project im khadi

8/11/2019 Project Im Khadi

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Khadi constitutes an important segment of the textile sector. Khadi has been defined as anycloth woven on handlooms in India from cotton, silk or woolen yarn handspun in India orfrom a mixture of any two or all of such yarns. Due to the artistic nature of khadi productsand with sustained efforts, a good demand of khadi products can be created in theinternational market.

KVIC has been creating employment opportunities for spinners, weavers and other alliedartisans. A large number of women artisans are covered in the spinning segment. Khadiactivities are supported by 30 State Khadi & VI Boards, 2000 khadi institutions affiliated toKVIC and State KVIBs, 7050 sales outlets of khadi bhandars/Bhawans and an extensivenetwork of 250 training centers of KVIC/State KVIBs spread through out the country. Khadi

products, being environmental and user-friendly, are ideal for the present day market bothwithin the country and outside.

Khadi has the unique property of keeping the wearer warm in winter as well as cool insummer season. This fabric on washing is more enhanced thus the more you wash it, betterthe look. Khadi is easily worn out for years together, at least for 4-5 years. Very attractiveand designer apparel can also be made from doing handwork on the khadi garments. Theweaving of khadi is preceded by the spinning of the thread on the charkha after which it goeson to the robbin winder, warper, sizer, and finally the weaver. The khadi board organizes

spinning while weaving is done by the weavers (mostly men) at their home in an individualcapacity. Spinning is mostly done by the women in villages. During spinning of khadi, thethreads are interwoven in such a manner that it provides passage of air circulation in thefabric.

Among all types i.e, cotton, silk and woolen, cotton khadi is more popular in both domesticand export markets. Cotton khadi is required to be starched so that it does not get easilycrumpled. It comes in many colors and is not harmful to the skin as synthetic fabrics. Thiscotton khadi is very comforting in summer season as ample amount of air ventilation istherein, it has the capacity to absorb moisture therefore, it easily soaks the sweat and keeps

the wearer cool and dry. Cotton khadi comes in plain as well as in printed fabrics. The mostcommon outfit made from khadi is the Kurta . Many types of apparel are made from khadilike sarees, salwar suits, fabric yarns, western tops, shirts, trousers, skirts, handkerchief, etc.

All are having export demand potential. It is a very durable fabric. The khadi wearer gets aroyal and distinguishable look due to its historic sigificance and style. It symbolizes luxuryand uniqueness.

In silk-khadi, the ratio of khadi and silk fabric is 50:50. This fabric requires dry cleaning. Itshrinks about 3% after the first wash. It is quite an expensive fabric. Silk-khadi provides

royal and rich look.


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The various types of apparels made from khadi silk are salwar kameez, kurta paijama, sarees,dupattas, shirts, vest and jackets. Apparels like kurta, jacket, saree blouses requires lining to

be given to ensure its longevity.

Previously, khadi was dyed in earthy colour tones and was used to make traditional garments but now, designers are experimenting by dyeing khadi with striking colors like limegreen,violet, baby pink, turquoise blue, carpets etc. Stylish garments like mini skirts, halter necktops, racer tops, tunics, etc are made from khadi. Woolen khadi products are also famous forits aesthetic appearance at the same time keeping body worm. The most common outfit madefrom woolen khadi is the Kurta . Many types of apparel are made from khadi like sarees,salwar suits, fabric yarns, western tops, shirts, trousers, skirts, carpets etc.

One of the most daunting challenges faced by country s planner is that we Indians have not

understood the significance and importance of the traditional sector of Khadi. This project

aims at understanding the Khadi Industry in India, various factors affecting the growth andsuccess of Khadi industry in India, the challenges and opportunities which the market offersand the upcoming trends in the Khadi Industry.

Khadi majorly depicts Indian culture and our motive is to promote it and create awarenessabout it.

The main motive is to spread awareness about Khadi, and the tool chosen here is internationalmarketing. The project report consists of the evolution of Khadi, the strengths, weaknesses,opportunities and threats i.e. in short the SWOT analysis of Khadi which is explained point

by point later. This gives us a holistic view about Khadi as a marketable entity.

The report also consists of a review where it is explained that in spite of Khadi being a newentrant in the export market, it has an edge over other clothing materials, which may prove

beneficial in many ways to many people.

The project report also consists of technical marketing terms like the 4 Ps, Segmentation, positioning, Khadi s life -cycle etc.


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The Khadi spirit means fellow-feeling with every human being on earth. It means acomplete renunciation of everything that is likely to harm our fellow creatures, and if we butcultivate that spirit amongst the millions of our countrymen, what a land this India of ourswould be! And the more I move about the country and more I see the things for myself, thericher, the stronger is my faith growing in the capacity of the spinning wheel ( Charkha )

-M. K. Gandhi

The history of India's freedom struggle is interwoven with the Charkha the unusual weapon,employed by Mahatma Gandhi to spread the message of Swadeshi. Gandhi gave the art ofKhadi, a special status through this movement.

Khadi simply means cotton, usually handspun.

Khadi is Indian handspun and hand-woven cloth. The raw materials may be cotton, silk,Polyester or wool, which are spun into threads on a spinning wheel called a charkha.

Khadi's earliest avatar was fashioned some 5,000 years ago in India, the original home ofcotton, hand spun and hand woven by crafts persons who in all likelihood followed the

precise instructions on weaving, spinning and dyeing laid out in the Vedas. The Mahabharataand Ramayana rhapsodize over the intricacies of gold shot woven cloth.

Khadi is a versatile fabric, cool in summers and warm in winters. Being a cruder form ofmaterial, it crumples much faster than other preparations of cotton. In order to improve thelook, Khadi is often starched to have a stiffer shape. It is widely accepted in fashion circlesthese days.


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Role of Khadi and Village Industries Commission

The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is a statutory body formed by

the Government of India, under the Act of Parliament, 'Khadi and Village IndustriesCommission Act of 1956'. It is an apex organization under the Ministry of Micro, Small andMedium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries within India, which seeks to -"plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist in the establishment and development of khadiand village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in ruraldevelopment wherever necessary." In April 1957, it took over the work of former All IndiaKhadi and Village Industries Board. The First Director of KVIC was Late Sardar KAVenkataramaiya, a veteran freedom fighter from Karnataka. Its head office is basedin Mumbai, with its six zonal offices,

in Delhi, Bhopal, Bangalore, Kolkata, Mumbai and Guwahati. Other than its zonal offices, ithas offices in 29 states for the implementation of its various programs.

Sales of Khadi and Village Industry Products

The products produced by the institutions are either sold by them directly, through retailers,wholesalers, or indirectly, through "Khadi Bhandars" (Khadi sales outlets owned by thegovernment)

In total, there are 15431 sales outlets, out of which 7,050 are owned by the commission.These are spread all over India.

The products are also sold internationally through exhibitions arranged by the commission.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Micro,_Small_and_Medium_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Micro,_Small_and_Medium_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Micro,_Small_and_Medium_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Micro,_Small_and_Medium_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_corporation


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Share of khadi sector in Indias total textile exports

World exports of textile sector is US$ 303 billion in 2011, world export of clothing is US$476 billion. India s te xtile exports are only US$ 7.85 Billion, which constitute less than 10%of world textile exports. India s clothing exports are US$ 8.29, which constitutes less than5% of the world textile exports. In terms of Rupees India s textile exports arearoundRs.90000 crores in 2011- 12, which is about 14% of India s total exports.

India s exports of textile sector dominated by Readymade garments (55%) , followed byCotton yarn, fabrics & made-ups(25%), man-made staple fibres, yarn, fabric & made-ups

(13%) and woolen yarn, fabric & made-ups (1.2%). Among Readymade garments cottongarments have predominant share.

Market size of textile sector in India is projected to be US$35 Billion from domestic marketand US$30 Billion from exports by 2015.

Export growth is mainly due to raising outsourcing budgets of retail giants and most of theIndian companies are evolving from mere converters to vendor partners of global buyers.

India s total textile production is Rs.3,00,000 crores (US$60 Billion) , out of which share ofkhadi sector is just Rs.650 crores i.e., less than half a percent (0.22%) of the textile sector.

Share of khadi sector is very low (less than 0.22%) in total textile sector and also vast projected demand for exports of textile sector (US$ 30 Billion) Rs. 1, 50,000 crores currentkhadi production Rs.650 crores is very small. Hence, we assume that there is no demandconstraint for khadi products in all segments (cotton khadi, silk khadi, woolen khadi andmuslin). Hence there is an urgent need to remove supply constraints in the sector and makeinternational networks to exploit the already existing export demand.


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CHAPTER 2: SWOT ANALYSIS OF KHADI INDUSTRY

SWOT

Strengths

Eco-Friendly Reflects Indian Culture Versatility of Khadi Tax Exemptions Economic Growth Low cost Employment generation Fashion

Weaknesses

Lack Of Appreciation Labor-Intensive Lack of infrastructure Lack of training in business

methodologies Lack of awareness

Opportunities

Potential for exports Emerging trend Capturing an untapped markets Generation of employment Growing consumer preference

Threats

Competition Survival in fast-growing

technology Legislative impact


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SWOT Analysis

1) Strengths:

The basic motto is to generate employment within the country and promotion of Indianculture abroad. Khadi has certainly come of age and the Indian and International market bothare becoming more aware about this traditional fabric. It is classic, eco-friendly and natural.Moreover, brand India is specially sought after these days. Khadi is one fabric that is neverreally in or out of fashion. It has a great international appeal as well, as Khadi is a brandwhich speaks for itself.

2) Weaknesses:

The exclusivity of Khadi is that it is hand-made. And thus, the weakness is that it is labour-oriented. The product Khadi operates at the root level, which majorly lacks infrastructure.When the west realizes the importance of Khadi that is when we Indians have appreciated it.Also it lacks awareness.

3) Opportunities:Khadi as a product is a societal concept, which generates employment. Also, there lies a great

potential to capture the untapped foreign market. Since, concept of Khadi originally waswithin India. India as a brand is gaining popularity. As Khadi now has become a trend,Indians as well as foreigners prefer it. Thus, there lies a great potential for growth.

4) Threats: Khadi still is in the introduction stage and, is now becoming a brand. Many people andregions are still not aware about Khadi and also people who are aware of Khadi still preferthe mill cloth because of the price-factor. Thus, Khadi has to face a great competition withthe other clothes, also because Khadi lacks in technology.


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CHAPTER 3: INTERNATIONAL MARKETING OF KHADI

International marketing is the export, franchising, joint venture or full direct entry of a

marketing organization into another country. This can be achieved by exporting a company's product into another location, entry through a joint venture with another firm in the targetcountry, or foreign direct investment into the target country.

The development of the marketing mix for that country is then required - internationalmarketing. It can be as straightforward as using existing marketing strategies, mix and toolsfor export on the one side, to a highly complex relationship strategy including localization,local product offerings, pricing, production and distribution with customized promotions,offers, website, social media and leadership. Internationalization and international marketingmeets the needs of selected foreign countries where a company's value can be exported andthere is inter-firm and firm learning, optimization and efficiency in economies of scale andscope. The firm does not need to export or enter all world markets to be considered aninternational marketer.

The Concept of marketing for Khadi is that of Humanistic and Ecological concept.

One of the most important objectives of producing and promoting Khadi is that it providesrural employment. The welfare of the poorest of the poor is concerned.

Other important objectives of Khadi are:

Khadi is Eco-friendly.

The Dyes used to colour KHADI clothes are vegetable dyes. The vegetables or fruits in thiscase are grown for the colouring purpose specially. In case of Khadi, chemicals are not usedand thus, skin diseases are prevented.

Protection of Environment

Khadi is SPUN by HAND, WOVEN by HAND, and PROCESSED by HAND. Industriesother than KHADI, while making clothes use machines which automatically leads to

POLLUTION but since the Khadi products are made by hands the pollution levels arenegligible.


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Selection of Target Markets

For large-scale exports, suitable foreign markets must be discovered and selected. In fact,selection of suitable markets is the first stage in international marketing. Foreign markets are

many but not all are suitable or equally promising for exporting. It is also not possible toexport goods to many foreign markets at one time. Naturally, detailed study of potential

foreign markets is necessary for the selection of most promising and profitable foreignmarkets. This is exactly what is done in the process of exploring external markets for Indiangoods.

Exploring external markets for Indian goods means making detailed study of potential

external markets for Indian goods and selecting one or few which are most promising and profitable. The foreign market selected will be treated as target market for initial entry. Such

selection of promising market is the basic requirement of successful selling in foreignmarkets. Appropriate selection of foreign market or markets prepares proper base for large-

scale exports over a long period.

MARKETING MIX

Ther e are 4 P s of marketing are product, price, place & promotion.

PRODUCT is Khadi & the market or the place is spread over various countries.


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PRICE

Product I ndian pri ce (Rs.) I nternati onal pri ce(Rs.)

Duppatta 350-800 1000- 2000

Tie 150-250 1500-2000

Shirts 250-1000 2000-3500

Kurta 175-350 2400-3500

Bed Sheet 450-1500 1000-2500

Saree 300 4000 1500 - 10000

Tassar Silk 300-350 1500-200

Matka Silk 450-550 1500-2500

Woolen Khadi 600-750 1500-2250

Pure Silk Saree 850-4250 2500-8000

Baluchari Saree 4000-4500 6000 8000

Katha Work Saree 3650-4000 7000 -10000

PROMOTION

1. Khadi is often marketed by participating in trade exhibitions. For example in places likeItaly, Britain, Switzerland, France and Poland organised by various trade fairs likeInternational Trade promotion Offer(ITPO).

2. Khadi is also promoted by giving export incentives. There is 5%incentive on FOB givento those industries who export directly. The industries need to submit paper and otherdocumentary evidence


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3. Using a global web strategy is one of the best ways to initiate or extend export activitiesused to be to exhibit at an overseas trade show. with the web , it is not even necessary topattend trade shows to show ones wares with the helps of electronic communication i.e.via internet.

4. Indian khadi is set to enter the global market, especially the Western countries. The Khadiand Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is planning to set up khadi bhavans for thesale of khadi attire in foreign countries, including the United States. Already thecommission had held exhibitions of khadi products in Western countries. But there wereno permanent sales centres for the khadi products abroad.

Strategies for Export Promotion

1. Development of Khadi Mark and identification of network partner for export2. promotion3. Engaging a network partner who is having vast experience in international trade in

textile exports (like Gokuldas exports) to promote Khadi in various internationalexhibitions and events.

4. Positioning, awareness and popularity of Khadi among non-resident Indians across allcountries as initial step during India festivals through different community/tradenetworks

5. Guarantee Hand spun and Hand Woven Formulate and publish Khadi MarkScheme.


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6. Promote product innovation, diversification and improvement in the selected khadiclusters for promoting the production of exportable products.

7. Providing design support to develop new designs, fabric simulation colour printoutsand computer aided colour matching etc. to the exporters.

8. Dissemination of trade information like market studies, colour trends, design trends,export trends, standards and specifications, Government policies, circulars etc.through publications and newsletters

9. Generating and dissemination of trade enquiries for facilitating International buyers tosource the khadi products from khadi exporters.

10. Liaison with Government for strengthening infrastructure facilities in khadi export production centres, take efforts to improve forward and backward linkages in khadisector.

11. Serve as a link between trade and Government to formulate appropriate policies to promote khadi export growth.

12. Inquiries into the complaints made against exporters and take up the exporter's problems related to the buyers with respective embassies.

13. Arrange for the participation of member exporters in the important trade fairs,organising buyer-seller meet (BSM), and business missions.

14. Popularise select khadi products abroad through website publicity, advertisementsin commercial portals, trade magazines, conducting exclusive hand spun and handwoven shows, and through Council publications.

SEGMENTATION AND POSTIONING

Demographic segmentation

The product Khadi is segmented into various product classes, according to age gender andincome . It caters to all the age groups

For eg. The sarees are women shirts are foe men and also there are cheaper as well as costlier products targeting various income groups.

Geographical segmentation

It means that basically the segmentation of the Khadi as a product is according to thespecifications of the particular country and to cater their demands.

Switzerland which has cool weather, they may have great demand for Khadi.

REPOSITIONING

In 1991, after the liberalization the concept of KHADI emerged back.

The products made by KHADI were REPOSITIONED and introduced in the market as a newfashion trend. Today KHADI has become the LATEST FASHION TREND in the ASIANCOUNTRIES.

We are now grabbing the unoccupied market.

Target markets : Basically target markets are the countries like the USA, European Countries.


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Emerging Textile Marketing Strategies In The Globalising Era And Its Implication ForKhadi Marketing

Recent changes in Global geographical trends in the production of textiles and garmentsshow a clear pattern of the continuing relative (and, in some cases, absolute) decline ofdeveloped country producers and a geographical shift of production to certain to certaindeveloping countries, notably in East Asia and, to a lesser extent, in Mexico, the Caribbean,Eastern Europe and some parts of the Mediterranean rim. World textiles exports aredominated by Asia (primarily East Asia) and Western Europe. Together these account formore than 80 per cent of the total and garment exports around 75 percent (Dicken, 2003).

Rising Importance Of Cotton Products: Green Is In

There has been tremendous growth in membership of green groups in the world such asGreen peace, Friends of the Earth etc. These people are concerned about the environment andare willing to pay a premium for goods and services that 284 they believe have a reducedenvironmental impact compared to conventional products. Today in the corporate world,Triple Bottom Line is used to describe company accountability not only in financial terms toshareholders and investors but also in social terms e.g. acceptance by the communities inwhich the firm operates, and in environmental terms by assessing the impact on theenvironment of the firm s own activities or the activities of the manufacturing chain whichsupplies the products that the firm sells (Easton, R John., 2004).


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Importance of Cotton and demand for organic products is on a rise and India being one of theglobal players needs to look beyond the horizons and expand the market (Lienert, 2004). Theglobal buyers would not prefer to put their sourcing from one large country like China. Theglobal buyers would also balance their risk of sourcing from one country only, thereforedemand for Indian textiles will not diminish so as expected in the post liberalization era

(Joshi, 2004). Therefore looking at the current trends in the market scenario it is quite evidentthat the Khadi has a lot of chance as the future market lies in the eco-friendly cotton products.Further, Crill Rosemary (2002) A senior curator in-charge of the textiles collection in theIndian and South- East Asian Department says: Handlooms can be revived and sustained inIndia by the government aggressively creating markets for it within the country and providingdesign inputs for weavers .


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CHAPTER 4: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS

1. Can Khadi become Competive product in the international Market ?

Yes 63 %

No 26%

Can t say 11%

2. What are the Advanatages and/or Disadvantages of wearing Khadi ?Advantages of Wearing Khadi.Comfort/textureLooks unique/statusGandhi principlesFor comfort and statusLooks unique and durableFor comfort and easy washingDurable and giving justice to artisans artGood to wear and soaks sweatLooks unique and HandmadeGood to wear, looks unique and handmade

Disadvantages of Wearing Khadi.

NothingBad/rough finish

Need maintenance No range/patterns No variety in colour and no good quality ofmaterialUneven cloth, weak structure

3. Will the you Visit the Bhandars if it is Located Conveniently?

Yes 56 %

No 34 %

Can t say 10 %


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4. Are the You Satisfied with Quality of Khadi?

Yes 23 %

No 66 %

Can t say 11 %

5. Any Suggestions for Making Khadi Popular?

1. Advertisement2. Reduce price3. Marketing

4. More range/variety5. Create Brand Image

6. Do you use Khadi? / Have you ever used Khadi ?

Yes 74 %

No 21 %

Can t say 5 %

Analysis :

1. Khadi Products will be popular if they are marketed well. There is a huge market inIndia as well as in other countries.

2. Khadi Products need a Brand Creation3. These products are not processed properly creating to customer dissatisfaction

4. Khadi Producers should pay attention to the quality of finished product5. These is no Variety of products, thus this should be created.

Tips enhance exports of khadi.1. Export market is highly competitive, sensitive to fashion and trends, and demands qualityand timely delivery.2. Different countries have different standards, specifications and import tariffs for each itemand different colour and design preferences.3. Each country has different buying seasons influenced by specific colour forecast and

product preference.4. An exporter can either export directly or through buying agents.5. Seek the help of the Council to get the list of buying agents or to get information aboutforeign markets.


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6. Participate in the buyer-seller meets arranged by the Council for developing more personalinteraction with the buyers.7. ECGC insurance cover is essential to protect exporters from non-payment by the buyer onaccount of commercial and political risks inherent in foreign trade.8. EXIM bank extends line of credit, facilitating the sanction of credit to your buyer in return

for placing orders. EXIM bank also refinances credit requirements from banks.9. Exporters normally use agents who facilitate the clearing of goods and documents bycomplying with all procedures. They also help to comply with all other formalities related toother Government agencies.10. Customs/Central Exercise formalities can be sorted out with Office of the Commissionerof Customs or Central Excise in their respective areas.


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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

Khadi has gained worldwide appreciation, as it is hand made, durable, long lastingand organic in nature. The fabric is produced by the masses for the masses. It isassociated with Gandhian philosophy as well as makes a fashion statement. Throughthe medium of khadi weaving, the weaver expresses art and designing by the spindleand loom. It is widely accepted in the Indian fashion circle. Leading fashion designersnow include it in their collection by designing clothes with khadi material. There ishuge demand of it in international market, especially in western countries.

KVIC has setup Multi-disciplinary Training Centers at different places of the countryincluding Bhubaneswar to impart skill training on various trades and organize training

programme for entrepreneurship development and marketing development. KVICalso arranges development of technology and provides technical supervision forinstallation and operation of machinery and equipment. They also supply plant andmachinery, tools etc. in kind.KVIC conducts market study and provides marketing support to the artisans/societiesfor sale of their products through the gramodyog sales depot and exhibitions.

Khadi brand umbrella continued to encompass premium and export oriented khadi.Buyer-seller meets between the representatives of institutions, Govt. departments,railways and exporters to be organized at Delhi and other metros.As a step towards improving the quality of raw material and in order to enable thekhadi institutions to access these sources of quality raw material, KVIC continued tooperate its 6 Central Sliver Plants (CSPs) at Kuttur, Chitradurga, Sehore, Raibareilly,Etah and Hajipur.

KVICs strong training infrastructure has to be utilized for training of artisans,designers and printers and managerial persons. KVICs sales outlet network consistedof 10 departmental khadi gramdyog bhavans including gramshilpa. All thedepartmental outlets have to be upgraded as autonomous profit units to make themfunctionally autonomous and to take market oriented measures.

The sales in general and exports in particular have to be increased for reaping higher benefits from Khadi industry. Assessment of the various issues related to khadi production helps in coming out with the following policy suggestions, which mighthelp mainly in, export promotion in the coming years.


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The sales in general and exports in particular have to be increased for reaping higher benefits from Khadi industry. Assessment of the various issues related to khadi production helps in coming out with the following policy suggestions, which mighthelp mainly in, export promotion in the coming years.

It is essential to set up a nodal agency under the KVIC for the performance of all themarketing tasks. As the previous attempts to make suitable adjustments within the

present administrative set up have failed, it would be advisable to make a clean breakand create a separate corporation under the aegis of KVIC. This could take the formof a statutory corporation or a company under the companies act. As the success ofthe corporation will depend greatly on the leadership to be provided by the ManagingDirector, it should be ensured that he has the necessary ability, experience andqualification in marketing either from public or private sector.

There is a need for adopting the most modern technology in the preparation sliversand rovings that will have the twin advantages of improving the quality of cotton yarnand reducing the cost of production. It is more advantageous and economical to obtainreadymade slivers from nationalized spinning mills. Export-oriented units may adoptRovings produced from simplex, as they are uniform in twist and right winding on tothe bobbins.

There is a great need for co-ordination between khadi institutions on the one hand andthe handloom servicing and design centers maintained by the Handloom DevelopmentOrganization of the Centre and State Governments.

There is also a need for development of pre-spinning/spinning techniques forspecialized khadi products, which are known for their quality (for example AndhraFine Khadi and Rajasthan wool products). Even though in recent years major breakthrough in wool spinning was achieved with the development of improved 4-spindlecharkha, which adoption is poor.

Encourage and promote research in the technology used in khadi, including the use ofnon-conventional energy and electric power with a view to increasing productivity,eliminating drudgery and otherwise enhancing their competitive capacity.

Upgrade Central Testing Laboratory and set up a wing particularly for testing exportstandards. Some common standards like in case of cotton yarn, standards relating to

evenness, strength and twist; as regard to cotton cloth the number of picks and endshave been laid down. It would be correct to say that standards are still to be fixed inrespect of a large number of products and that even in the case of those for whichstandards have been prescribed; the arrangements for testing are not satisfactory.

Considering that nearly about 75% of cotton khadi is now being sold in the form of printed, dyed and fabricated products, there is a need for development of common processing units for dyeing, printing and finishing at state level facilities like bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing, was-in-wear, anti-shrink, printing, perma-press,tailoring, embroidery etc to developed at common service centers.


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