:- .

::-C :-06 =12 =1S2, 2S2 2P2

. : , ,

. :, , , , , , .

1S 2S 2P

2P . 2S 2P . . .

1S 2S 2P

X Y Z

[1S2 2S1 2P1X 2P1

Y 2P1

Z] :

:- . .

:- .

: .

:-

:- CnH2n+2 [ .]

CH4 CnH2n+2C1H2X1+2CH4

H|

HC H|H

C2H6 C2H2X2+2C2H4+2C2H6

H H| |

H C CH| |H H

C3H8 C3H2X3+2C3H6+2C3H8

H H H| | |

HC CCH| | |

H H H

C2H4 CnH2nC1H2X2C2H4

H H\ /C = C

/ \H H

C3H6 C2H2nC2H2X3C3H6

H H\ | C = C C H

/ | |H H H

C4H8 CnH2nC4H2X4C4H8

H H H\ | |C= C C CH

/ | | |H H H H

:-

.

: C nH2n-2

C2H2

CnH2n-2C2H2X2-2C2H4-2C2H2

H C CH

C3H4

C3H2x3-2C3H6-2C3H4

H |

HC C CH|H

C4H6

C4H2X4-2C4H8-2C4H6

H H| |

HC C C - CH| |H H

. .

:-CnH2n

. : C7H8 C6H5CH3: T.N.T

.

i m C4H10 L m C4H10

:

2C4H10+13O2--8CO2+10H20+

116g+416g-----352g+180g

:

C4H10+502-----2CO2+CO+C+5H2O+58g+502------- 88g+28g+12g+90g+

:- C4H10 =12 =01 =16* ----- 12X04=48* ---- 01X10=10

58gm

2C4H10 + 13O2-- 8CO2+10H2O+2[4X12+10X1]+13[2X16]--

8[1X12+2X16]+10 2X1+1X16

2[48+10]+13[32]-8[12+32]+10[18]

2[58] +13[32]---8[44]+10[18]

116g + 416g--352g+180g+

532g---532g

C4H1O+502--------2CO2+CO+C+5H2O+

[4X12+10X1]+5[2X16]---

2[1X12+2X16]+[1X12+1X16]+12+5[2+16]

[48+10]+5[32]--2[12+32]+[12+16]12+5[18]

58g+160g------88g+28g+12g+90g

218------218

(Emission Test) .

:- :-C.N.G => 80%, 13% L.P.G => L.P.G => .

x v PjU tgwv QgtP MrzU AiiAiQAi qz Pgx JAAAiP GAmUvz. EAv QAiU Dz QAiU Jg.

** F QAiAi AzgzAv gg AAiPU GvwAiiUv.

Gz: CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl (Pg x) +

HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2(qPgx)

+ HCl CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3

(mPgx / Pgsi)+ HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4(mmPgx / P mmPgq)+

HCl

.;R-OH, , R OH .

R OH:

R CHO :

R COOH:

R NH2 :

MAzQAv a QAiiUAUg Ai AAiPUU QAiiUAU Jg.

Gz: Vg, P D

qd C z JuU Aii W PUV jw QAiU JuU qdPgtJg.

* qdPgtz rirz P QAiizsPVg

* qdPgtAz JuU AUAiUvP az

P, rAiA Cx mAiA qPq vrAiA Pgq zt.

MAz UA JuAi P PgtU UAU Pz rAiA Cx mAiA qPq it Pgt i Jg.

, , , .

-...