . 1 6 ( a ) - ( c ) s h o w t h e s a m e w h e n t h ew a s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e t h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r . T h e d i s t o r -

i n t h e m o t o r c u r r e n t i s c l e a r l y r e d u c e d .

V I . CONCLUSIONT h e g e n e r a l i z e d s t r u c t u r e o f a i n u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r i s d e -

T h e n u m b e r o f s t e p s , t h e i r h e i g h t s , a n d w i d t h s c a n b e

f o r a g i v e n d e s i g n e i t h e r t o e l i r n i n a t e t h e s p e c i f i co r t o m i n i m i i i z e t h e t o t a l h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n .

( c )

F i g . 1 4 . C u r r e n t w a v e f o r m s o f t h r e e - p h a s e 5 - h p i n d u c t i o n m o t o r .( a ) No l o a d . ( b ) F i f t y - p e r c e n t l o a d . ( c ) F u l l l o a d . P o w e r s o u r c e i st h r e e - p h a s e u t i l i t y l i n e s . S c a l e : 5 A / d i v f o r ( a ) , ( b ) ; 1 0 A / d i v f o r ( c ) .

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY A P P L I C A T I O N S , VOL. I A - 1 9 , N O . 6 , NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1 9 8 3

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( b )

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( b )

( c )

1 5 . C u r r e n t w a v e f o r m s o f t h r e e - p h a s e 5 - h p i n d u c t i o n m o t o r .

( a ) No l o a d . ( b ) F i f t y - p e r c e n t l o a d . ( c ) F u l l l o a d . P o w e r sour ce i st h r e e - p h a s e s i x - s t e p i n v e r t e r S c a l e : 5 A / d i v .

( c )

F i g . 1 6 . C u r r e n t w a v e f o r m s o f t h r e e - p h a s e 5 - h p i n d u c t i o n m o t o r .

( a ) No l o a d . ( b ) F i f t y - p e r c e n t l o a d . ( c ) F u l l l o a d . P o w e r s o u r c e

i s t h r e e - p h a s e m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r . S c a l e : 5 A / d i v .

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WAT AND STEFANOVIC: GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF MULTILEVEL PWM INVERTER

A g e n e r a l i z e d m e t h o d o f t h y r i s t o r c o m m u t a t i o n i n a m u l t i -i n v e r t e r i s a l s o d e s c r i b e d . F o r a p o s i t i v e l o a d c u r r e n t , a n y

i s n a t u r a l l y c o m m u t a t e d b y g a t i n g t h e t h y r i s t o r a te x t r e m e p o s i t i v e r e f e r e n c e . A f t e r t h i s t h y r i s t o r i s f o r c e -

t h e l o a d c u r r e n t i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o a f r e e w h e e l i n gF r o m t h e n , a n y d e s i r e d v o l t a g e r e f e r e n c e i s a p p l i e d t o

l o a d b y t r i g g e r i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t h y r i s t o r . W i t h t h el o a d c u r r e n t , a n a n a l o g o u s s e q u e n c e i s u s e d i n t h e

t h y r i s t o r g r o u p . I n o r d e r t o i m p l e m e n t t h e n e c e s s a r ys e q u e n c e , a n e w v e r s a t i l e c o m m u t a t i o n c i r c u i tp r o p o s e d . T h e c i r c u i t c a n t u r n o f f a n y t h y r i s t o r a n d t r a n s f e r

l o a d c u r r e n t t o a n y v o l t a g e r e f e r e n c e w i t h o u t a n e e d t ot h e c o m m u t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r .

T h e i m p l e m e n t e d t h r e e - l e v e l i n v e r t e r r e d u c e s t h e h a r m o n i ci n t h e u n m o d u l a t e d l i n e v o l t a g e f r o m 3 1 . 0 8 p e r c e n t

c o n v e n t i o n a l i n v e r t e r t o 1 6 . 8 6 p e r c e n t , w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c i n ga v e r a g e p o w e r . I t a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e s t h e d o m i n a n ta n d s e v e n t h h a r m o n i c s .

I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e v o l t a g e c o n t r o l o f t h e p r o p o s e d t h r e e -i n v e r t e r , a s i m p l e u n i f o r m P WM s c h e m e i s d e s c r i b e d w i t h

p r o p e r l y s e l e c t e d c a r r i e r - t o - f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y r a t i o .s c h e m e l i m i t s a l l h a r m o n i c s t o l e s s t h a n t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e

t h r o u g h o u t t h e v o l t a g e c o n t r o l r a n g e . T h e p r o -i n v e r t e r w a s d e s i g n e d a n d t e s t e d i n t h e C o n c o r d i a

P o w e r E l e c t r o n i c s L a b o r a t o r y . T h e i n v e r t e r w a s

t o p e r f o r m s a t i s f a c t o r i l y u n d e r a l l o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s .i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e d e s c r i b e d m u l t i l e v e l i n v e r t e r s t r u c t u r e ,

d o e s n o t u s e a n y l a r g e r e a c t i v e e l e m e n t s , w i l l s i g n i f i -i m p r o v e t h e m o t o r p e r f o r m a n c e a n d w i l l b e s u i t a b l e f o r

m o t o r d r i v e s a n d u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e p o w e r s y s t e m

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

T h e a u t h o r s w i s h t o t h a n k t h e G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c C o m p a n yp r o v i d i n g t h e t h y r i s t o r s a n d P r o f e s s o r P . D . Z i o g a s f o r t h e

d i s c u s s i o n s .

REFERENCES] K . E . D a h l b e r g e t a l . , " A d v a n c i n g t h e s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t - i n v a r i a b l e

s p e e d c o n t r o l s , " i n C o n f . R e c . IEEE I A S A n n u . M e e t i n g , O c t .1 9 7 9 , p p . 9 1 7 - 9 2 1 .

] C . W. F l a i r t y , " A 5 0 KVA a d j u s t a b l e - f r e q u e n c y 2 3 - p h a se c o n -

t r o l l e d r e c t i f i e r i n v e r t e r , " p r e s e n t e d a t t h e AIEE I n d u s t r i a l E l e c -

t r o n i c s S y m p . , B o s t o n , M A, S e p t . 2 0 - 2 1 , 1 9 6 1 .] R . H . B a ke r , " S y n t h e si z e r c i r c u i t f o r g e n e r a t i n g t h r e e - t i e r w a v e -

f o r m s , " U . S . P a t e n t 4 1 3 5 2 3 5 ( a s s i g n e d t o E x x o n R e s e a r c h a n dE n g i n e e r i n g C o . ) , O c t . 3 1 , 1 9 7 7 .

] -,"Waveform s y n t h e s i z e r , " U . S . P a t e n t 4 1 3 7 5 7 0 ( a s s i g n e d t oE x x o n R e s e a r c h a n d E n g i n e e r i n g C o . ) , O c t . 3 1 , 1 9 7 7 .

] A . S c h o n u n g a n d D . S t e m m l e r , " S t a t i c f r e q u e n c y c h a n g e r s w i t h

s u b h a r m o n i c c o n t r o l i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h r e v e r s i b l e v a r i a b l e s p e e da c d r i v e s , " Brown B o v e r i R e v . , A u g . / S e p t . 1 9 6 4 .

[ 6 ] H . S . P a t e l a n d R . G . H o f t , " G e n e r a l i z e d t e c h n i q u e s o f h a r m o n i ce l i m i n a t i o n a n d v o l t a g e c o n t r o l i n t h y r i s t o r i n v e r t e r s ; P a r t II-V o l t a g e c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e s , " IEEE T r a n s . I n d . A p p i . , v o l . I A - 1 0 ,p p . 6 6 6 - 6 7 3 , S e p t . / O c t . 1 9 7 4 .

[ 7 ] P . B h a g w a t a n d V . R . S te f a n o v i c, "New v e r s a t i l e c o m m u t a t i o nc i r c u i t f o r PWM i n v e r t e r s , " i n C o n f . R e c . 1 9 8 0 IEEE I A S C o n f . ,p p . 7 7 4 - 7 8 4 .

[ 8 ] P . D . C o r e y , " M e t h o d s f o r o p t i m i z i n g t h e w a v e f o r m o f s t e p p e d -wave s t a t i c i n v e r t e r s , " AIEE P a p e r , c p . 6 2 - 1 1 4 7 , D e n v e r , J u n e1 9 6 2 .

P r a d e e p M. B h a g w a t ( S ' 7 8 - M ' 8 1 ) w a s b o r n i nB o m b a y , I n d i a . He r e c e i v e d t h e B . E . d e g r e e w i t hh o n o r s i n e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g f r o m t h e U n i v e r -

s i t y o f B o m b a y , I n d i a , i n 1 9 7 4 , a n d t h e M . E n g .d e g r e e f r o m M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y , M o n t r e a l , P Q ,C a n a d a i n 1 9 7 7 .

I n 1 9 7 7 h e j o in ed C o n c o r d i a U n i v e r s i t y , M o n -t r e a l , t o w o r k t o w a r d s t h e d o c t o r a t e d e g r e e i ne l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g w h e r e h e a l s o h e l p e d i n

d e v e l o p i n gt h e P o w e r E l e c t r o n i c s

L a b o r a t o r y .S i n c e 1 9 8 1 h e h a s b e e n w i t h t h e A d v a n c e d E l e c -t r o n i c s L ab o r a t o r y o f B l a c k a n d D e c k e r Company a s a S e n i o r E n g i n e e r .H i s c u r r e n t i n t e r e s t s i n c l u d e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e a d v a n c e d s t a t i c p o w e rc o n v e r t e r s a n d m i c r o p r o c e s s o r a p p l i c a t i o n s t o p o w e r e l e c t r o n i c s .

V . R . S t e f a n o v i c ( S ' 7 0 - M ' 7 5 - S M ' 7 9 ) was b o r ni n B e l g r a d e , Y u g o s l a v i a . He r e c e i v e d t h e D i p i .I n g . D e g r e e i n e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g f r o m t h eU n i v e r s i t y o f B e l g r a d e i n 1 96 4 a n d t h e M . E n g .a n d P h . D. d e g r e e s f r o m M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y , Mon-t r e a l , P Q , C a n a d a i n 1 9 6 9 a n d 1 9 7 5 , r e s p e c -

t i v e l y .A f t e r a r r i v i n g i n M o n t r e a l i n J a n u a r y 1 9 6 6 h ej o i n e d C a n a d i a n G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c , w o r k i n g o ne l e c t r i c d r i v e s f o r s t e e l , p a p e r a n d c e m e n t i n -d u s t r i e s . I n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 9 h e s t a r t e d w i t h

u n d e r g r a d u a t e t e a c h i n g a t L o y o l a C o l l e g e , M o n t r e a l . When t h e c o l l e g e

b e c a m e p a r t o f C o n c o r d i a U n i v e r s i t y i n 1 9 7 4 , h e d e v e l o p e d t h e r e a g r a d -u a t e p r o g r a m a n d a R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y i n P o w e r E l e c t r o n i c s a n d I n d u s -t r i a l D r i v e s . He b e c a m e A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r i n 1 9 7 0 a n d A s s o c i a t eP r o f e s s o r i n 1 9 7 8 . I n 1 9 7 9 , h e j o i n e d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i a s aP r o f e s s o r o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g w h i l e c o n t i n u i n g t h e r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t yi n s t a t i c c o n v e r t e r s a n d d r i v e s a t C o n c o r d i a U n i v e r s i t y . D u r i n g t h e s a m et i m e h e s e r v e d a s a C o n s u l t a n t t o E a t o n / C u t l e r - H a m m e r , A l l e n - B r a d l e y ,T e l e d y n e - I n e t , G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c , E t c . I n A u g u s t , 1 9 8 1 h e j o i n e d t h eI n d u s t r i a l E l e c t r o n i c s D e v e l o p m e n t L ab o r at o ry , G e n er a l E l e c t r i c Com-p a n y , C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , VA, a s t h e M a n a g e r o f P o w e r C o n v e r s i o n S y s t e m s .

D r . S t e f a n o v i c w a s C h a i r m a n o f t h e I n d u s t r i a l D r i v e s C o m m i t t e e , I n -d u s t r y A p p l i c a t i o n s S o c i e t y , i n 1 9 7 8 a n d 1 9 7 9 , C h a i r m a n o f t h e M o t o rC o n t r o l s C o m m i t t e e , I n d u s t r i a l E l e c t r o n i c s S o c i e t y , 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 3 , a n dC h a i r m a n , I n d u s t r i a l P o w e r C o n v e r s i o n S y s t e m s D e p a r t m e n t , I n d u s t r yA p p l i c a t i o n s S o c i e t y , 1 9 8 1 a n d 1 9 8 2 .

1 0 6 9