planj bio t4

7/21/2019 Planj Bio t4

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Hak cipta PPMP BIO Johor 2013 1

TAJUK: CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

SUBTAJUK: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1 Which of the following organelles are involved in protein synthesis?Manakah antara organel-organel berikut terlibat dalam sintesis protein?

I NucleusNukleus

II RibosomesRibosom

III Golgi apparatusJasad Golgi

IV Rough endoplasmic reticulumJalinan endoplasma kasar

A I and II only

B I, III and IV onlyC II, III and IV onlyD I, II, III and IV

2 Which of the following statements is not true about animal cells?Yang manakah antara pernyataan berikut adalah t idak benar tentang sel haiwan? A The cell membrane controls the entrance of specific dissolved substance only

Membran sel mengawal kemasukan bahan larut yang tertentu sahaja B The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis

Ribosom adalah tapak sintesis protein C The chloroplast absorbs light energy to be used in photosynthesis

Kloroplas menyerap cahaya matahari untuk digunakan ketika fotosintesis

D The mitochondrion generates energyMitokondria menghasilkan tenaga

3 Which of the following is the correct statement of a plant cell? Antara berikut yang manakah benar mengenai sel tumbuhan?

Cell wall Chloroplast Centriole

A Absent Absent Present

B Absent Present Present

C Present Present Absent

D Present Absent Absent

4 Which organelle can be found in animal cell and plant cell?

Apakah organel yang boleh didapati di dalam sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan? A Golgi apparatus Jasad Golgi B Centriole Sentriol C Vacuole Vakuol D Cell wall Dinding sel

5 Diagram 11 shows that cell A and cell B are different in shapes.Rajah 11 menunjukkan sel A dan sel B mempunyai bentuk yang berbeza.




Diagram 11/ Rajah 11

Cell A has a fixed shape becauseSel A mempunyai bentuk yang tetap kerana A it has many vacuoles

Ia mempunyai banyak vakuol B it has bigger nucleus

Ia memiliki nukleus yang lebih besar C it has a cell wall but not a plasma membrane

Ia mempunyai dinding sel tetapi tidak mempunyai membran plasma D it has both a cell wall and a plasma membrane

Ia mempunyai kedua-dua dinding sel dan membran plasma

6 What is the similarity between animal cell and plant cell? Apakah persamaan di antara sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan?

A They can undergo photosynthesisMereka menjalankan fotosintesis

B They have sac filled with cell sapMereka mempunyai karung yang dipenuhi oleh sap sel

C They have a jelly-like substance that fills the cellMereka mempunyai bahan seperti gel yang memenuhi sel

D They have thick layer of tough substance known as celluloseMereka mempunyai lapisan tebal suatu bahan tegar yang dipanggil selulos.

7 In which of the following is mitochondrion most abundantly found?Manakah antara yang berikut mempunyai kepadatan mitokondria yang palingtinggi? A An ovum C A nerve cell

Ovum sel sarafB A sperm cell D A monocyte

Sperma Monosit

8 Golgi apparatus is found in abundance in

Jasad Golgi didapati dengan banyak di dalamI liver cells / sel hati II pancreatic cells/sel pankreas III interstitial cells in the testes/sel interstis di dalam testis IV goblet cells in the intestinal epithelium/ sel goblet di dalam epithelium usus

A I and III onlyB II and IV onlyC I, II and III onlyD II, III and IV only

Cell A Cell B




9 Which organ consists of cells which have the highest density of rough endoplasmicreticulum?Organ manakah mengandungi sel-sel yang mempunyai kepadatan reticulumendoplasma kasar yang tinggi? A stomach B heart

perut jantungC brain D kidney

otak buah pinggang

10 Diagram 12 shows different types of cells.Rajah 12 menunjukkan sel yang berlainan jenis.

Diagram 12/ Rajah 12Which of the following cells has high density of mitochondria?Sel yang manakah mempunyai kepadatan mitokondrion yang tinggi?A W B X C Y D Z

W XY

Z




1. Diagram 3 shows a plant cell as seen under an electron microscope.Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan yang dilihat dibawah mikroskop electron.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

(a) (i) On Diagram 1, label the structures P, Q, R and S. [4 marks]Pada rajah 1, labelkan struktur P, Q, R dan S.

(ii) State the function of structure :Nyatakan fungsi struktur :

P :…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q :…………………………………………………………………………………………………

R :…………………………………………………………………………………………………

S :…………………………………………………………………………………………………

[4 marks]

(b) Explain why the sperm cell contain more mitochondria.Terangkan mengapa sel sperma mempunyai lebih mitokondria.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

[2 marks]

(c) Explain how lysosomes help in eliminating damaged organelles in the cells.Terangkan bagaimana lisosom membantu dalam penyingkiran ogranel-organel yangrosak dalam sel.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....

[2 marks]




2. Diagram 8 shows the organelles involved during the synthesis and secretion of anenzyme in an animal cell.Rajah 8 menunjukkan organel yang terlibat semasa sintesis dan perembesan enzimdalam sel haiwan.

Diagram 8 / Rajah 8

(a) Name the organelles labeled P and R.Namakan orgenel P dan R.

P : …………………………………………………

R : ………………………………………………… [2 marks]

(b) (i) State the function of organelle S.Nyatakan fungsi orgenel S.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(ii) Explain the role of organelle Q in the synthesis of the enzyme.Terangkan peranan orgenel Q dalam sintesis enzim.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 marks]




1. Diagram below shows an animal cell.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu sel haiwan.

Diagram/Rajah

(a) Based on the given model, identify the cell components labelled P, Q, R and S.

Berdasarkan pada model yang diberi, kenal pasti komponen sel berlabel P, Q, R, dan S.

[4 marks/markah]

(b) (i) On Diagram above, label a cell component which has the following properties.Pada Rajah di atas, labelkan komponen sel yang mempunyai ciri-ciri berikut.

• It is a rod-shaped organelle with two membranes.

Organel berbentuk rod dengan dua membran.

• Its size ranges from 1 to 10 μm. Saiznya berukuran di antara 1 hingga 10 μm.

[1 mark /markah]

(ii) What is the function of the cell component labelled in (b)i?

Apakah fungsi komponen sel yang dilabel di (b)i?

[1 mark /markah]

(iii) It is found that a human male sex cell has a larger number of the organelle labelled in

(b)i. than a human somatic cell. Give an explanation for this.

Didapati bahawa sel seks jantan manusia mempunyai bilangan organel yang berlabel

di (b)i. yang banyak berbanding sel soma manusia. Berikan penerangan tentang hal

ini .

[2 marks/markah]

(c) Based on your answer in (a),




Berdasarkan pada jawapan kamu di (a),

(i) suggest the function of the part labelled S.

cadangkan fungsi struktur berlabel S.

[1 mark /markah]

(ii) name the component in S that helps to conduct the function which you have

suggested in (c)i.

nyatakan komponen dalam S yang membantu untuk menjalankan fungsi yang kamu

cadangkan di (b)i.

[1 mark /markah]

(d) Name the process whereby unspecialised cells become specialised for particular

functions.Namakan proses dimana sel yang tidak spesifik menjadi spesifik bagi fungsi yang

tertentu.

[1 mark /markah]

(e) Give an example of the process which you have named in (d).

Berikan satu contoh proses yang kamu namakan di (d).

[1 mark /markah]




TAJUK :CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

SUBTAJUK: CELL ORGANISATION AND APPRECIATING THE UNIQUENESS OF THE

CELL

1. Diagram 1 shows a type of tissueRajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis tisu

Which of the following human body system includes the tissue shown?Manakah antara sistem berikut yang melibatkan tisu di atas?

A Skeletal systemSistem rangka

B Nervous systemSistem saraf

C Endocrine systemSistem endokrin

D Circulatory system

Sistem peredaran darah

2. Which of the following is a muscle tissue?Yang manakah antara berikut merupakan tisu otot?

A B

C D

3. Which of the following system are wrongly matched to their respective functions?Yang manakah antara sistem berikut t idak dipadankan dengan fungsi yang betul?

I Digestive system : regulates body temperatureSistem pencernaan : mengawal suhu badan

Diagram 1




II Skeletal system : protects internal organSistem rangka : melindungi organ dalaman

III Excretory system : removes waste products from the bodySistem perkumuhan : menyingkirkan bahan kumuh daripada badan

IV Muscular system : provides support for the bodySistem otot : member sokongan kepada badan

A I and IIIB I and IVC II and IIID II and IV

4. Which organ is not involved in regulating the internal environment?Manakah antara organ berikut yang tidak terlibat dalam pengawalaturan persekitarandalaman?

A B

C D

5. Where in a living organism can the intracellular fluid can be found?Di manakah bendalir interstis boleh ditemui di dalam badan manusia? A In the space between cells

Di ruang antara selB In the space between the organs

Di ruang antara organC Inside the organs

Di dalam organD Inside the bones

Di dalam tulang




1. Diagram shows the different levels of cell organisation in human from cell to organ.

Rajah menunjukkan aras yang berbeza dalam organisasi sel bagi manusia daripada

sel ke organ.

Diagram/Rajah

(a) (i) Name P, Q and R.

Namakan P, Q dan R.

P: _______________________________________________________________

Q:

_______________________________________________________________

R:

_______________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

(ii) State one function of the red blood cell.Nyatakan satu fungsi sel darah merah.




_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark ]

[1 markah]

(b) Explain the function of Q in regulating the blood glucose level.

Terangkan fungsi Q dalam mengawal atur aras glukosa darah.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(c ) Diagram shows the movement of a bolus of food in oesophagus.Rajah menunjukkan pergerakan bolus makanan dalam esofagus.

Diagram

Rajah

Explain how the bolus of food moves down from the oesophagus to the stomach.

Terangkan bagaimana bolus makanan bergerak turun dari esofagus ke perut .

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]

[3 markah]




2. The photograph in Diagram below shows a type of human epithelial tissue, as seen by

using an electron microscope. The tissue shown in Diagram below has a goblet cell which

contains a large number of Golgi apparatus.

Gambar foto dalam Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sejenis tisu epitelium manusia yang

diperhatikan dengan menggunakan mikroskop elektron. Tisu yang ditunjukkan padaRajah di bawah mempunyai satu sel goblet yang mengandungi banyak jasad Golgi.

Diagram/Rajah

(a) Based on the information given, explain the meaning of the term “tissue”. Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan, terangkan maksud istilah “tisu”.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2 markah]

(b) The goblet cell is supplied with radioactive amino acids to produce proteins.

Sel goblet itu telah dibekalkan dengan asid amino yang beradioaktif untuk

menghasilkan protein.

(i) Name the organelles of the cell that are involved in protein synthesis.

Namakan organel sel yang terlibat dalam sintesis protein.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii) In the space below, draw a diagram of the Golgi apparatus. Draw an arrow in your




diagram to show the direction of movement of the protein molecules as they move

through the Golgi apparatus.

Dalam ruangan di bawah, lukis rajah jasad Golgi. Lukis anak panah pada lukisan

anda untuk menunjukkan arah pergerakan molekul protein ketika bergerak

merentasi jasad Golgi.

[3 marks/3 markah]

(iii) Describe the events that take place as the protein molecules reach the Golgi

apparatus.

Jelaskan apakah yang berlaku ketika molekul protein tiba di jasad Golgi.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

[3 marks/3 markah]

(iv) In an investigation, it was found that the quantity of radioactivity in the protein that

entered the Golgi apparatus was less than that supplied to the cell.

Suggest two reasons for this difference.

Dalam satu penyiasatan, didapati kuantiti radioaktif di dalam protein yang

memasuki jasad Golgi adalah kurang daripada yang telah dibekalkan kepada sel.Cadangkan dua sebab bagi perbezaan ini.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2 markah]

Apart from goblet cells, suggest one more example of cells that also have a high




(c) density of Golgi apparatus.

Selain daripada sel goblet, cadangkan satu contoh sel lain yang juga mempunyai

kepadatan jasad Golgi yang tinggi.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1 markah]

3. Diagram 1 shows a cross section of organ X in the human body.Rajah menunjukkan keratan rentas organ X dalam badan manusia.

Organ X

(a) (i) Name organ X.Namakan organ X

………………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

(ii) Table 1 shows the function of several organs in the human body.Jadual 1 menunjukkan fungsi beberapa organ dalam badan manusia.

Transporting oxygen / Mengangkut oksigen

Regulating body temperature / Mengawalatur suhu badan

Eliminating urea / Menyingkirkan urea

Converting excess glucose to glycogenMenukarkan glukosa berlebihan kepada glikogen.

As a protective layer / Sebagai lapisan pelindung.

Table 1 / Jadual 1

Tick (√) the three correct functions of organ X, in the boxes provided in Table 1.




Tandakan ( √ )bagi tiga fungsi organ X yang betul, dalam petak-petak yang \disediakan dalam jadual 1.

[3 marks]

(b) Erector muscle is a tissue. State reasons why X is classified as an organ and erectormuscle is classified as a tissue.Otot regang adalah tisu. Nyatakan sebab mengapa X dikelaskan sebagai organ dan ototregang sebagai tisu.

X : ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Erector muscle / otot regang :

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 marks]

(c) The following information shows some of the organ systems found in the human body.Maklumat berikut menunjukkan beberapa sistem organ yang terdapat dalam badanmanusia

Tick (√) the two systems which contain below. Tandakan (√) bagi dua sistem yang mengandungi organ X, dalam petak -petak yangdisediakan dibawah.

(d) Human body temperature is maintained at 37 oC. Explain the role of the erector muscle,

hair follicle and sweat gland in maintaining the body temperature on a hot day.Suhu badan manusia dikekalkan pada 37 oC. Terangkan peranan otot regang, bulu romadan kelenjar peluh dalam mengekalkan suhu badan pada hari yang panas.

Erector Muscle / Otot regang :

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Blood circulatory system

Respiratory system

Integumentary system

Excretory system




Hair follicle / Bulu roma :

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Sweat gland / Kelenjar peluh :

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SOALAN ESEI:

1. (a) (i) Large organisms have many specialised cells.

Explain, using examples, the need of larger organisms for specialised cells.

Organisma besar mempunyai banyak sel khusus.

Terangkan dengan menggunakan contoh-contoh, keperluan organisma besar

mempunyai sel-sel khusus.

[8 marks/8 markah]

(ii) Diagram below shows a mammalian red blood cell.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu sel darah merah mamalia.

Diagram /Rajah

Explain how the red blood cell is specialised to carry out its function.

Terangkan bagaimana sel darah merah dikhususkan untuk menjalankan

fungsinya.

[4 marks/4 markah]




(b) Diagram below shows four types of plant cell, labelled P, Q, R and S.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan empat jenis sel tumbuhan yang berlabel P, Q, R, dan

S.

Diagram/Rajah

Describe how these plant cells are specialised for their respective functions.

Huraikan bagaimana sel-sel tumbuhan tersebut dikhususkan untuk fungsi masing-

masing.

[8 marks/8 markah]

2.

Give an evaluation of an above statement based on the physical features of the

organisms with the following physiological processes:

Respiration

Nutrition

Excretion

[10 marks]

Multicellular organisms like humans, need specific transport systems

as compared to unicellular organisms like Amoeba sp., which do not

need a transport system.




TAJUK : Movement of substances across plasma membrane

SUBTAJUK: Movement of substances across in plasma membrane.

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Which of the following process will take place when the root hair cells are deprived ofoxygen ? A DiffusionB Diffusion and osmosisC Active transportD Active transport and osmosis

2. In an experiment conducted on the content of cell sap in the vacuoles of a seaweedspecies, it was found that the calcium ion concentration of the vacuole was 337 mgdm-3, while the calcium ion concentration in sea water was 12 mg dm-3. What is the

process that contributes to the change in calcium ion concentration in the cell sap ofseaweed vacuole ? A OsmosisB DiffusionC PlasmolysisD Active transport

3. What are the factors which will increase the diffusion rate of simple diffusion in amedium ?I High pH of the mediumII Low concentration gradientIII High temperature of the mediumIV Small molecular size of the substance

A I and IIB III and IVC I, III and IVD I, II, III and IV

4. The following information shows the mechanism of transport in Paramecium sp..

A OsmosisB Active transportC Simple diffusionD Facilitated diffusion

5. Why a small polar molecule cannot diffuse freely through the plasma membrane ? A Polar molecule is hydrophilic to the membraneB Polar molecule can form linkage with the membraneC There is hydrophilic region in the middle of the membraneD There is hydrophobic region in the middle of the membrane

Paramecium sp. Carries out respiration by exchange of gases with thesurrounding environment through its cell membrane.




6. Which of the following phenomena cannot be classified as facilitated diffusion ?I Water uptake by plant rootsII Evaporation of water from leaf cells through stomataIII Absorption of glucose through the villi in small intestineIV Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the alveoli and blood capillaries

A I and IIB III and IVC I, II and IVD I, II, III and IV

7. Which of the following substances is able to diffuse through the phospholipids bilayerby simple diffusion ? A SucroseB GlucoseC Vitamin KD Potassium ion

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram 1 shows the structure of the plasma membrane.

Diagram 1

a) On Diagram 1, label the following parts of the plasma membrane.(i) Carrier protein(ii) Phospholipid bilayer(iii) Pore protein [3 mark ]




b) Name two types of proteins that are involved in the transportation of substancesthrough the plasma membrane.

1. __________________________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

c) State two characteristics of the phospholipids bilayer.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2._________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

d) Give two factors that affect the permeability of the plasma membrane.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

e) Name one substance that is transported across the plasma membrane into the cellby(i) Facilitated diffusion

___________________________________________________________________[1 mark]

(ii) active transport

___________________________________________________________________

[1 mark ]

f) Explain the term semi-permeable membrane.

___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________[1 mark ]




SOALAN ESEI:

1. The following information is about plasma membrane.

The plasma membrane is semi permeable andallows certain substances to move across.

(a) Based on the above statement, describe and explain the movement of the followingsubstances across the plasma membrane.(i) oxygen and carbon dioxide(ii) Water(iii) Vitamin K(iv) K+ and Na+ (v) Glucose

[15 marks](b) Describe how an amino acid molecule is transported across the plasma membrane

into the cell.

[5 marks]




TAJUK : Movement of substances across plasma membrane

SUBTAJUK: Movement of substances across in plasma membrane in everyday life.

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Honey can be used to preserve certain food from microorganisms. What is theprinciple behind this ?Madu boleh digunakan untuk mengawet beberapa makanan daripadamikroorganisma. Apakah prinsip disebalik ini? A Honey is isotonic to the cell sap of the microorganism

Madu adalah isotonik terhadap sap sel mikroorganismaB The water will move from the surroundings into the microorganism

Air akan bergerak dari persekitaran ke dalam mikroorganismaC Honey is hypotonic to the intracellular matrix of the microorganism

Madu adalah hipotonik kepada matrik dalaman sel mikroorganisma

D Honey is hypertonic to the intracellular matrix of the microorganismMadu adalah hypertonik terhadap matrik dalaman sel mikroorganisma

2. How does the marine fish control the water content in its bodyBagaimanakah ikan air laut mengawal kandungan air dalam badannya?I By drinking plenty of water

Dengan cara meminum banyak airII By producing plenty of urine

Dengan menghasilkan banyak urinIII By producing concentrated urine

Dengan menghasilkan urin yang pekatIV By eliminating excess salts through the gills

Dengan mengumuhkan kandungan gara berlebihan melalui insang

A I and IVB I, II and IIIC I, II and IVD I, II, III and IV

3. Fresh water amoeba does not experience plasmolysis because Amoeba air tawar tidak mngalami plasmolisis kerana A Amoeba has a cell wall that is waterproof

Amoeba mempunyai dinding sel yang kalis air

B The cell membrane of amoeba pumps out water activelySel membran amoeba mengepam keluar air secara aktifC The contractile vacuole in amoeba functions as an osmoregulatory organelle

Vakuol mengecut dalam Amoeba berfungsi sebagai organel pengawalosmosis

D The osmotic pressure within the cell is the same as the osmotic pressureoutside the cellTekanan osmosis dalam sel adalah sama dengan tekanan osmosis di luar sel




4. A slices of potato were cut and the respective lengths measured. One slice of potatowas immersed in distilled water while the rest of the slices in sugar solutions ofvarying concentration. After an hour the length of each of the slices was measuredagain. The results are shown in Table 2. Which of the solution labeled A, B, C and D is distilled water ?Beberapa kepingan kentang telah dipotong dan diukur panjangnya. Satu kepingkentang direndam dalam air suling, seentara yang lain direndam dalam larutan gulayang berbeza kepekatan. Selepas satu jam , panjang setiap kepingan diukur semula.Keputusannya ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 2. Larutan berlabel A, B, C, D yang manakahadalah air suling?

SolutionLarutan

Length of the potato slicesbefore the experiment (mm)

Panjang setiap kepingankentang sebelum eksperimen

(mm)

Length of the potato slices at the endof the experiment (mm)

Panjang kepingan kentang di akhireksperimen (mm)

A 75 75

B 80 85C 82 80

D 85 87

Table 2

5. Which of the following is the reason for the biconcave structure (shape) of the redblood cell ?Manakah antara berikut adalah sebab bagi sel darah merah berbentuk dwi cekung? A To reduce the rate of diffusion

Mengurangkan kadar penyerapanB To prevent plasmolysis from occuring

Mengelakkan plasmolisis berlaku

C To maximize the total surface area per volumeMemaksimakan jumlah luas permukaan per isipadu

D To maximize the volume per total surface areaMemaksimakan isipadu per jumlah luas permukaan

6. Table 3 shows the concentration of sodium in a type of algae compared with theconcentration of sodium in marine water of the algal habitatJadual 3 menunjukkan kepekatan natrium dalam satu jenis alga berbanding dengankepekatan natrium dalam air laut habitatnya.

IonIon

Concentration ofcell sap of alga

(mg/dm3)Kepekatan sap sel

alga (mg /dm 3 )

Concentration of seawater (mg/dm3)

Kepekatan air laut

(mg/dm 3 )

Na+ 200 500Table 3Jadu al 3

Which of the following process maintains the concentration of the cell sap of thealgae mentionedManakah antara proses berikut mengekalkan kepekatan sap sel alga tersebut

A OsmosisOsmosis




B DiffusionPenyerapan

C PlasmolysisPlasmolisis

D Active transportPengangkutan aktif

7. The continuous and controlled flow substances across the plasma membrane isimportant toPengaliran bahan secara berterusan dan terkawal merentsi membran plasma adalah penting untuk A Store toxic substances in the cell

Menyimpan bahan toksik dalam selB Prevent water molecule from entering the cell

Mengelakkan molekul air dari memasuki selC Maintain a suitable pH and ionic concentration inside the cell

Mengekalkan pH dan kepekatan ion yang sesuai dalam sel

D Prevent the digestive enzymes, hormones and antibodies from secretedoutside the cellMengelakkan enzim pencernaan, hormon dan antobodi dari dirembes keluardari sel

8. Diagram 1 shows one way of preserving vegetable.Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu cara untuk mengawet sayur-sayuran.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

Which of the following explain why the vegetable can last longer? Antara berikut, yang manakah menerangkan mengapa sayur itu boleh bertahanlama?

A. The low pH is not conductive for bacterial growth pH rendah tidak sesuai bagi pertumbuhan bakteriaB. The vinager causes the vegetable to turn alkaline

Cuka menyebabkan sayur itu menjadi beralkaliC. The water molecules diffuse into the vegetable

Molekul air meresap kedalam sayur-sayuranD. The bacteria are deplasmolysed

Bakteria telah mengalami deplasmolisis




9. A student soaked an egg in a saturated salt solution. A few days later, he found that theegg tasted salty. Which of the following statements explain this observation?Seorang pelajar merendam sebiji telur di dalam larutan garam. Selepas beberapa harididapati telur itu berasa masin. Manakah antara kenyataan berikut menerangkan pemerhatian ini?

I The egg shell is permeable to salt solution.Kulit telur adalah telap terhadap larutan garam.

II Salt particles enter the egg by active transport.Partikel garam memasuki telur secara pengangkutan aktif.

III The saturated salt solution is hypertonic to the content of the eggLarutan garam tepu adalah hipertonik terhadap kandungan telur.

IV Salt particles can diffuse through the eggshell and plasma membrane.Partikel garam boleh meresap melalui kulit telur dan membran plasma.

A. I and III B. I and IVI dan III I dan IVC. II , III and IV D. I, III and IV

II, III dan IV I, III dan IV

10. Diagram 2 shows two different concentrations of sucrose solution separated by semipermeable membrane.Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua larutan sukrosa yang berlainan kepekatan yangdipisahkan oleh membran separa telap.

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

Which of the following does not happen when an equilibrium is reached? Antaraberikut, yang manakah t idak berlaku apabila keseimbangan dicapai?

A. The osmotic concentration in both P and Q are sameKepekatan osmosis adalah sama dalam kedua-dua P dan Q

B. The solution level in Q is lower than the solution level in P. Aras larutan dalam Q adalah lebih rendah daripada aras larutan dalam P.

C. Both P and Q have same total number of sucrose moleculesKedua-dua P dan Q mempunyai jumlah bilangan molekul sukrosa yang sama

D. The water molecules in both P and Q move across the semi permeable at same rateMolekul air dalam kedua-dua P dan Q bergerak merentasi membran separa telap

pada kadar yang sama.




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram 1 shows two types of transport processes across the plasma membrane.Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua jenis proses pengangkutan merentasi membran plasma.

Diagram 1Rajah 1

(a) P and Q are transport proteins. P only binds to the substance which is specific to itwhereas Q is always open.

P dan Q adalah protein pembawa. P hanya erikat dengan bahan yang spesifikdengannya, manakala Q selalu terbuka(i) Name the proteins labeled P and Q.

Namakan protein berlabel P dan Q.P :

___________________________________________________________________Q :

___________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(b) (i) Name two possible substances of X.Namakan dua kemungkinan bahan X

1.__________________________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(ii) Explain why substance X cannot move freely across the membrane.Terangkam mengapa bahan X tidak boleh bergerak bebas merentasi membran

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(iii) What will happen to the structure P in the transport of substance X into the cell ? Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada struktur P dalam pengangkutan bahan X kedalam sel?




___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________[4 marks]

(c) Substance Y is a charged ion. Explain how Q is adapted to transport substance Y.Y adalah bahan ion bercas. Terangkan bagaimana Q mengangkut bahan Y.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

SOALAN ESEI:

1 The semi-permeable characteristics of plasma membranes enables certain substancesto move across the membrane.Ciri separa telap membran plasma membolehkan beberapa bahan bergerak masukmerentasi membran.

(a) Explain the structures of the plasma membrane, based on the fluid mosaic model.Terangkan apakah struktur pada membran plasma, berdasarkan Model cecair Mozek

[3 marks](b) Explain how certain substances can pass through the plasma membrane.

Terangkan bagaimana sesetengah bahan yang boleh merentasi plasma membran[7 marks]

(c) Explain the passive transport of substances across the plasma membrane in:Terangkan pengangkutan aktif bahan merentasi plasma membran dalam:

(i) the exchange of gas in the alveolus and blood capillaries pertukaran gas dalam alveolus dan kapilari darah

(ii) the absorption of digested food by the villi in the ileumPenyerapan makanan tercerna oleh vilus didalam usus kecil

[10 marks]




TAJUK : KOMPOSISI KIMIA DALAM SEL

SUBTAJUK:KOMPOSISI KIMIA DALAM SEL

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

The following statements are about a chemical compound in cell.

Pernyataan berikut adalah tentang satu sebatian kimia dalam sel.

Which of the following chemical compound has the characteristics?

Antara yang berikut, sebatian kimia yang manakah mempunyai ciri-ciri tersebut?

A. Lipid / Lemak

B. Water / Air

C. Enzyme / Enzim

D. Protein / Protein

2. The following information shows an element.

Maklumat berikut menunjukkan satu elemen.

What is the above description referring to?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan penerangan di atas ?

A. Sodium / Natrium

B. Potassium / Kalium

C. Magnesium / Magnesium

D. Phosphorus / Fosforus

3. Which organic compound forms the highest proportion in dry weight of a cell?

Manakah antara sebatian organik berikut membentuk nisbah jisim kering sel yang

paling tinggi?

A. Lipids

1.

Medium for chemical reactions in cell / Medium tindakbalas kimia

Maintains osmotic pressure / Mengekalkan tekanan osmosis

It can regulate the osmotic pressure and help in the transmission of nerve

impulses in animal cell. It is not required in plant cell.

Ia boleh melaraskan tekanan osmosis dan membantu dalam penghantaran

impuls saraf dalam sel haiwan. Ia tidak diperlukan dalam sel tumbuhan




B. Proteins

C. Carbohydrates

D. Nucleic acids

4. In the diagram below, X is an animal cell and Y is an organelle found in a plant cell.

Dalam rajah di bawah, X ialah sel haiwan dan Y ialah organel yang terdapat di dalam

sel tumbuhan.

X contains a red pigment while Y contains a green pigment. What are the names of

the two pigments and the elements which are components of the pigments?

X mengandungi pigmen berwarna merah manakala Y mengandungi pigmen

berwarna hijau. Apakah nama pigmen tersebut dan unsur yang merupakan

komponen pigmen itu?

X Y

Name of pigment

Nama pigmen

Component of

pigment

Komponen pigmen

Name of pigment

Nama pigmen

Component of

pigment

Komponen pigmen

A Haemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Iron

Besi

Chlorophyll

Klorofil

Magnesium

Magnesium

B Chlorophyll

Klorofil

Magnesium

Magnesium

Haemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Iron

BesiC Haemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Magnesium

Magnesium

Chlorophyll

Klorofil

Iron

Besi

D Chlorophyll

Klorofil

Iron

Besi

Haemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Magnesium

Magnesium

5. The diagram shows a part of the structure of a DNA molecule.

Rajah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada struktur molekul DNA.

XY




Which of the following is represented by J, K and L?

Manakah antara berikut diwakili oleh J, K dan L?

J K L

A. Sugar

Gula

Base

Bes

Phosphate

Fosfat

B. Phosphate

Fosfat

Sugar

Gula

Base

Bes

C. Phosphate

Fosfat

Base

Bes

Sugar

Gula

D. Base

Bes

Sugar

Gula

Base

Bes

6. Which of the following correctly describes a DNA molecule?

Manakah antara berikut menerangkan molekul DNA dengan betul?

ComponentsKomponen

BackboneTulang belakang

Molecules that form thelink between the two

strands

Molekul yang

membentuk ikatan

antara dua rantaian

A. Amino acids, sugars

and nitrogenous

bases

Asid amino, gula

dan bes bernitrogen

Sugars and

nitrogenous bases

Gula dan bes

bernitrogen

Sugars

Gula

B. Sugars, amino

acids, and

nitrogenous bases

Gula, asid amino,

gula dan bes

bernitrogen

Sugars and

phosphates

Gula dan fosfat

Nitrogenous bases

Bes bernitrogen

C. Phosphates, sugars

and nitrogenous

bases

Fosfat, gula dan

bes bernitrogen

Sugars and

nitrogenous bases

Gula dan bes

bernitrogen

Phosphates

Fosfat




D. Phosphates, sugars

and nitrogenous

bases

Fosfat, gula dan

bes bernitrogen

Sugars and

phosphates

Gula dan fosfat

Nitrogenous bases

Bes bernitrogen

7. Which of the following shows the correct proportion of the dry mass os a cell?

Manakah antara berikut menunjukkan nisbah jisim kering sel yang betul?

8. The following information shows the function of an element both in animal and plant

cells.

Maklumat yang berikut menunjukkan fungsi unsur dalam kedua-dua sel haiwan dan

sel tumbuhan.

Animal – Synthesis of haemoglobin

Haiwan – Sintesis hemoglobin

Plant – synthesis of cholorophyll

Tumbuhan – Sintesis klorofil




Which of the following elemets is referred to?

Antara berikut, unsur manakah yang dimaksudkan?

A. Iron / Ferum

B. Calcium / Kalsium

C. Potassium / Kalium

D. Magnesium / Magnesium

9. Diagram shows a structure of a molecule X.

Rajah menunjukkan satu struktur molekul X.

Which of the following are true about molecule X?

Manakah antara brikut benar mengenai molekul X?

I It is a solvent for fat-soluble vitamins

Ia adalah pelarut bagi vitamin larut lemak

II It is a minor component in all living organisms

Ia adalah komponen kecil dalam semua organisma hidup

III It provides high surface tension and cohesion

Ia membekalkan tegangan permukaan dan lekitan yang tinggi

IV It plays a role in maintaining body temperature

Ia memainkan peranan dalam pengekalan suhu badan

A. I and II

B. I and III

Oxygen atom

Atom oksigen

Hydrogen atom

Atom hidrogenHydrogen atom

Atom hidrogen




C. II and IV

D. III and IV

ESSAY QUESTIONS:SOALAN ESEI:

1. Diagram 1 shows a sequence stages in the synthesis of an extracellular enzyme inahuman pancrease cells. The stages labeled as Stages I, Stages II, and Stages III.Stages I shows a change in the specific part of a DNA strand. The DNA strand

involved contains three nitrogenous bases, CTC.Diagram 1 menunjukkan turutan langkah-langkah dalam sintesis suatu enzim luar seldalam pankrease manusia. Langkah-langkah itu dilabelkan sebagai Langkah I,Langkah II dan Langkah III. Langkah I menunjukkan perubahan bahagian tertenturantai DNA. Rantai DNA yang terlibat mengandungi tiga bes nitrogen, iaitu CTC.

(a) Explain the changes that occurred in the double helix of the DNA strand duringStage I. Terangkan perubahan yang berlaku dalam rantai heliks ganda dua DNAsemasa Langkah I. ( 2marks /2 markah)

(b) Based on Diagram 1:

Berdasarkan Rajah 1:(i) State two differences between the structure of the protein polypeptide

molecule and the DNA molecule. Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara strukturmolekul polipeptida protein dengan molekul DNA. ( 2 marks / 2markah)

(ii) Differentiate between the structures of DNA and RNA.Bezakan antara struktur DNA dan RNA. ( 1 mark / 1markah)

Diagram 1. Rajah 1




(c) Explain how the protein formed at the ribosome is transformed into theextracellular enzyme so that it can be secreted from the cell.Terangkan bagaimana protein yang terbentuk di ribosom diubah bentuk menjadienzim luar sel supaya boleh dirembes keluar daripada sel. ( 3 marks /3markah)

(d) Diagram 2 shows agene mutation that occurs in the DNA strand containing thebase sequence CTC. Rajah 2 menunjukkan mutasi gen yang berlaku pada rantaiDNA yang mengandungi urutan bes CTC.

Explain how the mutation affects the specific characteristics or trait controlled.Terangkan bagaimana mutasi ini mempengaruhi ciri atau trait tertentu yang terkawal.

( 2 marks / 2 markah)

2. Siva have participated a marathon. The marathon occurred on a hot day. He ran 10km for 4 hours. After finished the run he had drink a lots of water. Siva telahmenyertai larian marathon. Larian tersebut berlangsung dalam keadaan cuaca yang panas. Dia telah berlari sejauh 10 km dalam masa 4 jam. Setelah menamatkanlariannya, dia telah minum air dengan kuantiti yang banyak.

(a) Explain why does the water intake is important on him. Terangkan mengapa pengambilan air tersebut penting keatas dirinya.

(7 marks/ 7

markah)

(b) Drink lots water could decrease of body temperature. Explain how water coolsthe body down on a hot day. Minum air yang banyak boleh menurunkan suhubadan. Terangkan bagaimana air boleh menurunkan suhu badan ketika cuaca panas. ( 3 marks/3 markah)

Diagram 2. Rajah 2




TOPIC: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

SUBTOPIC: CARBOHYDRATES

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Selulosa adalah komponen penting untuk membentuk

Cellulose is an important component for the formation of

A Permukaan membran sel

Cell surface membrane

B Enzim

enzymes

C Granul simpanan

Storage granule

D Dinding sel tumbuhan

Plant cell wall

2. Karbohidrat disimpan dalam tubuh manusia dalam bentuk

Carbohydrate is stored in the human body in the form of

A Adenosine trifosfat Adenosine triphosphate

B Kanji

Starch

C Lemak

Fat

D Glikogen

Glycogen

3. Rajah menunjukkan satu jenis struktur molekul karbohidratDiagram shows a type of molecular structure of carbohydrate

Apakah nama karbohirat tersebut?What is the name of the carbohydrate?

A Kanji

Starch

B Selulosa

Cellulosa

C Glikogen

Glycogen

D Glukosa

Glucose




4. Persamaan berikut menunjukkan proses hidrolisis sukrosa

The following equation shows the hydrolysis of sucrose.

Apa yang mewakili P,Q dan R?

What is represented by P,Q dan R?

P Q R

A Sukrase

Sucrase

Glukosa

glucose

Glukosa

Glucose

B Amilase

Amylase

Maltosa

Maltose

Glukosa

Glucose

C Sukrase

Sucrase

Glukosa

Glucose

Fruktosa

Fructose

D Amilase

Amylase

Galaktosa

Galactose

Fruktosa

Fructose

5. Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan pembentukan disakarida melalui proses X

The equation below shows the formation of disaccharides through the process X

Apakah nama bagi proses X?

What is the name of process X?




A Hidrolisis dan kondensasi

Hydrolysis and condensation

B Condensation

Kondensasi

C Hydrolysis

Hidrolisis

D Fotolisis

Photolysis

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram 1 shows a simplified structural formula of disaccharide molecule. This molecule

can be broken down into simpler molecules.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan 1 formula struktur ringkas bagi 1 molekul disakarida. Molekul ini9

boleh diuraikan kepada 2 molekul myang lebih ringkas.

Figure 1 / Rajah 1

a) What is this breaking down of a disaccharadi molecule called?

Apakah nama proses penguraian molekul disakarida ini?

_________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

b) The process named in your answer in (a) can be carried out into two ways. What

are these two ways?

Proses yang dinamakan dalam jawapan anda di (a) boleh dilakukan memlui 2

cara. Apakah 2 cara ini?

i. ____________________________________________________________

ii. ____________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

c) By using simplified structural formulae, show how a disaccharide molecule is

broken down.

Dengan menggunakan formula struktur ringkas, tunjukkan bagaimana satu

molekul disakarida diuraikan.




(3marks)

d) What substance is produced after the disacccharide molecule is broken down?

Apakah bahan yang terhasil selepas molekul disakarida ini diuraikan?

_________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

e) Thye substance obtained in (d) is boiled with Benedict’s solution in a test tube.

Bahan yang diperoleh di (d) dididihkan dengan larutan Benedict dalam satutabung uji.

i. What is the colour of Benedict’s solution?

Apakah warna larutan Benedict?

______________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

ii. Why does Benedict’s solution have this colour?

Mengapakah larutan Benedict mempunyai warna ini?

______________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

f) What can be observed in (e)?

Apakah yang boleh diperhatikan di (e)?

______________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

SOALAN ESEI:

1.Terangkan pembentukan :

Explain the formation of

a) disakarida / Disaccharides (2m)

b) polisakarida /Polysaccharides (2m)




TAJUK : KOMPOSISI KIMIA DALAM SEL

SUBTAJUK:.4.3 Protein

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Rajah menunjukkan satu struktur protein yang telah mengalami proses X.The diagram shows a protein which has undergone process X.

Apakah proses X ?What is process X?

A. Hidrolisis / HydrolysisB. Nyahasli / Denaturation C. Kondensasi / CondensationD. Pendeaminan / Deamination

2. Asid amino + Asid amino dipeptida + air Amino acid + Amino acid dipeptide + water

Apakah X dan Y?What is process X and Y?

X Y

A HidrolisisHydrolysis

KondensasiCondensation

B KondensasiCondensation

HidrolisisHydrolysis

C HidrolisisHydrolysis

HidrolisisHydrolysis

D KondensasiCondensation

KondensasiCondensation

Y

x




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1.

i. Explain the above statement.

Terangkan pernyataan di atas.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________[3 marks/3 markah]

ii. Based on the above statement, suggest two ways to maintain the quality of silk

garments.

Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, cadangkan 2 cara untu mengekalkan kualiti

pakaian sutera.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2 markah]

SOALAN ESEI:

1: Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan dua peringkat organisasi di dalam struktur protein.

Diagram 2.1 shows two levels of organisation in protein structure.

Rajah 2.1

Silk is an example of protein. A silk garment crumples when it is washed

using hot water at a temperature of 65oC.

Sutera adalah satu contoh protein. Pakaian sutera menjadi berkedut

apabila dibasuh menggunakan air panas ada suhu 65oC.




Rajah 2.2

Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan bagaimana protein X diuraikan untuk membentuk hasil.

Diagram 2.2 shows how protein X is broken down to form products

(a) Pada rajah 2.1 namakan peringkat organisasi dalam struktur protein X dan Y. Huraikan

struktur protein x dan terangkan bagaimana hasil-hasil dalam rajah 2.2 terbentuk.

In diagram 2.2 name the level of organisation in the protein structures of X and Y. Describe

the structure of protein X and explain how the products in diagram 2.2 are formed.

[ 6 markah]

(b)

Sutera adalah suatu contoh protein. Pakaian sutera menjadi berkedut apabila dibasuh

menggunakan air panas pada suhu 65⁰C.

Silk is an example of protein. A silk garment crumples when it is washed using hot water at a

temperature of 65⁰C.

Terangkan pernyataan diatas dan cadangkan dua cara untuk mengekalkan kualiti pakaian

sutera.

Explain the above statement and suggest two ways to maintain the quality of silk garment

[5 markah/5 marks ]




TOPIK: 4.0 KOMPOSISI KIMIA DALAM SEL

SUBTOPIK:4.4 LIPID

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. (a) Diagram 2 (a) show the formation of a lipid mplecule.Rajah 2 (a) menunjukkan pembentukan satu molekul lemak

Diagram 1 (a)Rajah 2 (a)

(i) Label X and YLabel X dan Y

[2 marks]

(ii) State what process Q isNyatakan proses Q

................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

(iii) Write a word equation to represent the biochemical process indiagram 2 (a)Tuliskan persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili proses biokimia dalamrajah 2 (a)

................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(b) Diagram 2 (b) shows two types of fatsRajah 2 (b) menunjukkan dua jenis lemak

Diagram 2 (b)Rajah 2 (b)




(i) State the type of fats shown in diagram 2 (b)

Nyatakan jenis lemak yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah 2 (b)

P : ..........................................................................................................

Q : .........................................................................................................[2 marks]

(ii) A girl takes food from group P continuously for a long period of time.Explain the consequences to the health of her heart.Seseorang budak perempuan mengambil makanan dari kumpulan Psecara berterusan untuk jangkamasa yang panjang. Terangkanterhadap kesihatan budak tersebut.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................... [3 marks]

(c) A man has bile duct blocked with gallstones. He is advised to cutdown on his fat intake. Expalin why such an advice is given to him?Seorang lelaki telah mengalami masalah tersumbat salur hempedu

oleh batu hempedu. Beliau telah dinasihatkan oleh doktor untukmengurangkan pengambilan makanan berlemak. Terangkanmengapa nasihat seperti itu telah diberikan kepadanya?

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................[3 marks]




TAJUK: KOMPOSISI KIMIA DALAM SEL

SUBTAJUK:. ENZIM

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Antara berikut yang manakah sifat enzim?

A Enzim memangkinkan tindak balas dalam satu arah sahaja

B Enzim dimusnahkan setelah selesai memangkinkan sesuatu tindak balas

C Aktiviti enzim boleh diperlahankan atau dihentikan oleh suatu koenzim

D Enzim diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang sedikit kerana boleh digunakan

berulang kali.

2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan mekanisme tindakan enzim.

Diagram 2 shows the mechanism of enzyme action

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah tidak benar ?

Which statement is not true?

A

Tindakan enzim adalah spesifik

Enzyme action is specific

B Tindakan enzim adalah berbalik

Enzyme reaction is reversible

C Enzim tidak dimusnahkan pada akhir tindak balas

Enzim is not destroyed at the end of reaction

D Suhu optimum untuk tindakan enzim ialah 60 C




Optimum temperature for enzyme reaction is 60 C.

3. Rajah 3 menunjukkan struktur substrat dan enzim

Diagram shows the structures of a substrateand an enzyme.

Berdasarkan rajah di atas, yang manakah benar mengenai enzim?

Based on diagram above, which of the following is true about the enzyme?

A Enzim memerlukan kofaktor untuk berfungsi

Enzyme requires cofactor to function

B Tindak balas enzim adalah spesifik

Enzymatic reaction is specific

C Enzim peka terhadap pH

Enzymes are sensitive to pH

D Enzim peka terhadap suhu

Enzymes are sensitive to temperature

4.The graph below shows the optimum pH of enzyme M and N in its reaction

Graf di bawah menunjukkan pH optimum bagi enzim M dan N di dalam

tindakbalasnya

Rate of reactionKadar tindakbalas

pH

pH1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

MN




What is enzyme M and N?

Apakah enzim M dan N?

M N

A Pepsin Trypsin

Pepsin TripsinB Amylase Trypsin

Amilase Tripsin

C Pepsin Amylase

Pepsin Amilase

D Trypsin Amylase

5. Which of the following enzymes and functions are incorrect matched?

Yang manakah padanan enzim yang berikut betul dengan fungsinya?

A. I and II only

B. II and IV only

C. I, II and III only

D. I, II, III and IV

6. Rajah 6 menunjukkan proses hidrolisis oleh enzim.

Diagram 15 shows a hydrolysis process by an enzyme.

Rajah 6

Antara struktur berlabel A,B C dan D, manakah mewakili enzim.

Which of a structure labeled A, B , C and D represent the enzyme.

Enzyme / Enzim Functions / Fungsi

I Pepsin Digests fat / Mencernakan lemak

II Trypsin Digests protein / Mencernakan protein

III Maltase Digests sucrose / Mencernakan sukrosa

IV Salivary amylase Digests starch / Mencernakan kanji

A B C D




7.Figure 7 shows how an enzyme works.

Rajah 7 menunjukkan tindakan enzim.

Which property of an enzyme is shown in Figure 10?

Sifat enzim yang mankah ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 10?

A Enzyme reaction is specific

Tindakan enzim adalah spesifik

B Enzyme reaction is affected by pH

Tindakan enzim dipengaruhi oleh pH

C Enzyme reaction is affected by temperatureTindakan enzim dipengaruhi oleh suhu

D Enzyme structure change at the end of reaction

Struktur enzim berubah pada akhir tindak balas

7. Diagram 8 shows the reaction of an enzyme on a substrate.

Gambar rajah 8 menunjukkan mekanisme tindakan enzim ke atas substrat.

X represents

X mewakili

Diagram 10




A. enzyme /enzim

B. substrate / substrat

C. product of reaction /hasil tindak balas

D.enzyme – substrate complex /kompleks enzim-substrat

9. Diagram 9 shows a hydrolysis process by an enzyme .

Rajah 1 menunjukkan proses hidrolisis oleh enzim.

Diagram 9

Rajah 9

Which of a structure labeled A, B , C and D represent the substrate

Antara struktur berlabel A,B C dan D, manakah mewakili substrat.

10 Figure 10 shows how an enzyme works.

Rajah 10 menunjukkan tindakan enzim.

Which property of an enzyme is shown in Figure 10?

Sifat enzim yang mankah ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 10?

A. Enzyme reaction is reversible

A B C D

Diagram 10




Tindakan enzim adalah berbalik

B. Enzyme reaction is affected by pH

Tindakan enzim dipengaruhi oleh pH

C. Enzyme reaction is affected by temperatureTindakan enzim dipengaruhi oleh suhu

D. Enzyme structure does not change at the end of reaction

Struktur enzim tidak berubah pada akhir tindak balas

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1.Diagram 1 shows the hypothesis of the mechanism of enyme reaction on a substrate.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan hipotesis bagi mekanisma tindak balas enzim ke atas suatu substrat

a.State what is P,Q,R, and S

Nyatakan apakah P,Q, R dan S.

P:___________________________

Q:__________________________

R:___________________________

S:_____________________________ ( 4M)

b. State 2 charaterstic of enzyme as explained by this hypotheis.

Nyatakan 2 ciri enzim seperti hipotesis ini.

i._________________________________________________________________________________

ii.________________________________________________________________________________

( 2M)

c.If enzyme used is sucrase ,name the parts labelled P,Q, S,and T

Jika enzim yang digunakan adalah sucrase, namakan bahagian yang berlabel P,Q, S and T.

P:_____________________________




Q:____________________________

S:____________________________

T:____________________________ ( 4M)

2. (a) Using example of enzyme,explain how does pH affect the enzyme reaction . ( 3M)

Dengan menggunakan contoh enzim, terangkan bagaimana pH mempengaruhi tindak balas enzim

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

(b).using example of substrate,explain how does substrate concentration affect the enzyme reaction

( 3M)

Dengan menggunakan contoh substrat,terangkan bagaimana kepekatan substrat mempengaruhi

tindakan enzim

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3.

Explain how enzyme act in:

Terangkan bagaimana enzim bertindal dalam:

i. helping to cook meat.

memudahkan kerja memasak daging

( 2 M)

ii extracting agar from seaweeds

Mengekstrak agar-agar daripada rumpair laut

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

( 3M)

Enzyme are widely used in our life and industries

Enzim banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian dan dalam industri




SOALAN ESEI:

1.

(b) Figure 6 shows the organelles involved during the synthesis and secretion of an enzyme in

an animal cell.Based on Figure 6, explain how extracellular enzyme are produced by

emphasizing on the role of P, Q, R and S.

Rajah 6 menunjukkan organel-organel yang terlibat semasa penghasilan dan perembesan

enzim di dalam sel haiwan.Berdasarkan Rajah 6, terangkan bagaimana enzim luar sel

dihasilkan dengan menekankan peranan P, Q, R dan S.

[10 Marks]

2. Starch, protein and lipid can be hydrolysed by enzymes X,Y and Z respectively. Diagram

6.3 is a graph which shows the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme activity.

Kanji, protein dan lipid masing-masing dapat dihidrolisis oleh enzim X,Y dan Z. Rajah 6.3

ialah graf yang menunjukkan kesan pH ke atas kadar aktiviti enzim

Diagram 6.3/ Rajah 6.3

Based on the Diagram 6.3 , name x,y and Z and explain how the changes in ph affects enzyme

activity.

Berdasarkan Rajah 6.3 , namakan X,Y , Z dan terangkan bagaimana perubahan pH menjejaskanaktiviti enzim (10 marks/10 markah)

SR

P

Q




TOPIC: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

SUBTOPIC: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CELLS

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Which statements is correct about the importance of water?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang kepentingan air?

A Main component of plasma membrane.

Komponen utama dalam membran plasma.

B Main source of energy.

Sumber tenaga yang utama.

C Catalyse the process of hydrolysis in small intestine.

Memangkinkan proses hidrolisis dalam usus kecil.

D Maintaining body temperature.

Mengekalkan suhu badan.

2. Water is a good solvent. What property allows water to dissolve many ionic

compounds.

Air adalah pelarut yang baik. Sifat apakah membolehkan air untuk melarutkan

banyak sebatian ionik?

A Polarity / Kekutuban

B Fluidity / Bendalir

C Hydrophobic / Hidrofobik

D Hydrophilic / Hidrofilik




3.

What is the chemical compound P as described above?

Apakah sebatian kimia P yang diterangkan di atas.

A Lipids / Lipid C Enzymes / Enzim

B Amino acids / Asid amino D Nucleic acids / Asid nukleik

Figure 3 shows the diagrammatic presentation of an enzyme-catalysed

reaction according to a hypothesis

Rajah 3 menunjukkan tindak balas enzim-katalis mengikut satu hipotesis

Figure 3

(a) Which substances is labelled as the enzyme?

Q

P P

R




Bahan berlabel manakah yang dikatakan enzim ?

__________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(b) What is the definition of “enzyme”?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan enzim ?

__________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

(c) Name the hypothesis.

Namakan hipotesis tersebut.

__________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(d) Which characteristics of enzymes can be explained by the hypothesis as

shown in figure 3?

Apakah sifat enzim yang boleh menerangkan hipotesis ditujukkan di

dalam rajah 3 di atas ?

_________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

(e) State four factors affecting activities of enzymes.

Nyatakan empat faktor yang mempengaruhi aktiviti enzim

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

[4 marks]

SOALAN ESEI:

1. Starch, protein and lipid can be hydrolysed in human digestive system by the enzymes X, Y andZ respectively.Diagram 8.3 is a graph which shows the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme




activity.

Kanji, protein dan lipid masing-masing dapat dihidrolisis di dalam sistem pencernaan oleh

enzim X, Y dan Z.Rajah 6.3 ialah graf yang menunjukkan kesan pH ke atas kadar aktiviti enzim.

Diagram 8.3 / Rajah 8.3

Based on Diagram 8.3, name X, Y, Z and explain how the change in pH affects enzyme activity.

Berdasarkan Rajah 8.3, namakan X, Y, Z dan terangkan bagaimana perubahan pH

mempengaruhi aktiviti enzim.

[10 marks / 10 markah]

2. Enzymes are biological catalysts which can speed up biochemical reactions in the

cell.Enzymes are synthesised by living organisms to regulate the biochemical raections.

Based on the situation given, predict and explain what will happen to the extracellularenzymes if ribosom is not found in our body.

[10 markah]

TAJUK: CELL DIVISION

SUBTAJUK: MITOSIS

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. The diagram below shows the phases in the cell cycle.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan fasa dalam kitar sel.

DiagramRajah

Which of the following statements is true about the chromosomes at stages X and Y? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang kromosom pada peringkat Xdan Y?




2. The table shows changes in a cell during mitosis.Jadual menunjukkan perubahan yang berlaku dalam sel semasa mitosis.




What are P, Q, R and S? Apakah peringkat P, Q, R dan S?

3. Which of the following shows the steps involved in the tissue culture technique,

in the correct order? Antara yang berikut, manakah yang menunjukkan langkah-langkah yang terlibatdalam proses pengklonan tumbuhan mengikut urutan yang betul? A Callus → Embryo → Plantlet → Explant → Protoplast

Kalus → Embrio → Plantlet → Eksplan → Protoplas B Explant →Protoplast →Callus →Embryo → Plantlet

Eksplan → Protoplas → Kalus → Embrio → Plantlet C Plantlet → Protoplast → Callus → Explant → Embryo

Plantlet → Protoplas → Kalus → Eksplan → Embrio D Embryo →Callus →Explant →Protoplast → Plantlet

Embrio → Kalus → Eksplan → Protoplas → Plantlet

4. Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?




Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang mitosis?A The process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes to half of

the parent cellProses pembahagian nukleus yang mengurangkan setengah bilangan kromosomberbanding sel induk.

B The process of nuclear division that results in the formation of two geneticallyidentical daughter nucleiProses pembahagian nukleus yang menghasilkan dua nukleus anak yang serupadari segi genetik.

C The process of growth in a multicellular organismProses pertumbuhan di dalam badan organisma multisel.

D The process where the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cellsProses di mana sitoplasma membahagi membentuk dua sel anak.

5.• All the somatic cells of a human being

have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Semua sel soma manusia mempunyai 23 pasang kromosom.

• One member of each pair of chromosomes is of paternal origin while the othermember is of maternal origin.Satu daripada setiap pasang kromosomberasal dari induk jantan manakala satulagi berasal dari induk betina.

The two chromosomes in each pair are known as...Dua kromosom dalam setiap pasang kromosom dikenal sebagai...

A sex chromosomes.kromosom seks.

B haploid chromosomes.kromosom diploid.

C diploid chromosomes.kromosom haploid.

D homologous chromosomes.kromosom homolog.

6. Diagram below shows a process which occurs during the S phase of interphase of thecell cycle with the purpose of preparing for mitotic cell division.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu proses yang berlaku semasa fasa S dalam interfasakitar sel bagi menyediakan sel untuk mitosis.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH

What is this process called and what are the parts labelled P and Q?




Apakah proses ini dan apakah bahagian-bahagian yang berlabel P dan Q?

The processProses

P Q

A Hydrolysis

Hidrolisis

Homologous

chromosomesKromosomhomolog

Centromere

Sentromer

B DNAreplicationReplikasi DNA

SisterchromatidsKromatidberadik

CentromereSentromer

C PolymerisationPempolimeran

HomologouschromosomesKromosomhomolog

CentrioleSentriol

D CondensationKondensasi

SisterchromatidsKromatidberadik

CentrioleSentriol

.

7. Diagram below shows a process normally seen on a plant stump.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu proses yang biasanya dilihat pada tunggul kayu.

Diagram/Rajah

The process is known as...Proses tersebut dikenal sebagai... A cloning.

pengklonan.B regeneration.

pertumbuhan semula. C growing.

pertumbuhan.D budding.

pertunasan.

8. Which of the following statements about mitosis is true? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang mitosis? A The process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes to half of

the parent cellProses pembahagian nukleus yang mengurangkan setengah bilangan kromosom

berbanding sel induk. B The process of nuclear division that results in the formation of two genetically




identical daughter nucleiProses pembahagian nukleus yang menghasilkan dua nukleus anak yang serupadari segi genetik.

C The process of growth in a multicellular organismProses pertumbuhan di dalam badan organisma multisel.

D The process where the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cellsProses di mana sitoplasma membahagi membentuk dua sel anak.

.

9. The diagram below shows a cell at one particular stage of mitosis.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu sel pada satu peringkat mitosis.

Diagram/Rajah

Which of the following statements about the stage in the diagram above is correct? Antara penyataan berikut, yang manakah benar mengenai peringkat pada rajah di atas?

A The nuclear membrane disappears.Membran nukleus lenyap.

B The paired centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.Sentriol berpasangan bergerak ke hujung sel yang bertentangan.

C The cell membrane on both sides join up, separating the cytoplasm into two

daughter cells.Membran sel pada dua hujung itu bercantum, seterusnya memisahkan sitoplasmakepada dua anak sel.

D The vesicles fuse together to form a cell plate.Vesikel bercantum untuk membentuk satu plat sel.

10. Which of the following is not an advantage of cloning? Antara berikut, yang manakah bukan kebaikan pengklonan?A Clones can be produced in a shorter time.

Klon boleh dihasilkan dalam jangka masa yang pendek. B Transgenic crops resistant to herbicides and diseases can be produced.

Tumbuhan transgenik yang mempunyai ketahanan terhadap racun perosak dan penyakit boleh dihasilkan.

C All clones have the same level of resistance towards certain diseases.Kesemua klon mempunyai tahap ketahanan yang sama terhadap penyakit-penyakittertentu.

D Transgenic bacteria can be used to control environmental pollution.Bakteria transgenik boleh digunakan untuk mengawal pencemaran alam sekitar.

SOALAN STRUKTUR:




1. Diagram 1 shows cells P which are cancerous cells in the skin, formed after thenormal cells are exposed to factor R.Rajah 1 menunjukkan sel-sel P yang merupakan sel-sel kanser di kulit, yangterbentuk selepas sel-sel normal terdedah kepada faktor R.

Diagram 1Rajah 1

(a) State two examples of factor R.Nyatakan dua contoh bagi faktor R.

1. ______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________(2 marks)

(b) Describe the formation of cells P.

Huraikan pembentukan sel-sel P.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________(2 marks)

[2 markah]

(c) Give two methods to prevent the development of cells P.Berikan dua cara untuk menghalang perkembangan sel-sel P.

1. ______________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________(2 marks)

[2 markah]

2. Diagram 2 shows two types of cells undergoing the same process.Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua jenis sel yang menjalankan proses yang sama.




Diagram 2Rajah 2

(a) Name cells P and Q.Namakan sel P dan Q.

P : _____________________________________________________________

Q : _____________________________________________________________(2 marks)

[2 markah]

(b) Name the process shown in Diagram 7.Namakan proses yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 7.

________________________________________________________________(1 mark)

[1 markah]

(c) Give the definition of the process named in (b).Berikan definisi proses yang dinamakan dalam (b).

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________(2 marks)

[2 markah](d) What is the difference between the processes taking place in P and Q?

Apakah perbezaan antara proses yang berlaku di P dan Q?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________(3 marks)

[3 markah](e) What is the result of processes P and Q?

Apakah hasil proses P dan Q?

________________________________________________________________




________________________________________________________________(2 marks)

[2 markah]SOALAN ESEI:

1. a) A technique that involves in cell cycle as shown in diagram 1 is used in the field of

agriculture. A farmer wishes to increase the quantity of orchid plantlets rapidly. Describe

the technique that is needed to carry out by the farmer. [6 marks]

Diagram 1

b) State the advantages and disadvantages of cloning.

[4 marks]




TAJUK: CELL DIVISION

SUBTAJUK: MEIOSIS / APPRECIATING THE MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOMES

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Diagram 1 shows a diploid cell. This cell undergoes meiosis.Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu sel diploid. Sel ini menjalani meiosis.

Diagram 1Rajah 1

If one of the homologous chromosome pairs does not separate during meiosis I, howmany chromosomes can be found in the gamete?Jika satu daripada pasangan kromosom homolog tidak berpisah semasa meiosis I,berapakah bilangan kromosom yang boleh didapati dalam gamet?

A 8B 4

C 5D 7

2. Diagram 2 shows a stage in one of the phases in meiosis.Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu peringkat dalam fasa meiosis.

Diagram 2Rajah 2?

What is the importance of process R? Apakah kepentingan proses R?

A Replace dead cells

Mengggantikan sel-sel matiB Maintain diploid chromosome number of zygote

R




Mengekalkan bilangan kromosom diploid dalam zigotC Variation among the spesies

Variasi di kalangan spesiesD Causes the parent cell and the next generation to be identical genetically

Menyebabkan persamaan genetik antara sel induk dan generasi berikutnya.

3. Diagram 3 shows stage during cell division in an organism.Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu peringkat semasa pembahagian sel bagi suatu organisma.

Diagram 3Rajah 3

Which statement are true?Pernyataan manakah yang benar ?

I The diploid number of this organism is 4.Nombor diploid untuk organisma ini ialah 4

II The diagram shows the telophase stage of meiosis IRajah menunjukkan peringkat telofasa semasa meiosis I

III The haploid number of this organism is 2.Nombor haploid untuk organisma ini ialah 2

IVThe diagram shows the anaphase stage of meiosis IRajah menunjukkan peringkat anafasa semasa meiosis I

A I and II onlyI dan II sahaja

B II and IV onlyII dan IV sahaja

C I, II and III only

I, II dan III sahaja D I, III and IV only

I, III dan IV sahaja

4. The diploid number of chromosomes in an animal cell is 24. During anaphase I, a pairof the homologous chromosomes fails to separate. What is the number ofchromosomes in each daughter cell after meiosis I is completed?Bilangan kromosom diploid dalam satu sel haiwan ialah 24. Semasa anafasa I, sepasang kromosom homolog gagal berpisah. Berapakah bilangan kromosom dalamsetiap sel anak setelah meiosis I selesai ?

Daughter cell 1Sel anak 1

Daughter cell 2Sel anak 2

A 12 12




B 11 13

C 24 0

D 23 24

5. Diagram 4 shows some of the stages of meiosis.Rajah 4 menunjukkan beberapa peringkat dalam meiosis.

Diagram 4Rajah 4

Which of the following is the correct order of stages? Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan urutan yang betul?

A P, Q, R, S

B S, Q, R, PC S, P, R, QD Q, S, R, P

6. In Diagram 5, P, Q and R are the number of chromosomes in a gamete, the zygote andthe multicellular organism respectively.Dalam Rajah 5, P, Q dan R ialah bilangan kromosom masing-masing dalam gamet,zigot dan organisma multisel.




Diagram 7Rajah 7

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the stages? Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan urutan yang betul bagi peringkat-

peringkat itu?

A Q, T, S, U, P, RB Q, T, P, U, S, RC Q, U, T, S, P, RD Q, T, P, S, U, R

9. Diagram 8 shows a reproductive cell of an animal which undergo process of meiosis I.

Rajah 8 menunjukkan sel reproduktif suatu haiwan sedang mengalami meiosis 1.

Diagram 8

Rajah 8

Which is correct to describe the cell?

Yang manakah benar menerangkan tentang sel tersebut?




The number of chromosomes in the

gamete cells of the animal

Bilangan kromosom yang terdapatdalam sel gamet haiwan tersebut

The Phases of cell division

Peringkat Pembahagian sel

A 2 Anaphase

Anafasa B 4 Prophase I

Profasa I

C 4 Anaphase II Anafasa II

D 2 Anaphase I Anafasa I




10. Diagram 9 shows a stage in meiosis.

Rajah 9 menunjukkan satu peringkat di dalam meiosis.

DIAGRAM 9

Rajah 9

Which of the following shows the stage where the number of chromosomes starts toreduce to half?

Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan peringkat di mana bilangan kromosom

dikurangkan kepada separuh?




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram below shows the phases of a type of cell division.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan fasa-fasa dalam sejenis pembahagian sel.

Diagram/Rajah

(a) (i) Identify the type of cell division shown in Diagram above.

Kenal pasti jenis pembahagian sel yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah di atas .

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark /markah]

(ii) Name the phases labelled L, M and Q.

Namakan fasa yang berlabel L, M, dan Q.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[3 marks/markah]




(iii) Where do these phases take place in humans?

Di manakah berlakunya fasa-fasa ini pada manusia?

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark /markah]

(b) Rearrange the phases in the correct order.

Susun semula fasa-fasa tersebut mengikut susunan yang betul .

__________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]

(c) (i) Use the words given below to label the parts of the cell found in phase M and

phase N.

Gunakan perkataan di bawah untuk melabel bahagian-bahagian sel yang terdapat

dalam fasa M dan fasa N.

[3 marks/markah]

(ii) Explain briefly what happens in P.

Terangkan dengan ringkas apa yang berlaku di P.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]

(iii) Explain why the process which occurs in (c)ii is important.

Terangkan kepentingan proses yang berlaku di (c)ii.

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark /markah]




2. The diagram below shows part of the stages of a meiosis cell division in an animal cell.

The chromosome behaviour in stage S is not shown.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada peringkat pembahagian sel secara

meiosis dalam satu sel haiwan.

Perlakuan kromosom di peringkat S tidak ditunjukkan.

Diagram/Rajah




(a) Name the structure labelled X.

Namakan struktur berlabel X.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

[1 mark ]

[1 markah]

(b) (i) In the diagram above, complete the diagram in stage S to show the chromosome

behaviour.

Dalam rajah di atas, lengkapkan rajah di peringkat S untuk menunjukkan perlakuan

kromosom.

[1 mark ]

[1 markah]

(ii) State one of the changes which occurs in stage S.

Nyatakan satu perubahan yang berlaku di peringkat S.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark ]

[1 markah]




(c) The diagram below shows process Y which takes place in stage P.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan proses Y yang berlaku di peringkat P.

Diagram/Rajah

(i) In the diagram above, draw a diagram showing the appearance of the

chromosome at the end of process Y.

Dalam rajah di atas, lukis rajah yang menunjukkan rupa kromosom di akhir proses

Y.

[1 mark ]

[1 markah]

(ii) Name process Y.

Namakan proses Y.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark ]

[1 markah]

(iii)State one importance of process Y to an organism.Nyatakan satu kepentingan proses Y kepada sesuatu organisma.

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark ]

[1 markah]

(d) The diagram below shows skin cells. Cells X are cancerous cells which are formed




after the normal cells are exposed to factor W.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sel-sel kulit. Sel-sel X adalah sel kanser yang terbentuk

selepas sel-sel normal terdedah kepada faktor W.

Diagram

Rajah

(i) Give two examples of factor W.

Beri dua contoh faktor W.

1 _______________________________________________________________

2 ________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(ii) Explain the formation of cells X.

Terangkan pembentukan sel X.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

[2 markah]

(iii)State two ways to prevent the development of cells X.

Nyatakan dua cara untuk mengelakkan perkembangan sel X.




1

________________________________________________________________

2

________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

[2 markah]

SOALAN ESEI:

1 Diagram 4 is a bar chart showing the change in the chromosomal number of twocells, X and Y after undergoing certain cell division processes.Rajah 4 adalah satu carta bar yang menunjukkan perubahan bilangan kromosomdua jenis sel, iaitu X dan Y setelah mengalami proses pembahagian tertentu.

a) Based on the bar chart in Diagram 4, identify the process undergone by cell Xand cell Y. Hence explain the process undergone by cell X.Berdasarkan carta bar dalam Rajah 4, kenal pasti proses-proses yang telahdilalui oleh sel X dan sel Y. Seterusnya, terangkan proses yang telah dilalui olehsel X.

[14 marks/markah ]

b) Compare and contrast between the processes undergone by cells X and Y.Banding dan bezakan proses-proses yang dilalui oleh sel X dan sel Y.

[6 marks/markah]

2 a) Explain why meiosis is also known as reduction division?Terangkan mengapa meiosis dikenali juga dengan pembahagian pengurangan?




[2 marks/markah]

b) Crossing over occurs during meiosis I which involve the exchange of DNAsegments resulting in the genetic variations.Describe how crossing over occurs and the structure of genetic material involved.Pindah Silang yang berlaku semasa meiosis I melibatkan pertukaran bahan-bahan DNA yang menyebabkan variasi genetik.Huraikan bagaimana proses pindah silang itu berlaku dan melibatkan strukturbahan-bahan genetik.

[10 marks/markah]

c) Discuss the importance of genetic variations to the living organisms.Bincangkan kepentingan variasi genetik kepada kehidupan.

[4 marks/markah]

d) Besides crossing over, briefly discuss two ways that are possible to cause

genetic variations in living organisms.Selain proses pindah silang, terangkan secara ringkas dua cara yang mungkinmenyebabkan variasi genetic kepada kehidupan.

[4 marks/markah]




TAJUK : NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK: TYPES OF NUTRITION

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1 Table 1 shows two types of microorganisms

Jadual 1 menunjukkan dua jenis mikroorganisma.

Mikroorganisms

Mikroorganisma

Nutrition

Nutrisi

Diatoms

Diatom S

Chemosynthesis bacteria

Bakteria kemosintetik T

Table 1/Jadual 1

What types of nutrition are S and T ?

Apakah jenis nutrisi bagi S dan T ?

S T

A Autotrophic

Autotrfik

Autotrophic

Autotrofik

B Heterotrophic

Heterotrofik

Heterotrophic

Heterotrofik

C Heterotrophic

Heterotrofik

Autotrophic

Autotrofik

D Autotrophic

Autotrofik

Heterotrophic

Heterotrofik




2 Diagram 1 shows common characteristics of two types organisms.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan kriteria bagi dua jenis organisma.

Diagram 1

Which of the following is true about P?

Yang manakah di antara berikut benar tentang P

A They obtain food from the host.

Mereka mendapat makanan daripada perumah.

B They feed on decaying organic matter.

Mereka memakan reputan bahan organik

C They feed on complex organic food particles.

Mereka memakan bahan organik komplek

D They synthesise complex organic matter from carbon dioxide and water.

Mereka mensintesis bahan organik komplek daripada karbon dioksida dan

air.

3 Which organism and type of nutrition are correctly matched ?

Organisma dan jenis nutrisi manakah yang dipandankan dengan betul ?

Organism

Organisma

Type of nutrition

Jenis nutrisi

A Fungi Photosynthetic

Chemosynthetic PhotosyntheticP




Kulat Fotosintetik

B Rafflesia sp

Rafflesia sp

Chemosynthhetic

Kemosintetik

C Human beings

Manusia

Holozoic

Holozoik

D Green plants

Tumbuhan hijau

Saprophytic

Saprofitik

4 Organism Q is an animal that feeds on organic substance or other organisms that

are decomposing or dead . What is the interaction for organism Q ?

Organisma Q adalah suatu haiwan yang memakan bahan organik atau organisma-

organisma lain yang mereput atau mati . Apakah interaksi organisma Q ?

A Epizoit

Epizoit

C Saprozoite

Saprozoit

B Predator

Pemangsa

D Ectoparasite

Ektoparasit




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1 Diagram 1 shows different types of nutrition.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan jenis nutrisi yang berbeza.

Nutrition

Nutrisi

Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Phototrophic ( i ) (ii) Holozoic ( iii )

Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore

a Fill in the omitted blanks.

Isikan tempat kosong yang ditinggalkan.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

b Give an example of organism from ( i ) above that is essential for terrestrial plants.

Briefly explain its contribution /importance to green terrestrial plants.Berikan contoh organisma daripada (i) diatas yang penting bagi tumbuhan darat.

Terangkan dengan ringkas sumbangan/kepentingan kepada tumbuhan hijau daratan.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

[2 marks]




c Parasitic organism can be further divide into two groups , name the groups and give

one example of an organism from each group that uses humans as their host.

Organisma parasit boleh terus membahagi menjadi dua kumpulan, namakan

kumpulan itu dan beri satu contoh organisma dari setiap kumpulan yang

menggunakan manusia sebagai perumah.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

[4 marks]

d State the ultimate source of energy for phototrophic organisms and for the organism

you have stated in (a) ( i) .

Nyatakan punca utama tenaga bago organisma fototrofik dan juga organisma yang

sudah dinyatakan dalam (a) (i).

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

[2 marks]

2 Diagram 2.1 shows two organisms

Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan dua organisma

R S

Diagram 2.1




Rajah 2.1

a Identify the type of nutrition practised by R and S.

Kenal pastikan jenis nutrisi yang dilakukan oleh R dan S.

R :..........................................................................................................

S :.........................................................................................................

(2 marks)

b Diagram 2 shows the characteristics of the types of nutrition practised by both R and

S.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi jenis nutrisi yang dilakukan oleh kedua-dua R dan

S.

Based on Diagram 2.2 , state two similarities of the characteistics for the shaded

region.

Berdasarkan rajah 2.2, nyatakan dua persamaan ciri bagi bahagian yang berlorek.

1:...............................................................................................................................

2:...............................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

RS

Diagram 2.2

Rajah 2.2




SOALAN ESEI:

1 a. There are two types of nutrition . Explain what is meant by

Terdapat dua jenis nutrisi. Terangkan maksud bagi

i. Autotrophic nutrition

Nutrisi Autotrfik

ii. Heterotrophic nutrition

Nutrisis Heterotrofik

[2 marks]

b. Autotrphic nutrition is divided into two types . What is the source ofenergy in a

Nutrisi autotrofik dibahagikan kepada dua jenis. Apakan sumbertenaga bagi

i. Photosynthesis

Fotosintesis

ii. Chemosynthesis

Kemosintesis

[ 2 marks]2 a. Differentiate among holozoic nutrition, saprophytic nutrition and

parasitic nutrition. Give and example of an organism which practiseeach type of nutrition

Bezakan di antara nutrisi holozoik, nutrisi saprofitik dan nutrisi parasitik , Berikan contoh organisma bagi setiap satu nutrisi.

[ 6 marks]




TAJUK:NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK: BALANCED DIET

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1 Ahmad’s diet contains more protein than necessary.

Which of the following substances are secreted excessively?

Ahmad mengambil nutrisi yang mengandungi lebih kandungan protein.

Yang manakah di antara bahan berikut dikeluarkan secara berlebihan?

A Urea

Urea

C Sweat

Peluh

B Urine

Urin

D Lactic asid

Asid laktik

2 The following equation shows the chemical reaction of yeast fermentation.

Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan tindakbalas kimia semasa penapaian.

What is X?

Apakah X?

A Lactase / Laktase C Cellulase / Selulase

B Amylase / Amilase D Zymase / Zimase

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210 kJ

X




3 Which of the following best describes holozoic?

A They are able to synthesis complex organic matter from raw materials.

B They feed on complex organic food particles.

C They feed on decaying organic matter.

D They obtain food from the host.

4 The diagram shows an experiment to determine the energy value of food X.

What is the energy value of food X?

A 1.23 kJ g -1

B 2.06 kJ g-1

C 6.05 kJ g-1

D 7.56 kJ g-1

C

Mass of food X = 0.5 g

Volume of water = 20 cm

Mass of water = 20 g




5 The following data is the result of an experiment to determine the energy value

of a peanut.

Data berikut merupakan keputusan suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan nilai

tenaga bagi kacang tanah.

Mass of peanut 0.5g

Mass of water 20g

Initial temperature of water 25 C

Final temperature of water 45 C

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2Jg-1o

C-1

. Calculate the energy value of

the peanut.

Muatan haba tentu air ialah 4.2Jg-1o

C-1

. Hitung nilai tenaga bagi kacang

tanah.

A1 680 Jg

-1

C7 560 Jg

-1

B3 360 Jg

-1

D11 760 Jg

-1




8 Table 1 shows the nutrient content in 100g of various types of food.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan kandungan nutrient dalam 100g bagi beberapa jenis

makanan.

Food

Makana n

Nutrien content

Protein/g

Pr otein/

Lipid/g

Lipid/g

Carbohydrate/g

Kar bohidr at/g

Calcium/mg

Kalsium/mg

Iron/g

Ir on/

White

bread

Roti

8.0 1.7 54.3 100 1.7

Apple 0.3 0 12.0 4 0.3

Butter 0.5 82.5 0 15 0.2

Rice 6.2 1.0 86.8 4 0.4

Eggs 12.3 10.9 0 56 2.1

Table 1

Jadual 1

A student bled and fractured his bone during school sport practice.

Based on Table 1, which types of food are suitable for student for fast recovery?

Seorang murid mengalami luka dan patah tulang semasa menjalani latihan

sukan.

Berdasarkan Jadual 1, jenis makanan yang manakah sesuai diambil alih oleh

murid itu supaya cepat sembuh?

B

A Apple, rice, butter

Epal, nasi, mentega

C Eggs, apple, butter

Telur, epal, mentega

B White bread, eggs, rice

Roti putih, telur, nasi

D White bread, butter, apple

Roti putih, mentega, epal




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. A group of students carried out an experiment to identify the vitamin C content in

different fruit juices. 0.1% ascorbic acid solution and sample from different fruit juices are

used. Table 1 shows the results of the experiment.

Sekumpulan pelajar telah melaksanakan satu eksperimen untuk mengetahui kandungan

vitamin C dalam jus buah yang berbeza. Larutan asid askorbik 0.1% dan sampel jus

buah yang berbeza telah digunakan. Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen

tersebut.

Solution

Larutan

Initial reading (ml)

Bacaan awal (ml)

Final reading (ml)

Bacaan akhir (ml)

The used volume (ml)

Is ipadu yang

digun akan (ml)

Ascorbic acid solution

Larutan asid askorbik

1.0 2.0 1.0

X fruit juice

Jus buah X

2.0 3.1 0.9

Y fruit juice

Jus buah Y

2.0 4.1 1.9

Z fruit juice

Jus buah Z

2.5 5.2 2.3

Table 1

Jadual 1

(a) State the type of reaction that cause the DCPIP solution decolourised.Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang menyebabkan larutan DCPIP terluntur.

.................................................................................................................................

[1 mark ]




(b) Explain why does the mixture of DCPIP and the ascorbic acid solution or juice sample

cannot be shaken hardly.

Terangkan mengapakah campuran DCPIP dengan larutan asid askorbik atau sampel jus

tidak boleh digoncang dengan kuat.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

[2 marks ]

(c) Calculate the percentage of vitamin C in fruit juice X and Y.Hitungkan peratus kandungan vitamin C dalam jus buah X dan Y.

(i) Fruit juice XJus buah X

(ii) Fruit juice YJus buah Y

[4 marks]




(d) State the relationship between the volume of the fruit juices needed to change the colourof DCPIP solution with the percentage of vitamin C in the fruit juices.

Nyatakan hubungan antara isipadu jus buah-buahan yang diperlukan untuk perubahan

warna larutan DCPIP dengan peratus vitamin C dalam jus buah-buahan tersebut.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

[ 2 marks]

(e) Suggestion not to expose the fruits too long to the sunlight. Based on your knowledge inBiology, state the relationship between the vitamin C content in fruits and the sunlightintensity.

Disarankan supaya buah-buahan tidak didedahkan kepada cahaya matahari dengan

terlalu lama. Bersasarkan pengetahuan biologi anda, nyatakan perkaitan antara

kandungan vitamin C dalam buah-buahan dengan keamatan cahaya matahari.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

[ 3 marks]




Diagram 2

Rajah 2

2. Diagram 2 shows the set of apparatus used to determine and comparing the energy for

cashew nut and rice. Experimental results are as shown in table below.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk menentukan dan membandingkan

kandungan tenaga bagi biji jagus dan nasi. Keputusan eksperimen adalah sepertiman

jaudal di bawah.

Food sample

Sampel makanan

Cashew Nut

Bij i Gajus

Rice

Nasi

Mass for each sample

Jisim setiap sampel (g)

5 5

Initial Temperature of

water /Suhu awal air

(o C)

30 30

Final temperature of

water / Suhu akhir air

(o C)

90 78




Mass of water / Jisim

air (ml)

20 20

Increase in

temperature / Kenaikan

suhu (o C)

60 48

Diagram 2

Rajah 2

(a) Based on the apparatus arrangement, what is the function of water in this

experiment?

Berdasarkan susunan radas tersebut, apakah peranan air dalam eksperimen itu?

………………………………………………………………………………………......

[1 markah]

(b) Calculate the energy of cashew nut and rice by using a suitable formula with capacity

heat of water is 4.2 Jg-1 o C-1

Hitungkan nilai tenaga biji jagus dan nasi dengan menggunakan rumus formula yang

sesuai dengan menggunakn muatan haba tentu air ialah 4.2 Jg -1 o C -1

(i) Cashew Nut / Biji jagus

(ii) Rice / Nasi




[4 marks]

(c) Based on the above answer, state the relationship between classes of food with the

energy value foe each food sample

Berdasarkan jawapan di atas, nyatakan hubungan antara kelas makanan dengan

nilai tenaganya bagi setiap sampel makanan.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

[3 marks]

(d) Referring to the above diagram 2 , explain the modification of experimen to get a

correct energy value of food can be achieved

Merujuk kepada Rajah 2 diatas, terangkan pengubahsuaian eksperimen untukmendapat nilai tenaga makanan lebih tepat.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

[2 marks]

(f) If you are a food specialist, explain how you can suggest to a patient is recovering




from a disease the example of food to be taken to increase the energy level of the

body.

Jika anda adalah seorang pakar pemakanan, terangkan bagaimanakah anda boleh

mencadangkan kepada pesakit yang sedang pulih daripada serangan penyakit

contoh makanan yang boleh diambil untuk meningkatkan paras tenaga di dalambadan.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

[2 marks]

SOALAN ESEI:




1 a.

Food

Makanan

Protein

Protein

(g)

Lipid

Lip id

(g)

Carbohydrate

Karbohidrat

(g)

Minerals

Mineral

Vitamins

Vitamin

Calsium

Kalsium

(mg)

Ferum

Ferum

(mg)

A

(µg)

D

(µg)

B1

(mg)

B2

(mg)

Rice

Nasi

6.2 1.0 86.8 4 0.4 0 0 0.08 0.03

White

bread

Roti

putih

8.0 1.7 54.3 100 1.7 0 0 0.18 0.03

Potato

Kentang

1.4 0 19.7 4 0.5 0 0 0.08 0.03

Meat

Daging

18.1 17.1 0 7 1.9 0 0 0.06 0.19

Egg

Telur

12.3 10.9 4.2 100 0.1 155 0.1 0.09 0.47

Milk

Susu

3.3 3.8 4.8 120 0.1 44 0.05 0.04 0.15

Carrot

Lobak

0.7 0 5.4 48 0.6 2000 0 0.06 0.05

Table 1: Nutrients content in 100g parts of the eaten food

Jadual 1 : Kandungan Nutrien Per 100g Bahagian Yang Dimakan

Based on Table 1 above, suggest the suitable menu for;




Berdasarkan Jadual 1 di atas, cadangkan menu yang sesuai bagi

i) Pregnant mother

Ibu mengandung

ii) TeenagerRemaja

Give the justification for the menu that you choose

Berikan justifikasi untuk menu yang dipilih.

[10 marks]




b) Energy requirement for a girl aged 15 is 9000 kJ daily.

Table 2 shows types of food, quantity and energy content of her daily

menu.

Keperluan tenaga bagi budak perempuan berumur 15 tahun ialah 9000kJ sehari.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan jenis makanan, kuantiti dan kandungan tenaga bagi menu

Hariannya.

Types of food Quantity taken

( g )

Energy Content

( kJ /100 g )

Rice

Nasi

350 1500

Chips o 150 1000

Roasted Chicken 300 800

Grilled Beef 200 1200

Boiled potato 150 500

Chocolate 100 2500

Yoghurt 200 200

Egg 100 600

Table 2

Jadual 2

Calculate the total energy value taken by the girl daily .

If she continues to take the menu everyday for a long time, explain the

consequences of the habit to her health.

Kirakan jumlah yang tenaga yang diambil oleh budak perempuan itu

sehari. Jika dia berterusan mengambil menu itu setiap hari dalam

jangka masa yang lama, terangkan kesan tabiat itu pada kesihatan.

[ 10 marks ]

2a Table 1 shows the daily energy requirement for different groups of people.Jadual 1 menunjukkan keperluan tenaga harian untuk kumpulan individu yang




berlainan.

Individuals groups

Kumpulan indiv idu

Daily Energy

Requirement / kJ

Keperluan tenaga

harian / kJ

Carbohydrates

/ g

Karboh idrat /

g

Proteins

/ g

Protein /

g

Fats

/ g

Lemak /

g

Man

Lelaki dewasa

Sedentary work 10080 390 90 53

Moderate work 11760 455 105 62

Heavy work 16380 635 146 87

Women

Wanita

Sedentary work 7980 310 70 42

Moderate work 9420 360 85 49

Heavy work 12600 490 115 67

Pregnancy 10500 410 95 56

Children

Kanak-kanak

Up to 2 year 5040 195 45 27

3 to 6 years 6300 245 56 33

7 to 9 years 7560 295 70 40

10 to 12 years 8820 340 80 47

Adolescents

Remaja

13 to 15 yrs. - boys 10500 410 95 56

13 to 15 yrs. – girls 9420 360 82 49

16 to 18 yrs. - boys 12600 490 115 67

16 to 18 yrs. – girls 9420 360 82 49

Table 3

Jadual 3

i. What is a balanced diet? Apakah maksud makanan seimbang?




b.

[ 2 marks]

ii. Based on Table 3, explain why different groups of people have different dailyenergy requirement?

Berdasarkan Jadual 3, terangkan mengapa kumpulan individu yang berlainanmempunyai keperluan tenaga harian yang berbeza?

[ 8 marks]

Besides the basic nutrients shown in Table 3 , what other nutrients are also

essential to be included in our daily

Selain daripada nutrient asas yang ditunjukkani dijadual 3 apakah nutrient lain yang

perlu di masukkan ke dalam makanan harian kita?

State your answer by giving suitable examples.Nyatakan jawapan anda dengan memberikan contoh yang sesuai.

[ 4 marks ]

3a Table 4 shows a daily energy requirement of various individuals.

Jadual 4 menunjukkan keperluan tenaga harian perbagai individu




b

INDIVIDUAL DAILY ENERGY

REQUIREMENT

(kJ)

i Very active man 15 100

ii Breast feeding woman 10 000

iii Average woman aged 25 9 200

iv Boy aged 12 – 15 11 700

v Girl aged 12 – 15 9 600

vi Child aged 7 7 500

vii Man aged 70 8 500

Table 4

Jadual 4

Explain the daily energy requirement for any three groups of individual as compared to

that of an average woman aged 25.

Terangkan keperluan tenaga harian bagi mana-mana TIGA kumpulanindividu dibanding dengan se orang perempuan berumur 25 tahun.

[10 Marks]

Based on Table 5, suggest and justify an appropriate menu for each target group:

Berdasarkan Jadual 5. cadangkan dan justifikasikan satu menu yang sesuai untuksetiap kumpulan yang berikut:




Food Prote

in (g)

Lipi

d

(g)

Carbohydr

ate (g)

Minerals Vitamins

Calcium

(mg)

Ferum

(mg)

A(µg)

D

(µg

)

B1 (mg)

Rice 6.2 1.0 86.8 4.0 0.4 0 0 0.08

Bread 8.00 1.70 54.30 100.0

0

1.70 0 0 0.18

Beef 18.10 17.1

0

0 7.00 1.90 0 0 0.06

Eggs 12.30 10.9

0

4.20 100.0

0

0.10 155.0

0

0.1

0

0.09

Fish 17.40 0.70 0 16.00 0.50 0 0 0.08

Milk 3.30 3.80 4.80 120.0

0

0.10 44.00 0.0

5

0.04

Margari

ne

0.20 81.5

0

0 4.00 0.30 900.0

0

8.0

0

0

Orange

s

0.80 0 8.50 41.00 0.30 8.00 0 0.10

Yoghurt 5.00 1.00 6.40 180.0

0

0.10 10.00 0.0

2

0.05

Table 5

Jadual 5

(i) pregnant mothersibu mengandung

(ii) people with cardiovascular diseaseibu mengandung

(iii) teenagers aged 17remaja berumur 17 tahun

[10 marks]

TAJUK: NUTRITION




SUBTAJUK: MALNUTRITION

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

01

The statements above describe the patient suffers fromPernyataan di atas berkenaan dengan pesakit yang mengalami

A Anorexia nervosa Anoreksia nervosa

B bulimiabulimia

C gastritisgastrik

D obesityobesiti

02 The following can cause gastric ulcers exceptBerikut merupakan penyebab ulser gastrik kecual i

A eating junk foodMakan makanan segera

B drinking alcohol

Minum alkoholC stressstress

D irregular meal timesMakan secara tidak tetap

03 The table shows some of the components of the daily diet of Mr. X, andalso the recommended daily intake for a person of his age andoccupation.Jadual menunjukkan komponen diet harian Encik X dan juga makananyang dicadangkan sesuai dengan umur dan pekerjaannya.

Mr X’s dietDiet Encik X

Recommendeddaily intakePengambilan

makanan yang

dicadangkan

EnergyProteinVitamin CVitamin DCalciumIron

18.0 MJ70 g40 mg3.5 μg 550 mg10 mg

11.3 MJ68 g30 mg2.5 μg500 mg10 mg

What will be the likely result, if Mr X continues to eat like this ? Apakah mungkin akan dihadapi jika Encik X mengamalkan pemakanan di atas

Huge amount of food are ingested.

Makan dalam kuantiti yang banyak This is followed by induced vomiting

Diikuti dengan memuntahkan semulamakanan




A. Anaemia Anamia

B. ObesityObesiti

C. RicketsRiket

D. ScurvySkurvi

04. Table 1 shows the average volume of solutions W, X, Y and Z needed to decolourise 1ml of DCPIP solution.Jadual 1 menunjukkan purata isipadu larutan W, X, Y dan Z yang diperlukan untukmelunturkan 1 ml larutan DCPIP

Solutionlarutan

Volume of solution to decolourise 1 ml of DCPIP (ml)Is ipadu larutan untuk meluntu rkan 1 ml DCPIP (ml)

W 4.7

X 2.3

Y 3.8

Z 6.5

Which of the solution is best recommended for a person suffering from scurvy?

Larutan yang manakah paling baik disyorkan kepada orang yang mengalami skurvi

A W C Y

B X D Z

05. A child has distended stomach and suffers from diarrhea.What type of malnutrition does this child suffer from?Seorang kanak-kanak mempunyai perut buncit dan mengalami cirit birit.

Apakah jenis malnutrisi yang dialami oleh kanak-kanak tersebut .

A KwasyiokorKwasyiokor

C OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

B ObesityKegendutan

D Cardiovascular disease.Penyakit kardiovaskular

06. Which of the following should be done by the patient to maintain normal blood sugarlevel?

A medical check-up shows that a patient’s pancreas is damaged and has to be removed.

Pemeriksaan kesihatan menunjukkan pankreas seorang pesakit rosak dan perlu dikeluarkan




Apakah yang perlu dilakukan oleh pesakit itu untuk mengekalkan paras gula yangnormal?

A Take a balanced dietMengambil makanan seimbang

B Take glucose injectionsMengambil suntikan glukosa

C Reduce high intake of calorie foodMengurangkan makanan berkalori tinggi

D Take insulin and glucagon injectionsMengambil suntikan insulin dan glukagon

07. Diagram 4 shows a child suffering from a disease.Rajah 4 menunjukkan kanak-kanak mengalami sejenis penyakit

Diagram 4

The child suffers the disease because of lack of

Kanak-kanak ini mengalami kekurangan A Carbohydrate C ProteinKarbohidrat protein

B Vitamin D fibreVitamin serat

08. Diagram 11 shows a “healthy diet” pyramid.Rajah 11 menunjukkan pyramid “pemakanan sihat”.

Diagram 11

Which level of food needs to be taken to avoid constipation?Makanan pada aras yang manakah perlu diambil untuk mengelak sembelit?




A Level 1 / Aras 1B Level 2 / Aras 2C Level 3 / Aras 3D Level 4 / Aras 4

09. Based on the statements above, what is the health problem does the individual mostlikely suffering from?Berdasarkan pernyataan diatas, apakah masalah kesihatan yang dialami oleh individutersebut?

A Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa

C Bulimia

Bulimia

B Obesity

Kegemukan

D Gastritis

Gastrik

10. Ways to maintain a healthy digestive system includeCara untuk mengekalkan sistem pencernaan yang sihat termasuklah

I Good eating habitTabiat pemakanan yang baik

II reducing sugar intakeMengurangkan pengambilan gula

III reducing intake of saturated fatsMengurangkan pengambilan lemak tepu

IV avoiding junk foodHindarkan makanan rapu

A. I and II onlyB. I, III and IVC. II, III and IV onlyD. I, II, III and IV.

This people may have a normal body mass but experience an intense fear ofgaining weight.Individu ini selalunya mempunyai berat badan yang normal tetapi sangat takutmenjadi gemuk.

Out of control in consuming food, followed by self-induced vomiting.Sukar berhenti apabila makan tetapi memuntahkan semula makanan yang dimakan.

This people may die from severe weight loss and undernourished conditions.Individu mungkin akan mati akibat kehilangan berat badan dan kekurangan nutrien.




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1 Table 2 shows the nutrient content of three types of food A, B and CJadual 2 menunjukkan kandungan nutrien bagi tiga jenis makanan A, B dan C.

Nutrient content/100g foodKandu ngan nu tr ien/100g

makanan

FoodMakanan

A B C

Carbohydrateskarbohidrat

45.7 22.1 40.0

FatsLemak

36.0 10.3 2.5

ProteinsProtein

0.2 15.2 18.4

Vitamin A 0 0 0.152Vitamin B1 0.05 0.078 0.12

Vitamin B2 0.05 0.082 0.15

Vitamin C 0.01 0.2 0.2

Vitamin D 0 0.048 0.055

IronFerum

0.0012 0.001 0.0066

CalciumKalsium

0.01 0.0028 0.0039

Dietary FibresKandungan serat

2.4 8.7 0

Table 2

(a) (i) In your opinion, which food has the highest energy value?Pada pendapat anda, makanan manakah mempunyai nilai tenaga palingtinggi ?

______________________________________________________________[1 mark]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer.Beri alasan jawapan anda.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(b) State three effects of excessive intake of food A as a result of its high fatcontent.Nyatakan 3 kesan pengambilan makanan A berlebihan yang mengakibatkankandungan lemak yang tinggi

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________




[3 marks]

(c) (i) Which food can help a person to prevent night blindness?Makanan manakah membantu seseorang mengelakkan rabun malam?

______________________________________________________________[1 mark]

(ii) Name the nutrient which helps prevent night blindness.Namakan nutrien yang membantu mengelakkan rabun malam

______________________________________________________________[1 mark]

(d) Food A is rich in calcium. However, a person who has not been eating food A isfound to be deficient in calcium. Suggest a possible reason for the deficiency.Makanan A kaya dengan kalsium. Oleh itu seseorang yang tidak mengambil

makanan A mengalami kekurangan kalsium. Cadangkan alasan sesuai kekurangantersebut.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(e) Food C is deficient in dietary fibres. What problem would be faced by a personwhose usual diet is food C?Makanan C kekurangan serat. Apakah masalah yang akan dihadapi oleh seseorang

yang selalu mengambil makanan C?

______________________________________________________________[1 mark]

(f) Which food would you recommend for a person who is anaemic?. Give a reason foryour answer. Apakah makanan yang dicadangkan untuk pesakit anemia? Beri alasan jawapananda.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________[2 marks]

SOALAN ESEI:




1. Table 1 shows a daily food intake by a teenager.Jadual 1 menunjukkan pengambilan makanan harian seorang remaja.

Table 1

Jadual 1

a) Suggest two health problems which that teenager could have if she continuouslytaking the above menu for a long time. Explain your answers.Cadangkan dua masalah kesihatan yang dihadapi oleh remaja tersebut sekiranya ia

mengambil menu itu dalam jangka masa panjang. Terangkan jawapan anda.

[4 marks]

b) Explain ways to improve daily food intake by stating the reasons for your choiceof food.Terangkan cara-cara memperbaiki pengambilan makanan dengan menyatakan alasan

pemilihan tersebut. [6 marks]

2. Diagram 6.4 shows the daily menu taken by a teenage boy aged 15 .

Breakfast / sarapan Lunch / makan tengahari Dinner/makan malam

Full cream milkSusu penuh krim

Fried egg

Telur goreng

Fried sausage

Sosej goreng

Fried noodlesMee goreng

Fried chicken

Ayam goreng

Ice cream

Ais krim

Carbonated soft drink

Minuman berkarbonat

Pasta with cream saucePasta dengan sos krim

Cream of mushroom soup

Sup cendawan berkrim

Cheese Cake

Kek keju




Rajah 6.4 menunjukkan menu harian yang diambil oleh seorang remaja lelakiberumur 15 tahun

Explain whether the menu is suitable for the boy.Explain the consequences to his health if he continues taking the daily menu for a long time .

Terangkan sama ada menu itu sesuai bagi budak lelaki tersebut.Terangkan kesan kaetas kesihatanya jika dia terus mengambil menu harian tersebut dalamsatu jangka masa yang panjang

[ 5 marks]

Banana

Pisan

Vegetable

[Sayur]

Meat

[Daging]

Cheese

[keju]

Carbonated

drink

OilMinyak

Diagram 6.4Rajah 6.4




TAJUK: NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK: FOOD DIGESTION

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1 The diagram shows a part of human digestive system.Diagram menunjukkan sebahagian daripada sistem pencernaan manusia

What will happens if tube X is blocked? Apakah yang akan berlaku jika tiub x tersumbat?

A The digestion of fat will decrease.Pencernaan lemak akan berkurangan

B The digestion of carbohydrate will decreasePencernaan karbohidrat akan berkurangan

C Digested food cannot be carried to the liverMakanan tercerna tidak akan dibawa ke hati

D No enzyme can go into the duodenumTiada enzim yang dirembeskan ke dudenum

2

.

The diagram shows the four chambered stomach of a ruminant.Rajah menunjukkan empat ruang perut bagi ruminan.

Which of the following is not a correct match about each chamber and its function?

Yang manakah berikut tidak benar tentang ruang perut dan fungsinya ? A M - Rumen, mutualistic bacteria digest cellulose.

M - rumen, bakteria mutualistik mencerna selulosaB N - Omasum, the regurgitated food in the mouth is passed into the

omasum.N - Omasum, makanan yang dikunyah semula dihantar ke omasum

C O - Reticulum, the partially digested food is formed into balls andregurgitated into the mouth for chewing.

O - retikulum, makanan separa cerna akan dibentuk bebola dandihantar semula ke mulut untuk dikunyah

D P - Duodenum, the digested products are absorbed.P – dudenum, hasil pencernaan diserap

3 Four different tests were carried out on food a sample P . The results are shown in the




table below.Empat ujian berlainan dilakukan untuk sampel P. Keputusan ujian ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah

Test tubeTabung uji

Food TestUjian makanan

Resultskeputusan

W DCPIP testUjian DCPIP

Colourless solutionLarutan tak berwarna

X Benedict’s test Ujian Benedict

Blue solutionLarutan biru

Y Biuret testUjian biuret

Purple colourLarutan ungu

Z Iodine testUjian Iodin

Brown solutionLarutan perang

The food sample P containsSampel makanan P mengandungi

I starchkanji

II protein protien

III reducing sugarGula penurun

IV vitamin CVitamin C

A I and III

B II and IV

C I, II and III

D I, II, III and IV

4 The figure shows the digestion of proteins.Rajah menunjukkan pencernaan protein

Which of the following is enzyme Y?Yang manakah antara berikut adalah enzim Y? A RenninB PepsinC LipaseD Peptidase

5 Figure below shows a longitudinal section of a villus.

enzyme Y

Protein + water polypeptides




Rajah menunjukkan keratan rentas satu vilus

Nutrients that can be found in Z are,Nutrien yang terdapat di z adalah,

I glucoseII vitamin CIII vitamin DIV amino acid

A I,II and IIIB I,II and IVC II,III and IVD I,II,III and IV

6.

Figure shows a ruminant digestive system.Which of the part P, Q, R and S contains large communities of bacteria and protozoa?Rajah menunjukkan sistem pencernaan haiwan ruminan. Bahagian yang manakah P,Q,

R dan S mengandungi banyak komuniti bakteria dan protozoa

A. P and Q onlyB. Q and R onlyC. R and S onlyD. P and S only

7. Diagram 3 shows human digestive system.Rajah 3 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan manusia.

S

R

QP

FIGURE 2




Diagram 3

Which part A, B, C or D, fat is started to be digested? Antara bahagian A, B, C atau D, di manakah lemak mula dicernakan?

8. The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal.Rajah menunjukkan sebahagian dari sistem pencernaan manusia

A

B

C

D




Which two structures produce substances involved in the digestion of fat ?Nyatakan dua struktur menghasilkan bahan yang melibatkan pencernaan lemak?

A. P and TB. Q and RC. R and SD. S and T

9. The diagram shows the structure of a vilus in the small intestine. The arrows show thedirection of flow of fluids.Rajah menunjukkan struktur satu vilus dalam usus kecil. Anak panah menunjukkan arah pengaliran cecair. Where will fatty acids and glycerol be present in the largest amounts ?Di manakah asid lemak dan gliserol dihasilkan dalam jumlah yang banyak.

10. The table below shows the observation made during some food tests carried out ona sample.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi ujian makanan ke atas sampel

Test for proteinBiuret test

Ujian untuk proteinUjian Biuret

ObservationPurple colorPemerhatianWarna ungu

Test for reducingsugar

Benedict’s solution Ujian gula penurun

ObservationLight blue

colourPemerhatian

Biru muda




Based on these results, which of the following conclusions about the food is correct?Berdasarkan keputusan ujian, yang manakah merupakan kesimpulan ujian yang betul?

ProteinProtein

Reducing sugarsGula penurun

StarchKanji

A Present Ada

AbsentTiada

Present Ada

B Present Ada

Present Ada

AbsentTiada

C AbsentTiada

Present Ada

AbsentTiada

D AbsentTiada

AbsentTiada

Present Ada

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Figure 1 shows a blood vessel (Q) linking a part of the alimentary canal (P) with anorgan (R) in the abdomen.Rajah 1 menunjukkan saluran darah Q menyambungkan saluran pencernaan Pdengan organ R dalam abdomen.

Test for starchIodine test

Ujian untuk kanjiU ian Iodin

ObservationDark blue colour

PemerhatianWarna biru tua




Figure 2

a) (i) Identify P, Q and R

Nyatakan P,Q dan RP: ……………………………………………………………………………

Q: …………………………………………………………………………..

R: ………………………………………………………………………….

(3 marks)

(ii) What type of blood vessel is S ? Apakah jenis salur darah S ?

……………………………………………………………………………. (1 mark)

b) State the changes in the composition of the blood in Q shortly after a meal hasbeen eaten which contains protein and carbohydrate.Nyatakan perubahan komposisi darah dalam Q sejurus selepas mengambil makananyang mengandungi protein dan karbohidrat.

………………………………………………………………………………………...................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

c) How does the organ R regulate the excess of the end products of protein andcarbohydrate digestion that are brought there by blood vessel Q?Bagaimanakah organ R mengawalatur hasil pencernaan berlebihan bagi protein dankarbohidrat yang dibawa oleh salur darah Q?




………………………………………………………………………………..........................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

(4 marks)

2. Diagram 2 shows several parts of the human digestive system P, Q, R, S, T and U.Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa bahagian pada sistem pencernaan manusia P, Q, R,S, T dan U.




Diagram 2

(a) Choose the letter that labels the part where each of the following hydrolysisreaction takes place.Pilih huruf yang dilabelkan menunjukkan bahagian manakah hidrolisis berikutberlaku

(i) Protein peptides

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Starch maltose

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(b) The structure T in Diagram 2 has numerous projections. Draw and label alongitudinal section of one of these projections in the space below.Struktur T dalam rajah 2 mempunyai banyak unjuran. Lukis dan label keratinrentas satu daripada unjuran ini dalam ruangan di bawah.

[2 marks](c) (i) State the process that occurs in the projection drawn in (b).

Nyatakan proses yang berlaku dalam unjuran yang dilukis dalam b(i)

…………………………………………………………………………………………




(iii) State one characteristic of the structure T that will help the process in (c)(i) to

function efficiently.Nyatakan satu sifat pada struktur T yang membantu proses dalam c(i)dengan lebih berkesan

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

(d) As a Doctor you have confirmed that a patient is suffering from a disease. OrganS of the patient has to be removed.Sebagai seorang doctor, anda telah mengesahkan pesakit itu mengalami sejenis penyakit. Organ S pesakit itu perlu dikeluarkan.

(i) What explanation would you give to the patient?In your explanation state the effects of the removal of organ S on enzymesand hormones, and how these affect the digestion and the level of glucose inthe blood.

Apakah penjelasan yang anda perlu berikan kepada pesakit tersebut? Dalam penjelasan tersebut, nyatakan kesan mengeluarkan organ S ke atas enzimdan hormone, dan sejauh mana kesannya kepada pencernaan dan parasglukosa dalam darah.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

[4 marks]

(ii) What advice can you give to the patient to help him handle health problemsthat may arise from the removal of organ S? Apakah nasihat anda kepada pesakit tersebut dalam membantunyamengatasi masalah kesihatan akibat pembuangan organ S?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..

[2 marks]

SOALAN ESEI:




6. Diagram 6.1 shows three organisms J,K and L

Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan tiga organisma J,K dan L

J K L

Diagram 6.1

(a) (i) Name the type of nutrition carried out by organism J and L.

Namakan jenis nutrisi yang dinamalkan oleh J dan L.

[ 2 mark]

(ii) Compare and contrast the alimentary canals of organisms K and L.

Bandingkan dan bezakan salur pencernaany bagi organisma K dan L.

[ 4 mark]

(b) Diagram 6.2 shows a structure found in human digestive system.




Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu struktur yang terdapat dalam sistem pencernaan

manusia.

Diagram 6.2

State the adaptive characteristics of the structure for the absobption of the

digested food.

Nyatakan ciri-ciri penyesuaian struktur ini untuk penyerapan makanan tercerna.

[ 4 marks ]

TAJUK : Chapter 6 : NutritionSUBTAJUK: 6.5 Absorption and assimilation of digested food

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:




1. Which of the following digested food used to build enzymes and hormones?Manakah antara berikut digunakan untuk menghasilkan enzim dan hormon?

A GlucoseGlukosa

B Amino acid Acid amino

C GalaktoseGalaktosa

D Fatty acid Asid lemak

2. Which of the following blood vessel involved in transporting lipid from small intestine tothe heart?Manakah antara salur darah berikut yang mengangkut lipid dari usus kecil ke jantung?

A Hepatic portal vein.Vena portal hepa

B Aorta Aorta

C Pulmonary veinVena pulmonari

D Subclavian veinVena subklavian.

3. Excess glucose are stored in muscle in form ofGlukosa berlebihan disimpan didalam otot dalam bentuk

A GlycogenGlikogen

B Amino acid

Acid amino

C GlycerolGlicerol


4. Which of the following which is not the function of liver?Manakah antara berikut yang bukan fungsi hati?

A Assimilation




Asimilasi

B Enzyme productionPenghasilan enzim

C DetoxificationPenyahtoksik

D DeaminationDeaminasi

5. What is the disease might occur if a person eats too much protein in his diet? Apakah penyakit yang mungkin dihidapi oleh seseorang yang mengambil terlalu banyak protein dalam diet?

A Marasmus

Marasmus

B KwashiokorKwasiokor

C CostipationSembelit

D Kidney failureSakit buah pinggang

6. Which of the following is the function of assimilated glucose in cell?Manakah antara berikut merupakan kegunaan glukosa yang diasimilasikan oleh sel?

A formation of plasma membranePenghasilan membrane plasma

B repairing damage tissueMembaikpulih tisu yang rosak

C production of energyPenghasilan tenaga

D Production of enzymePenghasilan enzim.

7. What will happen to the by-product of deamination process? Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada hasil sampingan proses deaminasi?

A Excreted out by kidneyDinyahkeluar oleh ginjal

B Return back to small intestine,Dikembalikan semula ke dalam usus kecil

C Act as main component of enzyme.




Bertindak sebagai komponen utama enzim

D Stored in cellDisimpan dalam sel

8. The glycogen is formed fromGlycogen dihasilkan daripada

A GlucoseGlukosa

B Amino acid Acid amino

C GlycerolGlicerol


9. Lipid is important for Lipid penting untuk

I penghasilan tenagaEnergy production

II cushioning the internal organ

Menyerap hentakan bagi organ dalaman

III formation of plasma membranPembentukkan membran plasma

IV synthesis of antibodiesPenghasilan antibodi

A I, II and III onlyI, II dan III sahaja

B I, III and IV only

I, III dand IV sahaja

C II, III and IV onlyII, III dan IV sahaja

D I, II, III and IVI, II, III dan IV sahaja

SOALAN STRUKTUR:1. Explain the process of deamination

Terangkan proses deaminasi




............................................................................................................................................... (4 marks/4 markah)

2. Describe the process of assimilation of amino acid in cellTerangkan proses asimilasi amino asid dalam sel

............................................................................................................................................... ` (4 marks/4 markah)

SOALAN ESEI:1. Diagram 1 shows the asimilation process.

.

Explain the assimilation of glucose in liver and cells.Terangkan proses asimilasi glukosa dalam hati dan sel.

(6 marks/ 6 markah)

2..

Explain a disease which might occur due to this bad eating habit.Terangkan sejenis penyakit yang mungkin dihadapi akibat dari tabiat makanan tersebut,

(6 marks/ 6 markah)

TAJUK : Chapter 6 : NutritionSUBTAJUK : 6.6 Formation of Faeces and Defaecation

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

The young generation in this country always takes the fast food such as fried

chicken and burger which contain high amout of protein.

Generasi mud a gemar mengambil makanan segera sepert i ayam goreng d an

burger yang m empunyai kandungan prote in yang t inggi .




1. Which of the following is the importances of microorganism present in colon?Manakah antara berikut merupakan kepentingan mikroorganisma dalam kolon?

I produce antibioticsMenghasilkan antibiotics

II produce vitaminMenghasilkan vitamin

III produce enzymesMenghasilkan enzim

IV Produce hormoneMenghasilkan hormon

A I, and II onlyI, dan II sahaja

B I, II and III onlyI, II dan III sahaja

C II, and IV onlyII dan IV sahaja

D II, III and IV onlyII, III dan IV sahaja

2. Which of the following substances are found in faeces?Manakah antara berikut terdapat dalam tinja?

I Indigestible fibreSerat tak tercerna

II Dead cells of intestinal liningSel mati dari permukaan usus

III Bile pigment

Pigmen hempedu

IV Toxic substancesBahan toxic


B I, III and IV onlyI, III dand IV sahaja





D I, II, III and IVI, II, III dan IV sahaja

3. Which of the following food can help to prevent constipation?Makanan yang manakah dapat membantu mengelakkan sembelit?

A RiceNasi

B FishIkan

C FruitsBuah-buahan

D ButterMentega

4. The faeces become hard and difficult to expelled is known asTinja menjadi keras dan sukar untuk dikeluarkan dinamakan

A Assimilation Asimilasi

B KwashiokorKwasiokor

C MarasmusMarasmus

D ConstipationSembelit

5. Haemoroids are caused byPenyakit buasir disebabkan oleh

A too much pressure in the rectumTekanan yang terlalu kuat keatas rektum

B too much contraction of anusPengecutan anus yang terlalu kuat

C too less pressure in the rectumTekanan yang terlalu lemah keatas rektum

D too less contraction of anusPengecutan anus yang terlalu lemah

SOALAN ESEI:

1. Diagram 4 shows food which contain a lot of fibres.




Explain how fibre reduce the risk of constipation.Terangkan bagaimana serat dapat mengurangkan risiko sembelit. (5 marks / 5 markah)

TAJUK: Chapter 6 : Nutrition

SUBTAJUK: 6.7 : Eating Habit




6.8 : The importance of a healthy digestive system

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Severely starved adults become very thin. It is because

Orang dewasa yang menahan lapar akan menjadi terlalu kurus. Ini adalah kerana

A they do not have enough energy for growth

mereka tidak mempunyai cukup tenaga untuk membesar

B they break down body tissues to release energy

mereka memecahkan tisu badan untuk membebaskan tenaga

C they do not have excess carbohydrates to convert into fat

mereka tidak mempunyai karbohidrat berlebihan untuk ditukarkan kepada lemak

D they do not have enough carbon to build up body tissues

mereka tidak mempunyai cukup karbon untuk membina tisu badan

2. A hypertension patient is advised to

Pesakit hipertensi dinasihatkan untuk

I increase sodium intake

meningkatkan pengambilan garam

II eat less processed meat products

kurangkan makan hasil daging yang diproses

III eat more red meat

lebihkan makan daging merah

IV avoid alcohol and smoking

elakkkan alkohol dan merokok

A I and III onlyI dan III sahaja

B II and IV only

II dan IV sahaja

C I, II and III only

I, II dan III sahaja

D II, III and IV only

II, III dan IV sahaja

3. Which dietary imbalance does not lead to the health problem stated?

Pemakanan tidak seimbang yang manakah tidak membawa kepada masalah kesihatan

yang dinyatakan.




Class of foodKelas makanan

DiseasePenyakit

A CarbohydratesKarbohidrat

MarasmusMarasmus

B Proteins

Protein

Kwashiokor

KwasiokorC ProteinsProtein

MarasmusMarasmus

D MineralsMineral

RicketsRiket

6. Good eating habits ensure good health. Beside eating regular meals, the types of food are

also important. Which of the following statements is not true?

Tabiat pemakanan yang baik memastikan kesihatan yang baik. Selain makan makanan

yang rutin, jenis makanan juga adalah penting. Yang manakah di antara berikut tidak

benar?

A suitable mineral salts

garam mineral yang sesuai

B High amount of calories

jumlah kalori yang tinggi

C sufficient water and roughage

air dan pelawas yang mencukupi

D contains fats, carbohydrates and proteins

mengandungi lemak, karbohidrat dan protein

7. Which of the following selections of food is not true?

Yang manakah di antara pilihan makanan berikut tidak benar?

A A pregnant woman needs 10,000 kJ for herself and her baby

Wanita mengandung perlukan 10,000 kJ untuk dirinya dan bayinya

B Intake of alcohol should be avoided during foetal development

Pengambilan alcohol perlu dielakkan semasa perkembangan janin

C Iron is needed to form the red blood cells of the baby and to replace red blood cells

during birth

Besi diperlukan untuk membentuk sel darah merah bayi dan untuk menggantikan sel

darah merah semasa kelahiran.

D Mineral salts like magnesium and phosphorus are important for the formation of teethand bones of the foetus

Garam mineral seperti magnesium dan fosforus adalah penting untuk pembentukan gigi

dan tulang janin.

8. The following are the diseases caused by unhealthy eating habits except

Yang berikut adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh tabiat pemakanan yang tidak sihat

kecuali A gastritis




gastrik

B obesity

obesiti

C anorexia nervosa

anoreksia nervosa

D hemorrhoidsbuasir

9. Figure 1 shows a common defecation related problem

Rajah 1 menunjukkan sembelit yang berkaitan dengan satu masalah

Buasir

Figure 1

Rajah 1

The problem can be prevented by

Masalah ini boleh diatasi dengan

I exercising regularly

senaman berterusan

II drinking plenty of water

minum air yang banyak

III taking high fibre diet

mengambil pemakanan yang berserat tinggi

IV defecating regularly

penyahtinjaan berterusan

A I, II and III only


B I, III and IV only

I, III dand IV sahajaC II, III and IV only

II, III dan IV sahaja

D I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV sahaja

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Table 1 contains information about the nutrients requires for a healthy body.

Jadual 1 mengandungi maklumat tentang nutrient yang diperlukan untuk badan yang




sihat.

(a) Complete Table 1 by writing one appropriate answer in each blank box.

Lengkapkan jadual 1 dengan menulis satu jawapan yang betul dalam setiap kotak

kosong.

(3 marks/3 markah)

(b) Give two reason why exercise is good for us.

Berikan dua sebab mengapa senaman baik untuk kita.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks/2 markah)

(c) Explain how diet rich in carbohydrates can lead to obesity.

Jelaskan bagaimana pemakanan yang kaya dengan karbohidrat boleh membawa kepada

obesiti .

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks/2 markah)

(d) Obesity has harmful effects on the body.

Obesiti memberi kesan merbahaya kepada tubuh badan.

Describe the effects of obesity on the heart and circulatory system.

Huraikan kesan-kesan obesity kepada jantung dan sistem peredaran

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(3 marks/3 markah)

(e) Suggest two ways of maintaining a healthy digestive system

Cadangkan dua cara untuk megekalkan kesihatan sistem pencernaan.

.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

NutrientNutrisi

Require forDiperlukan untuk

Deficiency diseasePenyakit

CalciumKalsium

(i) RicketsRiket

(ii) Maintenance of cartilage bonesand gumsPenjagaan rawan tulang dan gusi

ScurvySkurvi

IronBesi

(iii) Anaemia Anemia




(2 marks/2 markah)

SOALAN ESEI:

1. a)

.

Imagine that you are preparing a talk on” Good eating habits” for group of parents, discuss

some good eating habits that you may want to educate them.Bayangkan anda sedang menyediakan ceramah tentang “Tabiat makan yang baik” untukbeberapa kumpulan ibubapa. Bincangkan beberapa tabiat makan yang baik yang boleh

mendidik mereka.

(10 marks/ 10 markah)

b) a)Diagram 1 shows three types of food.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan tiga jenis makanan.

Explain the long term consuming effects of consuming excess of these foods on an

individual’s health. Terangkan kesan jangka masa panjang pengambilan makanan-makanan tersebut yang

berlebihan ke atas kesihatan individu.

(10 marks/10 markah)

2. a) (i)

Malaysian families eat out very often because working parents do not have time to

prepare home cooked food. These eating habits lead to many health problems.

Keluarga di Malaysia selalunya makan di luar kerana ibubapa yang bekerja tidak

mempunyai masa untuk memasak makanan di rumah. Tabiat makan ini membawa

kepada terlalu banyak masalah kesihatan.

Poor eating habits result in health problems such as obesity, anaemia, and constipation

Tabiat makan yang buruk membawa kepada masalah seperti obesiti, anemia dan

sembelit.




Based on the statement above, state the causes and suggest ways on how to

overcome the health problem mentioned.

Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, nyatakan sebab dan cadangkan cara bagaimana

untuk mengatasi masalah kesihatan tersebut.(6 marks/6 markah)

(ii)

If the following symptoms occur to a person, explain how he is able to overcome these

symptoms by changing his diet.

Jika simptom-simptom berikut berlaku pada seseorang, jelaskan bagaimana dia boleh

mengelakkan symptom-simptom tersebut dengan mengubah dietnya.

(4 marks/ 4 markah)

b)

Write a report on the nutrient content and benefits to health, for each of the following food:

Tuliskan laporan tentang kandungan nutrient dan kebaikannya kepada kesihatan bagi

setiap makanan berikut:

(i) Meat

Daging

(ii) Potatoes and unpolished rice

Kentang dan beras tanpa kanji

(iii) Green vegetables and oranges

Sayuran hijau dan oren

(10 markah/10 marks)

TAJUK: NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK: The importance of Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Plants.

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

Poor eyesight at nightPenglihatan malam yang teruk

Face and skin looking paleMuka dan kulit kelihatan pucat

Suffers from goiter

Menghidapi goiter

A healthy diet contains many types of nutrients important for a healthy body.Pemakanan yang sihat mengandungi pelbagai jenis makanan yang penting untuk

kesihatan badan.




1. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a plant that is grown in soildeficient in magnesium?Yang manakah di antara berikut adalah tanda-tanda yang boleh diperhatikan padatumbuhan yang ditanam di dalam tanah yang kekurangan unsur magnesium? I Poor root growth (Pertumbuhan akar sedikit )II leaves become cupped (Daun jadi melengkung )III Red spots on leave surfaces (Tompokan merah pada permukaan daun)IV Yellowing between veins of leaves (kekuningan di celah urat daun) A I and II only C I, II and III onlyB II and IV only D II, III and IV only

2. Which macronutrient is correctly matched to its function?Makronutrien manakah yang betul dipadankan dengan fungsinya?

MacronutrientMakronutrien

FunctionFungsi

A Calcium Formation of spindle fibres during cell division

Pembentukan gentian gelendung semasa pembahagian sel.B Phosphorus Synthesis of carbohydrates

Sintesis karbohidrat

C Sulphur For rapid stem and leaf growthUntuk pertumbuhan pesat batang dan daun

D Nitrogen As a coenzyme in respirationSebagai koenzim dalam respirasi

3. The following information describes the condition of plant Y.Maklumat berikut menerangkan keadaan tumbuhan Y

Plant Y probably lacks ofPokok Y mungkin kekurangan A Copper (Kuprum) C Phosphorus (Fosforus)B Carbon (Karbon) D Magnesium (Magnesium)

4. The growth of plant Y is stunted. Plant Y is probably deficient inPertumbuhan pokok Y terbantut. Pokok Y berkemungkinan kekuranganI Copper (Kuprum)II Sulphur (Sulfur )III Nitrogen (Nitrogen)IV Manganese (Mangan) A I and II only C II and IV onlyB I and III only D III and IV only

5. Table below shows two types of mineral which are needed by green plants.Jadual 1 menunjukkan dua kumpulan mineral yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan hijau.

P Q

Calcium, Potassium and SulphurKalsium, kalium dan sulfur

Boron, Copper and IronBoron, kuprum dan ferum

Poor root growth.

Pertumbuhan akar yang sedikit Dark green leaves

Daun menjadi hijau tua




Table 1Jadual 1

Which of the following is NOT true regarding to the minerals shown?Manakah di antara berikut TIDAK benar mengenai mineral yang ditunjukkan?

P Q

A Needed in large quantityDiperlukan dalam jumlah yang besar

Needed in small quantityDiperlukan dalam jumlah yang sedikit

B Affects the general growth of plantsMempengaruhi pertumbuhan pokoksecara am.

Affects certain growth aspectsMempengaruhi aspek pertumbuhantertentu pokok.

C Elements required by plants inrelatively large amounts.Diperlukan dalam jumlah yang besar.

Elements required by plants in smallquantities.Diperlukan dalam jumlah yang banyak

D Needed in small quantityDiperlukan dalam jumlah yang sedikit

Needed in large quantityDiperlukan dalam jumlah yang banyak

6. Diagram below shows the structure of a leaf.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur daun.

If the plant is deficient in Nitrogen, which part of the leaf is affected?Jika pokok kekurangan nitrogen, bahagian daun yang manakah yang terjejas?

7. The following information is regarding the function and deficiency of nutrient Q in plants..Maklumat berikut adalah mengenai fungsi dan kekurangan mineral Q terhadaptumbuhan.

A

D

B

C

Acts as an cofactor for many enzymes.

Bertindak sebagai pengaktif bagi kebanyakan enzim. Lack of mineral Q causes yellow-edged of leaves

Kekurangan mineral Q menyebabkan tepi daun menjadi

kekuningan.




What is mineral Q? Apakah mineral Q? A Copper (Kuprum) C Potassium (Potassium)B Manganese (Mangan) D Magnesium (Magnesium)

8. Which of the following is able to determine if an element is necessary for plant growth?Manakah di antara berikut boleh menentukan samada sesuatu unsur itu diperlukanuntuk pertumbuhan pokok? A Chemical analysis of plant ash.

Analisis kimia abu tumbuhan.B Growth of a plant by hydroponics without an element.

Pertumbuhan pokok melalui kaedah hidroponik tanpa kehadiran satu unsur tertentu.

C Measuring the weight of the plant and soil before and after plant growthMengukur berat pokok dan tanah sebelum dan selepas pertumbuhan.D Measuring the amount of the element in the soil before and after plant growth.

Mengukur jumlah unsur di dalam tanah sebelum dan selepas pertumbuhan.

9. An experiment is carried out to study the effect of deficiency of macronutrients. Theaquatic plant, Lemna which has green leaves is grown in solution X and solution Y. Aftersix weeks, the observation are as shown in Table 1. Which of the following is true aboutsolution X and solution Y?Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan kekurangan makronutrien.Tumbuhan akuatik berdaun hijau iaitu Lemna sp. telah dipelihara di dalam larutan X danY. Selepas 6 minggu, pemerhatian direkodkan seperti di dalam jadual 1 di bawah. Yang

manakah di antara berikut adalah benar mengenai larutan X dan larutan Y ?

Solution

Larutan

Observation after 6 weeks

Pemerhatian selepas 6 minggu

Number of leaves

Jumlah bilangandaun

Colour of leaves

Warna daun

X Same

Sama

Yellow

Kuning

Y More

Lebih banyak

Yellow

Kuning




Table 1Jadual 1

Solution X Solution Y A No phosphorus No nitrogenB No magnesium No phosphorusC No nitrogen No phosphorusD No nitrogen No magnesium

10. Diagram below shows the apparatus set up of an experiment to study the need ofnutrient for plant growth.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan radas eksperimen bagi mengkaji keperluan nutrien untuk pertumbuhan pokok .

Tube X is connected to an air pump. What is the function of tube X?Tiub X disambungkan ke pam udara. Apakah fungsi tiub X ? A To add nutrient to the culture solution

Untuk menambah nutrien di dalam larutan kultur .B To add oxygen to the culture solution

Untuk menambah oksigen kepada larutan kultur .C To remove water from the culture solution

Untuk membuang air daripada larutan kulturD To remove microorganisms from the culture solution

Untuk membuang mikroorganisma daripada larutan kultur .




SOALAN STRUKTUR

1 Table 2 shows an experiment to study the effects of the lack of nutrient in plants.

Bottle

Salt

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.8 g/ l calcium nitrate X / NaNO3 / X / / /

0.2 g / l calcium nitrate X / / / X / / X

0.2g / l potassium dihydrogen

phosphate/ KCl / / / / / X

0.2 g / l magnesium sulphate / / / / / / K2SO4 /

Ferrum phosphate / X / X / / / /

1000 cm distilled water / / / / / / / /

TABLE 2(a) Which of the bottles contained a complete Knop’s culture solution?

[1 mark ]

(b) State the mineral nutrients that are not present in the following bottles:

Bottle 1:

Bottle 2:

Bottle 5:

[3 marks](c) Give one function of

i Phosphorus




TAJUK: NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK: Photosynthesis.

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Diagram 1 shows the cross section of a leaf of a green plant. Which region contains themost starch?Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas sehelai daun tumbuhan hijau. Kawasan yangmanakah mempunyai jumlah kanji terbanyak?

Diagram 1Rajah 1

2. Which of the following are the products of photosynthesis?Manakah di antara berikut adalah hasil fotosintesis?I H2OII CO2 III C6H12O6

IV O2 A I and II only C III and IV onlyB I and IV only D I, III and IV only

3. Diagram 1 shows a longitudinal section through a chloroplast.Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan memanjang menerusi satu kloroplast .




Diagram 1Rajah 1

Which parts of the organelle is involved in the reduction of carbon dioxide duringphotosynthesis? A I only C I and III onlyB II only D II and III only

4. Diagram 2 shows a step in the procedure to test starch in a leaf.Rajah 2 menunjukkan salah satu langkah dalam kaedah menguji kehadiran kanji didalam daun.

What is the purpose of doing the step shown in Diagram 2? Apakah tujuan melakukan langkah yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2? A To dissolve the chlorophyll.

Untuk melarutkan klorofil. B To stop chemical reaction.

Untuk menghentikan tindakbalas kimia. C To dissolve the starch.

Untuk melarutkan kanji .D To break the cell walls.

Untuk memecahkan dinding sel .

5. Diagram 3 shows a section through a leaf of a plant.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan keratan menerusi daun

IV

III

II

I

Diagram 2Ra ah 2




DIAGRAM 3Rajah 3

What is the adaptation of the structure P to optimise photosynthesis? Apakah penyesuaian struktur P untuk mengoptimakan fotosintesis? A. Have a lot of chloroplast

Mempunyai banyak organel kloroplastB. Waterproof layer on the leaf surface

Lapisan kalis air di atas permukaan daunC. Cylindrical cell arranged end to end in long row

Sel berbentuk silinder disusun hujung ke hujung dalam satu barisan yang panjang.

D Large air spaces between cellRuang udara antara sel yang besar.

6. Plants from different habitats are adapted to carry out photosynthesis. Which of thefollowing is the right adaptation for the following plant?Tumbuh-tumbuhan dari berbagai habitat disesuaikan bagi menjalankan fotosintesis.Manakah di antara berikut adalah ciri penyesuaian yang betul untuk jenis tumbuhanyang dipadankan? A. Bunga Raya or Hibiscus have more stomata at the upper epidermis

Bunga raya atau hibiscus mempunyai lebih stomata pada lapisan atasepidermisnya.

B. Water Lily have many stomata at the lower epidermis of the leafBunga teratai hanya mempunyai stomata di lapisan bawah epidermis daun.

C. Hydrilla has no stomata on its leafHydrilla tidak mempunyai stomata pada daunnya

D. The leaves of cactus have many stomataDaun kaktus mempunyai banyak stomata.

7. Diagram 4 shows the structure of a leaf.

Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur sehelai daun.

P




Diagram 3

Rajah 3

Which of the parts labelled A, B, C and D is correctly adapted to optimisephotosynthesis?Manakah di antara bahagian-bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D mempunyai ciri penyesuaian yang betul untuk mengoptimakan fotosintesis? A. Have a lot of chloroplast

Mempunyai banyak organel kloroplast

B. Large air spaces between cellsRuang udara yang banyak di antara sel.

C. Cylindrical cell arranged end to end in long rowSel berbentuk silinder disusun hujung ke hujung dalam satu barisan yang panjang.

D. Waterproof layer on the leaf surfaceLapisan kalis air di atas permukaan daun

8. Which of the following plants has no water-proof cuticle on its leaf surface?Yang manakah di antara tumbuhan berikut tidak mempunyai lapisan kalis air pada permukaan daunnya?

A C

D




B D

9. Which of the following substances are needed for photosynthesis?Yang manakah di antara berikut diperlukan untuk fotosintesis? A. Glucose, Oxygen and water

Glukosa, oksigen dan air B. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Glukosa, oksigen dan karbon dioksidaC. Water and Carbon dioxide

Air dan karbon dioksidaD. Energy, Water and Carbon Dioxide

Tenaga, air dan karbon dioksida

10. Diagram 4 shows the leaf of a plant which is partly covered with black paper on both

sides.Rajah 4 menunjukkan daun pokok yang telah ditutup sebahagiannya dengan kertashitam di kedua-dua belah daun.

Diagram 4Rajah 4

The plant is placed in bright light for 36 hours. The leaf is then tested for starch. Whichof the following correctly shows the area that contains starch?Tumbuhan itu ditempatkan di tempat terang selama 36 jam. Daun tersebut

kemudiannya diuji untuk kehadiran kanji. Manakah di antara berikut menunjukkankawasan yang betul mengandungi kanji?




A C

B D

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1 Two leaves P and Q are treated as shown in Diagram 5.Dua helai daun P dan Q telah diberikan rawatan sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan dalamRajah 5 .

Diagram 5Rajah 5

(a) State the aim of the experiment on leaf P and leaf Q respectively.

Nyatakan tujuan eksperimen ke atas daun P dan Q masing-masing .




(i) Leaf P: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

(ii) Leaf Q: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(b) (i) What is the aim of treating leaf P? Apakah tujuan rawatan pada daun P ?

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

(ii) State solution X and its function.Nyatakan larutan X dan fungsinya.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(c) Predict your observation made if each leaf is tested with iodine solution after 3hours.Ramalkan pemerhatian yang anda peroleh jika daun diuji dengan larutan iodinselepas 3 jam.

(i) Leaf P: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

(ii) Leaf Q: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(d) Explain your observations in (c).Terangkan pemerhatian anda di (c).

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(e) State one step which is required to be carried out on the plant before the start ofthis experiment.Nyatakan satu langkah yang perlu dijalankan sebelum memulakan eksperimenini .

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................




.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(1 mark)

2 Diagram 6 shows the cross section of a leaf of a dicotyledonous plant.Rajah 6 menunjukkan keratan rentas daun dikotiledon.

(a) (i) Name organelle R.Namakan organel R .

.................................................................................................................................(1 mark)

(ii) State one function of R.

Nyatakan satu fungsi R .

.................................................................................................................................(1 mark)

(b) Give two adaptations of leaves to facilitate photosynthesis.Berikan dua ciri penyesuaian daun untuk membantu fotosintesis.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(c) Explain the relationship between the size of Q and the rate of photosynthesiswhen the plant is exposed to sunlight from 0600 to 1800.Terangkan hubungan di antara size Q dengan kadar fotosintesis apabilatumbuhan didedahkan di bawah sinaran matahari dari jam 0600 hingga 1800.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

Diagram 6Rajah 6




TAJUK: NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK: Mechanism of Photosynthesis.

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Diagram 1 shows the cross section of a leaf of a green plant. Which region contains themost starch?Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas sehelai daun tumbuhan hijau. Kawasan yangmanakah mempunyai jumlah kanji terbanyak?

Diagram 1Rajah 1

2. Which of the following are the products of photosynthesis?

Manakah di antara berikut adalah hasil fotosintesis?I H2OII CO2 III C6H12O6 IV O2 A I and II only C III and IV onlyB I and IV only D I, III and IV only

3. Diagram 1 shows a longitudinal section through a chloroplast.Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan memanjang menerusi satu kloroplast .

Diagram 1

Rajah 1

IV

III

II

I




Which parts of the organelle is involved in the reduction of carbon dioxide duringphotosynthesis? A I only C I and III onlyB II only D II and III only

4. Diagram 2 shows a step in the procedure to test starch in a leaf.Rajah 2 menunjukkan salah satu langkah dalam kaedah menguji kehadiran kanji didalam daun.

What is the purpose of doing the step shown in Diagram 2? Apakah tujuan melakukan langkah yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2?

A To dissolve the chlorophyll.Untuk melarutkan klorofil.

B To stop chemical reaction.Untuk menghentikan tindakbalas kimia.

C To dissolve the starch.Untuk melarutkan kanji .

D To break the cell walls.Untuk memecahkan dinding sel .

7. Diagram 3 shows a section through a leaf of a plant.Rajah 3 menunjukkan keratan menerusi daun

DIAGRAM 3Rajah 3

Diagram 2Ra ah 2

P




What is the adaptation of the structure P to optimise photosynthesis? Apakah penyesuaian struktur P untuk mengoptimakan fotosintesis? A. Have a lot of chloroplast

Mempunyai banyak organel kloroplastB. Waterproof layer on the leaf surface

Lapisan kalis air di atas permukaan daunC. Cylindrical cell arranged end to end in long row


D Large air spaces between cellRuang udara antara sel yang besar.

8. Plants from different habitats are adapted to carry out photosynthesis. Which of thefollowing is the right adaptation for the following plant?Tumbuh-tumbuhan dari berbagai habitat disesuaikan bagi menjalankan fotosintesis.Manakah di antara berikut adalah ciri penyesuaian yang betul untuk jenis tumbuhanyang dipadankan?

A. Bunga Raya or Hibiscus have more stomata at the upper epidermisBunga raya atau hibiscus mempunyai lebih stomata pada lapisan atasepidermisnya.

B. Water Lily have many stomata at the lower epidermis of the leafBunga teratai hanya mempunyai stomata di lapisan bawah epidermis daun.

C. Hydrilla has no stomata on its leafHydrilla tidak mempunyai stomata pada daunnya

D. The leaves of cactus have many stomataDaun kaktus mempunyai banyak stomata.

7. Diagram 4 shows the structure of a leaf.Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur sehelai daun.

Diagram 3Rajah 3

D




Which of the parts labelled A, B, C and D is correctly adapted to optimisephotosynthesis?Manakah di antara bahagian-bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D mempunyai ciri penyesuaian yang betul untuk mengoptimakan fotosintesis? E. Have a lot of chloroplast

Mempunyai banyak organel kloroplastF. Large air spaces between cells

Ruang udara yang banyak di antara sel. G. Cylindrical cell arranged end to end in long row


H. Waterproof layer on the leaf surfaceLapisan kalis air di atas permukaan daun

8. Which of the following plants has no water-proof cuticle on its leaf surface?Yang manakah di antara tumbuhan berikut tidak mempunyai lapisan kalis air pada permukaan daunnya?

A C

B D

9. Which of the following substances are needed for photosynthesis?Yang manakah di antara berikut diperlukan untuk fotosintesis?E. Glucose, Oxygen and water

Glukosa, oksigen dan air F. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Glukosa, oksigen dan karbon dioksidaG. Water and Carbon dioxide

Air dan karbon dioksidaH. Energy, Water and Carbon Dioxide

Tenaga, air dan karbon dioksida




10. Diagram 4 shows the leaf of a plant which is partly covered with black paper on bothsides.Rajah 4 menunjukkan daun pokok yang telah ditutup sebahagiannya dengan kertashitam di kedua-dua belah daun.

Diagram 4Rajah 4

The plant is placed in bright light for 36 hours. The leaf is then tested for starch. Whichof the following correctly shows the area that contains starch?Tumbuhan itu ditempatkan di tempat terang selama 36 jam. Daun tersebutkemudiannya diuji untuk kehadiran kanji. Manakah di antara berikut menunjukkankawasan yang betul mengandungi kanji?

A C

B D




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1 Two leaves P and Q are treated as shown in Diagram 5.Dua helai daun P dan Q telah diberikan rawatan sebagaimana yang ditunjukkan dalamRajah 5 .

Diagram 5Rajah 5

(a) State the aim of the experiment on leaf P and leaf Q respectively.Nyatakan tujuan eksperimen ke atas daun P dan Q masing-masing .

(i) Leaf P: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

(ii) Leaf Q: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(b) (i) What is the aim of treating leaf P? Apakah tujuan rawatan pada daun P ?

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

(ii) State solution X and its function.Nyatakan larutan X dan fungsinya.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(c) Predict your observation made if each leaf is tested with iodine solution after 3hours.Ramalkan pemerhatian yang anda peroleh jika daun diuji dengan larutan iodin

selepas 3 jam.




(i) Leaf P: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

(ii) Leaf Q: ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(d) Explain your observations in (c).Terangkan pemerhatian anda di (c).

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(e) State one step which is required to be carried out on the plant before the start ofthis experiment.Nyatakan satu langkah yang perlu dijalankan sebelum memulakan eksperimenini .

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(1 mark)

2 Diagram 6 shows the cross section of a leaf of a dicotyledonous plant.Rajah 6 menunjukkan keratan rentas daun dikotiledon.

(a) (i) Name organelle R.Namakan organel R .

.................................................................................................................................(1 mark)

Diagram 6Rajah 6




(ii) State one function of R.Nyatakan satu fungsi R .

.................................................................................................................................(1 mark)

(b) Give two adaptations of leaves to facilitate photosynthesis.Berikan dua ciri penyesuaian daun untuk membantu fotosintesis.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(2 marks)

(c) Explain the relationship between the size of Q and the rate of photosynthesis

when the plant is exposed to sunlight from 0600 to 1800.Terangkan hubungan di antara size Q dengan kadar fotosintesis apabilatumbuhan didedahkan di bawah sinaran matahari dari jam 0600 hingga 1800.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(4 marks)

(d) If the leaf is left outside a room at 1300, explain the reaction that occurs inorganelle R.Jika daun dibiarkan di luar bilik pada 1300, terangkan tindakbalas yang berlakudi dalam organelle R.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................(4 marks)




TAJUK : NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK:Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1 The following chemical equation shows a process of photosynthesis that happens duringlight reaction.Persamaan kimia berikut menunjukkan satu proses fotosintesis yang berlaku semasatindak balas cahaya.

LightCahaya

24H2O 24H+ + 24OH-

ChlorophyllKlorofil

What will happen to this process of photosynthesis if the light intensity is high?

Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada proses fotosintesis ini jika keamatan cahaya tinggi?

A Less oxygen is releasedkeamatan cahaya

B Rate of starch production decreasesKadar penghasilan kanji menurun

C Rate of photolysis of water decreasesKadar fotolisis air berkurangan

D More glucose is producedLebih banyak glukosa dihasilkan

2. Diagram below shows the graph of the volume of carbon dioxide taken in or released by a

plant in a forest at different light intensities.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf isipadu karbon dioksida yang diambil atau dibebaskanoleh tumbuhan di dalam hutan pada keamatan cahaya yang berbeza.

Which of the following is true about the information obtained from the graph? Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang maklumat daripada graf itu ?

A At point W, the quantity of carbon dioxide released is zeroPada titik W, kuantiti pe,mbebasan karbon dioksida adalah sifar

B At point X, the quantity of intake and release of carbon dioxide are equalPada titik X, kuantiti pengambilan karbon dioksida adalah sama dengan kuantiti pembebasannya

C At point Y, the quantity of carbon dioxide releaseed is the maximumPada titik Y, kuantiti karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan adalah maksimum




D At point Z, the quantity of the intake and release of carbon dioxide is equalPada titik Z, kuantiti pengambilan karbon dioksida adalah sama dengan kuantiti

pembebasannya

3. Diagram below is a graph showing the effect of light intensity on the rate ofphotosynthesis.Rajah di bawah ialah graf yang menunjukkan kesan keamatan cahaya ke atas kadarfotosintesis.

Which of the following can be concluded about the rate of photosynthesis between thecurve J and K? Antara yang berikut, yang manakah boleh dirumuskan tentang kadar fotosintesis diantara lengkung J dan K?

A It is not influenced by the concentration of carbo dioxide

Tidak dipengaruhi oleh kepekatan karbon dioksidaB It is limited by the concentration of carbon dioxide

Dihadkan oleh kepekatan karbonh dioksidaC It is limited by the light intensity

Dihadkan oleh keamatan cahayaD It is not influenced by the temperature

Tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu

4. The following statements are about the rate of photosynthesis.Pernyataan berikut adalah mengenai kadar fotosintesis.

The rate of photosynthesis increases when light intensity becomes higher. In someplants, the rate of photosynthesis decreases in the middle of hot sunny day.Kadar fotosintesis meningkat apabila keamatan cahaya semakin bertambah. Bagi

sesetengah tumbuhan, kadar fotosintesis berkurang pada waktu tengah hari yang panas.

Which of the following explain the above statements? Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menerangkan pernyataan di atas?

A The palisade cells plasmolyse due to water lossSel palisad mengalami plasmolisis akibat kehilangan air

B The enzymes involved in photosynthesis are denaturedEnzim yang terlibat dalam fotosintesis ternyahasli

C The stomatal pores close to reduce the loss of water from the leavesLiang stomata tertutup untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air daripada daun




D The chloroplasts in the pallisade cells are destroyed by the heatKloroplas dalam sel palisad dimusnahkan oleh haba

5. Diagram below shows the graph of the relationship between absorption and release ofcarbon dioxide and light intensity.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf hubungan antara penyerapan dan pembebasankarbon dioksida dengan keamatan cahaya.

At which point A, B, C or D, is the absorption of carbon dioxide equals to the release ofcarbon dioxide?Pada titik manakah A, B, C dan D, penyerapan karbon dioksida sama dengan

pembebasan karbon dioksida?

A At point W, the quantity of carbon dioxide released is zeroPada titik W, kuantiti pe,mbebasan karbon dioksida adalah sifar

B At point X, the quantity of intake and release of carbon dioxide are equalPada titik X, kuantiti pengambilan karbon dioksida adalah sama dengan kuantiti pembebasannya

C At point Y, the quantity of carbon dioxide releaseed is the maximumPada titik Y, kuantiti karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan adalah maksimum

D At point Z, the quantity of the intake and release of carbon dioxide is equalPada titik Z, kuantiti pengambilan karbon dioksida adalah sama dengan kuantiti

pembebasannya

6. Diagram below shows oxygen release and intake of a plant in 24 hours.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pembebasan dan pengambilan oksigen oleh tumbuhandalam 24 jam.




Which is true about X ?Yang manakah benar tentang X?

A Respiration startsPermulaan respirasi

B Photosynthesis stopsFotosintesis berhenti

C Both photosynthesis and respiration do not occurKedua-dua proses respirasi dan fotosintesis tidak berlaku

D Photosynthesis and respiration rate is equalKadar fotosintesis dan respirasi adalah sama

7. Diagram below is a graph which shows the volume of carbon dioxide taken in or releasedby a plant in a forest at different light intensities.Rajah di bawah ialah graf yang menunjukkan isipadu karbon dioksida yang diambil ataudibebaskan oleh suatu tumbuhan pada keamatan cahaya yang berbeza.

At which point A, B, C or D is the rate of respiration higher than the rate ofphotosynthesis?Pada titik A, B, C atau D, yang manakah kadar respirasi lebih tinggi daripada kadarfotosintesis?

8. Diagram below is a graph that shows oxygen being absorbed and released by a plantover a 24-hour period.Rajah di bawah adalah satu graf yang menunjukkan penyerapan dan pembebasanoksigen oleh sebatang pokok dalam masa 24 jam.




What happens at point P? Apakah yang berlaku di titik P?

A Respiration stopsRespirasi terhenti

B Photosynthesis stopsFotosintesis berhenti

C Both photosynthesis and respiration stopKedua-dua proses respirasi dan fotosintesis berhenti

D Photosynthesis and respiration rate is equalKadar fotosintesis dan respirasi adalah sama

9. Which of the following is the correct graph of rate of photosynthesis against light intensityof light?

Antara graf berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan graf kadar fotosintesis melawankeamatan cahaya dengan betul?

10. Diagram below shows a graph of the rate of gas exchange against intensity of light.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu graf kadar pertukaran gas melawan keamatancahaya.




WhIch of the following about the point labelled Y on the graph is correct? Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang bahagian berlabel Y pada graf?

A No net gas exchange occursTiada pertukaran gas bersih berlaku

B The rate of photosynthesis is higher than the rate of respirationKadar fotosintesis adalah lebih tinggi daripada kadar respirasi

C The rate of respiration is higher than the rate of photosynthesisKadar respirasi adalah lebih tinggi daripada kadar fotosintesis

D Both photosynthesis and respiration stopsKedua-dua fotosintesis dan respirasi berhenti

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram below shows a graph of the effect of light intensity on the rate ofphotosynthesis.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf kesan keamatan cahaya terhadap kadar fotosintesis.




Explain the diference between graph I and graph II shown above.Terangkan perbezaan antara graf I dan graf II di atas.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

[ 3 marks ]

2. Diagram below shows a graph of the rate of gas exchange against intensity of light.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf kadar pertukaran gas melawan keamatan cahaya.

Explain the diference in the rate of gas exchange from 6am to 10am.Terangkan perbezaan dalam kadar pertukaran gas dari 6 pagi segingga 10 pagi.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................[ 3 marks ]




SOALAN ESEI:

1. Diagram below shows the graphs of the effects of carbon dioxide concentration, lightintensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan beberapa graf kesan kepekatan karbon dioksida,keamatan cahaya dan suhu terhadap kadar fotosintesis.

Using the information from the graphs, describe how the structure of a leaf is organisedto maximize the rate of photosynthesis of a plant.Dengan menggunakan maklumat daripada graf, huraikan bagaimana struktur daundisusun bagi memaksimumkan kadar fotosintesis tumbuhan.

[ 10 marks ]

2. Explain how water supply affects the rate of photosynthesis.

[ 6 marks ]




TAJUK : NUTRITIONSUBTAJUK:Caring Attitudes Towards Plants

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1 Which of the following activities are harmful to biodiversity? Antara aktiviti berikut, aktiviti yang manakah membahayakan biodiversiti?

I Large area of forests are cleared for agriculture, housing and industrial developmentPenebangan hutan secara meluas untuk pertanian, penempatan dan pembangunanindustri

II Logging is carried out illegally destroying large tract of forest habitatPembalakan haram memusnahkan sebahagian besar habitat hutan

III Setting up of natural parks to preserve n protect existing and endangered speciesMenyediakan taman semulajadi untuk memelihara spesis terancam dan sedia ada

IV Destruction of mangrove forestKemusnahan hutan paya bakau


B I, II and IV onlyI, II dan IV sahaja


D I, II, III and IVI, II, III dan IV

2. Which of the following are the importance of photosynthesis? Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan kepentingan fotosintesis?

I It helps to maintain the balancein nature via the carbon cycleIa membantu mengekalkan keseimbangan alam sekitar melalui kitar karbon

II It converts carbon dioxide into oxygen for respirationIa menuklarkasn karbon dioksida kepada oksigen untuk respirasi

III It enables the growth of plantsIa membolehkan tumbuhan bertumbuh


B I and III onlyI dan III sahaja

C II and III only

II dan III sahajaD I, II and III

I, II dan III




3. Why do we need to take good care of plants?Mengapa kita perlu menjaga tumbuhan dengan baik?

I Plants supply food for usTumbuhan membekalkan makanan kepada kita

II Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air to prevent the greenhouse effect

Tumbuhan menyerap karbon dioksida dari udara untuk mencegah kesan rumah hijauIII Plants play impportant role in water cycle

Tumbuhan memainkan peranan penting dalam kitar airIV Plants prevent soil erosion

Tumbuhan mencegah hakisan tanan


B I, II and III onlyI, II dan III sahaja

C II, III and IV only

II, III dan IV sahajaD I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV

SOALAN STRUKTUR:

Plants play important role in keeping the high quality of water and airPokok memainkan peranan penting dalam menjamin kualiti air dan udara yang baik

Explain the statement above.Terangkan penyataan di atas.

Plants influence the quality of the air that we breathe by stopping the movement of

(1)................... and (2).................... Plants reduce the (3)..................................... caused by

burning of fossil fuel by absorbing large amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Forest are also important in maintaining heathy water catchment area. Forest hold (4)...........

and filter (5)........................ from flowing into streams, rivers and lakes.

Pokok mempengaruhi kualiti udara yang kita sedut dengan menghentikan pergerakan

(1).................. dan (2).................... Pokok mengurangkan (3).................................... yang

disebabkan oleh pembakaran bahan fosil dengan menyerap kebanyakan karbon dioksida

dari atmosfera. Hutan juga penting dalam memastikan kawasan tadahan hujan yang baik.

Hutan memegang (4)................ dan menapis (5).................... daripada terus mengalir ke

dalam anak sungai, sungai dan tasik.

SOALAN ESEI:

3. We should take good care of plants because plants carry out photosynthesis. Discussthe importance of photosynthesis.Kita mesti menjaga tumbuhan dengan baik kerana tumbuhan menjalankan fotosintesis.Bincangkan kepentingan fotosintesis.

[ 6 marks ]




TAJUK : CHAPTER 6 : NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK : 6.14 NUTRITION

6.14 THE TECHNOLOGY USE IN FOOD PRODUCTION

SOALAN OBJEKTIF

1. How to improves soil structure?

Bagaimana untuk memperbaiki struktur tanah?

A Reducing of inorganic fertilizer/Mengurangkan baja bukan organik

B Reducing of organic matter/Mengurangkan bahan organik

C Additional of organic matter/Tambahan bahan organik

D Add salt and inorganic compound/Tambah garam dan sebatian tak organik

2. Direct seedlings need ___________ to irrigate the field.Benih langsung perlu ___________ untuk mengairi padang.

A water vapour/wap air

B less water/kurang air

C a lot of water/banyak air

D no need water/air tidak perlu

3. How to increasing productivity of crops?

Bagaimana untuk meningkatkan produktiviti tanaman?

A Soil management/Pengurusan tanah

B Addition of predators/Penambahan pemangsa

C Addition of prey /Penambahan mangsa

D Reducing of organic matter to promotes humus/Mengurangkan bahan organik

untuk

menggalakkan humus

4. What is the function of legumes, leafy plants and roots plants like onion and garlic in crop

rotation management?

Apakah fungsi kekacang, tumbuhan berdaun dan akar tumbuhan seperti bawang dan

bawang putih dalam pengurusan tanaman giliran?

A Prevent the build-up of pests/Mencegah perkembangan haiwan perosak

B Prevent the build-up of predators/Mencegah perkembangan pemangsa

C Maintain the pH soil/Mengekalkan pH tanah

D Promotes humus/Menggalakkan humus




5.

Diagram 1

Golden rice has a higher content of beta-carotene and is orange in colour. What vitamin

content in golden rice?

Beras keemasan mempunyai kandungan beta-karotena yang tinggi dan berwarna jingga. Apakah kandungan vitamin dalam beras emas?

A Vitamin E

B Vitamin K

C Vitamin C

D Vitamin A

SOALAN STRUKTUR

1. Golden rice is __________________ rice in which __________________ that codes for

synthesis of beta-__________________ has been transferred from daffodil plant. [3

marks]

Beras keemasan adalah beras __________________ di mana __________________

membawa kod untuk sintesis beta-__________________ yang telah dipindahkan dari

tumbuhan dafodil. [3 markah]

SOALAN ESEI

1. Abuse of food preservatives to human health. Explain the adverse effects of the use of

preservatives by giving suitable examples. [6 marks]

Penyalahgunaan bahan pengawet makanan telah memudaratkan kesihatan manusia.

Terangkan kesan buruk akibat penggunaan bahan pengawet ini dengan memberikan

contoh-

contoh yang sesuai. [ 6 markah




TAJUK : CHAPTER 6 : NUTRITION

SUBTAJUK : 6.15 NUTRITION

6.15 THE TECHNOLOGY USE IN FOOD PRODUCTION

SOALAN OBJEKTIF

1. Which of the following food processing method carries out by first heating it to a

temperature

to eliminate microorganisms and then seal it in air-tight jars?

Antara kaedah pemprosesan makanan berikut, yang manakah dijalankan dengan

pemanasan pada suhu tertentu untuk menyingkirkan mikrorganisma, seterusnya di

simpan

di dalam bekas yang kalis udara?

A Drying / Pengeringan C Cooking /Memasak

B Canning/Pengetinan D Pickling/Penjerukan

2. Plastic wraps that prevent food from spoiling inhibit the growth of_____________

Pembungkusan plastik dapat mengelakkan makanan rosak dan merencatkan

pertumbuhan____________.

A molds /kulapok

B fungi/kulat

C nitrobacter sp.

D bacteria/bacteria

3. Developments in food have had numerous impacts on how food is___________________Perkembangan makanan mempunyai kesan yang banyak kepada bagaimana cara

makanan ______________

I packaged/dibungkus

II tested/diuji

III preserve/dijaga

IV produce/menghasilkan

A I and IV/ I dan IV

B II, III and IV/ II, III dan IV

C I, II, III and IV / I, II, III dan IV

D III and IV/ III dan IV

4.

Any living cell in such an environment will become

dehydrate through osmosis and die.

Segala sel hidup di persekitaran akan mengalami

kekeringan melalui proses osmosis dan




Preservation using ______________

Pengawetan adalah menggunakan _________________

A Canning/Pengetinan

B Vinegar/Cuka

C Salted/Garam

D Fermentation/Penapaian

5. Fermentation in food processing under____________________

Pemprosesan makanan dalam penapaian adalah secara _______________

A aerobic/aerobik

B anaerobic/anaerobik

C osmosis/osmosis

D yeast and alcohol/yis dan alcohol

SOALAN STRUKTUR

1.

In breeding of plants resulting varieties of plant inherit

beneficial characteristics of both parent plants.

Dalam pengacukan tumbuhan kepelbagaian ciri - ciri

kebaikan baka diwarisi daripada kedua- dua induk

tumbuhan.

State the beneficial of plant in nutritional value.

Berikan kebaikan tumbuhan dalam nilai nutrisi

1………………………………………….

2……………………………………………

3……………………………………………

4……………………………………………

mati.




SOALAN ESEI

1. Describe the comparison between the pasteurized milk with a sterilized milk.

[5

marks]

Huraikan perbandingan antara susu yang dipasteur dengan susu yang disterilkan.[5 markah]

2. Why pasteurized milk should be stored in the refrigerator over the sterilized milk?

[4 marks]

Mengapakah susu yang dipasteurkan perlu disimpan di dalam peti sejuk berbanding

susu yang disterilkan? [4 markah]




7.1 OBJECTIVE (SOALAN) (R)

1

Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Glukosa + oksigen karbon dioksida + air + ATP

The above equation shows

Persamaan di atas menunjukkan

A. condensation of glucose/kondensasi glukosa

B. hydrolysis of glucose/hidrolisis glukosa

C. anaerobic respiration/respirasi anaerob

D. aerobic respiration/respirasi aerob

2

Glucose + X carbon dioxide + water + energy

Glukosa + X karbon dioksida + air + tenaga

Which of the following represent X in the above question ?

Berdasarkan persamaan diatas, apakah yang mewakili X ?.

A. oxygen/ oksigen

B. sunlight/ cahaya matahari

C. chlorophyll/ klorofil

D. starch / kanji

3. What are the end product of anaerobic respiration in yeast ?

Apakah hasil akhir bagi respirasi anaerob dalam yis ?

A. lactic acid and carbon dioxide/ asid laktik dan karbon dioksida

B. ethanol and oxygen / etanol dan oksigen

C. glucose and water / glukosa dan air

D. carbon dioxide and ethanol/ karbon dioksida dan etanol

4. Oxidation of lactic acid occurs mainly in the ____________

Oksidasi bagi laktik asid kebiasaannya berlaku di ____________

A. heart/ jantungB. muscle/ otot




C. liver / hati

D. pancreas /pancreas

5. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the ____________

Respirasi anaerob berlaku di ____________

A. mitochondria/mitokondria

B. nucleus/nukleus

C. plasma membrane/membrane plasma

D. cytoplasm/ sitoplasma

6. Which of the following is suitable to use for absorbing carbon dioxide ?

Antara berikut yang manakah sesuai digunakan untuk menyerap karbon dioksida ?

A. lime water/ air kapurB. paraffin oil / minyak parafin

C. sodium hydroxide/ sodium hidrosida

D. water / air

7. What is the main substrate of cellular respiration ?

Apakah substrat utama bagi respirasi sel ?

A. sucrose/ sukrosa

B. fructose / fructosa C. glucose/ glukosa

D. galactose/ galaktosa

8. Table 1 shows the composition of four samples of air .Which of the sample is inhaled air ?

Jadual 1 menunjukkan komposisi udara bagi empat sampel udara.Sampel udara yang

manakah merupakan udara yang disedut ?.

Air sample /

sampel udara

Oxygen / oksigen

(%)

Carbon dioxide /

karbon dioksida

(%)

Water vapour /

wap air

A 24 0.3 Saturated / tepu

B 21 0.03 A little / sedikit

C 14 7 Saturated / tepu

D 29 3 A little / sedikit




9. What is the main purpose of respiration ?

Apakah tujuan utama respirasi?

A. Maintain body temperature / Mengekalkan suhu badan

B. Combine food into body tissue / Menggabungkan makanan ke dalam tisu badan C. Remove carbon dioxide from body / Menyingkirkan karbon dioksida daripada badan

D. Produce energy for body activities / Menghasilkan tenaga untuk menjalankan aktiviti

badan

10. Which of the following causes the muscles to ache when it is accumulated in large

quantities?

Antara berikut, kenaikan kuantiti manakah yang menyebabkan kelesuan otot berlaku?

A. ATP in muscles / ATP dalam otot

B. Lactic acid in muscles / Asid laktik dalam otot

C. Glucose in muscles / Glukosa dalam otot

D. Oxygen in muscles/ Etanol dalam otot

BIO T4 7.1 (S)

11. Which of the following causes muscle fatigue and cramp ?

Antara yang berikut yang manakah menyebabkan kelesuan otot dan kekejangan ?

A. the accumulation of lactic acid /asid laktik yang terkumpul

B. the accumulation of energy /tenaga yang terkumpul

C. the accumulation of glucose /glukosa yang terkumpul

D. the accumulation of carbon dioxide /karbon dioksida yang terkumpul

12. Respiration in all living organisms always involves ______________

Respirasi dalam kehidupan melibatkan _____________

A. oxygen released / pembebasan oksigen

B. carbon dioxide released / pembebasan karbon dioksida

C. energy released / pembebasan tenaga

D. carbon dioxide consumption / pengumpulan karbon dioksida

13. What is the similarity between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration in plants?

Apakah persamaan antara respirasi anaerob dengan respirasi aerob dalam tumbuhan?

A. Water is produced/ Air dihasilkan

B. Alcohol is produced/ Alkohol dihasilkan




C. Oxygen is used/ Oksigen digunakan

D. Carbon dioxide is produced/ Karbon dioksida dihasilkan

14. Which of the following occur during anaerobic respiration in animals?

Antara berikut, yang manakah berlaku semasa respirasi anaerob haiwan?

I. Carbon dioxide is produced/ Karbon dioksida dihasilkan

II. Accumulation of lactic acid/ Pengumpulan asid laktik

III. Incomplete breakdown of glucose/ Pemecahan glukosa tidak lengkap

IV. Occurs in all animals cells/ Berlaku dalam semua sel haiwan

A. II and III only

B. II and IV only

C. I, II and IV

D. I, II, III and IV

15. The energy that is required for the contraction of muscles can be obtained directly from

the breakdown of

Tenaga yang diperlukan untuk pengecutan otot didapati secara langsung daripada

penguraian

I. Glucose / Glukosa

II. Glycogen / Glikogen III. Lactic acid / Asid laktik

IV. Adenosine triphosphate/ Adenosina trifosfat

A. I only

B. IV only

C. II and III only

D. I and IV only

BIO T 4 7.1 (T)

16. Ethanol can be used in ___________

Etanol boleh digunakan di dalam _________

A. bread making/ membuat roti

B. biscuit making/ membuat biskut

C. wine making/ membuat arak

D. jelly making/ membuat agar-agar

17. A student takes part in a 200 m sprint event. Which equation represent




his respiration process after he has run the first 100 m ?

Seorang murid mengambil bahagian dalam acara larian pecut 200 m . Persamaan

manakah yang mewakili proses respirasi setelah berlari 100 m pertama ?

A. Glucose Lactic acid + EnergyGlukosa asid laktik + tenaga

B. Glucose + Oxygen Lactic acid + Energy

Glukosa + oksigen asid laktik + tenaga

C. Glucose Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy

Glukosa Etanol + karbon dioksida + tenaga

D. Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Glukosa + oksigen Karbon dioksida + air + tenaga

18. How can oxygen debt that occurs in muscle tissues be paid back?.

Bagaimana hutang oksigen yang berlaku dalam tisu otot manusia dibayar balik?

I. By breathing rapidly in the recovery period / bernafas dengan lebih cepat

II. By reducing the vigorous activity / mengurangkan aktiviti cergas

III. By drinking a lot of water / minum banyak air

IV. By cooling down the body / menyejukkan badan

A. I only

B. I and III only

C. I , II and III only

D. II , III and IV only

19. Diagram 1 shows an experiment of yeast respiration.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen tentang respirasi yis .

Diagram 1

Rajah 1




Which of the following mixtures can increase the rate of respiration of yeast ?

Antara yang berikut, campuran manakah dapat meningkatkan kadar respirasi yis ?

A. 1 g of yeast and 25 ml of 5% glucose solution

1 g yis dan 25 ml larutan glukosa 5%

B. 1 g of yeast and 25 ml of 7% glucose solution


C. 1 g of yeast and 25 ml of 10% glucose solution


D. 1 g of yeast and 25 ml of 15% glucose solution


20. The shaded area of the graph shows an athlete’s rate of oxygen uptake before , during

and after a five-minute period of exercise. The consumption of oxygen is shown as the

shaded part . / Kawasan yang berlorek pada graf menunjukkan kadar pengambilan oksigen

oleh seorang pelari sebelum , semasa dan selepas berlari selama lima minit . Kadar oksigen

yang diperlukan ditunjukkan dengan bahagian berlorek.

What represents the unshaded part? / Apakah yang diwakili oleh kawasan yang tidak

berlorek pada graf itu?

A. The amount of oxygen taken in / jumlah oksigen yang diambil masuk

B. The amount of oxygen used during exercise / jumlah oksigen yang diperlukan

semasa berlari

C. The amount of oxygen used to pay off the oxygen debt / jumlah oksigen yang

diperlukan untuk membayar hutang oksigen

D. The excess oxygen in the lungs / jumlah oksigen yang berlebihan dalam peparu

21. From the experiment shown in diagram 2 , what conclusion can be drawn? / dalam

eksperimen yang ditunjukkan pada rajah 2 , apakah rumusan yang boleh dibuat daripada

eksperimen tersebut ?




I. Yeast carries out aerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxide. / respirasi yis adalah

secara aerob dan menghasilkan karbon dioksida.

II. Yeast carries out anaerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxide / respirasi yis

adalah secara anaerob dan menghasilkan karbon dioksida

III. Yeast carries out respiration to produce carbon dioxide / respirasi yis menghasilkan

tenaga

IV. Yeast carries out respiration to produce alcohol / respirasi yis menghasilkan alkohol

A. I and III only

B. II and IV only

C. I , III and IV only

D. II , III and IV only

BIO T 4 7.1 (STRUCTURE) (R)(S)(T)

1. Diagram 1 shows a type of organelle found in muscle cells. A biochemical reaction

occurs in the organelle./ Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis organel yang terdapat dalam

sel otot. Tindak balas biokimia berlaku dalam organel tersebut.

Diagram 1

Rajah 1

(a) (i) Name this organelle. / Namakan organel ini . (R)

_____________________________________________________ (1 marks)




(ii) Explain why membrane X is in the form of numerous folded layers.

Terangkan mengapa membran X adalah dalam bentuk lapisan yang

berlipat-lipat. (S)

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

(b) The biochemical reaction that occurs in this organelle is summarised as follows.

Tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku dalam organel ini diringkaskan seperti berikut :

Glucose + P Q + carbon dioxide + energy

Glukosa + P Q + karbon dioksida + tenaga

(i) Name gas P. / Namakan gas P. (R)

___________________________________________ (1 marks)

(ii) Name product Q. / Namakan hasil Q. (R)

___________________________________________ ( 1 marks)

(iii) Explain why the muscle cell has a large number of these organelles.

Terangkan mengapa sel otot mengandungi banyak bilangan organel ini. (S)

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________ (2 marks)

(iv) If the blood sugar level is lower than the normal range, the biochemical

reaction in this organelle can still occur. Explain how.

Jika aras gula dalam darah adalah rendah daripada julat normal, tindak balas

biokimia dalam organel ini boleh berlaku. Terangkan bagaimana. (T)

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ (3marks)




(c) State two differences on the biochemical reaction occurring between muscle cell and

yeast cell in the absence of gas P.

Nyatakan dua perbezaan ke atas tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku antara sel otot

dan sel yis tanpa kehadiran gas P. (T)

(2 marks)

BIO T4 7.1 (ESEI) (R)

1. Fill in the blanks. / lengkapkan ruang yang disediakan

Respiration / respirasi

Aerobic / aerob Anaerobic / anaerob

Breakdown of ____________ in the

presence of oxygen

Penguraian __________ dengan

kehadiran oksigen

___________ breakdown of

glucose.

___________penguraian oleh

glukosa

Releases _________ energy

compared to anaerobic respiration

Membebaskan _______ tenaga

berbanding dengan respirasi

anaerob

Breakdown of glucose in theabsence of ___________

Penguraian glukosa dengan ketidak

hadiran __________

Incomplete breakdown of _______

Penguraian yang tidak lengkap

oleh_________

Release less energy compared to

_________ respiration

Membebaskan kurang tenaga

berbanding respirasi _________




Respiration and Requirement of Energy

2. There are two main stages of respiration :

a) External respiration or B _________

External respiration is a process of inhaling air containing oxygen into the L ______and exhaling air containing carbon dioxide out of the lung ( gaseous exchange ).

b) Internal respiration or C _______ respiration

Internal respiration is a process of breaking down organic substances such as glucose

in the cell to release e _______ ( in the form of ATP and heat energy ).

3. Energy is required by cell activities such as m _______ contraction , a _______ transport ,

transmission of nerve impulses , protein synthesis , g ______ and to maintain the b ______

_________.

4. The main substrate used to produce energy is g ______ ( C6H12O6 ). A green plant produces

glucose through photosynthesis but in humans and animals , glucose is obtained from the

digestion of c _______ in ingested food.

Type of cellular Respiration

5. In cellular respiration , glucose is breakdown step by step and energy released is thencaptured into ATP molecule .

6. There are two types of cellular respiration :

a. Aerobic respiration

b. A _________ respiration

7. The aim of both respiration is to produce e _______ ( in the form of heat and ATP )

a. Aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration occurs in the p ________ of oxygen . glucose is c _______ broken

down into carbon dioxide , water and a lot of energy is released . It takes place in

m _________ and cytoplasm and catalysed by many enzymes.

Glucose + O _______ E _______ + Carbon d ______ + Water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 E ______ + 6CO2 + 6H2O




Definition : aerobic respiration is the breaking down or o __________ of glucose in

the presence of o ________ to release e _______ ( 2989 kJ // 38ATP ) , carbon

dioxide and water.

A large amount of the energy released is captured by ADP molecule ( Adenosine

d _______ ) with inorganic phosphate to form ATP molecule ( AdenosineTriphosphate ) .

ADP + phosphate + Energy ATP

ATP is an instant source of energy . When the energy is required , ATP is broken

down to release energy.

ATP ___________ + Phosphate + Energy

b. Anaerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the a __________ of oxygen . Glucose is p _________

broken down to release energy. This process takes place only in c __________ of a

cell and also catalysed by enzymes.

Anaerobic respiration may occurs in an active human m _________ , bacteria ,

y _______ and a certain plant such as grass.

Anaerobic respiration in human muscles.

Glucose Energy + lactic acid

( C6H12O6 ) ( 150 kJ or 2 ATP ) ( 2 C3H6O3 )

During v ________ activities such as running , oxygen used is f ________ than oxygen

supply. To meet their requirement the rate of respiration and the rate of heartbeat

i _________

The muscles are in a state of oxygen d __________ and are said to occur an oxygen

d ________. At this condition the anaerobic respiration takes place in order to obtain

the extra e _______.

Glucose is broken down incompletely to produce energy and l ______ a ______. But ,

less energy is produced because most of the e _______ is still trapped within the

molecules of lactic acid.

The accumulation of lactic acid causes muscular pain and f ________

The body must remove lactic acid by doing fast and deep b ________. It occurs

immediately after someone finishes the exercise. The excess oxygen taken in is used




to o ________ lactic acid to energy , carbon dioxide and water. This oxidation process

takes place in the l ______.

Lactic acid + oxygen E ________ + Carbon dioxide + w _______

When the amount of lactic acid is returned to the normal level , the oxygen debt is

said to be ‘paid off’.

Anaerobic respiration in Yeast (plant).

Glucose Zymase Energy + Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

(C6H12O6) yeast (210 kJ // 2ATP) (2 C2H5OH) (2CO2)

Normally yeast respires aerobically. In the a ________ of oxygen yeast carries out

anaerobic respiration to produce energy (less) , e _______ and carbon dioxide.

This process is also known as f ________

Ethanol is widely used in wine and b _______ making , biofuel production and

perfumes.

In bread making , yeast is used as it produced c _______ d ________ during

fermentation and causes the dough to rise.

BIO T 4 7.1 (ESEI) (S)

1. State four differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration .

i. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

ii. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

iii. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

iv. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________




2. The diagram shows energy releasing process in a human muscles M and N.

a) Name the type of respiration in muscle M and muscle N.

M : ______________ N : _______________

b) Explain the cellular respiration process that occurs in M and N .

Muscle M : __________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Muscle N : ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

BIO T 4 7.1 (ESEI) (T)

1 . Diagram below shows tissue P and cell Q . P is found in a multicellular organism. Q is

found in a unicellular organism .

Rajah dibawah menunjukkan tisu P dan sel Q . P terdapat dalam organisma multisel. Q

terdapat dalam organisma unisel.

Based on diagram above , explain the cellular respiration process that occurs on P

and in Q .

Berdasarkan rajah diatas , terangkan proses respirasi sel yang berlaku di P dan di Q

(4 marks)




2. The diagram shows tissue Y and cell Z. Y is found in a multicellular organism whereas Z is

found in a unicellular organism.

Tissue Y Chemical equation :

C6H12O6 + 6O2 2898 Kj + 6CO2 + 6H2O

Cell Z Chemical equation :

C6H12O6 210 Kj + 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Based on above statement compare (give similarities and differences) between

tissue Y and cell Z.

Similarities : i) Both are cellular respiration

ii) Both involve the breakdown of g _______

iii) Both processes produces e ________ (ATP and heat)

iv) Both are catalysed by e ________

Differences :

Tissue Y Items Cell Z

Aerobic respiration Type of respiration A ________ respiration

R _____________ Oxygen requirement Not required

Complete Breakdown of glucose I _____________

C _______ _______ ,

w _______ and energy

Product Ethanol , carbon dioxide ,

and energy

M __________ and

c _________

Site Cytoplasm

Large amount (2898 kJ) Energy released S _______ amount (210 kJ)




_____ molecules Number of ATP molecules

produced

_____ molecules

3. The diagram shows an experiment on anaerobic respiration in yeast,

First page

BIO T 4 7.2 (OBJECTIVE) (R)

1. Which structure is involve in the breathing of a frog ?

Struktur yang manakah terlibat dalam pernafasan katak ?

A. Rib cage/ sangkar rusuk

B. Diaphragm/ diafragma

C. Intercostal muscle/ otot interkosta

D. Mouth cavity/ rongga mulut

2. In the respiratory system of a fish, where does gaseous exchange occurs ?

Dalam sistem respirasi ikan, di manakah pertukaran gas berlaku ?

A. Gill raker/ sisir insang

B. Gill arch/ lengkungan insang

C. Filament/ filamen

D. Mouth/ mulut

3. Diagram 2 shows the respiratory structure of an insect.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur respirasi bagi seekor serangga .




Diagram 2

Rajah 2

What is R ? / Apakah R ?

A. Trachea/ Trakea C. Muscle/ otot

B. Spiracle/ Spirakel D. Tracheole/ trakeol

4. Diagram 3 shows parts of the tracheal system of insects.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada sistem trakea pada serangga.

Diagram 3 Rajah 3

What are substances X and Y ? / Apakah bahan X dan Y ?

XY

AOxygen/ Oksigen Carbon dioxide/ Karbon

dioksida

BCarbon dioxide/ karbon

dioksida

Oxygen/ oksigen

COxygen/ oksigen Water/ air

D

Water/ air Oxygen/ oksigen




5. Diagram 4 shows the structure of the gill of a fish.

Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur insang ikan.

Diagram 4

Rajah 4

What process occurs at X during the gas exchange of the fish ?

Apakah proses yang berlaku di X semasa pertukaran gas bagi ikan itu ?

A. Osmosis/ Osmosis

B. Diffusion/ Resapan

C. Facilitated diffusion/ Resapan berbantu

D. Active transport/ Pengangkutan aktif

6. Air enters the trachea of insects through ?

Udara memasuki trakea seekor serangga melalui ?

A. Trachea/ Trakea

B. Spiracle/ Spirakel

C. Air sacs/ Kantung udara

D. Nostril/ Hidung

7.

Diagram 5 shows the respiratory system of an insect. The part labelled J , K , and L

respectively are the ____________

Rajah 5 menunjukkan sistem resapan bagi seekor serangga. Bahagian yang bertanda J, K

dan L adalah __________




A. Muscle, air sacs and tracheole/ otot, rongga udara dan trakea

B. Tracheole ,muscle and trachea/ trakeol, otot dan trakea

C. Tracheole ,air sacs and trachea/ trakeol, kantung udara dan trakea

D. Trachea ,air sacs and tracheole/ trakea, kantung udara dan trakeol

8. Each gill has two rows of ____________

Setiap insang mempunyai dua baris __________

A. Filament/ filamen

B. Operculum/ operkulum

C. Lamellae/ lamella

D. Gill arch/ lengkungan insang

9.

Diagram 6 shows the respiratory structure of a frog. The parts labelled X, Y and Z are the

Rajah 6 menunjukkan struktur respirasi bagi seekor katak. Bahagian yang bertanda X, Y

dan Z adalah

A. Glottis ,nostril and lungs/ glottis,hidung dan peparu

B. Nostril ,glottis and lungs/ hidung,glottis dan peparu

C. Nostril ,bucco-pharynx cavity and glottis/ hidung,kaviti bucco-pharynx dan glotis

D. Glottis ,nostril and bucco-pharynx cavity/ glottis,hidung dan kaviti bucco-pharynx

10. Which of the following mechanism occurs when a fish takes in oxygen ?

Antara mekanisme berikut , yang manakah berlaku semasa ikan mengambil bekalan

oksigen?.

A. The floor of mouth cavity is raised / lantai rongga mulut dinaikkan

B. The mouth of fish is closed / mulut ikan tertutup

C. The gills slits are opened / liang-liang insang terbuka

D. The mouth of fish is opened / mulut ikan terbuka




BIO T 4 7.2 (OBJECTIVE) (S)

11. Which of the following shows the pathway of air in the human respiratory system?

Antara yang berikut yang manakah menunjukkan laluan bagi udara dalam sistem

Pernafasan manusia ?

A. Nostrils Trachea Bronchioles Bronchi Alveoli

hidung trakea bronkiol bronkus alveolus

B. Nostrils Bronchioles Trachea Bronchi Alveoli

hidung bronkiol trakea bronkus alveolus

C. Nostrils Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

hidung trakea bronkus bronkiol alveolus

D. Nostrils Bronchi Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli

hidung bronkus trakea bronkiol alveolus

12. Diagram 7 shows a model of the lungs.

Rajah 7 menunjukkan model peparu.

Diagram 7

Rajah 7

What will happen in P and in Q when the string is pulled downwards ?

Apakah yang berlaku di P dan Q semasa tali ditarik ke bawah ?

P Q

A Volume increase/isipadu

bertambah

Expand/ mengembang

B Volume decrease/isipadu

berkurang

Contract/ mengecut




C Pressure increase/tekanan

bertambah

Expand/ mengembang

D Pressure decrease/tekanan

berkurang

Contact/ mengecut

13. How does the organism in diagram below carry out respiration ?

Bagaimanakah organism dalam rajah di bawah menjalankan respirasi?

A. By osmosis / osmosis

B. By simple diffusion / resapan ringkas

C. By facilitated diffusion / resapan berbantu

D. By active transport / pengangkutan aktif

14. Which of the following are the characteristics of the respiratory system in insects ?

Antara ciri-ciri berikut , yang manakah merupakan ciri sistem respirasi serangga ?

i. The wall of trachea is thickened with chitin / penebalan kitin pada trakea

ii. The trachea ends at the body cells / trakea berakhir di sel-sel badan

iii. The trachea is surrounded by a network of blood capillary / trakea diliputi jalinan

kapilari darah

iv. The spiracles have valves to control the movement of air / spirakel berinjap untuk

mengawal pergerakan udara

A. i and iii only

B. ii and iv only

C. i , ii and iv only

D. ii , iii and iv only




15. Diagram below shows the respiratory system of insects.

Rajah dibawah menunjukkan sistem respirasi serangga.

Which characteristic of adaptation is true about the structure Y ? Antara ciri berikut ,

yang manakah benar tentang struktur Y yang disesuaikan dengan fungsinya ?

A. It has blood capillaries to transport oxygen / mempunyai kapilari darah untuk

mengangkut oksigenB. It has rings of chitin to support it / mempunyai struktur gegelang kitin untuk

mengekalkan bentuknya

C. It has fluid at its end / mempunyai cecair pada hujungnya

D. It has many layers of cells on its walls / struktur dindingnya terdiri daripada banyak

lapisan sel

16. Diagram below shows the structures P , Q , R and S in the respiratory system of a

cockroach. Rajah dibawah menunjukkan bahagian P , Q , R and S dalam system respirasi

seekor lipas.

Which of the following explanation is not correctly matched to its structure?

Antara maklumat yang menerangkan tentang bahagian itu, yang manakah tidak

benar ?

A. P – the opening and closing is controlled by the thick cuticle / pembukaan dan

penutupan dikawal oleh kutikel tebal

B. Q – has thick rings around to prevent it from collapsing / mempunyai cincin yang

tebal untuk mencegahnya daripada terkempis

C. R – has thin walls covered with a layer of moisture / mempunyai dinding nipis

dengan lapisan yang lembap

D. S – gaseous exchange occurs by simple diffusion / pertukaran gas berlaku secararesapan ringkas




17. Which of the following organism does not have a specialised respiratory system ?

Antara organism berikut , yang manakah tidak mempunyai sistem pernafasan khas ?

A. Frog / katak

B. Grasshopper / belalang C. Paramecium sp / paramecium

D. Snake / ular

18. Diagram below shows a model of the ribcage. Rajah dibawah menunjukkan model

sangkar rusuk.

Which parts are involved during breathing ? .

Bahagian manakah yang terlibat semasa pernafasan ?

A. J and K

B. J and L

C. K and MD. L and M

19. Diagram below shows a model of the lungs. Rajah dibawah menunjukkan model peparu.

What will happen in R and in S when the string is pulled downwards ?

Apakah akan berlaku di R dan S semasa tali ditarik ke bawah ?




R S

A Pressure increases /

tekanan bertambah

Expand /

mengembang

B Pressure decrease /

tekanan berkurang

Contract / mengecut

C Volume increase /

isipadu bertambah

Expand /

mengembang

D Volume decrease /

isipadu berkurang

Contract / mengecut

20. What are the similarities in the respiratory system of fish , insects and humans ?

Antara berikut , yang manakah menunjukkan persamaan antara sistem pernafasan ikan ,

serangga dan manusia ?

i. Large surface area of respiratory surfaces / jumlah luas permukaan respirasi yang

besar

ii. Moist surface of respiratory organ / permukaan organ respirasi yang lembap iii. Thin wall of respiratory organ / dinding permukaan organ respirasi yang nipis

iv. A network of blood capillaries to transport respiratory gases / jalinan kapilari

darah untuk mengangkut gas respirasi

A. i and iii only

B. ii and iv only

C. i , ii and iii only

D. i , ii , iii and iv

BIO T 4 7.2 (OBJECTIVE) (T)




21.

K - Rib cage move downwards and inwards

Sangkar rusuk bergerak kebawah dan kedalam

L - High atmospheric pressure inside the lungs forces air out of the lungs

Tekanan atmosfera yang tinggi didalam peparu memaksa udara daripada

peparu

M - External intercostal muscles relax while the internal intercostal muscle

contract

Otot interkosta luar mengendur manakala otot interkosta dalam mengecut

N - Diaphragm muscles relax and curves upwards

Otot diafragma mengendur dan melengkung keatas

O - Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases

Isipadu rongga toraks berkurangan

K,L,M,N,and O describe the mechanism of exhalation in human which is not in the

correct sequence./K,L,M,N dan O adalah susunan yang tidak tepat bagi mekanisma

menghembus nafas bagi manusia.

Which of the following is in the correct sequence ? / Antara yang berikut,yang manakah

susunan yang tepat ?

A. N,L,K,M,O

B. M,K,N,O,L

C. N,O,K,M,L

D. K,M,N,O,L

22. How does fish maximise the efficiency of gaseous exchange ?

Bagaimanakah ikan memaksimakan kecekapan pertukaran gas ?

A. The closing of mouth and operculum / penutupan mulut dan operculum

B. The opening of mouth and operculum / pembukaan mulut dan operkulum

C. The opposite direction of water and blood flow through the gills / arah pengaliran

air dan darah yang bertentangan melalui insang




D. The same direction of water and blood flow through the gills / arah pengaliran air

dan darah yang sama melalui insang

23. What happen if alveoli are torn and punctured ?

Apakah yang berlaku jika alveolus koyak dan bocor ?

A. Gasping / tercungap - cungap

B. Sneezing / bersin

C. Shivering / menggigil

D. Swallowing / menelan

24. Which of the following is not true about the exhalation of fish ?

Antara yang berikut yang manakah tidak benar tentang penghembusan nafas ikan?

A. Lower pressure in the buccal cavity/ tekanan rendah di dalam rongga bukal

B. The floor of the buccal cavity is raised/ dasar rongga bukal menaik

C. The opercular cavity becomes smaller/ rongga operkular menjadi kecil

D. The mouth is closed/ mulut tertutup

25. Which of the following causes an increase in the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity

during normal breathing of human?.

Antara tindakan berikut , yang manakah akan menambah tekanan udara dalam rongga

toraks manusia semasa pernafasan normal ?

A. The contraction of internal intercostals muscles / pengecutan otot-otot interkosta

dalam

B. The upward movement of the ribcage / pergerakan sangkar rusuk ke atas

C. The flattening of the diaphragm / diafragma menjadi datar

D. The contraction of the diaphragm muscles / pengecutan otot diafragma

26. Why is the flow of blood in the gills of a fish opposite to the direction of the flow of

water?. Mengapakah pengaliran darah dalam insang ikan adalah bertentangan denganarah aliran air ?.

A. To ensure small particles are removed from the blood / memastikan zarah-zarah

kecil dikeluarkan dari darah

B. To ensure maximum formation of energy in the form of ATP in the body cells of the

fish / memastikan penghasilan tenaga yang maksimum di dalam bentuk ATP dalam

sel badan ikan

C. To ensure maximum flow of blood / memastikan pengaliran darah yang maksimum

D. To ensure maximum absorption of oxygen in the blood / memastikan penyerapan

oksigen yang maksimum ke dalam aliran darah




27. When a mammal breathes in, what happens to the diaphragm and to the ribcage?

Semasa mamalia menarik nafas, apakah yang terjadi pada diafragma dan sangkar rusuk ?

Diaphragm / diafragma Rib cage / sangkar rusuk

A Becomes more dome-

shaped / menjadi lebih

berbentuk kubah

Downwards and inwards / ke

bawah dan kedalam

B Becomes more dome-

shaped / menjadi lebih

berbentuk kubah

Outwards and upwards /

keluar dan keatas

C Becomes flatten / menjadi

datar

Downwards and inwards /

kebawah dan kedalam

D Becomes flatten / menjadi

datar

Outwards and upwards /

keluar dan keatas

28. The graph in diagram below shows the changes in the volume of air in the lungs during

breathing.

Graf pada rajah dibawah menunjukkan perubahan isi padu udara dalam peparu semasa

pernafasan.

In which stages P , Q , R and S on the graph is the air pressure lowest in the lungs ?

Antara peringkat P , Q , R dan S pada graf , yang manakah menunjukkan tekanan udara

yang paling rendah dalam peparu ?

A. P and Q

B. P and R

C. Q and S

D. R and S




29. Diagram below shows the changes in air pressure in the lungs during a breathing

process. The atmospheric pressure is 76 mmHg.

Rajah dibawah menunjukkan perubahan tekanan udara dalam peparu semasa satu kitar

pernafasan. Tekanan atmosfera ialah 76 mmHg.

What happens at stage Y ?.

Apakah yang berlaku pada peringkat Y ?.

A. The ribs move upwards and the diaphragm downwards / tulang rusuk dinaikkan dan

diafragma melengkung kebawah

B. The ribs move upwards and the diaphragm flattens / tulang rusuk dinaikkan dan

diafragma mendatar

C. The ribs move downwards and the diaphragm curves upwards / tulang rusuk

diturunkan dan diafragma melengkung keatas D. The ribs move downwards and the diaphragm flattens / tulang rusuk diturunkan dan

diafragma mendatar

BIO T4 7.2 ( STRUCTURE) (R) (S) (T)

1. Diagram 2 represents a model of the human lungs in the respiratory mechanism.

Rajah 2 mewakili model peparu manusia dalam mekanisme respirasi.




Diagram 2

Rajah 2

(a) Based on the model of the lungs in diagram 2.1 , what are the equivalent structures

to the glass tube and the bell jar in the human respiratory system ?.Berdasarkan model peparu dalam rajah 2.1 , apakah struktur yang sepadan dengan

salur kaca dan serkup kaca pada sistem respirasi manusia ?.

(R)

Glass tube / salur kaca :

_____________________________________________________________

Bell jar / serkup kaca :

_____________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

(b) (i) The thin rubber sheet represents the diaphragm in the human respiratory system.

Kepingan getah nipis mewakili diafragma dalam sistem respirasi manusia.

What is the function of the thin rubber sheet in the model of the lungs ?

Apakah fungsi kepingan getah nipis dalam model peparu itu ? (R)

_____________________________________________________________

(1 marks)

(ii) The ballons represent the human lungs .

Belon mewakili peparu manusia .

Explain one characteristics of the ballons which is similar to the human lungs .

Terangkan satu ciri belon yang serupa dengan ciri peparu manusia. (S)

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

(c)

(i) The string in the model of the lungs is pulled down.

Tali pada model peparu itu ditarik.

Draw the changes to the thin rubber sheet and the ballons in diagram 2.2 below.

Lukiskan keadaan pada kepingan getah nipis dan belon pada rajah 2.2 di bawah.




Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2

(ii) Observe your drawing in (c) (i)

Perhatikan lukisan anda di (c) (i)

Explain the relationship between the changes in the model of the lungs you have

drawn and the real human repiratory system .

Jelaskan perkaitan antara perubahan pada model peparu yang anda lukis dengan

sistem respirasi manusia sebenar . (T)

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________ (3 marks)

(d) Table 2.3 shows the result of a study on the content of inspired and expired air. Jadual 2.3 menunjukkan keputusan kajian tentang kandungan udara sedutan dan

udara hembusan.

Type of gas

Jenis gas

Inspired air / %

Udara sedutan / %

Expired air / %

Udara hembusan / %

Oxygen / oksigen 21.0 16.0

Carbon dioxide / karbon

dioksida0.04 4.0

Nitrogen gas / gas

nitrogen78.0 78.0

Water vapour / wap airVary / berubah-ubah Saturated / tepu

Table 2.3

Jadual 2.3

Explain why there is an increase in percentage of carbon dioxide in the expired air .

Terangkan mengapa terdapat peningkatan peratus karbon dioksida dalam udara

hembusan . (S)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________




2. Diagram 3.1 shows a part of the human respiratory system.

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada sistem respirasi manusia.

Diagram 3.1

Rajah 3.1

(a) On diagram 3.1 , name P and Q .

Pada rajah 3.1 , namakan P dan Q. (R)

(2 marks)

(b) Diagram 3.2 shows one stage in human breathing.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan satu peringkat dalam pernafasan manusia .

Diagram 3.2

Rajah 3.2

(i) State the stage of breathing shown in diagram 3.2.

Nyatakan peringkat pernafasan yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah 3.2 . (R)

_______________________________________________________ (1 marks)




(ii) Explain the function of P in the stage of breathing in 5 (b) (i).

Terangkan fungsi P dalam peringkat pernafasan di 5 (b) (i).

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

(2 marks)(c) The diaphragm is unable a function .

Explain how this affects the breathing mechanism.

Diafragma itu tidak boleh berfungsi.

Terangkan bagaimanakah ini memberi kesan kepada mekanisma pernafasan . (T)

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (3 marks)

(d) Gas exchange takes place across the surface of the alveoli.

Pertukaran gas berlaku merentasi permukaan alveolus.

(i) Explain the importance of gas exchange in a human .

Terangkan kepentingan pertukaran gas dalam manusia . (S)

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

(ii) State two ways in which the alveoli are adapted for efficient gas exchange.

Nyatakan dua cara alveolus mengadaptasi untuk pertukaran gas yang

efisien. (R)

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

BIO T4 7.2 (ESEI) (R)

1. Respiratory structure and adaptations.

a) Although there are different types of respiratory structures in organisms but actual

e _______ of respiratory gases occurs only at respiratory s ________.

b) The respiratory surface is a site where oxygen diffuse into the body and carbon

dioxide diffuse out of the body.

c) To increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange, the adaptations of the respiratory

surface are :

i. Thin – usually one cell thick for effective d ________ of gases.

ii. Moist – for the gases to d _______ in the first before diffusing across the respiratory

surface.

iii. Large surface area – to m ________ the exchange of gases




d) Different respiratory structure and its respiratory surface.

Organisms Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibians Humans

Respiratory

structure

None Trachea G _______ Skin , lungs ,buccal cavity

Lungs

Respiratory

surface

(gases

exchange)

P _______

m ________

Tracheoles Gill

filaments

and

lamellae

S _______

a ________

A ________

2. Respiratory structure in unicellular organism

a) The respiratory surface area of a unicellular organism such as amoeba is plasma

m _________.

b) Due to s ________ in size, these organisms have a large total surface area to volume

ratio (TSA / V) to facilitate the diffusion of respiratory gases.

c) Movement of the respiratory gases into and out of the cell occurs through plasma

membrane by the process of d ________.

3. Respiratory structure in insects

a) For the complex and larger organisms, they need s ______ respiratory structures to

increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange because their TSA / V is s ________

b) The respiratory system of insects is the t ________ system.




c) The air passage of inspired air : Spiracle trachea tracheoles body cell

d) The function of v ________ is to control the opening and closing of spiracle. The

trachea are reinforced with rings of c _________ with prevent them from c ________

or become deflated.

e) The finer tubes called t _________. The larger number of tracheoles provides a large

surface area to maximised the d _________ of gases. The tips of the tracheoles have

t ________, permeable walls and contain fluid which respiratory gases can

d ________.

f) The contraction and relaxation of the a ________ muscle will change the volume and

pressure in abdomen. This causes the movement of air through the spiracles.

4. Respiratory structure of fish

a) Fishes have a respiratory structures called g ______. Each gill consist of numerous

f _______. The filaments have numerous thin plate called l ________. Gill lamellae are

the respiratory surface of a fish.




b) The structural adaptation of the gills for efficiency of gaseous exchange :

i. T _______ membranes of lamellae is to facilitate the diffusion of respiratory

gases into and out of the blood capillaries.

ii. Rich of b ________ c _________ for transportation of respiratory gases.

iii. Surrounded by w ________ which enable respiratory gases to d ______iv. Large surface area of filaments and lamellae to maximised the g _________

exchange.

5. The breathing mechanism and gases exchange of fish

When the floor of the b _______ cavity is lowered, pressure in buccal cavity d _______.

Water with dissolved oxygen is drawn into the m _______. Water flows through the

l ________ and gaseous exchange between the blood capillaries and water occurs.

O _________ diffuses from the flowing water through the gill lamellae into the blood

capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries via the gill lamellae into

the flowing water. The efficiency of gaseous exchange is further enhanced by the

c _______ exchange mechanism whereby the direction of blood flow in blood capillaries

of lamellae is o ________ water flow.

6. Respiratory structure of amphibians

a) Respiratory surface of a frog is mainly through the s ________ buccal cavity and the

l ________

b) Adaptation of the skin to efficient the gaseous exchange : i. Thin : d ________ of gases between the skin and the environment is easier

ii. A network of blood capillaries beneath the s ________ : to increase the rate

of diffusion and t ________ of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

iii. Moist due to the secretion of m __________ by glands found on the surface

of the body : dissolve gases and allow the exchange of gases to occur readily.

d __________ in the mucus and diffuses into the blood capillaries.

c) Adaptation of the lung to efficient gaseous exchange :

i. The membrane of the lungs are thin and moist allow : the d _________ ofrespiratory gases in and out rapidly.




ii. Having numerous inner partition : to i ________ the surface area and hence

increases the rate of gases diffusion.

iii. Covered with a rich network of blood capillaries : to receive oxygen and

t ______ it to body cells and to release carbon dioxide out of the body.

7. Respiratory structure of humans

a) Gaseous exchange in humans takes place in the a __________.

b) Air enters the lungs through :

Trachea bronchus b ________ a ___________

c) Trachea is supported by c ________ which keep it from c _________

8. Characteristics of respiratory surface // alveolus

Characteristics of alveoli to their functions

A large number of alveoli l ________ surface area for

(700 million) in the lungs exchange of gases

Moist – walls secrete a Gases can d _______ in

thin lining of moisture moisture and diffuse easily

Surrounded by a network Can t ______ O2 to and




of blood capillaries CO2 away from the cells

Walls are made of a Gases can diffuse easily

s ________ layer of cells across the thin walls

BIO T 4 7.2 (ESEI) (S)

1. Mechanism of respiration in humans

a) The breathing mechanism involves the combined action of the intercostals muscle ( between

the ribs ) and diaphragm.

b) There are two set of intercostals muscles : E _________ intercostal muscle and i ________

intercostals muscle.

c) Breathing mechanisms :

Inhalation Exhalation

i) External intercostals

muscles c _______.

Internal intercostals

muscles relax

I. External intercostals

muscle relax. Internal

intercostals muscle

c _______

ii) The rib cage move

u _______ &

o ________

II. The rib cage moved _______ &

i ________

iii) The diaphragm muscle

c ________ &

diaphragm

f _________

III. The diaphragm

muscle r _______ and

returns to d _____--

_______// resting




position

Action I , II , & III i ________

the volume of the thoraciccavity , causing its pressure to

d ________ (lower than

atmospheric pressure)

Action I , II & III d ________

the volume of the thoraciccavity, causing its pressure to

i ______ (greater than

atmospheric pressure)

iv) H ______ atmospheric

pressure outside

causes the air to rushi _____ the lungs.

IV. L ____ atmospheric

pressure outside

force the air

o _______ of the

lungs.


1. A person is found dead by police officers in a garage. Investigation shows the death

was caused by excessive inhalation of car exhaust fumes.

State the gas released by the car exhaust and explain the consequences on the

transportation of oxygen by erythrocyte.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. Comparison between the human respiratory system with that of other organisms

Similarities

Have a l ______ surface area to volume ratio.

Cells lining the respiratory structures are t ________.

The surfaces for gaseous exchange are constantly m __________.




Differences

Characteristics Protozoa Insects Fish Amphibians Humans

Respiratorysystem

None Tracheal

system

G ______ Skin, lungs

and buccal

cavity

L ______

Respiratory

organs

None T _______ Gills Skin and

lungs

Lungs

Respiratory

structures

Plasma

m _______

Tracheoles Filaments

and

lamellae

Lungs and

s ______

A _______

Respiratoryopening

None Spiracles Mouth Nostrils Nostrils

A large

surface area

to volume

ratio is

achieved by

having

Unicellular

, f _____

and

s ______

bodies

Numerous

tracheoles

Numerous

f _______

and

l ________

Lungs with

numerous

inner

partitions

and gaseous

exchange

which takes

placethroughout

the entire

surface area

of the skin

Numerous

a ________

Network of

blood

capillaries

None None The

filaments

and richly

supplied

with blood

capillaries

The skin and

lungs are

richly

supplied

with blood

capillaries

The alveoli

are richly

supplied

with blood

capillaries

Air passagesNone Spiracles

* Tracheae

* Tracheoles

* Body cells

Mouth

* Opercular

cavity

* gills and

lamellae

*operculum

Nostrils

* bucco

pharyngeal

cavity

* lungs

Nostrils

* trachea

* bronchi

*bronchioles




* alveoli

Other

structures

which help in

external

respiration

None Thorax ,

abdomen

Operculum

and the

muscularwalls of the

floor of the

buccal

cavity

The strong

muscular

walls of thebucco-

pharyngeal

floor

D _______,

rib cage and

i _______muscle

BIO T 4 7.3 (OBJECTIVE) (R)

1. Oxygen combines with respiratory pigment known as ___________ to transport oxygen

Oksigen bergabung dengan pigmen respirasi dikenali sebagai ________ untuk

mengangkut oksigen

A. Oxyhaemoglobin/ oksihemoglobin

B. Carbaminohaemoglobin/ karbaminohemoglobin

C. Haemoglobin/ hemoglobin

D. Bicarbonate ions/ ion bikarbonat

2. Carbon dioxide can be transported in ____________

Karbon diokdsida boleh diangkut di dalam _________

I. Carbaminohaemoglobin/ karbaminohemoglobin

II. Oxyhaemoglobin/ oksihemoglobin

III. Bicarbonate ions/ ion bikarbonat

IV. Dissolved carbon dioxide/ larutan karbon dioksida

A. I , II , and IV only

B. II , III , and IV only

C. I, III ,and IV only

D. I , II , III , and IV

3. Which of the following does not transport carbon dioxide in the blood to the lungs ?

Antara berikut, yang manakah bukan bentuk karbon dioksida yang diangkut oleh darah ke

peparu ?

A. Carbaminohaemoglobin / karbaminohemoglobin

B. Carbonic acid / asid karbonik

C. Sodium bicarbonate / ion bikarbonat




D. Carboxyhaemoglobin / karboksihemoglobin

4. Which structures are involved in the human gaseous exchange system ?

Antara struktur-struktur berikut, yang manakah terlibat dalam sistem pertukaran gas

manusia ?

I. Trachea /trakea

II. Bronchus / bronkus

III. Bronchioles / bronkiol

IV. Alveolus / alveolus

A. I and IV only

B. II and III only

C. II , III and IV only

D. I , II , III , and IV

5. What are the characteristics that enable gaseous exchange at the gill filaments of the fish

to be carried out efficiently?

Apakah ciri-ciri yang membolehkan pertukaran gas yang cekap di filamen insang ikan ?

I. Large surface area / permukaan yang luas

II. Thin walls of membrane / membrannya yang nipis

III. A network of blood capillaries / kehadiran banyak kapilari darah

IV. The flow of blood which is opposite to the direction of the flow of water / alirandarah menentang pengaliran air

A. I and II only

B. III and IV only

C. I , II and IV only

D. I , II , III and IV

BIO T 4 7.3 (OBJECTIVE) (S)

6. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood plasma ?

Bagaimanakah karbon dioksida dihantar ke plasma darah?

A. Combine with water to form carbonic acid/ bergabung dengan air menjadi asid

karbonik

B. As dissolved carbon dioxide/ sebagai larutan karbon dioksida

C. In the form of bicarbonate ions/ dalam bentuk ion bikarbonat

D. Binds to the haemoglobin and in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin/ bergabung

dengan haemoglobin dan dalam bentuk karbaminohemoglobin

7. Diagram 8 shows a cross section through a part of a lung.




Rajah 8 menunjukkan keratan rentas melalui sebahagian peparu.

Diagram 8

Rajah 8

What are the adaptations of alveolus which increase the rate of gaseous exchange ?

Apakah adaptasi pada alveolus yang menambahkan kadar pertukaran gas?

I. Able to expand and contract/ boleh mengembang dan menguncup

II. Small surface area/ luas permukaan yang kecil

III. Located close to blood capillaries/ terletak berdekatan pada kapilari darah

IV. Covered by a thin film of moisture/ diliputi oleh satu lapisan nipis kelembapan

A. I and II

B. I and IV

C. II and III

D. III and IV

8. Which are the characteristics that enable the alveolus to carry out gaseous exchange

efficiently ?

Antara ciri-ciri berikut, yang manakah membolehkan alveolus melakukan pertukaran gas

dengan berkesan ?

I. A large surface area / mempunyai permukaan yang luas

II. A layer of moisture on its surface / mempunyai permukaan yang lembap

III. A network of blood capillaries around it / mempunyai kapilari darah yang banyak di

sekelilingnya

IV. A layer of fat on its surface / mempunyai permukaan yang berlemak

A. I and III only

B. II and III only




C. I , II and III only


9. Which of the following is not an important characteristic for gaseous exchange in

mammals ?

Antara berikut, yang manakah bukan ciri penting untuk pertukaran gas dalam mamalia?

A. Thin membrane / membrane sel yang nipis

B. Large surface area / luas permukaan yang besar

C. Soft membrane surface / permukaan membran yang lembut

D. A network of blood capillaries / rangkaian kapilari darah yang banyak

10. What path does a molecule of carbon dioxide take as it leaves the body?

Antara turutan berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan aliran yang dilalui oleh satu molekulkarbon dioksida sebelum disingkirkan dari badan ?

A. Bronchus bronchioles larynx trachea alveolus

Bronkus bronkiol larinks trakea alveolus

B. Trachea larynx bronchus bronchiole alveolus

Trakea larinks bronkus bronkiol alveolus

C. Alveolus bronchioles bronchus trachea larynx

Alveolus bronkiol bronkus trakea larinks

D. Trachea alveolus bronchiole bronchus larynx

Trakea alveolus bronkiol bronkus larinks

11. Diagram below shows a section of an alveolus and its blood supply in the human lung.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratin rentas alveolus manusia dan jalinan kapilari dalam

peparu manusia.

Which of the following occur at the alveolus during inhalation?




Antara berikut, yang manakah berlaku pada alveolus semasa menarik nafas ?

I. The concentration of oxygen in P is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the

blood capillaries / kepekatan oksigen di P lebih tinggi daripada kepekatan oksigen

dalam kapilari darah

II. The concentration of oxygen in P is lower than the concentration of oxygen in the

blood capillaries / kepekatan oksigen di P lebih rendah daripada kepekatan oksigen

dalam kapilari darah

III. The gaseous exchange occurs by simple diffusion / pertukaran gas berlaku secara

resapan ringkas

IV. A lot of oxyhaemoglobin are formed / banyak oksihemoglobin terbentuk

A. I and III only

B. II and IV onlyC. I , II and III only

D. I , III and IV only

BIO T 4 7.3 (OBJECTIVE) (T)

12. The following information shows the result of an experiment to determine the oxygen

content in exhaled air using J-tube.

Maklumat berikut menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk menentukan kandungan

oksigen didalam udara hembusan dengan menggunakan tiub-J.

Length of exhaled air column /Panjang turus udara hembusan = 10.0 cm

Length of exhaled air column aftertreatment with potassium hydroxide/

Panjang turus udara hembusan selepas dirawat dengan kalium hidroksida= 9.6 cm

Length of exhaled air column after Treatment with potassium pyrogallate /

Panjang turus udara hembusan selepas dirawat dengan kalium pirogalat = 8.5 cm

The percentage of oxygen content in the exhaled air is

Peratusan kandungan oksigen dalam udara hembusan ialah




A. 4.2%

B. 8.5%

C. 11.0%

D. 21.0%

13. Diagram 9 shows a longitudinal section of an alveolus and a blood capillary.

Rajah 9 menunjukkan keratan memanjang alveolus dan kapilari darah

Diagram 9

Rajah 9

What are the partial pressure of oxygen at P , Q and R ?

Apakah tekanan separa oksigen di P , Q dan R ?

P Q R

A High/tinggi Low/rendah High/tinggi

B Low/rendah High/tinggi Low/rendah

C High/tinggi Low/rendah Low/rendah

D Low/rendah High/tinggi High/tinggi




14. Diagram 10 shows an alveolus and a blood capillary in a lung. Which of the following is

true about X , Y and Z in the blood vessel ?

Rajah 10 menunjukkan alveolus dan kapilari darah didalam peparu. Antara yang berikut

benar mengenai X , Y dan Z dalam saluran darah.

Diagram 10

Rajah 10

X Y Z

A

Contains blood with a

high concentration of

carbon dioxide/ darahyang mengandungi

kepekatan karbon

dioksida yang tinggi

Diffusion of carbon dioxide

into the alveolus/ resapan

karbon dioksida ke dalamalveolus

Contains blood with a high

concentration of oxygen/

darah yang mengandungikepekatan oksigen yang

tinggi

B



carbon dioxide/ darah

yang mengandungi

karbon dioksida yangtinggi

Diffusion of oxygen into the

alveolus/ resapan oksigen

ke dalam alveolus


concentration of oxygen/

darah yang mengandungi

kepekatan oksigen yang

tinggi

C



oxygen/ darah yang

mengandungi

kepekatan oksigen

yang tinggi

Diffusion of carbon dioxide

into the alveolus/ resapan

karbon dioksida ke dalam

alveolus


concentration of carbon

dioxide/ darah yang

mengandungi kepekatan

karbon dioksida yang tinggi




D



oxygen/ darah yang

mengandungi

kepekatan oksigen

yang tinggi

Diffusion of oxygen into the

alveolus/ resapan oksigen

ke dalam alveolus


concentration of carbon

dioxide/ darah yang

mengandungi kepekatan

karbon dioksida yang tinggi

15. Diagram below shows a section of an alveolus in a human lung.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan satu alveolus dalam peparu manusia.

What is the oxygen concentration in the parts labelled X , Y , and Z ?

Bagaimanakah keadaan kepekatan oksigen di bahagian yang berlabel X , Y , and Z ?

X Y Z

ALow / rendah High / tinggi Low / rendah

BLow / rendah High / tinggi High / tinggi

CHigh / tinggi Low / rendah Low / rendah

DHigh / tinggi Low / rendah High / tinggi

16. What causes the gaseous exchange at the lungs of an amphibian to be inefficient ?

Antara berikut, yang manakah menyebabkan ketidakcekapan pertukaran gas di peparu

amfibia ?

I. Few alveoli for gaseous exchange / bilangan alveolus yang kurang untuk pertukaran

gas berlaku




II. No ribcage to expand and contract the lungs / tiada sangkar rusuk untuk

mengembang dan mengecutkan peparu

III. Breathing depends on the mouth cavity / pernafasan bergantung kepada rongga

mulut

IV. No diaphragm to change the volume of the lungs / tiada diafragma untuk mengubahisipadu peparu

A. I and III only

B. I , II and IV only

C. II , III and IV only


BIO T 4 7.3 (STRUCTURE) (R)(S)(T)

1. Diagram below shows the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the

lungs and surrounding blood capillaries.

Rajah dibawah menunjukkan pertukaran gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida diantara peparu

dan saluran darah.

Name V , W , X , Y , and Z shows in the diagram above.

Namakan V , W , X , Y , dan Z yang ditunjukkan pada rajah diatas.

V : ________________________ W : _______________________

X : ________________________ Y : _______________________

Z : ________________________




BIO T 4 7.3 (ESEI) (R)

1. The gaseous exchange occurs at two parts : between the surface of alveolus and blood

capillaries [R] and between the blood capillaries and body cell [S].

[R] Between the surface of alveolus and blood capillaries

{ Note : Po2 = partial pressure of oxygen , Pco2 = partial pressure of Carbon dioxide }

A gas diffuses from a region of h _______ partial pressure to a region of l _______

partial pressure.

Po2 in alveoli is higher than Po2 in blood capillary, so, Oxygen diffuses from thealveoli into the b _______ c ________.

Pco2 in alveoli lower than Pco2 in blood capillary, so, Carbon dioxide diffuse from the

blood capillaries into the a ________.

When oxygen enter the blood capillaries, oxygen combines with haemoglobin in RBC

to form o _______ and carried to all parts of the body.

in lungs

Haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin

[S] Between the blood capillaries and body cells

As the low partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in body cell, oxyhaemoglobin releases

o _______ which then diffuses through the capillaries walls into the b _______

cells/tissues

Oxyhaemoglobinin tissue

haemoglobin + oxygen

Oxygen is used in cellular respiration to produce energy, water and c _______d ________




Glucose + oxygen energy + water + carbon dioxide

C _______ respiration produce carbon dioxide. Pco2 in body cells / tissues is higher

than Pco2 in capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells into the blood

c _______ and is carried to the

l ________ by three ways:

a) Most dissolved in the blood plasma as b ________ ions (HCO3-) : 70%

b) Combines with haemoglobin in the form of c __________ : (HbCO2) : 23%

c) Dissolved in the blood plasma as d ________ CO2 molecules : 7%

2. The composition of inhaled and exhaled air

Content Inhaled air Exhaled air

Oxygen 21.09 % ___________%

Carbon dioxide ___________% 4.1%

Nitrogen 79.0% 79.0%

Water vapour Varies and is never

saturated

Saturated

Temperature Room temperature Body temperature


1. The following information shows the results of an experiment to determine the oxygen

content in exhaled air using a J-tube .

Length of exhaled air column (x) = 10.0 cm

Length of exhaled air column

after treatment with potassium hydroxide (y) = 9.6 cm




Length of exhaled air column

after treatment with potassium pyrogallate (z) = 8.0 cm

calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen content in the exhaled air

% of carbon dioxide = ( x – y ) x 100

x

=

=

% of oxygen = (y – z) x 100

x

=

=

2. Breathing mechanism in human / mekanisma pernafasan manusia

Inhalation / menarik nafas Exhalation / penghembusan nafas

Outer intercostals muscle contract / otot

luar intercosta mengecut

Inner intercostals muscle relax / otot dalam

intercosta mengendur

Rib cage moves upwards and outwards /

sangkar rusuk dinaikkan ke atas dan ke

depan

Diaphragm muscle relax / otot diafragma

mengendur

Diaphragm flattens / diafragma mendatar

Volume of thorax decreases / isipadu

rongga toraks berkurangan

Pressure of thorax increase / tekanan

rongga toraks bertambah

Air moves into the lungs / udara masuk ke

dalam peparu.




BIO T 4. 7.4 R

The regulation mechanism in respiration

Corelation the rate of respiration with oxygen and carbon dioxide contents in the body:

Fill in the blanks with correct word.

1. During v..................... exercise, more e.................... is required. Therefore, the muscle need

more ox................. and g ....................... to release energy during cellular respiration.

Therefore the rate of respiration and heat beats i ........................... (5m)

2. The rate and depth of breathing i.............................. to supply more oxygen to the cell.

3. At the same time, the h................... rate increases to pump more b.......................... to the

cells

4. During cellular respiration more carbon dioxide to be r.......................... from the cell.

5. High concentration of CO2 d............................. the blood pH. The rate of external

respiration increases to eliminate .................................. through the lung and bring in more

oxygen into the body.

BIO T 4 7.4 S

Explain how does our body eliminate the excess carbon dioxide during vigorous exercise

1. During vigorous exercise, c............... d...................... is produced and increase in the

respiring cells.

2. Higher carbon dioxide concentration in blood results in d.......................... in blood pH and

cerebrospinal fluid.

3. The central chemoreceptor in medulla oblongata, d.................... the higher concentration of

CO2 ( and low concentration and send the nerve impulses to the r.........................

c.................

4. The respiratory centre produce new impulses and sent to the respiratory muscles (

intercostals muscles). The muscles is then contarct and relax , m........................ rapidly.

5. Breathing rate and v ........................... rate increase

6. As excess CO2 is el...................................... from body, CO2 concentration and blood pH

return to n........................................

BIO T4 7.4. T

Describing and relate the human respiratory response and rate of respiration in different situation.

1. In fear/emergency

2. At high altitude

3. Relaxing

4. Vigorous activity.




BIO 4 7.5 R

The importance of maintaining a healthy respiratory system

1. The air we inhale contains dirt,dust,soot, various irritants and harmful p............................

2. Cigarette smoke contains over ....................... chemicals. A smoker inhales s............... which

contains ......................, carbon monoxide, n.........................., acetone, b.............................

and formadelhyde.

3. Some these chemicals are c..................................... compounds which can cause lung cancer.

BIO 4 7.5 S

1. COPD ( Chronic Obstructive Pulomonary Disease) , 2 types of COPD are E..........................

and Chronic bronchitis.

2. Emphysema is a disease in which the walls between the a........................ s............................

in the lungs are d............... Thus, the effeciency of gaseous exchange is greatly reduced.

3. Chronic bronchitis is the i........................... of the bronchi that caused by frequent

c............... due to overproduction of mucus.

BIO 4 7.5 T

What are the effects of tobacco smokes on the human healthy?

BIO 4 7.6 S

Respiration in plant

1. Plant derive their e.................... from c........................ respiration

2. During cellular respiration, plant cells take in o...................... and produce C.........................

d..............................

3. Photosynthesis only occur in the presence of l.................... in darkness, plants carry out only

r................................. Plant need energy continously to sustain their living process.

4. Label diagram:

Stomata and lenticel




BIO 4 7.6 S

1. Gaseous exchange between plant cell and the environment occurs by d................ ... through

s.................................. and l.....................................

2. The s.............................of most plant o......................... when there is l............................ and

they c................... in the d.................

3. O.................... from atmosphere diffuses to the a...... s................. and then into the

m................... cells. During a................... respiration, oxygen

concentration in the cells is l....... than the concentration of

oxygen in the a....... ....................thus allows it to

d............from the air space into the c...................................

4. C....................... d......................... which is produced during

aerobic respiration is u........ in p................................... during the

day. E.................. carbon dioxide diffusesinto air spaces and then through the

s............... into the atsmophere.

BIO T4 7.6 T

1. Alysis of graph :

the absorption and releases of CO2 versus light intensity.

Absorption of

CO2

Low high light intensity

Releases of

CO2

Net gain in sugar (rate of

photosynthesis > rate of

res iration

Net loss of sugar (sugar

used in respiration >

sugar produced during

photosynthesis




a. Describes what happened in P, Q and R (refer to respiration rate and photosynthesis)

b. Explain the proceses that occur in compensation point (Q)

2. Compare and contrast between photosynthesis and respiration. ( S =1, D = 8 points)




TAJUK : Dynamic EcosystemSUBTAJUK : 8.1 Understanding the abiotic and biotic component of theenvironment

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. The diagram shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem.Rajah menunjukkan aliran tenaga di dalam sebuah ekosistem.

Which of the following represents a carnivor?

Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili satu karnivor?

A 2 and 52 dan 5

B 3 and 53 dan 5

C 4 and 54 dan 5

D 3 and 43 dan 4

2. The diagram shows a food web.

Rajah menunjukkan satu jaringan makanan.

Which of the food chains transfer the most energy to human beings. Antara rantai makanan tersebut diatas, yang manakah memindahkan paling banyak tenagakepada manusia?




3. The diagram shows the energy flow in an ecosystem.Rajah menunjukkan aliran tenaga di dalam satu ekosistem.

What is the amount of energy received by the secondary consumer? Apakah jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna sekunder?

A 750 KJ750 KJB 15 000 KJ

15 000 KJC 30 000 KJ

30 000 KJD 38 250 KJ

38 250 KJ

4. The graph shows a type of interaction between organisms.Graf menunjukkan satu jenis interaksi antara organisma.

Which of the following represents the graph shown? Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili sepertimana dalam graf?

A CommensalismKomensalisme

B Prey-predatorMangsa-pemangsa

C ParasitismParasitism

D SaprophytismSaprofitisme




MistletoeMistletoe

RafflesiaRaflesia

I Can photosynthesizeBoleh berfotosintesis

Cannot photosynthesizeTidak boleh berfotosintesis

II Absorbs water and mineral salts from the

hostMenyerap air dan garam mineral daripada perumah

Absorbs food from the host

Menyerap makanan daripada perumah

III EndoparasiteEndoparasit

EctoparasiteEktoparasit

IV Reproduce sexuallyMembiak secara seksual

Reproduce asexuallyMembiak secara aseksual

A I and II only I dan II sahaja

C I, II and III onlyI, II dan III sahaja

B III and IV onlyIII dan IV sahaja


7. Which of the following is not true about the trophic level in an ecosystem?Yang manakah antara berikut adalah tidak benar mengenai aras trofik di dalam ekosistem?

I The higher the trophic level, the more energy it hasLebih tinggi aras trofik, lebih tenaga ia ada

II The higher the trophic level, the bigger the size of the organismLebih tinggi aras trofik, lebih besar saiz organisma

III The lower the trophic level, the more the number of organismsLebih rendah aras trofik, lebih banyak bilangan organisma

IV The lower the trophic level, the greater the biomass

Lebih rendah aras trofik, lebih besar jisim

A I onlyI sahaja

B II and III onlyII dan III sahaja

C I and IV onlyI dan IV sahaja

D III and IV onlyIII dan IV sahaja




8. 44 Diagram 30 shows the energy flow of a food chain which represented by four level oforganisms.Rajah 30 menunjukkan aliran tenaga dalam satu rantai makanan yang diwakili oleh empat peringkat organisma.

Based on the above diagram, calculate the amount of energy received by the tertiaryconsumer.Berdasarkan rajah di atas, kira jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna tertier.

A 4kJ

B 40kJ

C 400kJD 4000kj

9. Diagram 16 represents the energy flow through a food chain which consists of fourorganisms.

Rajah 16 menunjukkan aliran tenaga melalui rantai makanan yang mengandungi empat jenisorganism.

What is the total energy in the tissues of organism S if total energy in P is 9000kJ? Apakah jumlah tenaga di dalam tisu organism S jika jumlah tenaga dalam P ialah 9000kJ?

A 8l0kJ

B 729kJ

C 90kJD 9kJ




10. In Figure 13. the amount of energy available to the primary consumers is approximatelyPada rajah 13, jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna primer ialah

Figure 13

A 4.186 kJ/m²/year4.186 kJ/m²/tahun

B 41.869 kJ/m²/year41.869 kJ/m²/tahun

C 418.600 kJ/m²/year418.600 kJ/m²/tahun

D 4186.00 kJ/m²/year4186.00 kJ/m²/tahun

11. Diagram shows the energy flow in an ecoystcm.Rajah menunjukkan pengaliran tenaga dalam sebuah ekosistem.

What is the amount of energy received by the secondary consumer?Berapakah jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna sekunder?

A 750kJ

B 15 000kJ

C 30 000kJD 38 250kJ




12. The diagram below shows the energy flow from phytoplankton to the tertiary consumer.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan aliran tenaga dan fitoplankton ke pengguna tertier.

If 90% of energy is loss from one trophic level to the next trophic, how much energy isreceived by the tertiary consumer?Jika 90% tenaga hilang dan satu aras trof ke aras trof yang lain, berapakah tenaga yangditerima oleh pengguna tertier?

A l5kJ

B 85kJ

C l50kJ D 13500kJ

13. Diagram 11 shows the energy flow in an ecosyslem.Rajah 11 menunjukkan aliran tenaga dalam satu ekosistem.

What is the amount of energy received by the secondary consumer?Berapa jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna sekunder?

A 200kJ

B 2000kJ C l800kJ D l8000kJ




14. Diagram 18 shows the energy flow of a food chain which represented by four level oforganisms.Rajah 18 menunjukkan aliran tenaga dalam satu rantaian makanan yang diwakili oleh empatperingkat organisma.

Based on the above diagram, calculate the amount of energy received by the tertiaryconsumer.Berdasarkan rajah di atas, kira jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna tertier.

A 4 kJ

B 40 kJ

C 400 kJ D 4000 kJ

15. Diagram 17 shows the energy flow in an ecosystem.Rajah 1 7 menunjukkan aliran tenaga dalam suatu ekosistem.

What is the amount of energy received by the secondary consumer?Berapakah jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna sekunder?

A 50kJ

B 500kJ

C 5000kJ D 50000kJ




16. Diagram 19 shows the energy flow from producer to secondary consumer.Rajah 19 menunjukkan aliran tenaga daripada pengeluar kepada pengguna sekunder.

Diagram 19Rajah 19

What is the total energy passed down to the secondary consumer? Apakah jumlah tenaga yang diterima oleh pengguna sekunder?

A 1080 kJ C 360 kJ

B 720 kJ D 120 kJ

Jawapan D

17. The information shows the organisms involved in four types of interactions.

Which organism is commensal?

A. Mucor sp. C. Toadstools

B. Mosses D. Bacteria

18. Which statements are true about the pyramid of numbers?I The size of organisms increases from the base to the top of the pyramid.

II The number of organisms increases from the top to the base of the pyramid.

III The energy level decreases from the base to the top of the pyramid.

IV The loss of energy decreases from the base to the top of the pyramid.

A. I and II only

B. II and IV only

C. I, II and III only

D. II, III and IV only

30% used for primary consumer

respiration

30% digunakan untuk respirasi

Primary consumer

1200 kJ

60% loss in its faeces

60% hilang melalui tinja

Secondary consumer

Pengguna sekunder

Producer

Pengeluar

Mucor sp. grows on the

surface of bread.

Mosses live on the

branches of a tree.

Toadstools grow on

dead stumps.

Bacteria live in the root

nodules of leguminous

lants.




19. The graph shows changes in the population size of a predator in a natural habitat.

Why is there a drastic drop in the population size at X?

A. The sudden death of the predators

B. A decrease in the number of prey in the habitat

C. A change in climate of the habitat

D. The migration of the predators to different habitats

20. Diagram 1 shows the interaction among organisms at a lake.

Rajah menunjukkan interaksi di kalangan organisma di sebuah tasik.

Fish

Microscopic algae Shrimp

Wild Duck

If the lake water contains a trace amount of herbicide chemical, which organism may

have the highest concentration of the herbicide chemical, which organism may havethe highest concentration of the highest concentration?

Jika air tasik mengandungi sedikit bahan kimia racun rumpai, organism yang

manakah berkemungkinan mempunyai kepekatan racun rumpai paling tinggi dalam

badannya?

A. Microscopic algae C. Fish

Alga mikroskopik Ikan

B. Shrimp D. Wild duck

Udang Itik liar

Population

time

X




21. Diagram 2 shows the effect of industrial waste on the organisms that live in a river.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan kesan sisa industri terhadap organism yang hidup di dalam

sungai.

The number of algae decreased from X to Y due to the

Bilangan alga berkurang daripada X ke Y disebabkan oleh

A. Increase in the number of herbivores

Peningkatan bilangan haiwan herbivor

B. Reduction in the amount of toxic substances in the river

Pengurangan bahan toksik dalam sungai

C. Industrial waste reduced the amount of light penetration in water

Sisa industri mengurangkan kadar penembusan cahaya dalam air

D. The river water carried the algae further down stream Air sungai mengalirkan alga lebih jauh ke hilir sungai

22. The following information is regarding the effects of temperature towards the activity

of an organism.

Which of the following is true about the above statement?

A. During hot day, water evaporates faster from the moist surface

B. Some species can survive in extreme condition

C. Drop in temperature results in a decline in the metabolic activities of an organism

D. The homoiotherm animals can maintain their body temperature

N u m b e r / a m o u n t

B i l a n g a n / j u m l a h

Herbivore animalHaiwan herbivor

Algae Alga

Distance from source of pollution

Jarak dari sumber pencemaranIndustrial wasteSisa perindustrian

PoisonRacun

The flies become very active in the

afternoon, but they become less

active and more slowly at night.




23. Diagram 3 shows a pyramid of energy used to determine the energy transfer from

one trophic level to another in a food chain.

Diagram 1

Which of the following is true about the energy stored in trophic level Q, if the energy

stores in trophic level S is XkJ?

A. 1/10000 X C. 1/100 X

B. 1/1000 X D. 1/10 X

24. Diagram 4 shows an interaction between two organisms, P and Q of different

species.

Diagram 4

Which of the following represent organism P and organism Q?Organism P Organism Q

A Crab Barnacles

B Shark Remora fish

C Fungi Algae

D Owl Mouse

25. For every 100 kJ of energy obtained from food, a cow uses 5kJ for growth, 40 kJ tomaintain its body temperature and 55 kJ for defecation. What is the percentage of

energy absorbed by the body of the cow?

Bagi setiap 100kJ tenaga yang diperolehi daripada makanan , lembu menggunakan

5kJ umtuk pertumbuhan, 40kJ untuk mengekalkan suhu badan dan 55 kJ untuk

penyahtinjaan. Apakah peratus tenaga yang diserap oleh badan lembu?

A. 5%

B. 10%

C. 45%

D. 50%

P

Q

R

S

Organism P

Benefit

Benefit

Organism Q




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram 1 shows the flow of energy through part of the food chain.Gambar rajah 1 menunjukkan aliran tenaga mengikut bahagiannya pada rantai

makanan.

Diagram 1

Gambarajah 1

(a) (i) How much energy from the green plants is not being utilized in the buildingof tissues in the primary consumer?Berapakah jumlah tenaga yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan hijau yang tidakdigunakan dalam membina tisu-tisu pengguna primer.=______________________________ kJ (1 marks)

(1 markah)

(ii) Calculate the percentage of energy from the secondary consumer that isconverted and stored in the tissues of the tertiary consumer.Kira peratus tenaga terhasil daripada pengguna sekunder yangditukarkan dan disimpan di dalam tisu-tisu pengguna tertier.=______________________________ % (1 marks)

(1 markah)

(b) (i) What is the role of the green plants in this food chain? Apakah peranan tumbuhan hijau dalam rantaian makanan ini? __________________________________________________________

(1 mark)(1 markah)

(ii) How is the nutritional habit of the green plants different from those of theconsumers?Bagaimanakah tabiat pemakanan tumbuhan hijau berbeza daripada pengguna-pengguna yang lain. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

( 2 marks)(2 markah)




(iii) In what form does the energy pass from the green plants to the primaryconsumer? Apakah bentuk tenaga yang dipindahkan daripada tumbuhan hijaukepada pengguna consumer? __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________(1 mark)(1 markah)

(c) What is the term used for the organism that feed on the remains of deadorganisms and the wastes of plants and animals? Apakah terma yang digunakan bagi organisma yang memakan sisa-sisaorganisma-organisma mati dan sisa-sisa buangan tumbuhan dan haiwan?

_____________________________________________________________(1 mark)(1 markah)

(d) What process is likely to be responsible for the loss of energy to air at variousstages of the food chain? Apakah proses yang bertanggungjawab untuk kehilangan tenaga ke udara pada pada pelbagai aras rantai makanan? _____________________________________________________________

(1 mark)(1 markah)

(e) The following organisms live in the same habitat : Snakes, grass, frogs,

grasshoppers, eagles.Draw and label a food chain with five trophic levels linking these organismBerikut adalah organisma-organisma yang tinggal dalam habitat yang sama :Ular, Rumput, katak, belalang, helang.Lukiskan dan labelkan rantai makanan dengan menghubungkan aras-arasorganisma tersebut

(2 marks)(2 markah)

(f) Explain why it is better for humans to be the last organism in a short foodchain.

Jelaskan apakah baiknya manusia menjadi organisma terakhir dalam rantaimakanan yang ringkas. _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________(2 marks)(2 markah)




4.a) Diagram 3 shows a terrestrial ecosystem. / Rajah 3 menunjukkan ekosistem daratan.

Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

(i) State the definition of ecosystem. / Nyatakan definisi ekosistem. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(ii) A niche of an organism is its roles in the ecosystem.Based on organisms in Diagram 3, state an example of niche.Nic bagi organisma adalah peranannya dalam suatu ekosistem.

Berdasarkan organism dalam Rajah 3, nyatakan satu contoh nic. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(b) (i) Based on the Diagram 3, construct a food web showing the interaction of fourorganisms.Berdasarkan Rajah 3, bina satu jaringan makanan menunjukkan interaksi empatorganism.

[2 marks](ii) Based on constructed food web in (b) (i) construct a pyramid of numbers.

Berdasarkan jaringan makanan yang telah dibina di (b) (i) binakan pyramid nombor.




[2 marks]

(c) (i) The organisms in the first trophic level absorb 15 000kJ solar energy. Energy lossat each trophic level is 90%.Calculate the total energy transferred to the organisms in the third trophic level.Organisma-organisma dalam aras trof pertama menyerap 15 000kJ tenagamatahari. Tenaga hilang sebanyak 90% pada setiap aras trof.Kirakan jumlah tenaga yang dipindahkan kepada organism pada aras trof ketiga.

= ……………… kJ

[2 marks]

(ii) State two ways in which energy may be lost in the food web.Nyatakan dua cara yang memungkinkan kehilangan tenaga dalam jaringanmakanan.1. _______________________________________________________________2. _______________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

(d) Many problems related to the environment are the results of human activities.Explain one bad effect of the activities on the ecosystem.Banyak masalah berkaitan alam sekitar adalah disebabkan oleh aktiviti manusia.

Terangkan satu kesan buruk aktiviti-aktiviti itu ke atas ekosistem. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]




SOALAN ESEI:

1. Diagram 6.1 shows a food chain in a terrestrial ecosystem. The sun is the source of energy forthe organisms.Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan satu rantai makanan dalam ekosistem daratan. Matahari adalahsumber tenaga bagi organisma-organisma tersebut.


(a) (i) Explain the role of the plant and the frog in the food chain.Terangkan peranan tumbuhan dan katak dalam rantai makanan .

[6 marks]

(ii) Explain the energy transfer in the food chain.Terangkan pemindahan tenaga dalam rantai makanan tersebut.

[4 marks]

Sun

Matahari

Energy 4 850 000 kJ

Plant

Tumbuhan

SnakeFrogGrasshopperBelalang




2(a) (i) Diagram 8.1 shows types of interaction between two organisms in an ecosystem.

Diagram8.1

Explain how the interaction between the two organisms controls each otherpopulation.

[6 marks]

(ii) A farmer is having a problem of pest such as rats in the palm oil estate. Instead ofusing pesticides, how can the population of rats be controlled? Explain these two

methods.[4 marks]




TAJUK : DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

SUBTAJUK: The Processes of Colonisation and Succession in an Ecosystem

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Which of the following are adaptations by the Sonneratia sp. to enable it to grow in the mangroveswamp? Antara berikut, yang manakah penyesuaian Sonneratia sp. untuk membolehkannya tumbuh di paya bakau?

I Thick and succulent leavesDaun yang tebal dan sukulen

III Buttress roots Akar banir

II ViviparityVivipariti

IV High osmotic pressure in the cell sapTekanan osmosis dalam sap sel tinggi



B I and III only

I dan III sahaja

D I, II and IV only

I, II dan IV sahaja

2. The number of prawns caught in a river is drastically reduced after the mangrove swamp nearthe river bank is reclaimed. Which of the following plants should be planted more to increase theprawns population in the river?Hasil tangkapan udang di sungai berkurangan secara mendadak setelah kawasan paya bakau di

tebing sungai itu ditebus guna. Antara tumbuhan berikut, manakah yang perlu ditanam lebih

banyak untuk meningkatkan populasi udang di dalam sungai itu?

I Pandanus sp. III Avicennia sp.

II Bruguiera sp. IV Rhizophora sp. A I and II

I dan IIC II and IV

II dan IVB I and III

I dan IIID III and IV

III dan IV

3. Exchange of gases for the mangrove plants occur through the

Pertukaran gas bagi tumbuhan paya bakau berlaku melalui

I Stem

Batang

III Stoma

StomaII LenticelLentisel

IV HydathodesHidatod

A II and IIIII dan III

C II and IVII dan IV

B I and IVI dan IV

D III and IVIII dan IV




4. Diagram 1 shows the different zones of a magrove swamp. Rajah 1 menunjukkan zon-zon yang berlainan di sebuah paya bakau.

Which of the following is true about the mangrove swamp? Antara berikut yang manakah betul mengenai hutan paya bakau?

A The seeds of the mangrove species in zone Q are dispersed by wind Biji benih spesies bakau dalam zon Q disebarkan oleh angin

B The species in zone P is replaced by a successor species Spesies dalam zon P diganti oleh spesies penyesar

C The species which is in zone R has buttress roots Spesies dalam zon R berakar banir

D The pioneer species grows in zone S

Spesis perintis tumbuh di zon S

5. Which of the following is carried out by a pioneer species in a natural pond? Antara berikut yang manakah yang dijalankan oleh sepsis perintis dalam kolam semulajadi?

I Decomposed organic remains are deposited as sediment at the base of the pondSisa organik terurai terenap sebagai sedimen di dasar kolam

II Carry out photosynthesis to increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the pond Menjalankan fotosintesis untuk meningkatkan oksigen terlarut dalam kolam

III Reproduce at a fast rate to compete with other plant speciesMembiak dengan kadar yang cepat untuk bersaing dengan sepsis tumbuhan lain

IV Change the abiotic factors of the pond to make it more favourable for themselvesMengubah faktor abiotik di kolam untuk menjadikannya lebih sesuai untuk mereka.

A I and IV onlyI dan IV sahaja

B II and III onlyII dan III sahaja



Zone P

Zone

R

Zone Q

Zone S




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram 1.1 shows plants involved in the processes of colonisation and succession in adisused pond. Diagram 1.2 shows part of the succession that takes place at thatparticular pond.Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan tumbuhan-tumbuhan yang terlibat proses pengkolonian dansesaran di sebuah kolam terbiar. Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada penyesaran yang berlaku di kolam itu.

Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2

(a) Give an example of plants :

Berikan contoh tumbuhan :

L: _______________________________________________________________

N : ______________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2 markah]

Phase R

Fasa R

Phase S

Fasa S

Phase U

Fasa U

Phase T

Fasa T

K

M

N

L

Submerged plants

Tumbuhan tenggelam




(b) Based on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, state which plant is considered as the

primary successor. State one adaptation for this plant.

Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2, nyatakan tumbuhan yang dianggap

penyesar primer. Nyatakan satu penyesuaian tumbuhan ini.

Primary successorPenyesar primer : ________________________________________________

Adaptation : ________________________________________________Penyesuaian

[2 marks/2 markah] (c) Based on succession phase R in Diagram 1.2, explain how species from

primary succession in (b) can replace the pioneer species at the pond.Berdasarkan fasa penyesaran R dalam Rajah 1.2, terangkan bagaimana spesies penyesar primer di (b) boleh menggantikan spesies perintis di kolam itu.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2 markah]

(d) Residents from housing areas nearby dump their domestic wastes into thepond. Explain the effect of the activity to the ecosystem for phase S.Penduduk dari kawasan perumahan berhampiran membuang bahan buangandomestik ke dalam kolam. Terangkan kesan aktiviti itu ke atas ekosistem bagifasa S.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

[3 marks/3 markah]




2. Diagram below shows a mangrove swamp at a river mouth in the year 1999.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu paya bakau di muara sungai pada tahun 1999.

The line XY shows the original shore line at that time.

Garisan XY menunjukkan garisan asal pantai pada waktu itu.

(a) (i) With reference to the line XY, name the process that caused the extension

of the zone at the river mouth over the years.

Dengan merujuk kepada garisan XY, namakan proses yang menyebabkan penambahan zon di muara sungai selepas bertahun-tahun.

_____________________________________________________________

[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii) Explain how the pioneer plants in diagram above change the physicalpattern of the ground.Terangkan bagaimana tumbuhan perintis dalam rajah mengubah keadaanfizikal tanah.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ [2 marks/2 markah]

(b) Name the plant species found in zone J and zone K.

Namakan spesies tumbuhan ditemui dalam zon J dan zon K.

Zone J / Zon J : _____________________________________________________

Zone K / Zon K : ___________________________________________________

[2 marks/2 markah]

(c) Draw further land extensions on the zone shown in diagram that will form in the

year 2003.

Lukiskan penambahan daratan yang akan terbentuk pada zon yang ditunjukkan




dalam rajah pada tahun 2003.

[1 mark/1 markah]

(d) (i) What is viviparous seedling? Apakah biji benih vivipariti?

_____________________________________________________________[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii) What is the benefit of this seedling to the mangrove plants? Apakah kelebihan biji benih ini pada tumbuhan bakau?

_____________________________________________________________[1 mark/1 markah]

SOALAN ESEI:

1. (a)

Pioneer mangrove species colonised muddy river banks which later grow into amangrove swamp forest.

Spesies perintis paya bakau mengkoloni tebing berlumpur sungai yang akhirnyaberkembang menjadi hutan paya bakau.

Explain how the pioneer mangrove species are adapted to overcome the problems

encountered during process of colonisation.Terangkan bagaimana spesies perintis paya bakau disesuaikan untuk mengatasimasalah yang dihadapi semasa proses pengkolonian.

[8 marks/ 8 markah]

(b) Diagram 9.1 shows a mangrove swamp forest and Diagram 9.2 shows the same area 30years later.Gambarajah 9.1 menunjukkan hutan paya bakau dan Gambarajah 9.2 menunjukkankawasan yang sama pada 30 tahun kemudiannya.

Diagram 9.1/ Rajah 9.1 Diagram 9.2/ Rajah 9.2

Discuss the good and bad effects of the activities that caused the changes.Bincangkan kesan baik dan buruk akibat aktiviti yang menyebabkan perubahan tersebut.

[12 marks /12 markah]




2. (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the process of colonization and succession in a habitat.Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan proses pengkolonian dan sesaran dalam satu habitat.


What is meant by colonization and succession in a habitat?Based on Diagram 2.1, explain how colonization and succession bring about theformation of primary forest in a habitat. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pengkolonian dan sesaran dalam satu habitat?Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1, terangkan bagaimana pengkolonian dan sesaran membawakepada pembentukan hutan primer dalam satu habitat.

[10marks/10 markah]

(b) Diagram 2.2 shows an ecosystem in Malaysia.Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan satu ekosistem di Malaysia.


Based on Diagram 2.2, discuss why the ecosystem has to be maintained.Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2, bincangkan mengapa ekosistem ini perlu dikekalkan.

[10 marks/10 markah]





SUBTAJUK: POPULATION ECOLOGY

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. In a study to determine the population number of garden snails, 120 garden snails arecaptured, marked and released on the first visit. After three days, 100 garden snails arecaptured. Of these, 80 snails are unmarked.Dalam satu kajian untuk menentukan bilangan populasi siput babi, 120 ekor siput babiditangkap, ditanda dan dilepaskan pada lawatan pertama. Selepas tiga hari, 100 ekorsiput babi ditangkap. Daripadanya, 80 ekor siput babi adalah tidak bertanda.What is the population of garden snails in the area? Apakah populasi siput babi di kawasan tesebut?

A 1200 C 300

B 600 D 150

2. A student carried out an experiment to determine the population of butterflies in agarden. 100 butterflies are captured, marked and released on the first visit. After one week,50 butterflies are captured. Of these, 20 were marked.Seorang pelajar menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan populasi rama-rama didalam taman.100 ekor rama-rama titangkap, ditanda dan dilepaskan pada lawatan pertama. Selepas satu minggu, 50 ekor rama-rama ditangkap. Daripadanya, 15 adalahbertanda.What is the estimated population of butterflies in the garden? Apakah anggaran populasi rama-rama di dalam taman?

A 62 C 375 B 250 D 750

3. The table shows the result of a study on the population of wood lice near a tree.Jadual menunjukkan keputusan kajian populasi kutu kayu berhampiran sebatang pokok.

Number of wood liceBilangan kutu kayu

Visit/ lawatan

Marked

Bertanda

Unmarked

Tidak bertandaFirstPertama 200 -

Second (after a week)Kedua (selepas satu minggu) 50 80

The estimated population of the wood lice is Anggaran populasi kutu kayu adalah

A 20 C 320 B 125 D 520




4. Table 1 shows the results obtained from the capture-mark-release and recapturetechnique for a population of dragonflies in a school field.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh daripada teknik tangkap-tanda-lepas dantangkap semula untuk satu populasi pepatung dalam padang sekolah.

Sample / Sampel Number / Bi langan

First sampling (Dragonflies caught, marked and released)Persampelan pertama (Pepatung ditangkap, ditanda dan dilepas) 20

Second samplingPersampelan kedua –Total Dragonflies caught

Jumlah bilangan pepatung ditangkap – Dragonflies that are marked

Pepatung ditanda

40

10

Table 1 Jadual 1

Estimate the population size of the dragonflies based on the information given above. Anggarkan saiz populasi pepatung berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi di atas.

A 0.8 C 88 B 80 D 800

5. Table 1 shows the number of plant S in eight different quadrat, each measuring 1.5 m x 1.5 m.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan bilangan tumbuhan S dalam lapan kuadrat yang berlainan. Setiap satu

berukuran 1.5 m x 1.5 m.

Quadrat Number

Nombor kuadrat

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Number of plant S

Bilangan tumbuhan

S

15 10 11 22 13 11 0 8

Table 1/Jadual 1

Calculate the density of plant S.

Hitung kepadatan tumbuhan S.

A 5 m- B 0.2 m-

C 25.3 m-2 D 320 m-2




6. A group of students used the quadrat sampling technique to estimate the percentage coverage

of a species of grass in the school field. Each quadrat has an area of 1 m2. Table 2 shows the

results.

Sekumpulan pelajar menggunakan teknik persampelan kuadrat untuk menganggar peratus

litupan satu spesies rumput di padang sekolah. Setiap kuadrat mempunyai luas 1m2 . Jadual 2

menunjukkan keputusan itu.

Quadrat

Kuadrat

Area covered by the species of grass (m )

Luas litupan rumput spesies itu (m2 )

1 0.21

2 0.57

3 0.32

4 0.25

5 0.14

6 0.35

7 0.62

8 0.54

Table 2/Jadual 2

What is the percentage coverage of the species of grass?

Berapakah preratus litupan rumput spesies itu?

A 36.5% B 37.5%

C 37.6% D 38.5%

7. A student carried out an experiment to estimate the population size of garden snails in a

vegetable farm. Table 3 shows the results of the experiment.Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan ujikaji untuk menganggarkan saiz populasi siput di kebun

sayuran. Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan ujikaji.

Capture

Tangkapan

Number of garden snails captured

Bilangan siput yang ditangkap

First

Pertama

150 were marked

150 ditanda

Second

Kedua

60 marked

60 bertanda

40 unmarked

40 tidak bertanda

Table 3/Jadual 3

Based on the data given, calculate the approximate population of garden snails in the

vegetable farm.

Berdasarkan kepada data yang diberikan, hitung anggaran populasi siput di dalam kebun

sayuran tersebut .

A 125 B 160

C 250 D 320




8. Five quadrat, each measuring 1 m x 1 m, are set up by a student to estimate the distribution of

Mimosa pudica in a school field as shown in Diagram 1.

Lima kuadrat yang berukuran 1 m x 1 m, digunakan oleh seorang pelajar untuk menganggar

taburan Mimosa pudica di padang sekolah seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah 1.

Determine the percentage coverage and the percentage frequency of Mimosa pudica in the

school field.

Tentukan peratus litupan dan peratus kekerapan Mimosa pudica di dalam padang sekolah

tersebut .

Percentage coverage (%)

Peratus litupan (%)

Percentage frequency

(%)

Peratus kekerapan (%)

A 44 50

B 50 100

C 44 50

D 56 100

9. A student carried out study on the population of Mimosa pudica in the school’s fieldusing a 2m x2m quadrat. Table below shows the results of the study.Seorang murid menjalankan kajian ke atas populasi Mimosa pudica di sebuah padangsekolah menggunakan kuadrat 2m x 2m. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusankajian itu.

Quadrat numberNombor kuadrat

1 2 3 4 5 6

Area covered by Mimosa pudica (m2)

Kawasan yang dilitupi Mimosa pudica (m2

)

0.8 1.2 4.0 0 3.6 2.4

What is the percentage coverage of Mimosa pudica in the field? Apakah peratus litupan Mimosa pudica di padang tersebut?

A 20% B 50%

C 40% D 83%




10. Table below shows the data obtained by a student who carried out the experiment tostudy the distribution of plants in two fresh water ponds, R and S.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan data diperolehi oleh seorang pelajar yang menjalankaneksperimen untuk mengkaji taburan tumbuhan di dua kolam air tawar, Rdan S.

QuadratKuadrat

Number of plants in the pondsBilangan tumbuhan di dalam kolam

Pond RKolam R

Pond SKolam S

Floating plantsTumbuhanterapung

Amphibiousplants

Tumbuhanamfibia

Floating plantsTumbuhanterapung

Amphibiousplants

Tumbuhanamfibia

1 4 0 2 8

2 3 0 0 5

3 5 0 1 4

4 2 0 2 3

5 3 1 0 86 7 0 1 6

What is the frequency and density of floating plants in pond R and S? Apakah kekerapan dan kepadatan tumbuhan terapung di kolam R dan S?

Pond R Pond S

Frequency Density perquadrat

Frequency Density perquadrat

A 100 24 100 6B 50 6 100 1

C 50 4 66.7 6D 100 4 66.7 1

11. Table below shows the number of plant species H found within the boundary of aquadrat measuring 1mx1m, placed 10 times at randomly selected sites throughout ahabitat.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan spesies tumbuhan H yang terdapat dalamsempadan kuadrat berukuran 1m x1m yang diletakkan di 10 tapak yang dipilih secararawak di seluruh habitat.

Quadrat number

Nombor kuadrat

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of species HBilangan spesies H

24 0 30 26 28 20 0 44 36 32

What is the density of species H? Apakah kepadatan spesies H?

A 20 m- C 44 m-

B 24 m-2 D 240 m-2




12. A student wants to estimate the population size of rats using the capture, mark, releaseand recapture technique. Table below shows the result of the study.Seorang murid ingin menganggarkan saiz populasi tikus dengan menggunakan tekniktangkap, tanda, lepas dan tangkap semula. Ladual di bawah menunjukkan keputusankajian tersebut.

Number of ratsBilangan tikus

CaptureTangkapan

MarkedBertanda

UnmarkedTidak bertanda

FirstPertama 70 -

SecondKedua 10 15

Which factor reduces the number of marked rats to less than 10 in the second capture?

Faktor manakah yang mengurangkan bilangan tikus bertanda menjadi kurang daripada 10dalam tangkapan kedua? A Migration

MigrasiB Competition

PersainganC An increase in the number of prey

Peningkatan bilangan mangsaD An increase in the number of predators

Peningkatan bilangan pemangsa

13. A student carried out an experiment to study the the percentage coverage of the fungal

growth on a piece of bread. Diagram below shows the results of this experiment by thequadrat sampling technique.Seorang murid menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji peratus litupan pertumbuhanfungus di atas sekeping roti. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen inimenggunakan teknik persampelan kuadrat.

The percentage coverage of fungi on the bread isPeratus litupan fungi di atas roti ialah

A 55% C 68%

B 63% D 70%




14. Table below shows the number of plant X in a pond.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan tumbuhan X di dalam kolam.

Quadrat / Kuadrat 1 2 3 4 5

Number of plants / bilangan tumbuhan 3 4 4 2 0

What are the density and percentage frequency of plant X in the pond? Apakah kepadatan dan peratus kekerapan tumbuhan X di dalam kolam?

Density (per quadrat)Kepadatan (per kuadrat)

Percentage frequencyPeratus kekerapan

A 2.5 75%

B 2.6 80%

C 2.8 85%

D 5.0 80%

15. The table shows the number of plant X present in 5 different quadrats each measuring

1m x 1 m.

Jadual menunjukkan bilangan tumbuhan X yang terdapat dalam 5 kuadrat yang

berlainan, setiap satu berukuran 1m x 1m.

Quadrats

Kuadrat

1 2 3 4 5

Number of individuals

Bilangan individu

5 4 3 0 3

Calculate the percentage frequency of plant X.

Kirakan peratus kekerapan bagi tumbuhan X.

A 40% C 80%

B 50% D 100%




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Hawks are the dominant carnivores and tertiary consumers in the grassland. Table belowshows the result of a study on the population of hawks in the grassland using the capture,mark, release and recapture technique.Burung helang adalah karnivor dominan dan pengguna ketiga di padang rumput. Jadualdi bawah menunjukkan keputusan kajian ke atas populasi burung helang di padangrumput menggunakan teknik tangkap, tanda, lepas dan tangkap semula.

VisitLawatan

Number of hawksBilangan burung helang

MarkedBertanda

UnmarkedTidak bertanda

FirstPertama

14 0

Second (after a week)Kedua (selepas satu minggu)

7 3

(a) What is the approximate population of the hawks in the grassland? Apakah anggaran populasi burung helang di padang rumput?

[2 marks]

(b) Suggest one suitable method to tag the hawks.

Cadangkan satu kaedah yang sesuai untuk menanda burung helang.

____________________________________________________________________[1 mark ]

(c) State two conditions which make the method in (b) suitable for tagging the hawks.Nyatakan dua keadaan yang menjadikan kaedah di (b) sesuai untuk menanda burunghelang.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(d) Why is the second visit carried out a week later and not a few hours after the firstvisit?Mengapakah lawatan kedua dilakukan seminggu selepas dan bukannya beberapa jam selepas lawatan pertama?

____________________________________________________________________[1 mark ]




(e) Explain briefly the possible effect on the grassland community if the ecosystem issuffering from a severe drought.Terangkan dengan ringkas kesan yang mungkin ke atas komuniti padang rumputsekiranya dilanda kemarau yang teruk. ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________[2 marks]

(f) Table below shows the number of Mimosa pudica found within the boundary of aquadrat measuring 1 m X 1 m, placed 10 times at randomly selected site throughoutthe grassland.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan jumlah Mimosa pudica ditemui dalam kuadratberukuran 1m x 1m, diletakkan 10 kali secara rawak di kawasan terpilih di padangrumput tersebut.

Quadrat number

Nombor kuadrat

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of Mimosa pudica Bilangan Mimosa pudica 6 0 3 8 7 0 1 0 10 5

(i) Calculate the density of Mimosa pudica. Kirakan kepadatan Mimosa pudica.

[2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the percentage frequency of Mimosa pudica. Kirakan peratus kekerapan Mimosa pudica.

[2 marks]




2. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of type of soil on the populationsize of Mimosa sp.Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan jenis tanah yang berbeza ke atassaiz populasi tumbuhan Mimosa sp

The following steps were carried out.Langkah-langkah berikut telah dijalankan.

Step 1:Three boxes X, Y and Z measured 1m x 1m x 0.1m was prepared in an area whichis exposed to the uniform sunlight.

Langkah 1:

Tiga kotak X, Y dan Z berukuran 1m x 1m x 0.1m telah disediakan di satu kawasanyang terdedah kepada sinaran cahaya matahari yang seragam.

Step 2:Three samples of soil was chosen as follows:

Sample A: Top soilThe soil removed from the top layer of the garden soil.This soil contains a lot of decomposed leaf and branches.

Sample B : Half meter inner soilThe soil removed half meter beneath the surface of the garden soil.This soil contains less decomposed leaf and branches.

Sample B : One meter inner soilThe soil removed one meter beneath the surface of the garden soil.This soil do not contains decomposed leaf and branches.

Langkah 2:

Tiga sampel tanah telah dipilih seperti berikut:Sampel A : Tanah Permukaan

Tanah yang diambil dipermukaan tanah kebun.Tanah ini mengandungi banyak daun- daun dan ranting kayu yang telah reput

Sampel B : Tanah pada kedalaman setengah meter Tanah yang diambil setengah meter di bawah permukaan tanah kebun.

Tanah ini mengandungi sedikit daun-daun dan ranting kayu yang telah reput

Sampel C : Tanah pada kedalaman satu meter Tanah yang diambil satu meter di bawah permukaan tanah kebun.Tanah ini tidak mengandungi daun-daun dan ranting kayu yang telah reput

Step 3 Box X is filled with 5kg soil sample A , box Y is filled with 5kg soil sample B and box Zis filled with 5kg soil sample C.

Langkah 3

Kotak X diisi dengan 5kg sampel tanah A, kotak Y diisi dengan 5kg sampel tanah B dankotak Z diisi dengan 5kg sampel tanah C.




Step 4Each box is planted with five seeds of Mimosa sp in the same distance and pattern asshown in diagram 1.

Langkah 4

Setiap kotak ditanam dengan lima biji benih tumbuhan Mimosa sp pada jarak dan corakyang sama seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah 1.

X: position of the seedskedudukan biji benih

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1

Step 5Every morning all boxes is watered with the same amount of water and make sure allseeds are germinate. Other species germinated will be removed from the boxes.

Langkah 5

Setiap pagi semua kotak disiram dengan kuantiti air yang sama dan kesemua biji benihdipastikan bercambah. Sebarang percambahan spesies lain akan dikeluarkan daripadakotak tersebut.

Step 6 After three weeks the percentage of area covered by Mimosa sp is count using plasticgrid.If Mimosa sp covers more than half a square, count it as 1%, if less than half asquare, count as 0%.Table 1.1 shows the result of experiment.

Langkah 6

Selepas 3 minggu peratusan kawasan yang dilitupi oleh tumbuhan Mimosa sp di atassetiap kotak dikira menggunakan grid plastik.Jika tumbuhan Mimosa sp melitupi lebih separuh kotak pada grid, dikira sebagai 1%, jika kurang separuh kotak pada grid dikira sebagai 0%.

Jadual 1.1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen.




Type of soilJenis tanah

Area covered by Mimosa sp (%)Luas kawasan dilitupi oleh Mimosa sp (%)

Top soilTanah Permukaan

10cm

10cm

Area covered

by Mimosa sp

Luas kawasan

dilitupi Mimosa sp

Half meter Inner soilTanah pada kedalaman

setengah meter

10cm

10cm

Area coveredby Mimosa sp Luas kawasan

dilitupi Mimosa sp




One meter Inner soilTanah pada kedalaman

satu meter

10cm

10cm

Area coveredby Mimosa sp Luas kawasan

dilitupi Mimosa sp

Table 1.1 / Jadual 1.1

a) Record the area covered by Mimosa sp in the boxes provided in Table 1.1.Rekodkan luas kawasan yang dilitupi oleh Mimosa sp dalam kotak yangdisediakan dalam jadual 1.1.

[3 marks][3 markah]

b) (i) State two different observation made from table 1.1.Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza yang dibuat daripada jadual 1.1.

Observation 1 / Pemerhatian1:

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

Observation 2 / Pemerhatian 2:

.........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

[3 marks][3 markah]

ForExaminer’s

Use

1(a)

1(b)(i)

3

3




(ii) State the inferences from the observation in 1(b)(i).Nyatakan inferens daripada pemerhatian di 1 (b)(i).

Inference from observation 1/ Inferens daripada pemerhatian 1:

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

Inference from observation 2 / Inferens daripada pemerhatian 2:

........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

[3 marks][3 markah]

1(b)(ii)

c) Complete Table 1.2 based on this experiment.Lengkapkan jadual 1.2 berdasarkan eksperimen ini.

VariablesPembolehubah

Method to handle the variableCara mengendali pembolehubah

Manipulated variablePembolehubah dimanipulasikan

......................................................

......................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

Responding variablePembolehubah bergerak balas

....................................................

....................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

Constant variable

Pembolehubah dimalarkan

....................................................

....................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

Table 1.2 / Jadual 1.2[3 marks]

[3 markah]

ForExaminer’

s Use

1(c)

3

3




(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

[3 marks][3 markah

1(d)

(e) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment.Bina satu jadual dan rekodkan semua data yang dikumpul dalam eksperimenini.

Your table should have the following titles:Jadual anda hendaklah mengandungi tajuk-tajuk berikut:

Type of soil

Jenis tanah

the area covered by Mimosa sp Luas kawasan dilitupi Mimosa sp

The growth rate of Mimosa sp Kadar pertumbuhan Mimosa sp

Use the formula:

The growth rate of Mimosa sp Area covered by Mimosa sp (%)

= ---------------------------------------------3 weeks

Gunakan formula:

Kadar pertumbuhan Mimosa spLuas kawasan dilitupi Mimosa sp (%)

= ----------------------------------------------3 minggu

[3 marks]

[3 markah]

1(e)

3

3




f (i) Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.Using the data in 1(e), draw a bar chart of the type of soil against thepopulation size of Mimosa sp.Gunakan kertas graf yang disediakan untuk menjawab soalan ini.Menggunakan data dalam 1(e), lukiskan carta bar bagi jenis tanah melawansaiz populasi Mimosa sp.

[3 marks][3 markah]

ForExaminer’s

Use

1(f)(i)

3




(ii) Based on the bar chart in 1(f)(i), explain the relationship between the type ofsoil and population size of Mimosa sp.Berdasarkan carta bar dalam 1(f)(i), terangkan perhubungan di antara jenis tanah dan saiz populasi Mimosa sp.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

[3 marks][3 markah]

(g) Based on the experiment, define operationally the population distribution ofMimosa sp.

Berdasarkan eksperimen, definisikan secara operasi bagi taburan populasiMimosa sp.

...........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

[3 marks][3 markah]

ForExaminer’s

Use

1(f)(ii)

1(g)

(h) If other species of plant such as cowgrass ( Axonopos sp) and lalang(Imperata sp) grow in box X, predict the area covered by Mimosa sp afterthree weeks. Explain your prediction.Jika spesies-spesies tumbuhan lain seperti rumput padang (Axonopos sp) danlalang (Imperata sp) dibiarkan tumbuh didalam kotak X, ramalkan kawasanyang dilitupi oleh Mimosa sp selepas tiga minggu. Terangkan ramalan anda.

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

[3 marks][3 markah]

1(h)

3

3

3




(i) Classify the biotic and abiotic factors from the list below.Kelaskan faktor biotik dan faktor abiotik daripada senarai dibawah.

Biotic factorFaktor biot ik

Abiotic factorFaktor abiot ik

[3 marks][3 markah]

ForExaminer’s

Use

1(i)

3

light intensity

keamatan cahaya

decomposer

pengurai

parasites

parasit

soil texture

tekstur tanah

invertebrates

invertebrata

humidity

kelembapan




SOALAN ESEI:

1. A farmer found that there are snails in his farm. These snails feed on the plants in thefarm. He wants to find out how the density of plants in the farm can affect the size of thesnails population.Seorang petani mendapati ada siput babi di ladangnyanya. Siput babi ini makan tumbuh-tumbuhan di ladangnya. Dia ingin mengetahui bagaimana kepadatan tumbuhan diladang mempengaruhi saiz populasi siput babi .

Based on the above information, design a laboratory experiment to estimate the size ofsnail populationBerdasarkan maklumat di atas, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untukmenganggarkan saiz populasi siput babi.

The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:

Perancangan eksperimen anda haruslah meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:

(a) Problem statementPernyataan masalah

(b) HypothesisHipotesis

(c) VariablesPemboleh ubah

(d) List of apparatus and materials

Senarai radas dan bahan

(e) Experimental procedure or methodProsedur eksperimen atau kaedah

(f) Presentation of dataPersembahan data

[17 marks]





SUBTAJUK: BIODIVERSITY

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Which statements about the naming of an organism based on the Linnaeus binomial

system are true?

Pernyataan manakah mengenai penamaan organism berdasarkan sistem binomial

Linnaeus adalah benar?

I The name of the species is followed by the name of the genus.

Nama spesies adalah diikuti dengan nama genus.

II The name of the genus and the name of the species are written in italics.

Nama genus dan nama spesies ditulis dengan huruf condong.

III

IV

Both the generic and the specific names are written in capital letters.

Kedua-dua nama genus dan nama spesies ditulis bermula dengan huruf besar .Both the generic and specific names are written in Latin.

Kedua-dua nama genus dan nama spesies adalah ditulis dalam bahasa Latin .

A I and II only

I dan II sahaja

B I, II and III only


C I, II, III and IV

I, II, III dan IV

D II and IV onlyII dan IV sahaja

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the kingdom Protista?

Yang manakah bukan sifat alam Protista?

A Some protists are motile by using flagella or cilia.

Ada protista yang boleh bergerak menggunakan flagella atau sillia.

B They do not have a nuclear membrane.

Mereka tidak mempunyai membran nukleus.

C Some protists are photosynthetic.

Ada protista yang berfotosintesis.

D They are unicellular colonial or multicellur.

Mereka adalah koloni unisel atau multisel .




3. Which of the following characteristics belong to organism from the Kingdom Monera?

Manakah sifat-sifat organism berikut kepunyaan Alam Monera?

I Unicellular organism.

Organisma unisel .

II Has cell wall.Mempunyai dinding sel .

III Digests its food externally.

Menghadamkan makanannya diluar badan.

IV Reproduces within the host cell.

Membiak di dalam sel perumah.

A I and II only

I dan II sahaja

B I and IV only

I dan IV sahajaC II and III only

II dan III sahaja

D II and IV only

II dan IV sahaja

4. Which of the following is the correct name for house fly? Antara berikut, manakah merupakan nama yang betul bagi lalat?

A Musca domestica C musca domestica

B Musca Domestica D musca Domestica

5. Diagram below shows three types of organisms.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga jenis organisma.

What is the kingdom of these organism? Apakah alam bagi organisma tersebut?

A Fungi C Protista

B Monera D Bacteria




6. Two animals which belong to different orders must also belong to differentDua haiwan yang tergolong kepada order yang berbeza juga berbeza dalam

A phylumfilum

C familyfamili

B classeskelas

D kingdomsalam

7. Which naming of Linnaeus binomial system for palm trees is correct?Manakah penamaan sistem binomial Linnaeus yang betul bagi pokok kelapa sawit ?

A elaeis guineensis C Elaeis guineensis

B elaeis guineensis D Elaeis guineensis

8. Diagram shows a living organismRajah menunjukkan satu organisma hidup

Which of the following kingdoms, the organism belongs to?Manakah antara alam berikut, organisma ini tergolong?

A MoneraMonera

C Animalia Animalia

B FungiFungi

D ProtistaProtista

9. Which of the following organisms can be categorised into the Monera kingdom? Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh dikategorikan ke dalam alam Monera?

A I, II and IIII, II dan III

C I, III dan IVI, III dan IV

B I, II and IVI, II dan IV D II, III dan IVII, III dan IV




10. Diagram below shows the hierarchy in the classification of organisms.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan hierarki pengelasan organisma.

Which of the following repesents V for cockroach? Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili V untuk lipas?

A Insecta C Periplaneta

B Animalia D Arthropoda




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram 1 shows two organisms which are grouped in the same genus but are different

species.

Gambarajah 1 menunjukkan dua organism yang dikelaskan dalam genus yang sama tetapi

spesies yang berlainan.

Diagram 1/Rajah 1

In the taxonomic system first developed by Linnaeus, organisms are given a two-part Latin

name. Suggest two advantages of this system.

Dalam sistem taksonomi yang mula-mula sekali diperkenalkan oleh Linnaeus, organism

telah diberikan dua nama Latin. Cadangkan dua kelebihan sistem ini.

1. _______________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/2 markah]

Table 5 shows the complete classification of the tiger, Panthera tigris.

Jadual 5 menunjukkan pengelasan lengkap bagi hariumau, Panthera tigris.

Classification

Pengelasan

Tiger

Harimau

Leopard

Harimau bintang

Kingdom

Alam

Animalia Animalia

Phylum

Filum

Chordata

Class

Kelas

Mammalia

Order

Order

Carnivora

Family

Famili

Felidae

Genus

Genus

Panthera Panthera

Species

Spesies

Tigris Pardus

Table 5/Jadual 5




(i) Complete Table 5 by suggesting appropriate names for the classification of the leopard,

Panthera pardus.

Lengkapkan Jadual 5 dengan mencadangkan nama-nama yang sesuai bagi pengelasan

harimau bintang , Panthera pardus.

[2 marks/2 markah]

(ii) Based on the information given in Table 5, the term ‘kingdom’ simply indicates that thetiger is an animal.

Using the tiger as an example, suggest what characteristics of the tiger are indicated by the

following terms:

Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan dalam Jadual 5, istilah ‘alam’ menunjukkan bahawaharimau adalah seekor haiwan.

Dengan menggunakan harimau sebagai satu contoh, cadangkan ciri-ciri harimau yang

ditunjukkan oleh istilah-istilah berikut :

Phylum/Filum: _____________________________________________________________

Class/Kelas: _______________________________________________________________

Order/order: _______________________________________________________________

[3 marks/3 markah]

(iii) Suggest three reasons for the classification of the tiger and the leopard in the samegenus, Panthera, but as different species.

Cadangkan t iga alasan mengapa harimau dan harimau bintang dikelaskan dalam genus

yang sama, iaitu Panthera, tetapi merupakan spesies yang berlainan.

1. _______________________________________________________________________

2.________________________________________________________________________

3.________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks/3 markah]




SOALAN ESEI:

a) Explain the meaning of the ‘Linnaeus Binomial Classification System’ Terangkan maksud ‘Sistem Pengkelasan Binomial Linnaeus’ .

[3 marks/3 markah]

b) Discuss two important reasons for this system.Bincangkan dua sebab utama sistem ini .

[3 marks/3 markah]

c) The classification of organisms is very important in ecological studies. Figure 2 showstwo different animals.Pengkelasan organisma-organisma adalah penting dalam pengajian ekologi.

Gambarajah 2 menunjukkan dua haiwan berbeza.

Panthera leo Panthera tigris

Figure 2/Gambarajah 2

Based on Figure 2, explain how a classification system is used to name both these animals.

Berdasarkan Gambarajah 2, terangkan bagaimana sistem pengkelasan digunakan untuk

menamakan kedua-dua haiwan tersebut.

[4 marks/4 markah]




TAJUK :DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEMSUBTAJUK:THE IMPACT OF MICROORGANISMS ON LIFE

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Which of the following are reasons for conservation and preservation ofbiodiversity?

Antara berikut, yang manakah sebab pemuliharaan dan pemeliharaan biokepelbagaian?

I To provide humans with basic necessities of lifeUntuk menyediakan keperluan asas kehidupan manusia

II To maintain stable ecosystemsUntuk menyeimbangkan kestabilan ekosystem

III To appreciate the unspoilt natural environmentUntuk menghargai persekitaran semulajadi yang belum dicemari/dirosakkan

IV Humans should not cause extinction of other speciesManusia bukan penyebab kepupusan spesis lain.

A I and IV only

B I, II and III only

C II, III and IV only

D I, II, III and IV

2. The following information shows part of the nitrogen cycle.Informasi berikut menunjukkan sebahagian daripada kitaran nitrogen.

What are bacteria X and Y ? Apakah bakteria X dan Y?

X Y

ARhizobium sp. Nitrosomonas sp.

BNitrosomonas sp. Nitrobacter sp.

C Azotobacter sp. Nitrobacter sp.

DNitrobacter sp. Nostoc sp.

Bacteria Bacteria

Ammonium NitratesNitries

X Y




3. A person who is suffering from disease P has the following symptoms.Seseorang yang menderita dari penyakit P mempunyai gejala berikut.

What is the disease P ? Apakah penyakit P?

A Malaria/malaria

B Chicken pox/cacar air

C SARS/SARS D Hepatitis A/hepatitis A

4. Which of the following are the uses of microorganism in biotechnology? Antara berikut, yang manakah kegunaan mikroorganisma dalam bioteknologi?

I Digestion of cellulose/Pencernaan selulosa

II Food processing /Pencernaan makanan

III Nitrogen fixation/Penetapan Nitrogen

IV Production of bioplastic/Pengeluaran Bioplastik

A I and IIIB I and IVC II and III

D II and IV

Fever/demam

Fatique/lesu

Nausea/loya

Jaundice/ penyakit kuning




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram 8 represents part of the nitrogen cycleDiagram 8 mewakili sebahagian daripada kitaran nitrogen.

(a) What is A? Apakah A?

___________________________________________________________ (1 Mark)

(b) Name component B found in plants. Namakan komponen B yand terdapat dalam tumbuhan.

___________________________________________________________ (1 Mark)

(c) Explain the processes M and N .Terangkan proses M dan N. ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

(2 Marks)

(d) Why is the process K important in the cycle?Mengapakah proses K penting dalam kitaran ini?

___________________________________________________________ (1 Mark)

(e) If you are an agriculture officer, suggest to the farmers two ways toincrease soil fertility.

Sekiranya anda seorang pegawai pertanian, cadangkan dua cara kepada petani untukmeningkatkan kesuburan tanah.

___________________________________________________________

Diagram 8

Nitrates/nitrat

A

LK

Absorbed by plants/Diserap oleh tumbuhan

To form/membentuk

Component B in plants/Komponen B dalam tumbuhan

Decomposition/ pereputan

D

M

CN




___________________________________________________________(2 Marks)

(f) Which group of microorganisms is involved in the nitrogen cycle?

Kumpulan mikroorganisma yang manakah terlibat dalam kitaran nitrogen?

___________________________________________________________(1 Mark)

SOALAN ESEI:

1. (a) State the differences between viruses and bacteria.Nyatakan perbezaan di antara virus dan bakteria.

(10 Marks)

(b) Describe the processes involved over a period of time on a piece of

barred land until it reaches a stable community.Terangkan proses yang terlibat sepanjang tempoh masa ke atas sebidang tanah yang

terhalang sehingga mencapai kestabilan komuniti.

(10 Marks)




TAJUK : ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

SUBTAJUK: HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. Diagram below shows the disposal of sewage into a river. The sewage contains a lot oforganic waste and the water is turbid at location F.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pelupusan kumbahan ke dalam sungai. Kumbahanmengandungi banyak sisa organik dan air adalah keruh di lokasi F.

Diagram/Rajah

Which of the following correctly describes the conditions at location F as compared withthat at location E? Antara yang berikut, manakah yang menghuraikan dengan betul keadaan di lokasi Fika dibandingkan dengan lokasi E?

2. The increase in global temperature due to deforestation causesPeningkatan suhu bumi akibat penebangan hutan yang berleluasa menyebabkan




I soil erosionhakisan tanah

II climatic change perubahan iklim

III air pollution pencemaran udara

IV rise in sea level peningkatan aras laut


B II and IV onlyII dan IV sahaja

C I, II and IV onlyI, II dan IV sahaja


3. Table below shows the result of an experiment to compare the qualities of water fromtwo areas, R and S.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk membandingkan kualiti airdari dua kawasan, R dan S.

TableJadual

Which of the following statements explain the result of the experiment? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah menerangkan keputusan eksperimen itu? I Water sample from area R is more polluted than area S

Sampel air dari kawasan R lebih tercemar dari kawasan SII Water sample from area R has lower B.O.D value than area S

Sampel air dari kawasan R mempunyai nilai B.O.D yang lebih rendah dari kawasanS

III Water sample from area R has less microorganisms than area SSampel air dari kawasan R mempunyai bilangan mikroorganisma yang kurang darikawasan S

IV Water sample with higher B.O.D value causes slow decolourisation of methyleneblueSampel air yang mempunyai nilai B.O.D yang lebih tinggi menyebabkan pelunturanwarna metilena biru perlahan

A I and IIII dan III




B II and IIIII dan III

C II and IVII dan IV

D III and IVIII dan IV

4. Four samples of water are collected from different sources as shown below.Empat sampel air dikumpulkan dari sumber yang berlainan seperti yang ditunjukkan dibawah.

100 ml of these four samples of water are poured into separate reagent bottles. A

syringe is used to add 1 ml of methylene blue solution to each sample of water. Thereagent bottles are kept in a dark cupboard.In which sample of water is the methylene blue solution not decolourised?Sebanyak 100 ml bagi setiap sampel air ini dimasukkan ke dalam botol reagen yangberasingan. Satu picagari digunakan untuk menambahkan 1 ml larutan metilena biru kedalam setiap sampel air itu. Botol reagen itu kemudiannya disimpan di dalam almarigelap. Sampel air yang manakah tidak melunturkan warna larutan metilena biru?

A W B XC Y D Z

5. Sewage is discharged from a village into a river running through it. Which graph shows

how the discharge of sewage into the river affects the amount of oxygen dissolved in it?Kumbahan dari sebuah kampung dibuang ke dalam sebuah sungai yang mengalirmelaluinya. Graf yang manakah menunjukkan bagaimana pembuangan kumbahan kedalam sebuah sungai mempengaruhi kuantiti oksigen yang terlarut di dalamnya?




6. Diagram below shows a flock of birds collecting around a waterhole.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sekumpulan burung berkumpul di sekeliling lopak air.

DIAGRAM / RAJAHWhat process may occur in the waterhole as a result of the activity shown in Diagramabove? Apakah proses yang mungkin berlaku di lopak air ini disebabkan aktiviti yangditunjukkan dalam Rajah di atas?A Respiration

RespirasiB Cannibalism

Kanibalisme C Transpiration

TranspirasiD Eutrophication

Eutrofikasi

7. What are the effects of global warming? Apakah kesan-kesan pemanasan global?I Climatic changes

Perubahan cuaca II Melting of polar ice caps

Pencairan ais kutub III Destruction of forests

Kemusnahan hutan IV eterioration of the immune system of the body

Kemusnahan sistem keimunan badan A I and II only

I dan II sahaja C I, II and III only

I, II, dan III sahaja

B I and III onlyI dan III sahaja

D I, II, III and IVI, II, III, dan IV




8. What cause the decline in oxygen concentration in a lake polluted by sewage? Apakah yang menyebabkan kepekatan oksigen menurun di tasik yang dicemari sisakumbahan?A A decline in the dissolve nitrate concentration

Penurunan kepekatan nitrate terlarutB Chemical reactions between oxygen and the organic matter in the sewage

Tindakbalas kimia antara oksigen dan bahan organic dalam sisa kumbahan C An increase in the number of decomposers

Pertambahan bilangan organisma penguraiD A rapid increase in the number of green plants

Peningkatan mendadak bilangan tumbuhan hijau

9.

What is the purpose of the above step? Apakah tujuan langkah di atas?

A To supply oxygen to the algaeUntuk membekalkan oksigen kepada alga

B To oxidize the organic wastesUntuk mengoksidakan bahan buangan organik

C To inhibit the growth of fungiUntuk merencat pertumbuhan kulat

D To encourage the growth of aerobic bacteriaUntuk menggalakkan pertumbuhan bakteria aerobik

10. A student carried out a study on water pollution. He collected water from differentsources and used 1% methylene blue solution to determine the level of water pollution.The table below shows the results of the study.Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan satu kajian tentang pencemaran air. Dia telahmengumpul air dari pelbagai sumber dan menggunakan larutan metilena biru 1% untukmenentukan tahap pencemaran air. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan kajian itu.




Table/Jadual

The BOD value is the highest in...Nilai BOD adalah paling tinggi bagi...A river I.

sungai I.C river II.

sungai II.B pond I.

kolam I.

D pond II.

kolam II.




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1 Figure 1 shows the Air Pollution Index (API) of three cities, P, Q ad R inMalaysia and three major cities, X, Y and Z in Asia in the month of June.

Figure 1

a. State the air pollution index on 13 June for the three cities in Malaysia.P : ....................................Q : ...................................R : ...................................

[3 marks]

b. Based on the graph, which city in Malaysia falls under the category ofvery unhealthy?

.....................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

c. What is the level of air pollution of city X as compared to Y?

.....................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

d. The air in city Z contains a high level of sulphur dioxide while the air incity X contains a high level of carbon particles.Make inferences on the sources of air pollution in both cities.

Z :................................................................................................................

X: ................................................................................................................

[2 marks]

e If city X continues to register similar API readings for a few months,predict some of the most common health problems faced by the peopleliving in that city.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

[2 marks]




2 Diagram 2(a) shows an effect of acid rain onto trees.

Diagram 2(a)

a What is the source of air pollutants that causes acid rain?

.....................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

b With the help of the diagram 2(b) below, explain the formation of acid rain.

Diagram 2(b).....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

[3 marks]

c State the effects of acid rain on agriculture.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

[2 marks]




3 Diagram 3 shows a flash flood in Kuala Lumpur recently.

Diagram 3

a State one human activity that causes this situation.

.....................................................................................................................

[1 mark]

b Explain the impacts of the human activity stated in (a) on the ecosystem.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

[4 marks]

c Suggest ways to overcome this problem

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

[2 marks]




SOALAN ESEI:

1 (a) Diagram 1 shows the average temperature of the world has changed from 1805 to2000.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan bagaimana suhu purata dunia berubah dari tahun 1805

hingga tahun 2000.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

Explain this phenomenon and its impact on the ecosystems of the world.

Terangkan fenomena ini dan kesannya terhadap ekosistem dunia


(b) A landfill is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form

of waste treatment. Explain the positive and negative effects of landfills on the

ecosystem. In term of proper management of development activities.

Tapak pelupusan sampah merupakan tempat pelupusan bahan-bahan buangan

dengan cara menanam sampah dan juga merupakan bentuk rawatan bahan

buangan yang paling lama. Terangkan kesan positif dan kesan negative tapak

pelupusan sampah terhadap ekosistem dari segi pengurusan aktiviti

pembangunan yang betul.





2. Diagram 2.1 shows contamination of water sources in MalaysiaRajah 2.1 menunjukkan pencemaran sumber air di Malaysia

Diagram 2.1/Rajah 2.1

(a) What are the cause of water pollution? What are the harmful effects of water pollutionon the environment , human beings and other living organism? Apakah penyebab pencemaran air? Apakah kesan berbahaya akibat pencemaran air

ke atas alam sekitar, manusia dan organisma hidup yang lain?


(b) Diagram 2.2 shows the changes in the population of algae and the BOD level of a

source of freshwater when sewage containing nitrates is discharged into the water.Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan perubahan populasi alga dan aras BOD sumber air tawar

apabila air kumbahan yang mengandungi nitrat dibuang ke dalam air.

Diagram 2.2/Rajah 2.2

With the help of the diagram given above, explain briefly how eutrophication takes

place.

Dengan bantuan rajah di atas, terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana eutrofikasi

berlaku.

[4 marks/4 markah]




3. (a) Diagram 3.1 shows a gas cycle which occurs in the atmosphereRajah 3.1 menunjukkan kitar gas yang berlaku di atmosfera.


(i) Explain the process involved in the gas cycle and the effects on the bodies ofwater(lakes,rivers and the seas) if it rains.Terangkan proses yang terlibat dalam kitar gas dan kesannya terhadap kawasan

berair (tasik,sungai dan laut) sekiranya berlaku hujan

[4 marks/4 markah]

(ii) It is found that a hilly area has been cleared due to illegal falling of trees. Explainthe possible environmental impact if there is heavy rain in the hilly area.Didapati kawasan berbukit telah dibersihkan akibat aktiviti penebangan pokok

secara haram. Terangkan kesan terhadap alam sekitar yang mungkin berlaku

sekiranya hujan lebat berlaku di kawasan yang berbukit ini.

[6 marks/6 markah]




(b)Diagram 3.2 shows the factory and its surrounding area.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan sebuah kilang dan kawasan sekelilingnya.


Based on Diagram 3.2 discuss the pollution and the impact on the environment, health

and community

Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2 bincangkan pencemaran dan kesannya terhadap alam sekitar,

kesihatan dan komuniti.





TAJUK : ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

SUBTAJUK: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND THE THINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER

SOALAN OBJEKTIF:

1. What are the effects of global warming? Apakah kesan-kesan pemanasan global?I Climatic changes

Perubahan cuaca II Melting of polar ice caps

Pencairan ais kutub III Destruction of forests

Kemusnahan hutan IV Deterioration of the immune system of the body

Kemerosotan sistem keimunan badan A I and II only C I, II and III only

B I and III only D I, II, III and IV

2. The following information shows steps in the reactions during the destruction of theozone layer.Maklumat berikut menunjukkan langkah-langkah dalam tindak balas semasa pemusnahan lapisan ozon.

Which of the following sequences of steps is correct during ozone destruction?

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan urutan langkah yang betul semasa pemusnahan ozon? A P, R, Q, SB Q, P, R, SC R, P, Q, SD R, Q, P, S

3. The following reaction represents the breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere.Reaksi kimia berikut menunjukkan proses pecahan ozon di stratosfera.




X + O3 → chlorine monoxide+ O2

X + O3 → klorin monoksida + O2

What is represented by X?

Apakah yang mewakili X?A ChlorineKlorin

B FluorineFlorin

C Carbon dioxideKarbon dioksida

D Sulphur dioxideSulfur dioksida

4. What are the solutions to reduce the greenhouse effect? Apakah tindakan yang dapat mengurangkan kesan rumah hijau?

I Use solar and geothermal energyMenggunakan tenaga solar dan geoterma

II Use biodegradable detergentsMenggunakan bahan pencuci mesra alam

III Replant trees which have been cut downMenanam semula pokok yang telah ditebang

IV Reduce the use of pesticides in farmingMengurangkan penggunaan racun serangga perosak di lading

A I and IIB I and IIIC II and IVD III and IV

5. What are the diseases that can be caused by ozone hole? Apakah jenis penyakit yang disebabkan oleh lapisan ozon yang berlubang?I Cataract

KatarakII Melanoma

MelanomaIII Nerve dysfunction

Kegagalan sarafIV Shortness of breath and coughing

Sesak nafas dan batuk A I and IIB I and IIIC II and IVD III and IV




SOALAN STRUKTUR:

1. Diagram below shows a satellite image of the ozone hole over the Antarctica.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan imej satelit lapisan ozon di Antartika.

Diagram/Rajah

(a) Where is the ozone layer located?

Dimanakah lapisan ozon terletak?

___________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/markah]

(b) State the function of the ozone layer.

Apakah fungsi lapisan ozon?

___________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/markah]

(c) Name one ozone-depleting substance.

Namakan satu bahan penghakis ozon?

___________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/markah]

(d) State the main cause of ozone depletion.

Nyatakan punca utama penipisan ozon?

___________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/markah]

(e) Give three sources of ozone-depleting substance.




Berikan tiga sumber bahan penipisan ozon.

1. __________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

[3 marks/markah]

(f) Give one effect of ozone depletion on...

Berikan satu kesan penipisan ozon keatas...

i. Humans.

Manusia.

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/markah]

ii. Plants.

Tumbuhan

_________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/markah]

iii. The environment.

Alam sekitar

_________________________________________________________________

[1 mark/markah]

(g)

State two ways to reduce ozone depletion.

Berikan dua kaedah untuk mengurangkan kesan penipisan ozon.

1. __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]

planj bio t4

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