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Atul et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 7(1), Jan-Mar 2016, 110-123

Pharma Science Monitor 7(1), Jan-Mar 2016

ANUPANA-A VEHICLE FOR AUSHADHI (MEDICINE)

Atul Sanap1*, Vaibhav Biradar2, Dattatraya Patil3, Hedaoo Nalini4, Bhange Pankaj5 1M. D. Ras Shastra & B. K.(Ayurveda physician Beed) 2M. D. Kriya Sharer, Lecturer,Dept. Of Kriya Sharer, Dhanwantari Ayurved Medical College &Hospital Udgir 3M. D. Kriya Sharer,Prof. & H. O. D. ,Dept. Of Samhita Siddhant, Principal Dhanwantari Ayurved Medical College &Hospital Udgir 4M. D. Ras Shastra & B. K., Lecturer,Dept. Of Ras Shastra & B. K., Dhanwantari Ayurved Medical College &Hospital Udgir 5M. D. Agadtantra, Lecturer, Dept. Of Agadtantra, Dhanwantari Ayurved Medical College &Hospital Udgir

ABSTRACT Bheshajavacharana vidhi in Ayurveda is a science by itself. Anupana is an integral part of Chikitsa. The concept of anupana is practiced in ayurveda and in Indian tradition since time immemorial. The action and usefulness of anupana in digestion and distribution of food and medicine was very well known. KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, anupana, aushadhi.

INTRODUCTION

Information with regards to description,importance and utility of Anupana is found to be

scattered in the extant literature.This is an attempt to pool up available data for better

comprehension and application.

The meaning of“Anupana”is that a drink that is taken with or after medicine intake and

also it is considered as a fluid vehicle for medicine.Anupana is an after drink for both Aahara

&Oushada(food as well as Medicine).Acharya Charaka opines that an ideal Anupana is that

which has the properties opposite to that of the food but not incompatible with them.

ANUPANA:-

Vyutpatti

Anu:-After;along;with;subordinate to;inferior to;near to;following methodically;orderly

Pana:-a drink;observing,Protection,defence;to drink after;to preserve;cherish;wait for

Nirukti:-

Anugatam panam Anupanam

Anusaha paschat va piyate iti Anupanam

Oushadha bhakshanopari yatpitam tadAnupanam

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Annat anupaschat piyate itiAnupanam

Paribhasha:-

Anupanamiti anu shabdam lakshanarthamahuh |

Aharam lakshikrutyapanam ….. Sukhapakartham||

Tena bhavi bhojanam trushnam chanulakshikrutya piyataityanupanam |

Yadyogena rasadinam vibhaktah paramanavah |

Drutamangeshu sarpati sahapana taduchyate ||

Tattat rogaghna bhaishajyam bheshajasyanupiyate |

Yaccha sahayakari syadanupanam taducyate ||

Oushadhangapeyavisheshatacchaoushadhapananantaramvilambya prayojanam

|Synonyms:-

Anupanam; Rogaghna bhaishajyam; Sahapanam

ITIHASA:-

Vedic Period(2000BC -1000BC):As per Chandogyopanishad-Hitahita Anupanavidhi.

Anupana is considered to be a drink,to be had near at hand.

Samhita Period:1000 B.C–500 A.D.

Charaka Samhita:

After Krutanna vargain Aharayogi varga description, qualities, mode of action, criteria

for selection of specific Anupanas is vividly mentioned. Action of Anupana is described in

accordance with Ahara upayogitva. Selection of Anupanas based on disorders like Sthoulya,

Tandra and Alpagni specific Anupanas are prescribed too. If prescribed Anupana is not available

then based on habitat suitable Anupanas are to be considered for administration from list of 84

Asavas and other Peyas like Jala.

Sushruta Samhita:

After Manda-peyadi pathya kalpanas in Krutanna varga and various delicacies in Bhakshya

varga Anupana is described in Sutrasthana-Annapana vidhi adhyaya where list of various

Anupana dravyas, specific Anupana: for set of drugs belonging to a particular varga, specific to a

drug, dosha and disorders are detailed. Benefits, properties, action of Anupana are also stated.

Ashtanga Hrudayam & Sangraham:

In Sutrasthana-Matrashiteeyadhyaya describing Ahara vidhana, Bhojana vyavastha,

Bhojyapadarthas AnupanaPramana,Samaya concept of Anupana, General and specific qualities

of Anupana, indication w.r.t. dosha, roga, drug selected & constitution and Anupana ayogya roga

& rogi is described.



Kashyapa Samhita:

Kashyapa has not separately expounded about Anupana. However in Snehadhyaya of

Sutrasthana specific Anupanas for snehas viz.,Ghrita,Taila,Vasa and Majja–Ushnodaka,Yusha

and Manda are described.

Bhela Samhita:

BhelaelaboratedAnupana in association with Ahara and Ahara dravyas.Anupanas for

specific Mamsa,Dhanyas,fruits,Ganas,Snehas,etc&Guna karma of Anupanas like

Pachana,Rochana and Satmyatam prayacchana are mentioned.

Sangraha Kala:- 500 A.D.–1700A.D.

List of Anupana dravya like Toya,Asava,Yusha,etc&Mode of action of Anupana is depicted with

illustration of oil spreading swiftly when dropped on water surface.Oil drop is compared to

Pradhana oushadha while water simulates role of Anupanas based on

drugs,formulations,diseaseare statedinMadhavadravyagunaNighantu in 28th chapter.

Chakrapanidatta in Dravya guna sangraha detailedAnupana dravyas,selection

ofAnupanas,contraindications for usage ofAnupana,Samanya AnupanaKarma and based on time

of administration and dosage of Anupana.

In Kalyanakaraka Anupana is described in Anupanadhikara.Anupana drugs are advocated

whose Rasa is liked by patient apart from being beneficial.Anupana for various food items,time

of administration and its benefits are told.For Rasayana purpose Kwatha prepared from

ingredients of Rasayana yoga is specially indicated.

Anupana Bheda:

Raja Nighantukara Narahari Pandit is the only person who has mentioned about 2 types

of Anupana viz.Kramana and Pachana Anupana.

i) Kramana Anupana is that which is administered in delay following the Basis.

ii) Pachana Anupana is given in the night without delaying but immediately.

Adhunika kala: 1700 A.D onwards

Yogaratnakaramhas given importance to Anupana specific to particular diseases like

Kirata,Musta,Parpata in Jwara and so on.Diversified routes of administration of Anupanasuch

asVirechana as Anupana in Udara,Nidra in Ajirna,Aruchi,Toshana in Bhaya,Nasya in

Urdhvajatruroga,Sheeta vidhi in Murccha,Raktamokshana in Vidradhi,etc are described.Anupana

influences drugs’ strength &effectivity.

Rasashastra is a non-conventional branch of Ayurveda evolved into a branch by itself.In

the course of evolution scientists involved had tried to squeeze basic concepts available in our



science and adopt them.Ex-usage of Rasasindoora with Anupanas like Chitraka,Sharkara in

Kapharoga,Pittaroga,etc is found in Ayurveda Prakasha.

RasaTaranginikaradescribed mode of action of Anupana as that which disintegrates

Paramanus of Yoga&aids in carrying it swiftly in body.He adds RogaghnaBhaishajya as

synonym to Anupana&stated difference between Anupana & Sahapana. Books dedicated to

concept of Anupana aloneand constituting compilation of numerous Rasaoushadhas in majority

and few Kashtoushadhas in minority and their specific Anupanas are-Anupanamanjari by

Vishrama;Anupanatarangini by Raghunath Prasad;Anupana Kalpataru by Jagannath Prasad

Shukla;Anupanavidhi by Shyam Sundara Acharya Vaidya and Anupana darpana by Jnarasara

Sharma.

Modern Pharmacological texts:

In modern lexicons like Monier Williams and Stedmans Medical dictionary,Anupana is a fluid

vehicle taken with or after medicine or eating.

MonierWilliams described it as:-

that which aids or assists the action of main ingredient

a vehicle to enhance antigenicity-Immunology;a synergist,an adminiculum

in adjuvant therapy- use of another form of treatment in addition to primary surgical therapy

as in Oncology.

In modern pharmacology Adjuvant again is also a drug According to W.H.O. definition:-

A Drug is any substance or product that is used to modify or explore physiological

systems or pathological states for the benefit of recipient.In the context of medicine,it means a

chemical used in prevention,diagnosis or treatment of diseases.It is to be noted that benefits are

in terms of physical,mental and economical value.An ideal prescription contains inscription as its

main part.This constitutes of

(a)Basis-primary drug which is responsible for main action of prescription.

(b)Adjuvant-this is a drug which facilitates or promotes action of the primary drug.

(c)Corrective-this is added to modify or eliminate undesired effects of the basis.

(d)Vehicle-this is a carrier commonly a solvent which facilitates administration of preparation

into human body.

However Drug interactions and Biopharmaceutics are the sectors of modern pharmacology

which speak of drug or formulation combinations and their effect - harmful or beneficial on

therapeutic activity.These topics can be inducted under the concept of Anupanam.

Nature of Anupana:



Sushruta describing qualities of Shreshta Anupana–water says by virtue of its

Toyatmakatva and presence of Sarvarasait is most favourable Anupana.We find many references

of solids being prescribed as Anupana.For instance:-

Guda as Anupana to Guduchi in Vibandha – Bha. Pra.Vol I

Sita as Anupana to Guduchi in Pittaroga – Bha.Pra.vol I

Chitraka churna as Anupana to Rasa sindura in Kapharoga – Ay Pr. 1 /404

Anupana Dravyas:

Sheeta jala,Ushna jala,Madhu,Ghrita,Taila,

Asava of drugs like Durva,Chitraka,Pippali,Nyagrodha,Kapittha,Shireesha phala

Ksheera,Mastu,Takra,Udashwit,Mahisha payah,Mamsarasa,Yusha,Manda

Dhanyamla, Madhya, Madhvasava,Souveera,Kanji, Chukra,Sura,Ikshurasa

Lavana,Sita,Guda,Shuntichurna,Hingugrhitanvitam,Pippalichurna,Shilajatu,Rasonaka

kalka,Bhallataka,Nisha churna,Parpata kwatha,Guggulu,Mashavataka.

Meghambu collected in a clean container is the superiormost Anupanain all

conditions.Pioneers of Rasashastra advocate Madhu in the absence of required Anupana.

AnupanaMatra:

It is a well know fact that even poison acts as a life saving drug provided its dosage is

judiciously fixed.

According to Sharangadhara,Anupana matra is 3,2 and 1 pala for Vataja,Pittaja and Kaphaja

rogas respectively.

According to Madhava,Chakrapanidutta,Bhavamishra and Kashirama vaidya the dosages are

3,2 and 1 pala respectively in Pittaja,Vataja and Kaphaja disorders.

AnupanaKala:

Anupana suggests that it should be administered after consumption of primary drug.

Sahapana a synonym of Anupana indicates its usage along with the prime drug

Raja Nighantukara advocates Kramana Anupana to be delayed in administration while

Pachana Anupana is advised not to be delayed and is indicated in the night

In the context of Aharavidhi, three Kalas are indicated for Anupana and their effects are also

described i.e., before food for Karshanartham, inbetween food for Sthapanartham and after food

for Brumhanartham. This Vidhi probably holds good only for Jala in Aharavidhi.

Anupanavacharana Vidhi:



As per Rasa jala nidhi Bheshaja and Anupana are directed to be triturated with Madhu in

a Khalva yantra and then to be consumed following recitation of Aghoramantram or offering

prayers to the esteemed diety.

Anukte–Anupana Yojana:

Anupanas advocated in a particular Desha need not be beneficial in another or may not be

available then anupana which possess qualities useful in relation to Ahara or Bheshaja should be

selected but should not be Viruddha to it to obtain the desired effect.

Sushruta emphasizes that one should judiciously evaluate consideration of Anupana in

terms of disease involved;Kala-Roga kala,Rogi kala,Nitya kala and Matra.

As Sharangadhara water is to be consumed as adminiculam when no specified Anupana

is mentioned.

UKTANUPANA in Swasthya:

Classification of Anupanaas per Rasa,Guna, Dravya,Dravya

varga,Kalpana,Yoga,Kala,Vaya,Dosha,Roga-avastha and Swasthya is as mentioned below.

Table a: Based on Rasa

R a s a A n u p a n a m R e f e r e n c e s

M a d h u r a K a t u r a s a K a l . K a . 5 P a / 3 9 - 4 2

A m l a L a van a ra sa ,Madhu ra r asa Kal. Ka.5Pa/39-42Su. Su. 46/419-Da.

K a t u Tikta rasa,Durvanalavetrasava Kal .Ka . 5 pa/39-42 ;Su . Su . 46 /432

K a s h a y a M a d h u r a r a s a K a l . K a . 5 P a / 3 9 - 4 2

T i k t a A m l a r a s a K a l . K a . 5 P a / 3 9 - 4 2

L a v a n a A m l a r a s a K a l . K a . 5 P a / 3 9 - 4 2

Sarva rasa K s h e e r a K a l . K a . 5 P a / 3 9 - 4 2

Table b: Based on Guna

G u n a Anupanam R e f e r e n c e s

Ushnata-Pittaja vikara,Raktajavikara,Vidaha Sheeta jala

A s h . S a . S u . 1 0 / 4 3 - 4 4

Su. Su. 46/435 Dal.

Sheetata -Vataja vikara,Kaphaja vikara Ushna jala S u . S u . 4 6 / 4 3 5 D a l .

Table c: Based on Ahara and Oushadha dravya – Samanya Anupana

Ahara/Oushadha dravya A n u p a n a m R e f e r e n c e s

S h a l i , S h a s t i k a s h a l i K s h e e r a As.Sa .Su . 10 /43-44

M u d g a d i D h a n y a M a m s a r a s a Su .Su . 4 6 / 423 -4 33



O d a n a T a k r a K a l . K a . 4 P a . / 1 8

V a i d a l a s u p a S o u v i r a K a l . K a . 4 P a . / 1 8

D h a n y a d i PhalaKhandasavaDadhi,Chukra B h e . S a . 2 7 / 3 1

S h ak a M u d g a d i v ik a ra s D h a n y a m l a , M a s t u , T a k r a A s . H r . S u . 8 / 4 8

Yava,Godhuma,Pishtamayanna,Bisagranthi,Dadhi,Madhu, Madhyavikaras,Sneha S h e e t a j a l a

Su . Su . 46 /423-433

As. Sa. Su. 10/43-44

As. Hr. Su. 8/47

M a m s a - V a r a h a m a m s a

Aja mamsa,Hayamamsa

K o s h n a j a l a K a l . K a 4 P a / 1 8

T a i l a Madhya,Sheetakashaya,Udaka,Khadirodaka, Yushamlakanji Ash.Hr.Su. 8/ 47-48,

Su. Su. 46/423-433

V a s a m a j j a s n e h a M a n d a K a s . S a . 2 2 / 1 1

V a r u n i K a k u b h a B h e . S a . 2 7 / 3 6

A s h w a g a n d h a k a s h a y a V a r u n i , M a n d a B h e . S a . 2 7 / 3 7

Table d: Based on Kala

K a l a A n u p a n a m R e f e r e n c e

U s h n a k a l e Y u s h a – w i t h T a i l a S u S u 4 6 / 4 2 2 - 4 3 3

S h e e t a k a l e A m a l a k a n j i w i t h T a i l a

Sharad Greeshna,Hemanta S h e e t a j a l a Ash San. Su 10/43 -44

Table e:Based on vaya

V a y a – A v a s t h a A n u p a n a m R e f e r e n c e

K s h e e r a p a K s h e e ra s a l p i – D h a t r y a h a a l o n e S u S h a

K s h e e r a n n a d a Ksheerararpi – matrgaha and Dhatryaha

A n n a d a Kashayadini-with aroidance of Dhatryaha

Table f:Based on Dosha

D o s h a A n u p a n a m R e f e r e n c e

V a t a S i n g d h a , U s h n a D r a v a , A m l a A s S a S u 1 0 / 4 3

K a n j i k a , m a n u a r a s a Cha Su 27/321 Gang

P i t t a S h e e t a M a d h u r a

S h a k a r o d a k a m S i t a

K a p h a R u k s h a U s h n a D r a v a m

T r i p h a l o d a k a m w i t h M a d h u



S a n n i p a t e S k e n o u d r a A r d r a k a d a k a m

Table g: Anupana based on Roga

Ro ga /v i ka ra A n u p a n a Roga /Vikara A n u p a n a m

J w a r a Musta Parpata ki rata R a k t a p i t t a V a l a , I k s h u r a s a

G r a h a n i T a k r a m K r u n i V i d a n g a

P r a m e h a Nishamalaka,Triphala A s h m a r i P a s h a n a b h e d

A r s h a l B h al l a ta ka , c h i t r ka A m a r a t a Mut rayuke randa t ai l a

S w a r a g u d a S a m a d h u P u s h k a r a P l e h a r o g a P i p p a l i

S h e e t a Tambula dala maricha K a s a K a n t a k a r i

V a t a r y a d h i Ajya rasonaka Guggulu A p a s m e a r V a c h a B r a h m i

K s h a y a S h i t a j i t h , M a r s a U d a r a V i r e c h a k a d r e v y a

P u r a n a j w a r a M a d h u – M a r i c h a V a t a e a k t a G u d u c h i

S h e e l a G h r i t a n v i t a h i n g u A r d i t a M a s h a r a t a k s

V i s h a K o s t i n a j a l a , H e m a M e d a r o g a M a d h u d e k a

S t h o u l y a M a d h u d a k a P r a l l a r a L o d h r a

Krusha Shrama S u r a A r u c h i M a t u l u n g a

P a n d u L o h a k i t t a V r a n a G u g g u l u

C h a r d i L a j a A m l a p i t t a D r a k s h a

A t i s a r a K u t a j a M u t r a k r u c h a Shatavari kushmandea

N e t r a r o g a Triphalodaka sakshoudra

U n m a d a P u n a r n a g h r i t a K u s h t a K h a d i s a s a r a

N i d ra k s h a y a M a h i s h a g h r i t a Pa r sh w a rh u la P u s h k a r a m u l a

S h w i t r a B a k u c h i G u l m a S h i g r u t w a c h a

Shwasa – samadhu trikatu, sashunti Brahmadandi

Vishagni Shastra – Arkaselu, Shireesha kapitha phalasavam Sheetodaka hate

Alpagni – Madhya if Madhya satnya

AnupanamAvastha :

Ksheera:-Atapa,Upvasa,Langhana,Adhwa,Bhashya,Vyayam,klanta,Vyavaya,Vardhakya

Dhnyamala:-Anidra, Tandra, Bhaya, klame

Anupana Ayogyaha

knowledge of patients in whom particular drugs are contraindicated becomes more

important than in whom it is indicated.Urdhwanga Vata,Hikka,Shwasa,Kasa,Urah kshata,Praseka



Swaropahata,Medhra–Akshi–Galaroga,Praklinnadeha and those who are engaged in

Geeta,Bhashya,Adhyayana should refrain from Anupana following consumption.Because in

these persons Anupanastagnates in Kantha &Uras due to which Aharaja sneha is withheld

resulting in re-causation of Dosha.

Chakrapani and ShivadasSen elaborate this reasoning as follows:UdakadiAnupana

combines with Ahara and results in Aharasneha i.e. Aharasara janana by virtue of its

Snigdhatva.Patients suffering from Shwasadiroga due to predominantly vitiated Vata procession

of Anupana lower downis hindered due to absence of Dravamsha appropriate Pachana does not

take place. Consequently Sara or Snehajanana does not occur resulting in only vitiating the

Vatadi Doshas again.

Indukaracommentator of Ashtanga Sangraha quotes that Anupanahere refers to only

jala,whileKsheeradi in Kasadi roga can be permitted.Further he clarifies according to his school

of thought in Urdwajatrugatadi rogas in general all Anupanas are prohibited. ButKsheeradi in

Kasadiroga are considered as exceptions.

Shivadas Sen opines that Alpa pana could be allowed since “No” means i.e.Alpam.

Nishidhanupanas

Sometimescertain combination of drugs may produce untoward or toxic effects in body

whereSushruta advises prohibition of usage of Ushnajala along with Bhallataka and Tuvaraka

Sneha.WhileKashyapa inhibits utility of Ushnodaka along with Paya,Dadhi and Madhu and in

disorders of Pitta,Raktasrava, Garbhachyavana and Garbhadaha.

It is more likely that this topic could be understood better under Virudhatwa

i.e.incompatibility.According to Charaka drugs are harmful if they are incompatible from the

point of view of Desha,Kala,Matra,Veerya,Samyoga,Gunadi -11 factors43.

In modern parlance,Drug- Drug interactions;Drug - Food interactions,Drug formulations

interactions could be considered here.

Anupananntaram Nishiddha Karma

Following activities are to be avoided immediately after consumption of Anupana viz.

Adhayayana,Bhashana,Gayana,Adhwagamana as it lead to vitiation of doshas.

ANUPANA GUNA KARMA:-

Effect of Anupana can be understood at four levels.

(i) Effect on Ahara:



Bhuktam Avasadhayati,SanghatamBhinatti,Kledayti,Mardavatamapadayati,Sukham

parinamati,Ashu vyavayi tamapnuyati, Doshala – atimatra -Guru Bhuktam Prajeeryati. Deha

Paryaptini abhivardhayati, Satmyatam prayacchati

(ii) Effect on Oushadha:

Bhaishajyam Kshanena angeshu prasarpati,Oushadha gunakaram, Rasadeenam paramanavaha

vibhajayati,Rasadeenam drutam agenshu sarpati,Bheshajam paribrumhayet,Yogavahi-yuktaha

karyavardhanamcha.

(iii) Effect on Roga/Vikara

Dosha Shamanam, Dosha – Sanghata bhedanam, Pipasam harati, Shrama Klamahram, Rogahna

Bhaishajyam sahayakari, Rogahari shakti – gunavati cha.

(iv) Effect on Rogi/Swastha

Tarpayati,Preenayati,Urjayati,Brumhayati,Ayu-jeeva balam karoti,Drudhangatam

karoti,Sukham-swasthyam dadati,Rochayati,Deepanam Vrushyam,Varngam.

Further we can distinguish these Karmas based on duration of the effect asfollows:

(i) Immediate effect:

Generally medicines as compared to Ahara are meant to obtain immediate action.

Purpose of Anupana with Ahara dravya is to procure easier &Sukha Parinamana.

(ii)Distant effect:

Tarpana,Brumhanadi effects listed under effect on Swasthya are achieved after

prolonged duration.Benefits may not be immediate as in case of Vrushaya Karma.

Balavaranakarama – refers to long terms effect of Ahara but may refer to its effect in abala and

twakrogi too.

Dosha Sanghata BhedanamAids-

In Samprapti Vighatana of Rogior dosha Sanghata undesired harmful effect,

properties,constituents of drug are removed or destroyed.Eg:Vatsnabha is administered with

Tankana,Tamra with Ardraka swarasa

Urjayati–utsaha&vyadhikshamatwa too Sukham Jarayati- aids in beneficial and faster

metabolism of medicines.

Vyaptimapnuyat–aids in spreading pradhana oushada.Ex-yogaraj guggulu with madhu in

Medorga;yogaraja Guggulu with Triphalodaka in Netraroga,Guduchi kwatha in Vatasaka

Anupana Karmukata:

Deriving mode of action of a drug is a complex matter for a given drug.We know that a

single drug has been consisting of various fractions on analysis and its action might be due to



each one of them or in sumtoto.In a compound drug it becomes more necessary to enquire effect

produced by compound as a whole is due to total effect of all composing ingredients or in units.

Charaka says effect exerted by whole compound need not be same as that of individual

drugs.We see such evidence in Rasoushadhas range of effect is widened and improved with

Anupama.

Anupana augmenting the effect of the primary drug thus helps in producing a therapeutic

effect.The Karmas described in relation to Ahara are said to be applied for other dravyas too like

Bhuktam avasadhayate Kathinyam bhinnati,Kledayati,Mardavatam apadayati,Akhila deham ashu

vyapakatvam janayati and Sukham parinamati which could be considered for Oushadha dravyas

too as said ny Taranginikara.

Modern references aiding in understanding mode of action of Anupana:-

Anupana in the form of solution:

For absorption from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) drug must be in solution.When not in

solution rate of absorption slows down due to time required for disintegration and release from

dosage form and time needed for dissolution in to GIT fluid.Once drug is in solution absorption

is a function of GIT membrane and follows process of simple diffusion across lipid membranes

with water filled pores.GIT membrane is permeable to lipid soluble forms,unionized and weak

acids.

Anupana and various solvents and suspensions

Drugs in aqueous forms are absorbed faster and more completely than solid forms like tablets or

suspensions.Microcrystalline suspensions are better absorbed than their coarser

counterparts.Drugs with high lipid-water partition co-efficient,lipid solubility,low degree of

ionization have greater absorption in GIT and from basic criteria for entry in to Blood Brain

Barrier.

Anupana and absorption in GIT

Drugs which accelerate gastric emptying time aid the drug to reach large absorptive

surface of small intestine sooner and increases the drug absorption. Basic drugs are best absorbed

from alkaline environment of small intestine.

Anupana and Renal clearance

Resultant metabolites are almost always more polar and water soluble, this facilitates

rapid rate of renal clearance as renal tubular reabsorption decreases.

Anupana vis-à-vis Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems:



Some drugs when combined with certain other chemicals agents, form chemical

complexes which are slowly soluble in body fluids depending upon the pH of the environment.

This slow dissolution rate provides a constant release of the drug for sustained action. This type

of drug designing provides:

Prolonged duration of action – used in treating chronic ailments

Sustained drug action – of those having rapid rate of absorption and excretion

Reduced frequency of administration- for drugs required in small dosesS

Stable plasma concentration maintenance :-to have reduced potential for adverse effects and

to aid in uniform absorption from GIT.

Anupana vis-à-vis Drug interactions

Biopharmaceutics is the study of influence of formulations on therapeutic activity. When

two substances are administered simultaneously one may alter response of other which may be a

beneficial-desired effect or a harmful undesired effect.This interaction between two substances

could be understood under Drug-Drug interaction,Drug-Food interaction in vivo and

pharmaceutical interaction in vitro wherein chemical principals are involved.There are basically

two mechanisms responsible for drug interaction :

(1) Pharmacodynamic interaction(2) Pharmacokinetic interaction

(1) Pharmacodynamic Interaction:

This involves modification of pharmacological respone without altering concentration of

drug in tissue fluid i.e.when two drugs with similar pharmacological effects are administered

with each other they may alter sensitivity of effect or organ resulting in a synergistic:addition or

potentiation effect or in a antagonistic effect:physiological or functional antagonism.

(2) Pharmacokinetic interaction:

Here there is a change in concentration of drug at target site and could be due to

alteration in drug absorption,distribution,metabolism and excretion.These interaction may result

in synergism antagonism.

(a) Interaction at the site of the absorption

In the gut,drugs may interfere with each others absorption by

(i) Chemical interaction.(ii) Effecting gut motility. (iii) Changing gut flora.

(b) Interaction during distribution:

(i)Competition for plasma protein binding site

(ii)Displacement from tissue binding sites

(c) Interaction during metabolism



Altered response at this stage is because of

(i) Enzyme induction (ii)Enzyme inhibition

(d) Interaction during excretion :

(i) Interference with active transport. (ii) Diuretic activity.

Anupana Pradhanyata

Commending efficiency of AnupanaVagbhata says whether dravya is Alpadoshayukta or

Nirdosha,Anupana brings about Sukhaparinamana. Kayyadeva adds to it stating that eventhough

Laghu, Satmyhara is consumed in an appropriate time, Atyambupana, Vishamasana, Sandharana

and Swapna Viparyaya result in Apaka. In such a state utilization of Anupana results in

Sukhajeerana.

Furthermore, utilization of Anupana is emphasized by the Ayurvedic scholars, without which

consequences like Ajeernabhada are said to be resulted.

AnupanaIS NEEDFUL in both daily life as well as in diseased conditions.

Discussion&Conclusion:-

Anupana is a vehicle that carries medicines to its target which must be decided as per

constitution of patient & condition of doshas.The main vehicles are cold water,warm

water,honey,buttermilk,sugar,Jaggery,milk,Dhanyamla,etc.Pharmaceutical preparations like

Swarasa(extract from fresh herb),Kwatha(decoction),Hima(cold infusion),Phanta(hot

infusion)etc are also be given as Anupana.

Anupana brings about refreshment,gives Pleasure,Energy,nourishment,spreads quickly

through out body,pushes food downward,breaks down food into smaller particles,helps in

assimilation and instant diffusion of the food. Action of medicine depends upon the Anupana

with which it s given. One particular medicine may be given with different Anupanas to treat

various diseases.For instance one drug, Makaradwaja may be useful in Jwara when given with

Ardraka Swarasa(Ginger juice),& in Raktapitta (internal hemorrhages)with Vasa Swarasa(an

extract from a herb called Vasa).

Anupana acts as a Catalyst for Oushadas (Medicines)with which it is given.It helps in

curing diseases by improving efficacy of Dravya.Anupana is a part of medicine itself &

facilitates digestion.Medicine administered to treat disease,if given along with suitable

Anupana,by intelligent Vaidhya,that medicine by having strength of Anupana will definitely

destroy & cure that specific disease.

REFERENCES



1. CharaksSamhita of Agnivesh, With Ayurved Dipika commentary of Chakrapanidatt

edited by Gangasaheya Pandeya ,

2. SushrutaSamhita edited by Anantram Sharma,Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashan,

Varanasi,1st edition 2001

3. Yogratnakar,Lakshmipati Shastri,ChoukhambaSanskritSansthan,Varanasi,7th edition

4. SharangadharaSamhita, of Sharangadhara, edited by Prof. K.R. S. Murty, Choukhamba

Orientalia,Varanasi,4th edition 2001

5. KashyapaSamhita of Maharshi Kashyapa,edited by Prof.(Km.)P.V. Tevari,Chaukhamba

visvabharati Varanasi,reprint 2008

6. AyurvedaPrakash,Mishra G.S,Chaukhamba Bharati Academy,New Dehli,1994.

7. Rasataringini,Sadanand Sharma,Shastri K N,Motilal Banarasidas Publications,Delhi

8. MadhavaNidan of Shri Madhavakara with Madhukosh, edited by Prof. Yadunatha

Upadhyaya, Choukhamba Sanskrit Series office, Varanasi.

9. AayurvediyaPanchkarma Vidnyan,Vaidya Haridas Kasture,Baidyanath Ayurved

Bhavan,Nagpur, 6th edition,1999.

10. Bhavaprakash of Shri Bhavamishra edited by Shri B.S. Mishra,Choukhamba Sanskrit

Sansthan, Varanasi, 9th edition, 2005

11. DravyagunaVidyana By Viadya Yadavaji Trikamaji Acharya,Shri Sharma Ayurved

Mandir,Nagpur, 5th edition , 2001

12. Amarkosha,Pandit Hargovinda Shastri,Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan,Varanasi.

13. AshtangaHridaya,Dr.Anna Kunte,K. R.Shastri,1st edition Reprint,Chaukhamba Sanskrit

Sansthan, Varanasi, 2010.

14. BhaishajyaKalpanaVigyana,Acharya P.V.Sharma,Reprint,Chaukhamba Surbharati

Praksashana,Varanasi, 2006.

For Correspondence Atul D Sanap Email: [email protected]

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