review of neurophysiology (sensory system) 2016
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الرحیم ٰم�ن الرح اللہ بسم
Prof. DR.Rashid Mahmood
Review of Neurophysiology(Sensory System)
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Introductory LectureCourtesy: Prof. Dr. Abid Hussain,
Vice Principal, Northwest School of Medicine ,
PeshawarProf..Rashid Mahmood
NeurophysiologyNeurophysiology
What is Neurophysiology?What is Neurophysiology?Neurophysiology is the study of
nervous system function
Control of body functionsControl of body functions
Nervous systemNervous system
Hormones Hormones
Skeletal muscles
Visceral functions
Somatic NSAutonomic NS
Organization of Nervous System
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A system that controls all of the activities of the body.
The nervous system is made of:The brain The spinal
cord
The nerves The sensesProf..Rashid Mahmood
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The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal
cord.
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CNSCNS Spinal CordSpinal Cord Brain StemBrain Stem
Medulla, pons, and midbrainMedulla, pons, and midbrain CerebellumCerebellum DiencephalonDiencephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamusThalamus and hypothalamus Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdalahippocampus, and amygdala
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An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make.
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* The brain controls everything in the body.* The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves!
* The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull.
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Brain Stem
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Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
(1) the spinal cord level, (2) the lower brain or subcortical level:
medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and
basal ganglia (3) the higher brain or cortical level
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* The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It controls:1. thinking.
2. memory.
3. speaking.
4. movements 5. Receives/ identifies /processes sensory
information and integrates motor functionsProf..Rashid Mahmood
Cerebral Hemispheres
• 3 deep nuclei within hemispheres:• Basal Ganglia
– Receives input from cerebral cortex and project to frontal cortex
– Regulates movement• Hippocampus
– Involved in memory• Amygdala
– Involved with emotions
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Functions of Different Areas of brain
CerebellumCerebellum
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* The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum.
1. controls balance.
2. controls posture.
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* The spinal cord sends messages to the brain.* The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.
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Spinal Segments
Spinal Nerves(Contain both sensory
and motor nerves)
Spinal Cord
• Ascending pathways– Carry sensory info from periphery to higher levels of
CNS• Descending pathways
– Carry motor info from higher levels to motor nerves that innervate periphery
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* The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense
organs.
Ear EyeSkin
Nerves
Tongue
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It carries messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body
Nose
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Peripheral Nervous System• Two subdivisions
– Sensory or afferent– Motor or efferent
• Divisions• Somatic nervous system• Autonomic nervous
system (ANS)» Sympathetic » Parasympathetic» Enteric
Sensory Pathway
Motor Pathway
Interneuron(Integration)
CNSPNS
Receptors
EffectorTissue
1. Sensory Neuron
3. Motor Neuron
2. In
tern
euro
n
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Functional classification
of Neurons– Sensory or afferent: Action potentials
toward CNS
– Motor or efferent: Action potentials away from CNS
– Interneuron : Within CNS from one neuron to another
Other Classifications of Neurons
• Based on Myelin Sheath1. Myelinated2. Unmyelinated
• Based on Structure Self-Study 1. Unipolar2. Multipolar, 3. Bipolar,4. Pseudo-unipolar
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* An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about
it.* A reflex happens quickly in
less than a second.
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The Synapse• Junctional point
between two neurons that
transmits impulse from first to the second Neuron.(Junction between muscle+
neuron=Synapse?)
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Classification of Synapses
• Anatomical Classification • (on the Basis of Communication )
– 1. Axo-Dendritic– 2. Axo-Somatic– 3. Axo-Axonic– 4. Dendro-dendritic (amacrine cells in Eye)
PHYSIOLOGICAL Classification: (According to Nature)
1. Electrical2. Chemical
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1.Axo-Dendritic
2. Axo-Somatic
3. Axo-Axonic4. Dendro-
dendritic
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Electrical Synapse
Gap Junctions inCardiac & Smooth Muscle
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Chemical Synapses
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Properties of Synapses 1. One Way Conduction2. Synaptic Delay3. Excitation (EPSP)4. Inhibition
1. Presynaptic Inhibition2. Postsynaptic Inhibition3. Reciprocal Inhibition
5. Synaptic fatigue6. Summation
1. Spatial summation 2. Temporal summation
7. Facilitation
8. Occlusion& Subliminal Fringe9. Convergence10. Divergence11. Recruitment12. Afterdischarge13. Posttetanic Potentiation14. Habituation15. Effect of Acidosis & Alkalosis16. Effect of Hypoxia on Synaptic
Transmission17. Effect of Drugs on Synaptic
Transmission
Classification of Senses
Conscious– Somatic senses
• Touch / pressure• Temperature• Pain• Proprioception
– Special senses• Vision• Hearing• Taste• Smell• Equilibrium
Subconscious– Somatic stimuli– Muscle length and
tension– Visceral stimuli– Blood pressure– pH / oxygen content in
blood– pH of cerebrospinal fluid– Lung inflation / Deflation– Osmolarity of body fluids– Blood glucose level
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Receptors• Receptors are transducers which detect the
Change in the environment (stimulus)& converts it into Propagated action Potential ( impulse).
• The complexity of sensory receptors ranges from
free nerve endings to specialized nerve endings and receptor organ.
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Classification of Receptors5 types of classification
1. On the basis of Modality of sensations Carried by Receptors ( Five Major Groups )
I. .Mechanoreceptors – ( Mechanical Change ) i. skin tactile – Free Nerve Endings, Hair end organs etc
ii. Deep tissues - ( Pacinian Corpuscles )iii. Muscles / Tendons (Muscle spindles & Golgi tendons Organsiv. Hearing - ( Organ of Corti )v. Equilibrium – ( Vestibular apparatus)vi. B.P. ( Baroreceptors )
II. Thermoreceptors - Cold & Warm Receptors
III. Nociceptors (pain) - Free Nerve Endings
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Classification of Receptors- contd
• IV. Electromagnetic Receptors (Vision)- Rods & Cones.
• V. CHEMORECPTORS; - Taste- Taste Buds
- Smell – Olfactory Epithelium. - Arterial PO2- Aortic & Carotid Bodies
- PCO2 - Central Chemoreceptors
- Osmolality - Neurons in Supraoptic Nucleus of Hypothalamus, and
- Blood Glucose, A.A & F.A- Receptors in Hypothalamus
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Classification of Receptors…contd 2. On the Basis of Distribution in the Body i.e
Somatic (Somesthetic) & Special Senses
3. On the basis of Origin of Stimuli: Interoceptors
Proprioceptors Exteroceptors
4. Structural Classification Non Encapsulated
Encapsulated
5. On the Basis of Adaptation: Phasic ( Rapidly Adapting)- Pacinian Corpuscles
Tonic ( Slowly Adapting)- Pain (free Nerve endings)
Classification of Somatic Senses
Somatic Senses • Mechanoreceptive
Somatic Sensations– Tactile – Position
• Thermoreceptive Senses– Heat– Cold
• Pain Senses
Special senses• Vision• Hearing• Smell• Taste• Equilibrium
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Based on Modality of sensation
Classification of Somatic Senses
• Exteroceptive Sensations• Interoceptive sensations
– Proprioceptive sensations• Position• Muscle, tendon
– Visceral sensations• Viscera
– Deep sensations • Bone, fasciae
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Based on Origin of sensation
Functions of Thalamus
1. Relay center for somatic sensory information to cerebral cortex
2. Perception of group tactile sensations3. Perception of Pain sensation 4. Perception of temperature sensation 5. Center for integration & modification of sensory signals6. Capacity to determine whether a sensation is pleasant or
unpleasant and agreeable or disagreeable7. Center for sexual sensation8. Arousal and alertness reaction (connection with reticular
nuclei)9. Center for reflex activities10. Center for integration of motor function (cerebellum + Basal
ganglia)
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SensoryPathways
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Transmission of Somatic Sensations• All sensory information enter the spinal cord through
dorsal route (Bell Magendie Law) from where they are carried through any of the following
Ascending Pathways:1. Dorsal column-medial Laminiscal System.
1. Fasciculus Gracilus (Medial)2. Fasciculus Cuneatus (Lateral)
2. Antero-lateral system (Spino-thalamic). 1. Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
2. Lateral Spinothalamic tract
3. Spinocerebellar tracts1. Dorsal2. ventral
4. Spinotectal, Spino olivary, Spino Vestibular
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Dorsal Column-Medial Laminiscal system
• Ist Order N. From Receptor Enter the spinal cord & divide into Lateral & Medial Branches.
- The medial Branch goes to the Medulla (Gracile or Cuneate Nucleus).
- The lateral branch divide & relay in the
Ventral horn to serve as:1. Local spinal Reflex action2. for formation of Spino-Cerebellar Tract3. May accompany dorsal column Tract
• 2nd. Order N. From Gracile or Cuneate N in the Medulla to the VPL nucleus of the Thalamus (Ventrobasal Complex)
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Antero-Lateral Path
2nd Order N. From Laminae I,IV,V & VI Cross to opposite side obliquely, Ascend up & relay in Anterior & Lat.
White columns of the spinal cord 1. Reticular formation of Brain stem. 2. VPL N & Intralaminar Nuclei of the
Thalamus
3rd Order N. From Thalamus – Passthrough Internal capsule to the Primary Sensory Cortex
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Dorsal Column & Anterolateral
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Somatosensory Cortex I & II
I II
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Representation of different areas of the Body in the Somatosensory Cortex-I
Humunculous
Prof..Rashid Prof..Rashid MahmoodMahmood 5151
Recommended BooksRecommended BooksTextbooksTextbooks::1.1. Textbook of Medical Textbook of Medical
Physiology, Physiology, GuytonGuyton & Hall, 13& Hall, 13thth Edition Edition
2.2. Ganong’sGanong’s Review of Review of Medical Physiology, Medical Physiology, 2424thth Edition Edition
3.3. Neurophysiology by Neurophysiology by Prof. Dr. Masood Prof. Dr. Masood (3(3rdrd International International Edition)Edition)
4.4. Lecture Notes of Lecture Notes of Neurophysiology Neurophysiology by by Prof. Dr. M. Tariq Prof. Dr. M. Tariq (2(2ndnd Edition) Edition)
Reference booksReference books SherwoodSherwood Human Physiology Human Physiology
from cells to systems 8th edition from cells to systems 8th edition SherwoodSherwood Principals of Principals of
Human Physiology 9th editionHuman Physiology 9th edition K. K. SembulingamSembulingam
Essentials of Medical PhysiologyEssentials of Medical Physiology6th Edition 6th Edition
StuartStuart IraIra FoxFox Human Human Physiology Physiology 13th Edition13th Edition
Vander,sVander,s Human Physiology Human Physiology (The Mechanism of Body (The Mechanism of Body function) 11th Editionfunction) 11th Edition
Guyton & Hall Physiology Guyton & Hall Physiology Review Review (2nd Edition)(2nd Edition)
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The EndThank You
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