dharmakirti method and ontology dunne

8/13/2019 Dharmakirti Method and Ontology Dunne

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John D. Dunne, Foundations of Dharmakirti's Philosophy, Wisdom

Publications, Boston, 200

Autor se fokusira na dva najranije njegova djela Pramanavarttika iSvavrtti (Pramanavarttikasvopajnavrtti, to je prozni komentar na prvopogl pramanavarttike) i na dva najranija komentatora njihova(Devendrabuddhi, cca !" i #ak$abuddhi, cca !%%)&

!. Pramana "heory# Dharmakirti's $onceptual $onte%t

pramana teorija ili teorija o instrumentima znanja cilj 'odreenje onogato konstituira neoborivo znanje i pouzdanih izvora za njegovo

postignu*e&

+azumjeti D konceptualni kontekst iako mnogo duguje prethodnojbuddh tradiciji, on se nadahnjuje i drugim tradicijama (dd$otakara,Prasastapada, -umarila)& Svi oni dijeli isti istu tehni.ku terminologiju

sli.an tip diskursa& Svi su oni pramana'teoreti.ari& /ako npr& D ima viezajedni.kog s nebuddhisti.kim tradicijama (pramana&&&) nego sbuddhistima tipa Sthiramati ili 0andrakirti koji ne raspravljaju na taj na.inu diskursu pramana teorije& 1pr& dok Sthiramati i 0andrakirti silno citirajubuddh sutre u prilog vlastitih tuma.enja, to D gotovo uop*e ne .ini (str&232!)

toliko je 1$a$asutra 4autame (cca 2"%& n&e&) prete.a takvog tipadiskursa, tu se oblikuje terminologija koju ce naslijediti svi kasniji

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pramana'teoreti.ari& 5-araka sistem6, formulai.ki na.in naliziranja5funkcionalnih elemenata (karaka) koji dovode i pridonose djelovanju(kri$a)&

7etiri termina8 pramatr, pramiti (prama, .in spoznavanja), prame$a ipramana svaki dogaaj znanja mora se analizirati pod vidom ta .etiri&/akva analiza je postala standardna kod pramana teoreti.ara& /o je op*astruktura analize pramana teoretika, no naglasak je ovdje na samomprocesu stjecanja nesumnjivog znanja, sto znaci da su ovdje u igri i drugi.immbenici poput ispravnosti osjetila, unutarnjih dispozicija, emocija, &&&sve to utje.e na proces spoznavanja, jer on se odvija 5individualno6&

Primat pramane nad ostala tri .lana na primjeru sje.e drveta (onaj kojisije.e, to se sije.e, .in sje.enja i sredstvo sje.enja sjekira, str& 9%, to

je kod dd$otakare i :ats$a$ane)&

Dignaga i D uvode dodatnu argumentaciju8 ;dbacuju pojam agenta,kognitivan dogaaj identificiran kao znanje je ontoloki identi.an sinstrumentom kojega shva*aju kao mentalna slika& Prema njima,instrument ima prvenstvo budu*i da svi ostali funkcionalni elementi udogaaju znanja su ili nestvarni ili odreeni instrumentom&

&eprisutni instrumenti# (am)edba i (akl)u*ak

pitanje o kojem se razilaze pramana teoreti.ari8 kako ti instrumentiznanja operiraju&

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+a)edni*ki po)moi u poledu (am)edbene si)esti

- taj na.in spoznavanja direktno ovisi o osjetilima& '?)

+a)edni*ki po)moi u poledu (akl)u*ka


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Drugi jest zaklju.ak koji je iskazan verbalno kako bi pobudio zaklju.nuspoznaju u drugoj osobi& (9"'9)

-snona struktura (akl)u*ka

S je P zbog @8 rdo (S) je mjesto vatre (P) zbog prisutnosti dima (@)&

;vdje, S je 5subjekt6 koji se naziva sadh$adharmin ili paka& P je5predikat6 znan kao sadh$adharma, @ je 5dokaz6 (5razlog6) znan kao hetuili linga& Subjekt i predikat zajedno tvore 5propoziciju6 (pratijna ili paka),5S je P6& (9'9!)

Doka( ra(lo/predikat odnos i n)eoo oprim)eraan)e

Prema pramana teoret.arima, svaka teorija zaklju.ka mora sadr=avatibarem relacije koje su implicitne u osnovnom modelu gorepredstavljenom& Prva takva relacija se op*enito naziva v$apti ili5pervasion6 to je relacija izmeu razloga (dokaza) (@) i predikata (P)&

(;dnos izmeu vatre i dima)& /a relacija op*enito ima dva aspekta8positive concomitance (anva$a) i negative concomitance (v$atireka) (v&bilj& >)& Anva$a'v$apti je takvo stanje stvari da kad god je razlog (dokaz)prisutan (@), predikat (P) mora biti prisutan& (54dje god je dim nu=no je ivatra6)& :$atireka'v$apti specificira da je dokaz Brazlog, @) prisutan jedinou prisutnosti predikata (P) i ne u drugim okolnostima8 5Postoji dimjedinogdje je vatra6C ili u negativnom iskazu8 54dje god nema vatre, nu=nonema dima6 Anva$a' i v$atireka'v$apti su prema pramana teoreti.arima

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u kontrapoziciji8 ako je dim nu=no prisutan kada je vatra prisutna, onda uodsutnosti vatre, dim je takoer nu=no odsutan&

-ako bismo imali primjer zaklju.nog znanja, mora se biti svjestan v$apti poz i neg& Stoga v$apti mora biti op*i, ne mo=e se ograni.iti samo najedan slu.aj, nego na sve slu.ajeve vrste& 9)

DHARMAKIRTI METHOD AND ONTOLOGY (DUNNE, STR 53-144)

The scale ! a"al#s$s% Dha&'a$&$*s 'eh+

He ses '&e ha" "e s#se'a$c +esc&$$" ! &eal$#. / he# a&e " al$e+$" he sa'e le0el ! +$sc&se - he"ce " c"&a+$c$"s. Asce"+$"2sl$+$"

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scale ! a"al#s$s he&e '&e acc&ae +esc&$$"s ! ha e e&ce$0e a"+h$" se&se+e less acc&ae "es ( '&e $"$$0e..). (!& +$+ac$cal a"+se&$l$cal &eas"s) 53

S$ll-$" 'ea"sas$s ! h$s $"+ ! a"al#s$s. 55

H$e&a&ch# (s$'l$!$e+)%

1. The beliefs of ordinary persons% c''"se"se "$" ! 6hle7(a0a#a0$") ha e8$ss aa& !&' $s a&s. (saa#a+&9$). Th$s le0el !

+esc&$$" $s "e0e& accee+ $h$" ++h$s' a"+ $s 'e"$"e+ "l# &e!e $.

:. The abhidharma (mainly form AKB) tipology% he" e sea ! h$"ssch as hles & he a'a" e a&e ;s al#$" "e'es ha a&eacall# "+les ! $&&e+c$le 'e"al a"+ 'ae&$al ele'e"s (+ha&'a). !& Dha&'a$&$*s c''e"a&s

/ a"a&;"e#a0a+a / he 0$e ha ;ecs ! aa&e"ess a&e $"e&"al).Dha&'a$&$ &e!e&s $ as 6he 0$e ha h$"s a&e 'e&el# c"$$0ec"e"7 (0$;"a$'a&aa) a"+ e'l#s h$s 0$e c"s$se"l# "l# $" "es$"$!$ca" +ec$" !


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The" Dha&'a$&$*s se&$l# &ess " a &&ess$0el# sle& c&$$Ce ! all+$s&$e+ e"$$es.-The a0e 'e"$"e+ h$e&a&ch# &e!lecs he se&$l#. Th$sscale ! a"al#s$s $s s als a scale ! &&ess$" a&+ s$&$al e&!ec$".h$le he '$0a$" !& '0$" he scale $s se&$l$cal, he 'ea"s @1 $s

a&$cla& !&' ! &eas"$" (#$) @:.

E8e&"al &eal$s' as a le0el ! a"al#s$s

H$s acc"s ! e&ce$", $"!e&e"ce a"+ h$lsh# ! la"ae a&e &ese"e+al's e8cls$0el# $" e&'s ! e8e&"al &eal$s'.

He $s al's ala#s e&a$" $ a se ! he&$es / e8e&"al &eal$s' / ha he$s " l$e+ +e!e"+ $" all cases ecase he +es " hl+ hse he&$es e&e $" $'&a" a#s.

D$0e&e" $"e&&ea$"s ! e8e&"al &eal$s'

he c&8 ! he $sse he&e $s ha c"s as a&$cla&s (s0ala9a"a), he slel$'ael# &eale"$$es $" Dha&'a$&$*s&ese"a$" ! e8e&"al Real$s'.D$0e&s$# ! $"$" a'" T$ea" c''e"a&s. @A ca&e!l&ea+$" ! Dha&'a$&$*s e8s shs ha he "e0e& e8l$c$el#,saesha e&'s sch as s'e a"+ !$&e*** &e!e& a"#sa$e'&all#e8e"+e+e"$$esha a&e l$'ael# &eal (c"&a D&e#!s ha Dha&'a$&$ +eals $h0a&$s le0els as $! he$& ;ecs a&e l$'ael# &eal) he $s clea&l# +$sa"c$"h$'sel! !&' a"# "l$cal c''$'e" sch e"$$es. F:

thata&$la&s 's note sa$all# e8e"+e+. A"+ $ $s h$ss$$"-he&e#see'$"l# e8e"+e+ 'ae& $s &e+ce+ $"!$"$es$'al a&$cles $s he sa&$"

$" ! h$s E$se'$c I+eal$s c&$$Ce. F3$s "e ha &"s h&h >++h$s hh% $ $s heas$c e"s$" eee" a"aeal he e0$+e"ce !se"ses, " he "e ha"+, a"+ 'e e8$e"c$es ("+a) !&e+c$0e &eas"$". " hehe&. >, acc&+$" D""e, Dha&'a$&$*shh c"!'s&$'a&l# &e+c$0e &eas"$". a"+ " he e0$+e"ce! hese"ses. he $0es a +ea$le+ e8la"a$" ha ca" acc" !& he casal!"c$"al$# &eC$&e+ !& he sccess!l &e!e&e"ce ! he e&' 7ae&-;

ithout he e8$se"ce ! a"# s$"le e"$# ha $s he &e!e&e". F5

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B$&s, he "ee+ "l$call# cae&$e bha!a s$'l# aea&s ha0e ee" a""-$sse he ea&l# c''e"a&s. e&a$"l#, Dha&'a$&$ h$'sel! see's"c"ce&"e+ $h sch Ces$"s.Alhh e8e&"al &eal$s "l# $s ase+ " casal$#, Dha&'a$&$ C$el#

a+'$s ha e0e" casal$# $s ;s a 'ae& ! c"0e"$".

Dha&'a$&$Js "l#

The &a'e#as / he &eal$$es

BU$" ?as"+h (AK @.4.) $" thisas$c !&'la$", Dha&'a$&$ 'a$"a$"sha he l$'ael# &eal $s "ecessa&$l#a&less. F. Tha s$'l$c$# $s alse'&al. I" sh&, " Dha&'&$*s0$e he l$'ael# &eal ca""e +$s&$e+ e$he& sa$all# &e'&all#. Als $ 's e $"e8&ess$le2ca"" e ;ec ! la"ae &c"ceal hh (h$s Dha&'a$&$ aes !&' D$"aa). N e ;ec !la"ae 'ea"s ha $ has " c"$"$# (a"0a#a) & +$s&$$" 0e& he&$"sa"ces. Tha 'ea"s ha "$0e&sals (sa'a"#alasa"a), he ;ec ! hh

a"+ la"ae, ca" "l# e &eal $" c"0e"$"al e&'s (sa'0&$sa). Tha 'ea"sha l$'ael# &eal $s e&l# "$Ce. Each &eal e"$# $s c'leel# +$s$"c &e8cl+e+ !&' a"# he& e"$# .

The c&$e&$" ! "$Ce"ess als 'ea"s ha 1$'ael# &eal has a sec$!$c"niyata#or &es&$ce+ sa$e'&al lcs a"+ "a&e% $ cc&s $" a sec$!$c $'ea"+lace $h sec$!$c casal caac$$es. Dha&'a$"$*s sec"+as$c "l$calc"s&a$"% ha he &eal e8h$$ a $"+ ! &ela&$# ($'l$c$ $" he e&' niyata)sch ha & e&ce$"s + " aea& e s$'l# &a"+' (aa$asmi$a)%

I" e&'s ! h $&&e+c$$l$# a"+ &ela&$#, he "$Ce"ess ! he l$'ael#&eal $s &e!lece+ # s0ala9a"a, he e&' ha D$"aa a"+ Dha&'a$&$USe &e!e& l$'ael# &eal e"$$es.Dha&'a$"$ als $"&+ces a "e a# ! cha&ace&$$" a&$cla&s% a a&$cla&'s ha0e ,el$c !"c$" (artha$riya& causal efficacy) '

The principleha "l#a&$cla&s&+ce e!!ecs reIates clsel# Dha&'a$&$*s he !e&ce$", !& he 'a$"a$"s ha e&ce$" $scasal. Tha $s, he" a e&ce$" cc&sa se"s ;ec se&0es as ac"&$$" cause !& he&+c$" ! a c"$$" $" h$ch a" $'ae

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h&h +$&ec &e!e&e"ce a "$0e&sal ha hh a"+ la"ae ca" $"+$&ecl#&e!e& he $"+$0$+als ha $"sa"$ae $. O" Dha&'a$&$*s 0$e, he0e&, $!"$0e&sals+ " cha"e, he" he# ca"" ha0e a"# casal e!!$c$e"c# ecase$"&+e& !"c$" casall#, a" e"$# 's cha"e. 3

He"ce, $! a" "cha"$" e"$# e&e &+ce a e&ceal $'ae as $s e!!ec$" "e*s '$"+, he" "e l+ "ecessa&$l# e&ce$0e ha e"$# c"$"sl# !&ee&"$#. These as&+$$es $"+$cae ha "cha"$" e"$$es, sch as "$0e&sals,ca"" &+ce a"#e!!ecs $"cl+$"e&ceal $'aes.> "l$e "$0e&sals,a&cla&s canee&ce$0e+ ecase he# ca"a&$c$ae$" he casal&cess ha $s e&ce$" a"+ s$"ce he# a&e hs casall# e!!$c$e",he#'s cha"e. > he als a&es ha he cha"e$" Ces$" $s a c'leecha"e ha cc&s$"sa"e"esl#. I" he&&+s, " "l# +a&$cla&scha"e, he# cha"e e"$&el# a e0e$"sa"% he# a&e ''e"a (sa"$a).

A&'e" !& ''e"a&$"ess% I" &e;ec$" a"# &eal +$s$"c$"eee" a h$"*s&e&$es a"+ he h$" $sel!, Dha&'a$&$ hl+s ha he aa&e" +$s$"c$"eee" ah$" a"+ $s&e&$es $s acall# a &esl ! he&cess !c"ceal as&ac$". The $'l$c$ a&'e" he&e $sha $! a"#&e & hea' cha"es, he" he a' $sel! 's cha"e,ecase hee &e $sacall# $+e"$cal he a'. He"ce, $! he a' cha"es $" casal e&'s--e$he&

ecase $ sa&s &+ce a" e!!ec & $ss +$" s--he" he a' $sel!'s cha"e $" ha $ ceases ehe sa'e a' acall# cha"e 'ea"scessa$".

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He"ce, e 'a#$" a see'$" lac ! c&&es"+e"ce%eee" he $'aea"+ he ;ecs ha case+ hee&ce$"% he $'ae $s s$"la&, he ;ecsa&e 'l$le.H he" cl+ e&ce$"&0$+e s $h $"!&'a$" a &eal$##

a# ! hee&ceal $'ae*s s$'$la&$#P (sadr,ya) $s ;ec 1Dha&'a$&$ &e;ecsh ! heses$$"s (U++#aa&a,


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ha lael & c"ce !$&e ca""$l & ea. O" h$s as$sDha&'a$&$ +e"$es l$'ae &eal$# ! "$0e&sals. B& Dha&'a$&$("l$e !& e &eal$s U++#aa&a) a "$0e&sal +es " e8$s$"+ee"+e"

! a c"ceal c"$$".I" &e;ec$" he l$'ae &eal$# ! " "$0e&sals, Dha&'a$&$ $s +e"#$"ha a" e8&ess$" & c"ce &e!e& $" a" a!!$&'a$0e 'a""e& (!idhirupa) $s &e!e&e"# 0$&e ! he &ese"ce ! he "$0e&sal (s) h$ch hae8&ess$" & c"ce $s &elae+.Ne0e&heless, Dha&'a&$ +es " he&e#!&ee h$'sel! !&' he l$a$" acc" !& h c"ceal c"$$"ca" s$ll $+e ac$" $" he &l+. 114e se cc"es $h a sec$!$c &se & al $" '$"+.Dha&'a$&$ $s l$e+ shh "$0e&sals,hh "&eal

ca" "e0e&heless#$el+ $"!&'a$" aa&$cla&s.

S''a ! aha-he

Dha&'a$&$ 'a$"a$"s ha he&e a&e h&ee +$!!e&e" #es ! "$0e&sals% hsease+ " he &eal ($.e.,a&$cla&s),ase+ " he "&eal, a"+ hsease+ "h.Rea&+$" he !$&s #e% As aa&$cla&, each $'ae $s e&l#"$Ce, a"+ $ ca""e +$s&$le+ 0e& he& a&$cla&s. He"ce, he

$'aes he'sel0es cannot account for the uni!ersal- he sa'e"esssa'a"#a-ha e"ales s call h ;ecs &e+. Ne0e&heless, each $'ae,

&ec$sel#ecase $ $s "$Ce, ca" e heas$s !& he c"s&c$" ! hea&&$ae "$0e&sal. 11@

A a&$cla&*s "$Ce"ess hs a'" he !ac ha $ has a&$se" !&' sec$!$ccasesa"+ ha $ he&e!&e $s caale ! &+c$" a sec$!$c & &es&$ce+ &a"e!e!!ecs. I! e c"s$+e&a" $'ae ha a&$ses !&' ha e l+ call &e+,ha $'ae (a 'e"al a&$cla&) $s "$Ce & e8cl+e+ (!yaa!rta) !&' all

he& a&$cla&s $" ha " he& a&$cla&s a&$se !&' e8acl# he sa'ecases &&+ce e8acl# he sa'e e!!ec. The $'ae, e$" he "$Cee!!ec ! he "$Ce a&$cla& ha&+ce+ $, hs se&0es as he as$s !&e8cl+$" he $'aes &+ce+ # he& a&$cla&s. > he&e e &eC$&e* a"$" ! sa'e"ess, " ;s ! +$!!e&e"ces. e 's ha0e s'e "$" !sa'e"essecase e "ee+ acc" !&an!aya he &eeaa$l$#+$s&$$" & c"$"$# al$cale a"# c"$$" ha see's &e!e& 'l$le $"sa"ces.Dha&'a$&$ 'a$"a$"s ha $" &+e& c"s&c he sa'e"ess &eC$&e+#

an!aya elace6l$'$s (a!adhis) " he cases a"+ e!!ecs " h$che !cs. 11F

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I" he case ! he c"ce &e+7 s'e se ! $"e&ess & he& sch +$ss$$"s&'s s c"s&e he $'ae $" Ces$" as +$s$"c !&' e"$$es ha + "ha0e he casal cha&ace&$s$cs e8ece+ ! ha e call &e+ a he sa'e $'e,e $"&e he& c&$e&$a, sch as ha0$" hecasal cha&ace&$s$cs e8ece+ !

ha h$ch $s &"+ & see.

"ce&"$" sa'e"ess ! e!!ec

Dha&'a$&$ cla$'s ha a "$0e&sal $s c"s&ce+ " he as$s ! hee8cls$"! all he e"$$es $" Ces$" !&' hse ha + " ha0e he e8ece+

casal cha&ace&$s$cs.

A&e "$0e&sals e&'a"e"

I" sh&, c8cls$"s a&e "ea$"s a"+ as "ea$"s, he# ca"" ea& a"#&e&$es a all& He"ce, h cl+ "e sa# ha he# a&e e$he&

e&'a"e" & $'e&'a"e"..ha he" he $'ae $" a c"cealc"$$" is c"s$+e&e+s$'l# as a 'e"al e0e"$ $s &eal. The $'l$ca$" $s ha, c"s$+e&e+$" ha a#, he $'ae $s $'e&'a"e" as Hith all a&$cla&s, $ $s $"c"sa" !l8.> $! he $'ae $s c"s&e+ as a "$0e&sal-$.e c"s&e+ be Cal$!$e+ # a +$s&$e+ e8cls$"--$ $s as "&eal as ha e8cls$"$sel!. a"+ he "&eal ca""e e$he& e&'a"e" & $'e&'a"e".

Th&ee a#s ! c"s&$" aha

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dharmakirti method and ontology dunne

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