19.tantrayukthi

8/12/2019 19.tantrayukthi

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The Role of Tantrayuktis in Indian ResearchMethodologySurendra Komatineni1, Dr.J.S.R.A.Prasad2*

1. IntroductionSanskrit literature is one of the most ancient

literatures considered by the critics of all times. he!edic kno"led#e is the fountain head ofsan$tanadharma. %ntire !edic kno"led#e has beenclassified into fourteen kno"led#e bases&. 'ut of thefourteen kno"led#e bases, dar(anassuch as, !y$kara)a,*y$ya, +m$-s$, hae nothin# but elaborated theancient !edic thou#ht. A//arently the first e/ic inclassical Sanskrit, the R$m$ya)a dre" the attention ofthe scholars from nook and corners of the "orld, due toits "onderful narration of cherished 0ndian alues, cultureand ethics. 0t is almost in sie to the +ah$bh$rata, theonly other celebrated e/ic in 0ndian conte3t. he+ah$bh$rata has been considered ten times bi##er to

the combined sie of the famous 0liad and 'dyssey of4reek literature. Sa#e P$)ini5s A67$dhy$y, that is thebase of Sanskrit #rammar, has about 8999 a/horisms. :ehas encry/ted the entire lan#ua#e into a fe" handful ofa/horisms. A/art from /ublished te3ts, still there arethousands of un/ublished manuscri/ts aailable all oerthe "orld. hat means, there is tons of Sanskrit literaturethat needs further scientific e3/loration.

o" that the /oint is, creation of such a astliterature "ould hae been im/ossible had not the

1 Research Scholar, De/t. of Sanskrit Studies, School of:umanities, ;niersity of :yderabad, Prof. 99 98? email@ surendrak8B#mail.com

2 *


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Sanskrit authors follo"ed certain research methods andmethodolo#y.

Database of kno"led#e creation and its

classification #ies a definite structure to any uniersalliterature. Fut it needs a /ro/er research methodolo#y.Githout "hich, the structure is incom/lete. As statedbefore, the ($strak$ras hae follo"ed certain researchmethods and methodolo#y. 'nce this /ro/osal isacce/ted then it is much easier for us to e3/lain theunderlyin# methodolo#y that is im/licitly or sometimese3/licitly demonstrated by the !edic seers.

Hor instance, !edic te3ts "ere attributed "ithIanukrama)ik$s. he anukrama)ik$s are the scientificindices on !edic hymns. %ach of the !edas contains, atleast, one inde3. Anukrama)ik$s hae /resered themost ancient, rich, !edic tradition. hese indices are sosystematic that the meter, e3act number of hymns,number of characters in hymns etc. are intact, een aftera#es. his is due to the fact that anukrama)had been

desi#ned in such a "ay that no inter/olation or deletioncan be done at a later date.

Aim of this /a/er is to e3/lore such researchmethods under the broad domain of 0ndian researchmethodolo#y.

2. The Western Model

Research methodolo#y is a /ath to find a solutionto a research /roblem or uestion. 0t inoles seeralste/s as definin# the research /roblem, data collection,hy/othesiin#, testin#, analyin#, re/ortin# and so on.%3tensie research methods contributed to the scientifickno"led#e base of "estern countries. A hy/othesis is aninte#ral /art of research methodolo#y. 0t is a s/ecificstatement of /rediction. Fut it is to be noted here that, allstudies does not reuire a hy/othesis. 0n "estern modelof research, a theory called 5heory of %m/iricalHalsification5, other"ise kno"n as 5


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Sir Karl :. Po//er.

Seeral research methods are follo"ed in modernresearch such as 5obseration method5, 5surey method5,

5e3/erimental method5, 5case study method5, 5scientificmethod5 and so on. Hor instance, if one considers the5e3/erimental method5, it is a 5causeLeffect5 method. 0tinoles certain number of ariables that effects otherariables in the study conducted.

3. The Indian Model0nesti#atin# the real nature of the /ad$rthas in

($stras is called a5siddh$nta5. 0t is a uest for kno"led#ein search of truth. Pram$)as hel/ us in inesti#atin# thereal nature of the /henomenon. Accordin# to 0ndianresearch methodolo#y, the follo"in# ste/s are inoled in"orkin# on a to/ic = 1. 5subCect matter5 MCiCN$sitai6ayaO,2. 5doubt5 Msa-(ayaO, &. 5obCections5 M/ra/ak6aO, 8.5hesis5 Msiddh$ntaO, >.5Reie"5 MsamanayaO. Ghen thereis somethin# called 5methodolo#y5 then there should be

some 5methods5 in conte3t of research.

here are some e3clusie technical deises like5anubandhacatu67aya5 Mfour fold connectionsO, 5 saD#atisMsi3 ty/es of content connectorsO, 5tantrayuktis5etc., arementioned in Sanskrit scri/tures. ;tiliation of thesetechnical deises is eident in the te3tual traditions of5$rtika5, 5bh$6ya5, and 5y$khy$na5. 0n fact, these are theresearch methods. Iantrayuktis5 are considered oneamon#st the ancient 0ndian research methods. Hor theutilitarian /ur/ose, the conce/t of 5tantrayuktis5 ise3/lained here.4. Tantrayukti and its Definition

o better understand the intricacies in ($stras, oneshould be "ellLersed in 5tantrayuktis5. his is eidentfrom the sayin#s of


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5tantra5, "hich means 5($stram5. 5yukti5 is a deriatie ofthe erbal root 5yuC5 Mto uniteQto concentrateO. 5yukti5unites the sentential meanin#s. 0t is an a//lication, anarran#ement etc. ukti remoes the im/erfections likeim/ro/riety, contradiction in "ritin#s. So, tantraLyukti isa scientific tool to be em/loyed "hile com/osin# atreatise. :ence, the e3/ression 5tantraLyuktiJ "asdefinedin Sar$D#asundar$ as follo"s L

tanoti i/ul$n arth$n tataLmantraLsamanit$n Qtr$)a- ca kurute yasm$t tantramityabhidhyate QQ8

0t is called antra because, it /romul#ates #reatkno"led#e concernin# 5atta5 and 5+antra5 and becauseit saesT. So, the "ord 5tantra5 stands for a 5scientifictreatise that dries a"ay our i#norance. he follo"in#erse em/hasies the im/ortance of the kno"led#e oftantraLyuktis for a /erson "ellLersed in ($stras.

adhy$noJ/i tantr$)i tantrayuktyaicak6a)aE Un$dhi#acchati tantr$rthamartha- bh$#yak6aye

yath$ UU>

A /erson, "ho is "ell ersed in ($stras, shall beconsidered as if a looser of "ealth due to ill fate, if hedoes not kno" the a//lication of tantraLyuktisT.

>X Similar e3/ression can be seen in

Sushruta Samhitaeka- ($stram adhy$no na idy$cch$strani(cayam Q tasm$dbahu(rutaE ($stra- iC$ny$ccikitsakaE QQ MY.&O

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"as kno"n as A#nie(atantra. Zater DV[habala hadadded remainin# cou/le of cha/ters in sam-hit$to makeit a com/lete te3t. Structured the entire sa-hit$.


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MVddhaO !$#bha7a5s A67$#ahVdayam. Fut he says L

iti tantra#u)airyukta- tantrado6aarCitam Qcikits$($stramakhila- y$/ya yat /aritaE

sthitam QQTThis te3t, "ritten in the orthodo3y tradition of the

the /reious $c$ryas, "hich is deoid of technical defectsand su//lemented "ith the tantra #u)as, is thecom/rehensie "ork to understand the ancient 0ndianmedical thou#htT.

5.4 %rtha$"straArtha($stra, of Kau7ilya M&rd F.


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(astrami$budham Qsu#Vhta- tadeaCNa- ($stra- ca rak6ati QQ

TAs sun causes lotuses to blossom, as li#ht lits u/

the entire house, the yuktis or deices of a treatiseseres the same /ur/ose. 0f one acKuires scholarshi/ inone science, it "ould be easier for him to understandother sciences too. A medical /ractitioner, "ho is "ellersed in ($stras, shall be considered as if a looser of"ealth due to ill fate, if he does not kno" the a//licationof tantrayuktis. 0f the ($stric kno"led#e is not receied ina /ositie "ay it destroys the receier like a "ea/on. Fut,

"hen it is receied in res/ect it /rotects himT.tasm$det$E /raak6yante ist$re)ottare /unaE QtataCN$n$rthamasyaia tantrasya #u)ado6ataE QQTY


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i(e6astu yath$yo#amu/adh$ryo i/a(cit$ QQd$tri-(adyuktayo hyet$stantras$ra#ae6a)e Qmay$ samya#inihit$E (abd$rthany$yasa-yut$E QQyo hyet$ idhiadetti d/bht$stu buddhim$n Qsa /C$rho bhi6ak(re67ha itidhanantarermatam QQ_19

)he #eneral characteristics of deices aredescribed here. 0t is left to the scholar to furtherinesti#ate them. o kno" the essence of the sastras, inthe name of research, these thirty t"o yuktis areenumerated "hich are embedded "ith /ro/er

(abd$rtha5s. he doctor "ho considers learnin# these ashis duty, they lead him for"ard like a lam/ dries a"aythe darknessT.

*. Tantrayukti as a Research Method and Its%++lication

Sa#e P$)ini5sA67$dhy$y is the most si#nificant andhistorical contribution in the field of lan#ua#e sciences. 0t

is the most com/rehensie scientific #rammar eer"ritten for any lan#ua#e. his clearly sho"s that certainresearch methods are follo"ed by P$)ini, "ithout "hich itis uite difficult to #et uniersal a//reciation. 0t isobsered that P$)ini5s A67$dhy$y has some /rimitieeidences of the a//lication of tantrayuktis. hou#h,P$)inidid not mention the name of tantrayuktis but theira//lication can be inter/reted from a cou/le of

a/horisms.o demonstrate the releance of tantrayuktis,

e3am/les from A67$dhy$y, K$ya/rak$(a, Artha($straand Dhany$loka etc., are cited here. he definitions ofeach tantrayukti are considered from the Artha Shastra.

*.1 %tide$a Me3tended a//licationO@ 5uktena

s$dhanamatide(aE511

10 (u.sa-.?>.81L8&11 Artha Sastra P.1198

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A//lication of a rule e3tended to another /lace iscalled atide(a. he rule s/ecified at 5/ratham$nirdishtesam$sa u/asarCanam5 M1L2L8&O is to be a//lied to5u/asarCana- /ram5 M2L2L&9O. he /reious a/horismindicates the si#n of u/asarCanam MsubLordinatememberO, occurs as the /rior in the com/ound. So, 1.2.8&as an e3tended a//lication on 2.2.&9.

*.2 %+a,arga Ms/ecial ruleO@ 5abhi/lutaLya/akar6a)ama/aar#aE512

A rule, "hich is s/ecial and an e3ce/tion to a#eneral rule is called a/aar#a. 5ikoya)aci5M?.1.YYO is an5utsar#a5 M#eneralO rule, for "hich the a/aar#a is 5akaEsaar)e dr#haE5 M?.1.119O. Similarly, ?.1.\\ MVddhireciOis an a/aar#ato ?.1.\Y M$d#u)aEO

*.3 %n"gat",ek-a.a/ Mantici/ationO@ 5/a(c$dea-ihitamityan$#at$ek6a)am51&

5/r$k ka[$r$t sam$saE5 M2.1.&OT refers to 5ka[$r$Ekarmadh$rayeM2.2.&\O. he /hrase 5$ka[$r$t 5 or 5u/ tothe term ka[$ra5 is used to clearly indicate the e3tent ofthis domain u/ to the rule 5kadarah karmadharaye5M2.&.&\O. So, 2.1.& antici/ates 2.2.&\.

*.4 0+ade$a1 MinstructionO@ 5ea-artitayamityu/ade(aE518

;/ade(a is an instruction. = 5Do it like this`5 hisyukti has a si#nificant role in the or#aniation of atreatise, P$)ini used the term u/ade(a "ith the sutra5u/ade(e5Canun$sika it5M1.&.2O. u/ade(a refers to P$)ini5sori#inal system of enunciation as formulated in thestra/$7ha, dh$tu/$7ha and #a)a/$7ha.he PadamaNCarrenders u/ade(a as 5/rakVti/$7ha5 5recitation of Malin#uistic element in itsO ori#inal form MProf.S.D. Joshi

12 Artha Sastra P. 19Y13 Artha Sastra P. 119\14 Artha Sastra P. 198

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2998O. 5i/rati6edhe /ara- k$ryam5 M1.8.2O is another#ood e3am/le in this connection. Foth the 1.&.2 and1.8.2 are the e3am/les of the use of the "ord 5u/ade(a5in P$)ini.

+amma7a in K$ya/rak$(a, use this term indefinin# the e3clusie of benefits of k$ya.

k$ya- ya(ase5rthakVte yaah$raide(ietarak6ataye QsadyaE /aranirVtatayek$nt$sammitatayo/ade(ayuCe QQ

An ornate literary com/osition MleadsO to fame, tothe acuisition of "ealth, to the kno"led#e of ho" todeal "ith /eo/le, to the destruction of in aus/iciousthin#s, to the immediate Mrealiation of theO hi#hest bliss,and to su//lyin# adise in a manner similar to that of thebeloed M"ifeOT. his nothin# but an e3am/le ofu/ade(a.

*.5 2idh"na/ MArran#ementO@ 5($strasya/rakara)$nu/r idh$nam51>

A//lication of this yukti is to consider theseuential arran#ement of contents in a treatise byem/loyin# adhikara)a,/rakara)aand so on.

Kautilya,in the first adhikara)aof Artha($stra, hasem/loyed idh$na as the tool to e3/lain L

5!idy$samudde(a5 Mcom/lete enumeration of systems ofkno"led#eO, 5!Vdhdasa-yo#a5 Massociation "ith theseniorsO, 50ndriyaCaya5 Mcontrol oer sensesO,5Wtmarak6itaka5 M/ersonal safety of the kin#O, as theconce/ts that deal "ith a cou/le of cha/ters.

*.' %rth"+atti M0m/licationO@yadanuktamarth$d$/adyate s$rth$/attiE51?

15 Artha Sastra. P. 19216 Artha Sastra, P. 119>

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Arth$/attifunctions a little more than inference byo//osition. 0t is an understandin# by im/lication. 0t isdefined as the indirect deduction of the sense of thesentence "hen it is not s/ecifically mentionedT. hee3am/le #ien by Su(ruta in Su(rutasa-hit$ is "henone declared that he "ould eat solid rice ModanaO, itfollo"s that he "ould not like to drink rice #ruel Mya$#OMS.K.Ramachandra Rao 299>OT. :ence, in conte3t ofdhani, the #ood ualities and fla"lessness are im/lied.

0n Dhany$loka, Wnandaardhana e3tols that the5dhani k$ya5 has all the /oetic e3cellences. 0t im/lies

that the 5dhani5 is com/letely fla"less and has all #oodualities.

*.* %tikr"nt",ek-a.a/ MRetros/ectionO /urast$dea- ihitam iti atikr$nt$ek6a)am51Y

his yukti refers to an earlier instance, "hich hasbeen stated already in a treatise. :ence, it is an act of

lookin# back into /ast eent or reference.Wnandaardhana classifies the /oetry in to threecate#ories. #u)bhtayaD#yais one amon#st them. 0ncases "here the su##ested sense is the sub ordinate tothe literal sense as in the case of fi#ures of s/eech..."here the emotional factors are /redominant, but addcharm to the literal senseT. Wnandaardhana, aftere3/lainin# the arieties of dhani, narrates the#u)bhtayaD#yaas follo"s L 5e6$- bhed$ yath$yo#a-editay$(ca /raat5. M!ariations of #u)bhtaya#yaare kno"n by obserin# the arieties of dhani likeatyantasaDkramita$cya etc.O. :ere, the /hrase5/raat5, is si#nificant in e3/lainin#atikr$nt$ek6a)am.

*.6 %nu/ata/ MA#reementO

5/ara$kyama/rati6idhdamanumatam5Sri ]akar$c$rya "hile e3/lainin# the Frahmasutra

17 Artha Sastra, P. 119>165


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2.8.12, has uoted an a/horism from o#a Sutra = 1.?Msays about fie Vttis of mindO. his is an e3am/le ofanumatam. :e says = 5/ara matam a/ratishiddhamanumatam bhaati5 Mthat "hich is not refuted in otherschools of /hiloso/hy, is acce/tableO.he 5abhihit$naya5theory of Prabhakara school acce/ts the 5t$t/arya5 in thefinal co#nition of a sentential meanin#. +ammata inKaya Prakasa uotes L 5t$t/ary$rtho5/i ke6ucit5. MGhenthe denotations of "ords are connected in accord "ithe3/ectancy, com/atibility and /ro3imity, another sensearises, called /ur/ort Mt$t/aryaO, "hich has a distinctform and "hich, thou#h not constitutin# the sense of

"ords, is yet the sense of sentenceO. his clearly sho"sthat +ammata a#reed u/on the ie"s of others "ithoutany contradiction.

All the aboe e3am/les are the /erfect eidencesof the a//lication of antra yuktis as stated by Panini,

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8. Dadhica Siadatta, !aiy$sika y$yam$l$ of]rbh$rattrthamuni, Sri Anandashrama +udranalaya,Pune 1\21

>. Dash K.

1>. Srikantha +urthy K.R. Prof., Ashtan#a :ridaya Mte3t "ith%n#lish translationO, Krishnadas Academy, !aranasi11

1?. Prof. Z%Z% G.K., +ethodolo#y of Ancient 0ndian Sciences,

19.tantrayukthi

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