391

A[ymbw A©v

D]-kw-lmcw

IÆq¿`mjm-t -Z]T-\sØ Bkv]Zam°n Cu ]_-‘-Øn¬ \S-Ønb

N¿®-I-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ Xmsg ]dbpw hn[w kwK-ln-°mw.

]mtZ-inI`mjm-t`-Zw, kmaq-lnI`mjm-t`Zw F∂n-ßs\ c≠p coXn-

bn-emWv `mjm-t -Z-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. aøgn∏pg apX¬ Imk¿tImUv Pn√-

bpsS AXn¿Øn-bmb Imen-°-ShvtXmSvhsc-bp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse `mj-I-

cpsS `mj-W-߃ A\p-k-cn-®mWv IÆq¿`mjm-t -Z-w AXns‚ kzXzw cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. -hn-hn[ PmXobkaq-l-ßfpw hwiobkaq-l-ßfpw

kwkm-cn-°p∂ Poh¬`mj-bn¬ amXta `mjm-t -Z-߃ D≠mImdp≈q.

IÆq¿`mjm-t`Zw kz\naXew apX¬ hmIy-Xew hsc AXns‚ kzXzw

kq£n-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Imk¿tImUv , tImgn-t°mSv`mjm-t -

392

Z-ß-fn¬ \n∂v IÆq¿`m-jm-t`Zw X\na ]pe¿Øp-∂p.- A[nImcØns‚bpw

kmaqly]ZhnbpsSbpw ASnÿm\ØnemWv AXmXv P\kaql߃

D]tbmKn°p∂ `mjmt -Z-ß-fpsS kzXz-]-Zhn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- -\q‰m-≠p-

I-fm-bp≈ Pohn-X-sØbpw Ncn-X-sØbpw kzmwio-I-cn-s®-SpØ AXm-cy

hkvXp-hmWv hm°p-Iƒ.- A-h Ime-]-hm-l-Øn¬ kz\, -kz-\na am‰-߃°pw

a‰pw hnt[-b-ambn kwkvIm-c-tØm-sSm∏w ssIam-dn-h∂v kaq-l-Øn¬ kzXz-

ap-d-∏n-°p-∂p. C∂ kz\-amWv As√-¶n¬ C∂ cq]n-aamWv DZmØw F∂

kao-]\w `mjm-im-kvX-]-T-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂n-√.- k-aq-l-Ønse

F√m tiWn-bn¬s∏´ `mj-I-cp-sSbpw ]tbm-K-߃ Hmtcm∂pw hne-s∏- -

XmWv F∂- coXn-bn-emWv hnhn[ tiWn-bn¬s∏- -h-cpsS `mjm-t -Z-]-T\w

ChnsS \n¿∆-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

IÆq¿Pn√-bnse kmaq-lnItiWn-bnse Xmsg-X- n¬ \n¬°p-∂-h-cmb

]pe-b-cpsS `mjm-t`Zkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse

kzc-kz-\n-a-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- n- p≈ C, D, F, Dv, A, H F∂nh Cu

`mjmtZZØnepw ImWp-∂p-≠v.- C-hbv°v ]pdta /Fv/ F∂ Hcp kzcw IqSn

(_m-Cv, GWn) ChnsS ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≠v. ]peb`mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ Zznkz-c-ßfpw

Xnkz-c-ßfpw ]©-kz-c-ßfpw ASßp∂ [mcmfw kzckwbp‡ßfpw

Is≠Øm\mbn´p≠v. AC, ADv, CA, CH, DA,- F-C, sFA, sFC ,HDv,

393

HA, HC XpS-ßnb Zznkz-c-ß-fpw,- A-C-F, AD-F, AC-H,- D-CF, DuDvA,

XpS-ßnb Xnkz-c-ßfpw ACACF F∂ ]©-kz-chpw BWh.

A>C, A>Dv, A>sF, A>G, A>H, C>A, C>F, D>C, D>Dv, D>G,

D>H, D>Hu, D>sF, F>A, G>A, sF>A, H>F, H>D XpSßnb

kzchn\nabhpw ImWmw.

hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ IIm-c-Øn\v ], -K, b F∂n-h-bpambpw, Iq -£-c-amb

"°' bv°v ß, ´ F∂n-h-bp-ambpw hn\n-abw D≠v. AXp-t]mseØs∂ "K'

Imc-Øn\v "I' Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. "R' bv°v ]Icw "\' (Z-¥yw) Xs∂-

bmWv hn\n-a-bn®p ImWp-∂-Xv. "W' bv°v "∂' F∂ Z¥ym-\p-\mkm-kn-Ihpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. "X' bv°v AIm-c-hn-\n-a-b-hpw, "Z' bv°v "X' Imc "N' Imc

hn\n-a-b-hp-ap-≠v. "[' Imc-Øn\v X, Z hn\n-a-bhpw "\' (Z-¥yw) Imc-Øn\v

"R' Imc-hn-\n-a-bhpw ImWp-∂p. "_' F∂ hyRvP\-Øn\v "h' Imc "]'

Imc hn\n-a-b-amWv IqSp-X-embn ImWp-∂-Xv. "`' bv°v "h' Imc-hn-\n-abw

ImWp-∂p. "b' bv°v i, k, -g, P F∂o hn\n-a-bhp-ap-≠v. "c' Imc-Øn\v "d'

Imc-hp-ambpw "e' Imc-Øn\v "f' Imchp-ambpw hn\n-abw ImWp-∂p. ]pe-

b`m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ "_' Imchpambn´mWv IqSpX¬ hn\nabw D≈Xv. "h'

Imc-Øn\v ], I, a F∂n-h-bp-ambpw hn\n-a-b-ap-≠v. "l' bv°v h, I, H

F∂n-h-bp-ambn hn\n-a-b-_‘w ImWp-∂p. "g' Imc-Øn\v "b' Imc hn\n-a-b-

394

amWv IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. CXn\p ]pdta "h' Imchn\nabw ImWp∂p≠v. "j'

bv°v "k' Im-c-hn-\n-abw ImWp-tºmƒ Iq -£-c-amb "£' bv°v j, N hn\n-

a-bhpw "jvW' F∂ Iq -£-c-Øn\v "≠' F∂ Iq -£-chpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂p. "kvX' bv°v "Ø' F∂ Iq -£cw D]-tbm-Kn®phcp-∂p.

kzX-¥-ambn \n¬°p-tºmƒ A¿∞-ap-≠m-Ip∂ kzX¥cq]n-a-ßfpw

a‰v ]Z-ß-tfmSv tN¿∂v\n∂v A¿Yw P\n-∏n-°p∂ Bin-X-cq-]n-a-ßfpw ]pe-

b- m-jm-t -Z-Øn-ep≠.v apØ, aqØ,- F-f-b,- Ip-™v,- G- ,- A-Ω,- \-Sp,- B¨,-

I-øv,- ]ip,- ap-dn,- a-Wn,- B-Wn,- X-¥, s]‰-, B-S, He-∂v,- sIm-bn¬,- Cfw, amπ

XpS-ßnb kzX¥cq]n-a-ßfpw Adv, Afv, Aev, AØv,- C≥, ta¬,- Cu-sc,

C, B-bn,- B-dv,- F,- A¬,- A-s\,- Bw,- A-Øn,- B≥,- A≥, C´v, C‰v XpS-

ßnb _≤-cq-]n-a-ßfpw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

]peb`mjm-t -Z-Ønse \ma-kw-ln-Xm-]-T-\-Øn¬ B kap-Zm-b-°m-cpsS

t]cn-ep≈ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.- I-cn-©n,- D-ºm-®n,

Ip≠n, Ip≠n®n, N∏n-e, Np≠, Icn-ºØn F∂nh GXm\pw kvXo\ma-ß-

fpw,- I-cn-º≥,- Im-cn, Ip≠≥, Ip°n-cn-b≥,- sIm- ≥,- sN-S-b≥,- tNm-bn,- Xp-S-

ßnbh ]pcp-j-\m-a-ß-fp-am-Wv. a‰v kap-Zm-b-°msc A`n-kw-t_m-[\sNøm\pw

Nne \ma]Z-߃ Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. khnti-jX]pe¿Øp∂ -_‘-

395

]-Z-ßfpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn- p-≠v. AΩsb HΩn-sb-∂pw,- tPyjvTktlm-Z-cs\

DΩ≥ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xpw G´s‚ `mcysb AΩmbn F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xpw

AΩ-bpsS Imc-W-hsc aqØdv F∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]tXy-

I-X-I-fm-Wv.

]peb`mjm-t -Z-Ønse enwK-]-Xyb-߃°pw hN-\-]-Xyb-߃°pw

Nne h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-߃ kw`-hn®p ImWp-∂p-≠v.- ]pe-b-`m-jm-t`-Z-Ønse

k¿∆-\m-a-ß-fn¬ ]pwkvXoenwK ]Xy-b-߃ tNcp-tºmƒ Hm≥ , Hmfv F∂pw

kvXoenw-K-Ønse Nn√-¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ Aƒ, hƒ fbnemWv IqSp-Xepw

Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-sX∂v ImWmw. "C' bn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ sN´n, sNßmbn

F∂nh ]p√nw-K-am-Wv. "A≥' F∂ ]p√nwK]Xybw Zo¿Ln-∏n®v B≥ F∂m-

bn- p≈ s]mhpXm≥ F∂ ]Zw ChnsS ]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xmbn ImWmw.

hN-\-]-Xyb-ß-fn¬ ]p√nwK_lp-h-N-\-]-Xyb-Ønse am¿, amdv F∂pw

kvXoenwK_lp-h-N\]Xy-b-Ønse am¿, Bdv, Adv F∂pw, Iƒ, Ifv F∂p-

amWv ]tbm-K-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. Aenw-K-_-lp-h-N\]Xy-b-amb A¿, B¿ ,Adv

F∂n-ß-s\bpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \nß, s]Æpß F∂n-ßs\ "Iƒ' F∂

Nn√v Dt]-£n-®p≈ ]tbm-Khpw Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

]pe-b- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-Km-ln-Im-hn- -‡n-]-Xy-b-amb F, A F∂

396

cq]-Øn-emWv D≈-Xv. ]tbm-Pn-I-bpsS "B¬' ]XybØn\v ]Icw sIm≠v

F∂ KXn D]tbmKn°p∂p. kw_‘nIbpsS -D-sS, s‚ F∂o ]Xy-b-߃

Cusc, Gsc,- Dw, A F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[cq]-Øn-emWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B[m-

cn-I-bpsS C¬, I¬ ]Xy-b-߃ Cev, Iev cq]-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p.- "C¬' \v

]Icw "taev' F∂ ]Zw B[m-cn-Im¿Y-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. "C¬' \n∂v

F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv "C∂v' F∂ i_vZw B[m-cn-Im¿Yw Ipdn-°p-∂-Xmbn

ImWmw.

Ime]Xy-b-ß-fn¬ ]pe-b- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ `qX-Im-e-Øn\pw h¿Ø-am-

\-Im-e-Øn\pw Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-s≠∂v ImWmw. h¿Ø-am-\-Ime ]Xy-

b-amb "D∂p' ChnsS "Cv∂v' Ft∂m "Cu∂v' Ft∂m Bbn´v ImW-s∏-Sp-

∂p. `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ "C' ]Xybw "Cu\v' F∂v Zo¿Ln®v ImWp-∂p.

`qXIme]Xy-b-Øn\v ap∂n¬ "C‰v' F∂v tN¿Øp-≈ (-s_-®v‰v-\v, s_®n-‰p)

cq]-߃ ImWp-∂Xv Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-sW∂v ]d-bmw.

]Imc]Xy-b-ß-fn¬ \ntbm-P-I-]-Im-c-Øns‚ "As´' ]pe-b- m-jm-t`Z-

Øn¬ "A v' F∂mWv ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- A-\p-⁄m-bI]Im-c-Øns‚ "Bw'

]Xybw "B' F∂v amX-am-bn-´mWv ]pe-b-`m-jm-t`-Z-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

"AWta' F∂ ]m¿Y-I-]-Im-c-]-Xybw "AtW' F∂v kwt£-]n-®n´v

]peb`m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

397

C√, A√ F∂o \ntj-[m¿Y--cq-]-߃°v ]pdta Due, DuS, He,-Adv,

B™n-\v, -B≠v XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ]pe-b- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ \ntj-[m¿∞w Ipdn-

°p-∂p-≠v. Adv, Due F∂o cq]-ß-fmWv IqSp-X-embn D]-tbmKn®p ImWp-

∂-Xv. "Rm≥' F∂-Xn\v ]peb¿ "\m≥' F∂mWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

]peb`mjm-t`Zw CXneqsS ]mNo-\-cq]w kwc-£n-°p-∂ps≠∂v ImWmw.

am∏nf`mjm-t -Z-Ønse `mjm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ FSpØp ]d-bmw.- a-e-

bm-f-Ønse kzc-kz-\n-a--ß-fmb C,- D,- F,- Dv, A, H F∂n-hbv°v ]pdta "F'

Imc-Øn\pw Aev]w apI-fn-embn (FvØn,- Gv-SvØp) /Fv/ Fs∂mcp kzcw

ImWp-∂p-≠v. ap≥a-[y-kzcZo¿Lw F∂v t]cv \¬In-bn- p≈ Cu kzcw ]pe-

b- m-jm-t -Z-Ønepw ImWp-∂p-≠v. am∏n-f- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ kzc-kw-bp-‡-߃

Is≠-Øm-\m-bn- p-≠v. AC, CD, CA, DA, -DvC, HA, ADv, HC, XpS-ßnb

Zznkz-c-ßfpw DCA, ACA, DCF, HCA XpSßnb Xnkzcßfpw

ACACACACG F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ HºXv kzc-ß-f-S-ßnb kwbp‡kzc-

cq-]hpw BWv Ah. A>H, A>F, C>F, C>H, D>C, D>H, H>D XpS-ßnb

kzc-hn-\n-a-b-߃ ImWmw.

hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ "I' Imc-Øn\v "A' bpw "J' Imc-Øn\v "I' bpw "K'

Imc-Øn\v "I'bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ∂, W F∂o A\p-\m-kn-I-Øn\v

398

]I-c-ambn "\' F∂ Z¥yw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. "X'bv°v "i'bpw Z, [

F∂n-hbv°v "X' Im-chpw , _ F∂n-hbv°v ]Icw "]'bpw "h'bv°v ]Icw

_, a, b F∂n-hbpw "b' bv°v "i'bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. "i'bv°v "k' Imc-

hn-\n-a-bhpw "j' bv°v "i' Im-c-, "k' Imchn-\n-a-bhpw ImWp-∂p-≠v. "k'

bv°v ]Icw "X' bpw "N' bv°v ]Icw "k' bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. "l' bv°v

]Icw "I' bpw "g' bv°v ]Icw b,- k, -i, -f, K F∂n-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn®p

hcp-∂p-≠v. kvX, £, F∂o Iq -£-c-߃ k, ® F∂pw D®-cn®phcp-∂p.

"g' Imc-Øn\pw "j' Imc-Øn\pw IqSp-X¬ hn\n-abw ImWp-∂p-≠v.

am∏n-f- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ D∏, DΩ, s]‰, B® XpS-ßnb kzX¥cq]n-a-

ßfpw °v, B\n, C°v, CSv, A¬, AØv, ss], ®v, C‰v, t_bv, s_cv, ®v, D,

Iƒ, AØn, Cu, F, ®n, C¬, Ate XpS-ßnb Bin-X-cq-]n-a-ßfpw ImWp-

∂p-≠v.

\ma-kw-ln-Xm-]-T-\-ØneqsS am∏nf khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≈ \ma-߃ Xncn-

®-dn-bm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v. samln-±o≥Ip- n(-sa-bv‰n), apl-Ω-Zv(a-Ω-Zv), Al-Ω-Zv,

A_vZp, A_p, JmZ¿(-Im-Xn-ev, Imhp), amen°v XpS-ßn-bh ]pcpj\ma-ßfpw

Ako\, ko\-Øv, skd, dpJnb, \_o-k, ]mØn-a(-B-Øn), Ja-dp-∂n-k,

^uknb XpS-ßn-bh kvXo\m-a-ßfpw BW.v _‘-kq-NI]Z-ß-fnepw

399

am∏nf`mjm-t`Zw X\-Xmb khn-ti-jX ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v. D∏bpw DΩbpw,

A—\pw AΩbpw BIp-tºmƒ Babpw B∏bpw, AΩ-bpsS Cfb ktlm-

Z-cnsbbpw `¿Øm-hns\bp-am-Wv Ipdn°p∂Xv. Imc-W-hsc kwt_m-[-\-sN-

øm≥ B‰, C°, Im° F∂o ]Z-߃ D]-tbm-Kn°p∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

tPyjvTs‚ `mcysb AΩmbn F∂v hnfn-®p hcp-∂p. ASnÿm\]Z-ßfn¬

IqSp-Xepw Ad-_n, DdpZp ]Z-ß-fpsS B[n-Iyhpw AtX kabw ae-bm-f- m-

j-bpsS kmao]yhpw Hcp-t]mse ImWp-∂p.

am\-I- m-j-bnse enwK-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv am∏n-f- m-jm-t -Z-Ønepw ImWp-

∂-Xv. F¶nepw ]Xy-b-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-߃ ImWp-

∂p. _‘-]-Z-ß-fnse ]p√nw-K-kvXo-enw-K-ß-fn¬ F√mw "A' F∂ (A≥

se Nn√p-t]-£n® \ne) i_vZ-amX Htc t]mse ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv (-D-Ω,

D∏, Ba, B∏)-i-t≤-b-am-Wv. hN-\-]-Xy-b-ß-fnepw Nne h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-߃

amX-amWv ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I. "am¿' F∂ _lp-h-N\]Xybw "amdv' F∂pw

"Iƒ' F∂ ]Xybw "Afv' F∂pw A¿, Acv, B¿ F∂pw D]-tbm-

Kn®phcp∂p. s]Æp-߃ F∂v _lp-h-N-\-cq-]-Øn¬ Hcp kvXosb-Ip-dn-

°p-tºmƒ am∏n-f- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ s]Æpßw F∂v "Iƒ' Dt]-£n®v ]tbm-

Kn-°p∂ coXn ImWp-∂p-≠v. \]pwkIm¿Y-Øn¬ Abn-‰n-߃ F∂v ]d-bp-

∂n-SØv Abn-‰nßw F∂mWv ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

400

am∏n-f- m-j-bn¬ ]Xn-Km-ln-Im-hn- ‡n ]Xy-b-amb F,- B≥, Cu≥

F∂o CS-\n-e-I-fp-am-bn-t®¿∂v "A' F∂ cq]-Øn-emWv ]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-

∂-Xv. Dt±-in-Im-]-Xy-b-߃ tN¿°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºpw "C' tN¿Øv ]tbm-Kn-

°p∂ coXnbpw ChnsS ImWp-∂p. ]tbm-Pn-I-bpsS "B¬' ]Xybw Nn√p-

t]-£n-®n- mWv am∏n-f- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kw_-‘n-I-bpsS

"DsS'- A, F F∂pw "s‚', ‚ F∂p-amWv ]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. B[m-cn-I-

bpsS "I¬' ]Xybw Nn√p-t]-£n-®n´pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. am∏n-f-`m-j-bnse

Inb-Iƒ°pw AXn-t‚Xmb khn-ti-j-X-bp-s≠∂v ImWmw.-Im-e-]-Xy-b-߃

Cu mjm-t -Z-Ønepw Aev]w Nne h¿ÆhnIm-c-߃°v hnt[-b-ambn ImWp-

∂p-≠v. `qX-Ime]Xy-b-amb "D∂p' C∂v F∂v cq]m-¥-c-s∏- p-Im-Wp-∂p.

am∏n-f- m-jm-t -Z-Ønse \ntbm-P-I-]-Im-c-Øn\v "A v' F∂mWv ]Xybw

hcp-∂-Xv. hn[m-b-I]-Im-c-Øns‚ "AWw' F∂ ]Xy-b-Ønse "Aw' "Hmw'

F∂v kzc-hn-\n-abw kw -hn®v "AtWmw' F∂mWv am∏nf`mjm-t -Z-Øn¬

]tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp∂ hnti-j-W-]-Z-ßfpw X\na-

]p-e¿Øp-∂-Xm-sW∂v ImWmw.

am∏n-f- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ A√, C√ F∂o \ntj-[-cq-]-߃°v ]pdta DuS,

H-e,- A-≠m,- A-dv, B™n-\v, BsX,- B-≠v,- B-Xv, BØ F∂o cq]߃

401

tN¿∂pw \ntj-[m¿∞w Ipdn-°p-∂p. ]pe-b- m-jm-t -Z-Ønepw am∏n-f- m-jm-

t -Z-Ønepw I¿Ømhv, I¿Ωw, In-b F∂ Ia-Øn¬ amX-a√ I¿Ømhv,

In-b,- I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw I¿Ømhv Inb, In-b, I¿Ømhv, I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw In-

b, I¿Ømhv F∂n-ß-t\bpw I¿Ωhpw In-bbpw amXw tN¿∂pw

I¿Ømhpw Inbbpw amXw tN¿∂pw D≈ hmIy-L-S-\m-co-Xnbpw \ne-

\n¬°p-∂p-s≠∂p ImWmw.

InkvXy≥`mjm-t -Z-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ FSpØp ]d-bmw. ae-bm-

f-Ønse kzc-kz-\n-a-ß-fmb C, D, -F,- Dv, A, H F∂nh Xs∂-bmWv

ChnsSbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. kzc-kw-bp-‡-߃ Chn-sSbpw ImWm≥

km[n-°p-∂p. DA, CA, CH, CF, CvG, HB XpS-ßnb Zznkz-c-ßfpw CvDB,

CvDHm XpS-ßnb Xnkz-c-ßfpw ImWmw. A>C, A>F, C>F, D>H, F>A,

H>A XpS-ßn-b- kz-c-hn-\n-a-b-ßfpw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ "I' bv°v ]Icw "l' bpw "K' bv°v ]Icw "I' bpw

"L' Imc-Øn\v ]Icw "I' Imchpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. "X' bv°v "N' bpw

"Y' bv°v "I' bpw "_' bv°v "h' bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. "_' Imc-Øn\v

]Icw "h' Imc-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. "`' Imc-Øn\v ]Icw ], h, ^

F∂n-hbpw "h' Imc-Øn\v a, l hn\n-a-bhpw "j' bv°v "i'bpw "d' bv°v

402

cbpw "l' bv°v "I' bpw D]tbmKn®v hcp∂p. _‘-]-Z-ß-fn¬ hey, A-Ω,

Ip™v, Nn-‰ XpS-ßnb kzX-¥-cq-]n-a-߃ ImWp-∂p. CXp-Iq-SmsX C, A≥,-

B-Ø, DsS, A≥, Cs‚, D∂p, D, Cu-∂v,- A-Øv,- G-cv, Cu XpS-ßnb Bin-

X-cq-]n-a-ßfpw InkvXy≥`mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. X\-Xmb khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ kvXo\m-a-]-Z-ßfpw ]pcp-j-\m-a-]-Z-ßfpw InkvXo-

b- m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ ImWm-\m-hpw. tXkymΩ, tdm-k-Ω, kqk-Ω,- F¬kn,

¢mc, IXo\ Xp-S-ßnbh kvXo\m-a-ßfpw ]tXm-kv, Gen-bm-kv, ]o‰¿,

d∏mbn, A-t¥m-Wn, Ão^≥ XpS-ßnbh GXm\pw ]pcp-j-\m-a-ß-fp-am-Wv.

_‘-]-Z-ß-fnepw InkvXy≥`mjm-t`Zw X\-Xm-b- khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hy‡-

am-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.- A-Ω-®n,- A-∏-®≥,- Nm-®≥ F∂nh A—-s\bpw AΩ-

sbbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ t]c-Ω, t]c-∏≥ F∂nh A—s‚ aqØ ktlm-

Z-cn-sbbpw `¿Øm-hn-t\bpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p, kz¥w tPyjvTs\ Bß-f-

sb∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ mcysb tN´Øn F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. enwK-]-Xy-b-

ß-fnepw hN-\-]-Xy-b-ß-fnepw Imcy-amb hyXymkw ]I-Sn-∏n-°msX am\-

I- m-jm-hy-h-ÿ-tbmSv ASpØp\n¬°p-∂-Xm-bn- p- Im-Wmw.

InkvXy≥`mjm-t -Z-Øn¬- "DsS' F∂ kw_-‘nIm]Xybw Aev]w

Zo¿Ln-∏n®v "GsS' F∂m-°n-bn- mWv ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. B[m-cn-I-bpsS "C¬'

]Xy-b-Øn\v ]Icw "AIØv' F∂ ]Zw Iq´n-t®¿Øv B[m-cn-Im¿∞w D≠m-

403

°p-∂p. amX-a√ "C¬' ]Xy-b-Øns‚ Nn√pw "C' Imchpapt]-£n®v "Cv'

F∂Xv amXw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- CXp Iq-SmsX "C¬' ]Xy-b-Øns‚ "C'

Imcw Aev∏w Zo¿Ln-∏n®pw (Cu F∂m-°n) B[m-cn-Im¿Yw Ipdn-°p-∂p.

"C¬' \v ]Icw "G' F∂ cq]hpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. InkvXo-b- m-j-

bnse Inb-Iƒ°pw X\-Xmb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ds≠∂p ImWmw. Ime-]-

Xy-b-߃°v Cu `mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ Nne h¿ÆhnIm-c-߃ ImWp-∂p-≠v.

`qX-Im-e-]-Xy-b-amb "Xp' "C' F∂pw "D' F∂pw cq]m-¥-c-s∏- p-Im-Wp-∂p,

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-]-Xy-b-Øn\v ]Icw "DA' F∂ as‰mcp ]Xy-bhpw D∂p-

hn-s\-t∏mseØs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.

Cu `mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ ]Im-c-ß-fn¬ hn[m-b-I-]-Im-c-Øns‚ "AWw'

F∂ ]Xybw Aev]w kz\-hy-Xym-k-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p, `qX-Im-e-

tØmSv A\p-]-tbmK[mXp-tN¿∂v hcp-tºmƒ "Gtc' F∂ i_vZw tN¿Øv

]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A√, C√ F∂n-hbv°p ]pdta BtX, A-cp-Xv, Gem, ta-

em, -D-ue,- D-u√ F∂n-hbpw CS-\n-e-bmbn "AØv' D]-tbm-Kn®pw "C√' F∂

\ntj-[-cq-]ap]-tbm-Kn®pw ChnsS \ntj[w Ipdn-°p∂p. I¿Ømhv I¿Ωw

Inb F∂ ]Xnhp Ia-Øn-ep≈ hmIy-co-Xn°p ]pdta I¿Ømhv Inb

I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw I¿Ømhv Inb, Inb I¿Ømhv I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw Inb

I¿Øm-hv, I¿Ωw Inb, I¿Ømhv Inb F∂o Ia-Øn-ep≈ hmIy-L-S-

\bpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.

404

\ºq-Xn-cn- m-jm-t -Z-Ønepw Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-\m-bn- p-≠v.

ae-bm-f-Ønse kzc-kz-\n-a-b-ß-fmb C, D, F, Dv, -A, H F∂nh Xs∂-

bmWv ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. kzc-kw-bp-‡-ßfpw Nne kzc-hn-\n-a-

b-ßfpw ImWmw. CA, CvA, CH, CF, DA F∂o Zznkz-c-ßfpw A>D,

C>D, C>F, D>F, D>H, F>A, F>Dv XpS-ßnb kzc-hn-\n-a-b-ßfpw ImWm≥

Ign-bpw. hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ I>l, I>K, _>h, h>_, g>b XpS-ßnb hn\n-

a-bhpw ImWmw.- \-ºq-Xncn_‘-]-Z-ß-fn¬ \n∂v A∏,- A-Ω, DΩ, t]c, -

Nn‰, sh√y, -Ip-™v, aq v, XpS-ßnb kzX-¥-cq-]n-a-ßfpw a‰v km[m-cW ]Z-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v sh√y, ASp-°pf XpS-ßnb kzX-¥-cq-]n-a-ßfpw ≥, A∏,

A≥, -B≥, -A- v, X-ºv,- Iƒ,- A-Ww, -am¿, -C, -Iq-S,- B¬ XpS-ßnb Bin-X-

cq-]n-a-ßfpw ChnsS Ims≠Øm-\m-bn- p-≠v.

\ºq-Xncn\ma-]-Z-ß-fn¬ kvXo\m-a-]-Z-ßfpw ]pcp-j-\m-a-]-Z-ßfpw X\-

Xm-b-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. -Cu-im-\≥, -]-c-ta-iz-c≥, -A-jvS-

aq¿Øn, XpS-ßn-bh GXm\pw ]pcp-j-\m-a-ßfpw Bcymw-_, tKmh¿≤n-\n,

atl-iz-cn, B\-µ-h√n XpS-ßn-bh GXm\pw kvXo\m-a-ß-fp-am-Wv. -_-‘-]-Z-

Ønepw \ºq-Xncn`mjm-t`Zw X\-Xmb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn

ImWmw. AΩ-bpsS AΩ apØ-»nbpw, A—s‚ AΩ A∏p-Ω, (ap-Ø-»n)bpw,-

A-Ω-bpsS aqØktlm-Zcn t]cΩ / h√y-Ωbpw, Cfbktlm-Zcn Nn‰-Ωbpw

405

Ah-cpsS `¿Ømhv A^v^\pw A—s‚ aqØ ktlm-Zcn At®mfv/AΩm-

bnbpw BIp-∂p.- enwKhN-\-ß-fn¬ Imcy-amb hyXymk-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-

∂n-√. hN-\-]-Xy-b-ß-fmb am¿ amdv F∂pw Bdv F∂pw h¿Æ-hn-Imcw

kw -hn®v ImWp-∂p-≠v.

hn -‡n-]-Xy-b-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-Km-lnImhn`‡n ]Xy-b-amb "F' bv°v

]Icw "A' D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw kw_-‘nIm]Xy-b-amb "DsS' Nne-t∏mƒ

"FsS' F∂v ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw it≤-b-am-Wv. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-]-Xy-b-amb

"D∂p' tN¿Øv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw "t]m∆Wv' F∂v "BWv' D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. "D∂p' hn\v ]Icw "C∂v' F∂ cq]w tN¿∂pw h¿Ø-am-

\-Im-em¿∞w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]Im-c-]-Xy-b-ß-fn¬ \ntbm-P-I-]-Im-c-Øns‚

"As´' Nne-t∏mƒ "Gs´' F∂v cq]m-¥-c-s∏´v ]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. hn[m-

b-I-Øns‚ "AWw' F∂ ]Xybw Nne-t∏mƒ "Ww' F∂pw ]tbm-Kn-°p-

∂p.

\ºq-Xncn- mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ A√, C√ F∂o \ntj-[-߃°v ]pdta h¿Æ-

hn-Imcw kw -hn® C√y, Acp-Xv, Due, DuS, B XpS-ßnb \ntj-[-cq-]-ßfpw

\ntj-[m¿∞w ImWn-°p-∂p. hmIy-L-S-\-bn¬ I¿Øm-hv, I¿Ωw, Inb F∂

coXnbv°v ]pdta I¿Øm-hv Inb I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw I¿Ømhv Inb, Inb

406

I¿Ømhv I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw Inb I¿Øm-hv, I¿Ωw Inb, I¿Ømhv Inb

F∂n-ßs\ ]e Xe-Ønepw hmIy-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®phcp-∂p.

\mb¿, Xoø¿, ae-b¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS _‘-]-Z-ß-fnepw kwt_m-

[\m]Zß-fnepw X\-Xmb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]mtZinI -jm-t -Z-]-T-\-Øn¬ IÆq¿ ]tZ-i-Øns\ Xe-t»-cn, Nnd-°¬,

]ø-∂q¿ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n´mWv `mjm-t`-Z-]-T\w

\n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. ]ø-∂q¿`m-jm-t -Z-Ønepw, Nnd-°¬`m-jm-t -Z-Øn-epw, Xe-t»-

cn- m-jm-t -Z-Ønepw kz\X-ew, cq]n-a-X-ew, hmIy-L-S-\m-Xew F∂o aq∂p

]S-hp-I-fnepw AXn-t‚-Xmb kzXzw ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. ]ø-∂q¿`m-jm-

t -Z-Øn¬ auen-I-kz-c-ß-fmb A, C, D, F, H, Dv F∂o kzc-߃ D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w "Fv' F∂ Hcp kzcwIqSn hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-

h-cp-∂p-≠v. ChnsS A>C, A>F, C>D, C>F, D>C, D>H, F>A F∂o

kzc-hn-\n-a-b-ßfpw CA, CF, CH, DA, DH, DF F∂o Zznkz-c-ßfpw AD-

A, HDA XpSßnb Xnkz-c-ßfpw ImWp-∂p. hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ I>h, I>N,

K>I, ¶>ß, ®>´, R>\, ´>‰, S>U, S>d, S>j, \>W, X>b, Y>X, `>],

_>h, a>], a>\, b>F, h>_, j>i, k>X, g>b XpS-ßnb hn\n-a-b-߃

D≠v. Cu `mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ Hcw, t\aw, tIm∏v, IpSn, tImbn, sIm°v, Im´w,

407

Xpbn, shfn, samfv, s]mb XpS-ßnb kzX-¥-cq-]n-a-ßfpw A≥, °v, C, Hm,

C‰v, As\, A\, DA, Afv, s]¿, AØv, B≥ XpS-ßnb Bin-X-cq-]n-

aßfpw ImWmw.

\n®¬, \p∏- v, G´n, ]X-aw, B´≥, aßn-Ww, XWmdv, s]ßym-fv, Fam-

≠≥, A]y, IpSn, sXmcw, IavSmcn, ]pcp-h≥, Hcv°mev XpS-ßnb \ma-]-Z-ß-

fn-eqsS ]ø-∂q¿`mjm-t`ZØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

]ø-∂q¿`m-jm-t -Z-Ønse enwK-]-Xy-b-߃°v Nne h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-߃

ImWm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂-√msX enwK-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ am‰-sam∂pw ImWm\n√.

Hm≥, Hmfv, Chfv F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ cq]-ßfpw ImWmw. NßmXn F∂Xv

am\-I- m-j-bn¬ kvXo]pcp-j-∑msc H∂n®v Ipdn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ

Cu `mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ sNßmbn ]pcp-j-s\bpw sNßm-bn®n kvXosbbpw

Ipdn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. \]pw-k-I-Øn\v "B≥' ]Xybw D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. hN-\-]-Xy-b-amb am¿, A¿ F∂nh amdv, Adv F∂pw

\]pw-kIi_vZ-amb Ah-‰-Iƒ Ch-‰-Iƒ, Abn-‰-ß Cu‰nß F∂pw ]tbm-

K-Øn-ep-≠v. Fcp-XΩmdv F∂v Imf-Isf Ipdn-°p∂ ]Z-Øn\pw "amdv' ]Xybw

D]-tbm-Kn®p ImWp-∂p-≠v. s]Æp-߃, s]ßymfv F∂Xv GI-h-N-\-sØ-

Ip-dn-°p∂ i_vZ-am-sW-¶nepw cq]-Øn¬ _lp-h-N-\-am-bn- mWv ChnsS ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

408

]ø-∂q¿`m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-Km-lnImhn -‡n°v "A' F∂ ]Xy-b-

amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Dt±-inImhn -‡n-bpsS "Dv' ]Xybw "C' F∂v cq]m-

¥-c-s∏ v ImWp-∂p-≠v. ]tbm-Pn-I-bpsS "B¬' Nn√p-t]£n®v "B' F∂mWv

]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. kw_-‘n-I-bpsS "DsS' ]Xybw "sc' F∂pw "A'

F∂pw Npcp°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXnbpw ImWp-∂p-≠v. Hcp-°mev F∂

]Z-Øn¬ ImWp∂ "Imev' B[m-cn-Isb Ipdn-°p∂ ]mNo\ ]Xy-b-amWv.

]ø-∂q¿`m-jm-t`Zw CXv kwc-£n-°p-∂p-≠v. Inb-I-fnepw ]ø-∂q¿`m-jmt`Zw

X\-Xmb khn-ti-jX ]pe¿Øp-∂p-s≠-∂Xv ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu mjmt -

Z-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ime-]-Xy-b-ß-fn¬ Nne h¿Æ-hn-Imcw kw -hn-®n-cn-

°p∂Xv ImWmw. qX-Ime]Xy-b-ß-fmbn ChnsS "C' F∂pw "C\n' F∂pw

"Dv' F∂p-amWv ]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. h¿Ø-am\Ime]Xy-b-amb "D∂p' "Cv∂v'

F∂mWv ]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv.

]ø-∂q¿`m-jm-t -Z-Øn¬ \ntbm-P-I-]-Im-c-Øn\v "A´v' F∂ ]Xy-b-

amWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. hn[m-b-I-Øns‚ "AWw' "Ww' F∂v Npcp°n D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]h-WX ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. A\p-⁄m-bI]Im-c-Øns‚ "Bw'

F∂ ]Xybw "B' F∂m-bn- mWv ChnsS ]tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-Xv. \ntj[w

]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Cu `mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ A√, C√, Cve, C‰, A≠, Due, DuS,

409

Hmte, Hmem F∂n-hbpw Adv, B™n-\v, BsX, B≠v, BX, BØ XpS-

ßnb cq]-ß-fpw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. I¿Ømhv, I¿Ωw, Inb F∂ coXn-

bn-ep≈ hmIy-L-S-\bv°p ]pd-sa I¿Øm-hv Inb I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw I¿Øm-

hv Inb, Inb I¿Øm-hv I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw Inb I¿Øm-hv , I¿Ωhpw Inbbpw

tN¿∂pw I¿Ømhpw Inbbpw tN¿∂pw hmIy-L-S\ D≠m-hp-∂p.

Nnd-°¬`mjm-t -Z-Ønepw auenIkzc-ß-fmb A,- C, D, F, H, Dv F∂n-

h-tbm-sSm∏wXs∂ /Fv/ F∂ Hcp kzcw-IqSn hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®p

hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. [mcmfw kzchn\n-a-b-߃ Chn-sSbpw Is≠-Øm-\m-

hpw. A>C, A>F, C>A, C>Dv, C>F, D>C, D>H, F>A, F>C, H>A

XpS-ßnb hn\n-a-b-ßfpw CA, CF, CvH, DA XpS-ßnb Zznkzcßfpw Is≠-

Øm-\m-hpw. hyRvP-\-ßfn¬ I>S, I>a, K>I, S>U, X>b, ^>], `>h,

b>g, h>_, h>a, j>i, k>i, f>´, g>X, g>b, g>i, ‰>Ø, £>®,

¥>Æ, WvU>Æ XpS-ßnb hn\n-a-b-߃ it≤-b-am-Wv.

skm≈v, s]c-Un, _o°v, FØw, IpSp-°, am®n, sIf, B®v, hn®v XpS-

ßnb kzX¥cq]n-a-ßfpw A≥, A¬, hnd, Xm, °v, DI, C¬, AØp, C‰v,

Adv, Bdv, Bbn, B´v, C∂v, Adm, Ωev, Hm´v XpS-ßnb BinXcq]n-a-ßfpw

Nnd-°¬`mjm-t -Z-sØ khn-tijam°nØo¿°p-∂p. ap∂w, samcw, Hcw,

410

]pip, hmb, NÆ, tIßv, s]mem-bn-e, H∏-cw, _ukv, _¿°Øv, sam\mi

XpS-ßnb \ma-]-Z-߃ Nnd-°¬`mjm-t -Z-Øns‚ khn-ti-jXIfm-Wv. Nnd-

°¬`mjm-t -Z-Ønepw enwK]Xy-b-߃°v Nne h¿ÆhnIm-c-߃ D≈Xmbn

ImWmw. Hmfv, Hm≥, G®n, G´≥,- Au, Cbv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v enwK-ß-

fnepw ]tXy-I-X- Im-Wp-∂p. hN\cq]-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-b-߃°v Nne

h¿ÆhnImcw kw -hn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p-≠v. am¿ F∂ ]Xybw amcv, amdv, Bdv,

Adv F∂pw Iƒ F∂ ]Xybw Afv, F∂pw hyXykvXcq]-߃°v hnt[-

b-am-hp-∂Xv ImWmw.

Nnd-°¬`mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-Km-lnImhn -‡n°v "A' F∂ ]Xybw

Xs∂-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. "B¬' F∂ ]tbm-PnIm]Xybw Nn√p-t]-

£n®v B F∂v D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. kw_-‘n-I-bpsS "DsS' ]Xybw

"A' F∂pw B[m-cn-I-bpsS "C¬', "Cev' F∂pw "°v' F∂pw- BWv ]tbm-

K-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. Nnd-°¬`mjm-t -Zhpw Inbm]tbm-K-Øn¬ X\Xv khn-

ti-jX ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v. Cu `mjm-t -Z-Ønep]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ime]Xy-b-

ßfn¬ `qX-Ime]Xybw Nne-t∏mƒ "Cv' F∂pw "C\v' F∂pw Bbn´v cq]m-

¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂p. h¿Ø-am-\-Ime]Xybw "Cv∂v' F∂mWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\ntbm-PI]Im-c-amb "As´' Nnd-°¬`mjm-t -Z-Ønepw "A´v' F∂p-

X-s∂-bmWv ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nne-t∏mƒ "Bt´' F∂v Zo¿L-tØm-

411

sSbpw ImWp-∂p. A\p-⁄m-b-I-Øns‚ "Bw' "B' F∂m-Wv D]-tbm-Kn®p

hcp-∂-Xv. A√, C√ F∂o \ntj[cq]-߃°p ]pdta Cve, C‰, A≠,

Due, DuS, Hmem F∂n-hbpw B™n\v, Adv, BsX, B≠v F∂n-hbpw

ChnsS \ntj-[m¿∞w Ipdn-°p∂-h-bm-Wv. hmIy-L-S-\-bn¬ I¿Øm-hv I¿Ωw

Inb F∂ coXn°p ]pdsa I¿Ømhv Inb I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw I¿Ømhv Inb,

Inb I¿Ømhv I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw Inb I¿Ømhv F∂ coXn-bnepw I¿Ωhpw

Inbbpw amXw tN¿∂pw I¿Ømhpw Inbbpw amXw tN¿∂pap≈ hmIy-

L-S\ D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p.

Xe-t»cn`mjm-t -Z-Ønepw auenIkzc-ß-fmb A, C, D, F, H, Dv F∂n-

h-tbm-sSm∏wXs∂ /Fv/ F∂ Hcp kzcw IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. [mcmfw

kzchn\n-a-b-߃ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. A>F, A>Hu, C>F, C>Dv, D>C,

D>Dv, D>Du, D>H, H>B, F>A XpS-ßnb hn\n-a-b-ßfpw CA, CF, CH,

DA XpS-ßnb Zznkz-c-ßfpw ImWm-\m-Ipw. hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ I>h, I>N,

K>I, ß>¶, N>S, R>\, S>d, S>j, S>k, ´>‰, \>W, X>b, Y>X, `>],

º>h, a>], a>\, b>F, h>_, j>i, k>X, g>b XpS-ßnb hn\n-a-b-

ßfpw it≤-b-am-Wv. adXn, _v vS v, ]t°, AΩ, s_i-aw, s]mc, C≠v, F√,

Xmb, ]v vSy, abn, an‰w, Ipdn XpS-ßnb kzX¥cq]n-a-ßfpw DuSv, C, B,

C‰v, avXv, C∂v, Abv, DuS, Iu, DA, I, Xm, Cuv v, B≥ XpS-ßnb

412

BinXcq]n-a-ßfpw Xe-t»cn`mjm-t -Z-ß-fn¬ D≠v. tXm\, kmam-\w, ad-

Xn, s_i-aw, tam¥n, X∂-dv, ]∆p-dv, Icn-bm-ºe XpS-ßnb \ma-]-Z-߃ Xe-

t»cn`mjm-t -Z-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bmbn ]d-bmw.

Xe-t»cn`mjm-t -Z-Ønse enwK]Xy-b-߃°pw hN\]Xy-b-߃°pw

Nne h¿ÆhnIm-c-߃ kw -hn®p ImWp-∂p. "A≥' F∂ ]p√nw-K-]-Xy-b-

Ønse Ah-km-\sØ Nn√v Dt]-£n®v Npcp°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ (B-∏(≥)

coXn ImWp-∂p. Ah≥, Ahƒ F∂ cq]-Øn\v Hm≥, Hmfv F∂p-X-s∂-

bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. hN-\-amb -am¿, amdv, B¿, Bfv F∂pw "Iƒ'

]Xybw "Afv' F∂pw "B¿' ]Xybw "Hmdv' "Adv' F∂pamWv ]tbm-Kn®p

hcp-∂-Xv. hn`‡n]Xy-b-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-Km-ln-IbpsS "F' bv°v ]Icw "A'

F∂ ]Xy-b-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ]tbm-Pn-I-bpsS "B¬' Nn√p-t]-

£n®v "B' F∂v ImWp-∂p. kw_-‘n-I-bpsS "DsS' bv°v ]Icw "A' F∂pw,

"s‚' bv°v ]Icw "‚' F∂p-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. B[m-cn-I-bpsS "C¬'

]Xybw "C\v' "AØv' F∂pw "Cev' F∂pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Inbm]tbm-K-

ß-fn¬ Xe-t»-cn- m-jm-t`Zw X\-Xmb khn-ti-jX ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v. Xe-t»-

cn- m-jm-t`ZØnse `qX-Ime]Xy-b-ßtfmSv "G\p' "G\pw' F∂o cq]-߃

tN¿Øv ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn ImWmw. "C' bv°p ]Icw "C\v' F∂ ]Xybw

tN¿Øpw Imew Ipdn-°p-∂p-≠v. `qX-ImeØn¬ ]Xy-btØmSv "Du´v'

413

F∂v tN¿Øv ]tbm-Kn°p∂ coXnbpw ImWp-∂p-≠v. "D∂p' F∂ h¿Ø-

am-\-Ime]Xybw "C∂v' F∂mbn´pw ]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂p-≠v.

Xe-t»cn`mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ \n¿t±-iI]Im-csØ°pdn-°m≥ "A´v' F∂

]Xybw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A\p-⁄m-bI]Im-c-Øn\v "B' F∂pw ]m¿∞-

I-Øn\v "AtW' F∂p-ap≈ cq]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn°p-∂p. A√, C√ F∂o

\ntj[cq]-߃°p ]pdta C‰, A≠, D√mtem, Due, DuS, Hme, Hmte,

BsX, B≠v, BX, BØ F∂n-hbpw \ntj-[m¿∞w Ipdn-°m≥ D]-tbm-

Kn®p hcp-∂p. Xe-t»cn`mjm-t -Z-Ønepw I¿Ømhv I¿Ωw Inb F∂ hmIy-

L-S\mIa-Øns\ IqSmsX Nne hmIyLS-\m-co-XnIfpw Chn-sS \ne-hn-ep-

≠v. I¿Ømhv Inb I¿Ωw, I¿Ωw I¿Ømhv Inb, Inb I¿Ømhv I¿Ωw,

I¿Ωw Inb I¿Øm-hv, I¿Ωhpw Inbbpw amXw tN¿∂pw I¿Ømhpw

Inbbpw amXw tN¿∂pap≈ hmIy-L-S-\m-coXnbpw ImWp-∂p.

ta¬∏-d™ ]tXy-I-X-I-sf-sb√mw tImUo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ IÆq¿

`mjm-t`-Z-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-bmbn Nne Imcy-߃ FSpØp ]d-bmw.

IÆq¿`mjm-t -Z-Øn¬ auenI kzc-ßsf IqSmsX /Fv/ F∂ Hcp kzcw

IqSn Ds≠∂v ]d-bmw. Zznk-c-ßfpw, Xnkz-c-ßfpw, ]©-kz-c-ß-fp-sams°

Iq´n°e¿Øn A\m-bmkw `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ h>_

414

hn\n-a-bhpw g>b hn\nabhpw IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Xn-Km-lnIm

hn`‡n]Xy-b-amb "F' bv°v ]Icw "A' bmWv D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-Xv.

hn`‡n]Xy-b-ß-fn¬ amX-a√ hn -‡n-bn-√msX ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ C∂-se,

\msf XpS-ßnb ]Z-ß-fnse "F' Imchpw Dt]-£n®v C∂-e, \mf F∂n-

ßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp ]h-WX IÆq¿`mjmt -Z-Øn¬ ImWmw. kw_-

‘nImhn -‡n-]-Xy-b-Øns‚ ep]vX-cq-]-amb "sS' bv°v ]Icw A F∂pw

C F∂pw Ah-km-\n-°p∂ Nne \ma-cq-]-ß-fn¬ "sc' F∂ cq]-amWv D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv (A-tΩ-sc, Pm\-Io-sc). AXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ "DsS' bv°v ]Icw

"A' F∂pw (Ahc(Ah-cpsS), Ip™fXv(Ip-™p-ß-fp-sS-Xv)) D]-tbm-Kn-

®phcp∂p≠v. Ah¿, Ch¿, XpS-ßnb k¿∆-\m-a-߃°v ]Icw Hmdv, Ch-cv,

A]y, C]y XpS-ßnb k¿∆-\m-a-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. A¥y-amb Nn√v

Dt]-£n® k¿∆-\m-a-ß-fmWv Rmß, \nß, \Ω XpS-ßn-b-h. am∏n-f- m-j-

bn¬ Nn√p-t]-£n®v "Aw' tN¿Øv \nßw, s]Æpßw F∂n-ßs\bpw D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. kwhr-tXm-Im-c-Øn\v ]Icw "C' tN¿Øp≈ ]tbmKw

(Hm\v˛Hm-\n, Bcn°v, F¥n-\n)ImWp-∂p-≠v.

`qX-Im-ecq]-Øn-s\m∏w C\v, C\n F∂nh tN¿°p-∂Xv (t]m-bn-\v,

t]mbn-\n, h∂n-\v, h∂n-\n) Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bmWv. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-cq-]-Øn¬

D∂p-hn\v ]Icw Cv∂v, Cu∂v F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Hcp ]tXy-I-X-

415

bm-Wv. AXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ `qX-Im-e-cq-]-Øn\v tijw (-s_-®n-‰v\v, s_®n-

‰p) C‰v, C‰p, C\v XpS-ßnb cq]-߃ tN¿Øv ]tbm-K-]q¿Øn hcp-Øp-

∂Xv ImWmw. `qX-Im-etØmSv "F≥' F∂ ]Xybw tN¿Øv \ntbm-PI-]-

Imcw D≠m-°p-tºmƒ (B-SvtØ°v t]mtb(≥), \o Ctßm´v ht∂(≥))

"F≥' F∂ a[y-a-]p-cp-j-\mbn hcp∂ GI-h-N-\-sØbpw _lp-h-N-\-

sØbpw Hcp-t]mse Ipdn-°p∂ \ntbm-P-I-]-Im-c-cq]w D≠m-Ip-∂p. Ch-

sbms° IÆq¿`mjm-t -Z-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

Hm\Xm s_cv∂v, Ip™n-bXm Imfv∂v, Hm≥ aÆv°-fn-°v∂m F∂o

hmIy-ß-fn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®v ]d™v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.-

CXv IÆq¿`mjmt`ZØns‚ X\-Xmb ]tXyIXbmWv. h¿Æ-]-cn-Wm-a-߃

h∂p-tN¿∂v Ipdp-Inb Nne ]tbm-K-ßfpw IÆq¿`mjmt -Z-Øn¬ ImWm-

\m-Ipw. t]mI¬ ]qepw, Ah-‰-Iƒ Abn-‰n-ßbpw, t]mIm-at√m t]mBem

F∂pw Bbn ImWp-∂p. \ntj-[m¿∞w Ipdn°p∂ "C√' F∂ cq]w "C‰'(I-

≠n-‰, Bbn-‰) F∂mbn amdp-∂p≠v Chn-sS. Ahn-sS-tbm-a-t‰m, as‰m-s°,

Xt∂°mw XpS-ßn-bh BS-bm-‰w, a‰-°, X∂° F∂n-ßs\ Npcp°n ]tbm-

Kn-°p∂ coXn it≤-b-amWv. khn-ti-j-X-b¿ln-°p∂ ]mtZ-in-I-In-bI-

fmWv NSv®v\v, NØv\v, Nh-®v\v, Rav≠o-\v, sR°o-\v, t™∂v\v, RmØo\v,

X®v\v, Xm‰o-\v, _[v°o-\v, X√o-\v, X´o-\v XpS-ßn-bh. Hc-£cw tem]n-∏n®v

416

as‰m∂v Zo¿Ln-∏n-°p∂ cq]-ßfpw IÆq-cn-s‚-Xmb (]n-∂ow, ssItøm-

≠v)]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Inb-I-fpsS Ah-km-\Øn¬ ImWp∂ Nn√-£cw Dt]-

£n-°p∂ coXnbpw (-s_-cp-ºw, t]mºw, t]mb-∏w, h∂-∏w, F∏w) FSp-Øp-

]-d-tb-≠-XmWv. hmIy-ß-fpsS Ah-km-\-Ønse ]Zw CuW-Øn¬ \o´n D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv (_n-fn-°-Wmmm..., _∂q-tttS.....) IÆq¿`m-jm-t`-Z-Øns‚

as‰mcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Idp-apsd Xn∂-ev, ]vdv]nd-]-d-b-ev, s]mczm-c-∏m-Sv,

sZfiym-c-∏m-Sv, apdvap-c, XcvX-sc-, ]S-]-Sm (Onamatopoeic words) XpS-ßnb

imhyam¿Xm¿YI]Z߃ IÆq¿hy-h-lm-c- m-j-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p-

≠v. C]-Imcw kz\-X-ew-sXm´v hmIy-Xewhsc-bp≈ F√m Xe-ß-fnepw

IÆq¿`m-jm-t -Z-Øn\v AXn-s‚-Xmb kzXzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-®n- p-≠v.

**************************

417

Bth-Z-I-kqNn

1. A∏p Ip∂-cp-°m-c≥, ]n. H. sh≈q¿, ]ø-∂q¿

2. Aºp ]Wn-°¿ Imcbn¬, ]n. H. A∂q¿, ]ø-∂q¿

3. B\-µ-h-√n, Nnd-h-°v, ]n. H. Xfn-∏-d-º, IÆq¿

4. B\-µ-h-√n, ]n. H. ]≈n-°p-∂v, IÆq¿

5. F¬kn Ão^≥, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

6. IXo-\, Np¶w, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

7. IZoP ]≠m-c-h-f-∏v, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

8. IZo-P, ]n. H. samdm-g, sam -Ω¬h-gn, IÆq¿

9. Icn©n I√≥ lukv, Atcm-fn, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

10. Ieym-Wn, _mhp-∏-d-ºv, ]n. H. Ipdp-am-Øq¿, Xfn-∏-dºv

11. Ieym-Wn, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

12. IeymWn t]m°m-b¬, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

13. IeymWn amth-en, Atcm-fn, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

14. Im¿Xym-b\n sImSn-h-f-∏n¬, ]n. H. tImtdmw, ]d-h≥ X´, IÆq¿

15. Ip™ºp Ip∂pw-]p-dw, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

16. Ip™m-an\ _n. sI, Np¶w, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

17. Ip™n-cm-a≥ amth-en, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

18. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿ sX°p-∂-Ω¬ Imtcm-∂≥, ]n. H. Ipdp-am-Øq¿,

19. tKmh¿≤\n A¥¿÷\w, _mhp-∏-d-ºv, ]n. H. Ipdp-am-Øq¿, IÆq¿

418

20. tKmhn-µ≥ Icn-°m-S≥, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

21. sNdn-b, Iot®-cn, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

22. tNbn, thfm-]p-cw, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

23. NnX ImS≥ ]d-ºn¬, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

24. Pm\-In ]Sn-™msdho´n¬, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

25. \fn-\n ku]¿ÆnI, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

26. \mWn sI. ]n, Nnd-bn¬ lukv, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

27. \mWn ss]¶p-Sn, thfm-]p-cw, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

28. \mcm-b-W≥ shºn-cn-™≥, ]n. H. Xmbvt\-cn, ]ø-∂q¿

29. \mcm-bWn AΩ, ]n. H. A∂q¿, ]ø-∂q¿

30. \mcm-bWn sIm∆¬, ]n. H. Ipdp-am-Øq¿, Xfn-∏-dº

31. \mcm-bWn ]oSnI hf-∏n¬, ]n. H. sh≈q¿, ]ø-∂q¿

32. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, Nnd-h-°v, ]n. H. Xfn-∏-dºv

33. ]m©p, Iot®-cn, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

34. ]m©p Cut¥m-Sv, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»cn, IÆq¿

35. ]m©p X®-Øn, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»cn, IÆq¿

36. ]mdp I≠-Øn¬, ]n. H. A∂q¿, IÆq¿

37. ]m¿∆-Xn, ]n. H. ]g-b-ßm-Sn, IÆq¿

38. ]nssØ ImtW-in, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿.

39. ]p°v, thfm-]p-cw, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

40. ss]X¬ ]n. ]n, thfm-]p-cw, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

419

41. ]ao-f Nnd-bn¬ lukv, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

42. _me-Ir-jvW≥. Sn, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

43. _o_nØ, ]n.H. ]≈n°p∂v, IÆq¿.

44. _o^m-Øp, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

45. ^ukn-b, Iot®-cn, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

46. ao\m-£n, thfm-]p-cw, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»cn, IÆq¿

47. btimZ CutØm-Sv, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

48. cm[, ]n. H. tImtdmw, ]ø-∂q¿

49. cma≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, Nnd-h-°v, ]n. H. Xfn-∏-dºv

50. eoe, ]n. H. [¿Ω-Sw, Xe-t»cn

51. hmkp-tZ-h≥, ]n. H. ]≈n-°p-∂v, IÆq¿

52. hncp-X≥, Np¶w, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

53. im¥, ]n. H. ]me-bm-Sv, Xe-t»cn

54. iotZ-hn-bΩ Fw. ]n, ]n. H. sIm°m-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

55. kmd, ]n. H. hf-ss°, ioI-WvT-]pcw

56. kptem-N-\, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

57. tkma≥ BkmZv \K¿, ]n. H. ]m∏n-\n-t»-cn, IÆq¿

58. tdmk-Ω, ]n. H. ]≈n-°p-∂v, IÆq¿.

********************