sana dhana dharma padda val i

1`mKw H¶v

k\m-X\ [À½-]m-Tm-hen

BNmcy Fw.-BÀ. cmtPjv

3`mKw H¶v

-s-X-m-c-p e-m-`h-p-w D-ï-m-¡-W-s-a-¶ B-{-K-l-t-¯-m-s-S {-]-hÀ-¯-n¡-p-¶ Ø-m-]-\-aÃ I-mi-y-] t-h-Z d-n-kÀ-¨-v ^-u-t-ïj³ (s-I h-n BÀ F^-v-) F-{-X ]-W-w k-w-`-c-n-¡-p¶-pt-h-m AX-{Xbpw t-h-Zh-p-w s-s-h-Z-n-I-m-N-c-W-§f-p-w k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-e-¯-n¡-p-¶Xn-\mWv {SÌv ap³K-W\ \ÂIp-¶Xv. s-s-h-Z-n-I-m-N-c-W-§-t-f-¡-p-d-n¨-p-w t-h-Z-§-t-f-¡-p-d-n¨-p-w k-m-a-m-\-y-P-\§-s-f A-d-n-b-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v D-t-±-i-n-¨-v k-\-m-X-\-[À-½ ]-mT-mh-e-n F-¶ t-]-c-nÂ H-c-p {-K-Ù-k-a-p¨-b-w k-u-P-\-y-a-m-b-n P-\-§-f-n-s-e-¯-n-¡-m³ X-o-c-p-a-m-\-n¨-p. F-¶-mÂ I-g-n-ª hÀ-j-w I-m-i-y-]-m-{-i-a-w Ø-m-]-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p-t-h-ï-n he-n-s-b-m-c-p X-p-I s-N-e-h-mb-n. A-t-X-m-s-S-m-¸-w s-s-Z-\-w-Z-n-\-w B-{-i-a-w \-S-¯-n-s-¡-m-ï-p t-]-m-I-m-\-p-Å `-m-c-n-¨ s-N-eh-p-w I-S-¶-p-h¶-p. A-X-n-e-p-]-c-n-b-m-b-n k-u-P-\-y-a-m-b-n `£-W-w s-]-m-X-n s-I-«-n h-n-Xc-W-w s-N-¿-p-¶ ]-c-n-]-m-S-n I-q-S-n \-S¶-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p. C-u A-h-Ø-b-n-e-m-W-v C-¯-c-¯-nÂ t-h-Z-N-n-´-IÄ s-]-m-X-p-k-a-q-l-¯-nÂ k-u-P-\-y-a-m-b-n F-¯-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v H-c-p ]-mT-mh-e-n ]-p-d-¯-n-d-¡-m³ B-t-e-m-N-n-¨-Xv F-¶-p ]-d-ª-p-h-s-Ã-m. b-Y-mÀ-°-¯-nÂ A-X-n-¶-v ]-c-k-y-§-s-f-s-´-¦-ne-p-w I-n«-p-t-a-m-s-b-¶-v R-§Ä ]-c-a-mh-[-n ]-c-n-{-i-a-n¨-p. B h-g-n-b-v-¡-v Bc-p-w k-l-m-b-n-¡-m-\-n-s-Ã-¶-p a-\-Ê-n-e-mb-n. ]-n-¶-o-S-v k-z-´-w \-n-e-b-nÂ H-c-p ]-c-n-{-i-a-w \-S¯-n. C-u ]-p-k-v-X-I-¯-n-s-â G-g-p `-m-K-§Ä I-p-dª t-X-m-X-nÂ t-\-m-«-o-k-p-I-f-m-b-n ]-p-d-¯-nd-¡-n t-\-m¡-n. t-\-m-«-o-k-n-s-e D-ÅS-¡-w K-w-`-o-c-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. F-¶-mÂ A-h k-q-£-n-¨-p s-h-b-v-¡-m³ ]-m-I-¯-n-e-p-Å s-I«-p-w a«-p-w C-s-Ã-¶ ]-c-m-X-n D-bÀ-¶-p h-¶-p. ]-c-m-X-n-¡-mÀ-¡-v A-s-Ã-¦-ne-p-w ]-ª-a-nÃs-Ã-m F-¶-mÂ C-s-X-m-c-p ]-p-k-v-X-I-c-q-]-¯-n-e-m-¡-m³ ]-c-m-X-n ]-d-ª-hc-p-w bmsXmcp k-l-m-b-w s-N-b-v-X-nÃ. H-S-p-h-nÂ B-N-m-c-y-s-â Z-p-x-J-w I-ï N-n-e i-n-j-yÀ X-§-f-p-t-S-X-m-b-n \ÂI-n-b B-l-p-X-n-b-m-W-v C¶-v C-u ]-p-k-vXI-w C-u c-q-]-¯-nÂ {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¡-m³ k-m-l-Nc-y-s-a-m-c-p-¡-n-bX-v. CtXt]mse aäv \mev ]pkvX-I-§Ä IqSn CXn-\Iw X¿m-dm-bn-¡-gn-ªn-«pï.v F¶mÂ AXv ]pkvX-I-cq-]-¯n-Â {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡m\pÅ km¼-¯n-I-tijn Ct¸mÄ R§Ä¡n-Ã. Bsc-¦nepw klm-bn-¨mÂ Ah {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡mw.

a-Z-y-¯-n\-p-w k-p-J-t-e-m-e-p-]-X-b-v¡-p-w t-h-ï-n e-£-§Ä s-N-e-h-n-S-p-¶ k-a-q-l-a-m-W-v \-½-p-t-SX-v. k-z-mÀ-° X-m-e-v-]-c-y-§Ä-¡-p t-h-ï-n F´-p-w s-N-¿-m³ H-c-p-s-¼-S-p-¶-hÀ-¡-v Ú-m-\t-a-m Ad-nt-h-m k-¼-m-Z-n-¡-W-s-a-t-¶m A-X-v h-n-Xc-W-w s-N-¿-W-s-at-¶-m B-{-K-lh-p-w C-¶-nÃ. A-d-n-h-mW-v s-F-i-z-c-y-¯-n-s-â X-n-e-I-¡-p-d-n-s-b-¶-v t-h-Z-§Ä ]-d-b-p¶-p. F-¶-mÂ A-d-n-h-p t-\-S-mt-\-m A-X-v ]-IÀ-¶-p \ÂI-mt-\-m Bc-p-w X-¿-mdÃ. B-c-m\-p-w A-d-n-h-v ]-IÀ-¶-p \Â-I-m³ F-¯-n-b-mÂ A-hÀ-¡-v s-s-I-¯-m-§-m-b-n F-¯-p-¶X-p-w h-n-c-e-nÂ F-®-m-h-p-¶-hÀ a-m-{-X-w. G-X-m-b-me-p-w k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-¯-n-s-â N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-e-m-Z-y-a-m-b-n k-u-P-\-y-a-m-b-n t-h-Z-{-]-N-c-W-¯-n-\-v H-c-p {-K-Ù-w ]-p-d-¯-n-d-§-p-I-b-m-W-v. a-\k-m-, h-mN-m-, IÀ½-W-m k-l-m-b-w s-Nb-v-X FÃ-m-hÀ-¡-p a-p-¶-ne-p-w \-Xa-k-v-Ic-m-b-n \-n¶-p-s-I-m-ï-v.

k‑v‑t‑\‑l‑]‑qÀÆ‑w

A-c-p¬ {-]-`-m-Ic³ ]n.-Sn. hn]n³Zmkv Bcy

c-ï-p h-m¡-v

b‑m

kÀ-t-h-j-mt-a-h Z-m-\-m\-m-w {-_-l-v-a-Z-m-\-w h-n-i-n-j-yt-X h-m-c-y-¶-t-K-m-a-l-o-h-m-k-k-v-X-n-e-I-m-©-\-kÀ-¸-n-j-m-w (a-\-p-k-v-a-rX-n 4. 233-)

s-hÅ-w-, `-£W-w-, ]i-p-, `-qa-n-, h-k-v-{-X-w-, FÅ-v-, k-zÀ-®-w-, s-\¿-v- F-¶-n§-s-\ D-Å FÃ-m Z-m-\-§-s-f-¡-mf-p-w h-n-i-n-ã-a-mb-X-v t-h-Z-Ú-m-\-w ]-IÀ-¶-p \Â-I-p-¶-X-m-W-v.

+Éä3¨ÉÂ“ “BN-m-c-y F-w.BÀ. c-m-t-P-j-v c-N-n¨ s-s-hZ-n-I {-K-Ù§Ä

t‑hZ‑§‑s‑f‑¡‑p‑d‑n¨‑p‑w Ej‑n‑]‑c‑¼‑c‑s‑b‑¡‑p‑d‑n¨‑p‑w `‑mc‑X‑¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑mN‑o‑\‑k‑w‑k‑v¡‑m‑c‑§s‑f‑¡‑p‑d‑n¨‑p‑w Ad‑n‑b‑p‑h‑m³ B{‑K‑l‑n‑¡‑p¶ Gs‑X‑m‑c‑mf‑p‑w Ahi‑y‑w h‑mb‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑n‑t‑¡æ {‑KÙ‑w.

t-hZ-k-uc`-w t‑]‑P‑v 444‑, h‑ne: 400 c‑q]

lnµp-[À½-c-lkyw t]Pv 222, hne: 180 cq]

l‑n‑µ‑p‑[À‑½‑¯‑n‑s‑â A‑S‑nØ‑m‑\ {‑]‑a‑m‑W‑w F‑´‑mW‑v? F‑´‑m‑W‑v

kÀ‑¸‑¡‑mh‑v? F‑´‑m‑W‑v {‑i‑o‑N‑{‑I‑w? s‑F‑i‑zc‑y‑w t‑\‑S‑p‑h‑m‑³ E‑j‑n‑a‑mÀ

a‑p‑t‑¶‑m‑«‑p‑s‑h‑¨ ]‑²‑X‑n‑IÄ F‑s‑´‑ms‑¡?

H‑c‑p \Ã I‑p‑«‑n‑s‑b F§‑s‑\ D‑æm¡‑m‑w ? A‑X‑n‑\‑p‑Å k‑w‑k‑v‑¡‑m‑c‑{‑I‑n‑b F´‑v? A‑X‑v F§‑s‑\ s‑N‑¿W‑w? a‑{‑´‑k‑l‑n‑X‑w A‑h‑X‑c‑n‑¸‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑p‑Å {‑K‑Ù‑‑w.

lnµphnsâ BN-c-W-§Ät]Pv 128, hne : 110 cq]

B‑b‑p‑[‑]‑q‑P‑b‑p‑s‑S c‑l‑k‑y‑w‑, t‑P‑y‑m‑X‑n‑j‑¯‑n‑s‑â c‑l‑k‑y‑w‑, F‑¶‑n‑hb‑p‑w b‑m‑K‑§‑f‑n‑s‑e a‑r‑K_‑e‑n‑, X‑pS‑§‑nb h‑n‑j‑b§Ä C‑u {‑K‑Ù‑¯nÂ NÀ¨ sN¿p‑¶p.

th-Z-¯n-se \n-Kq-V-c-lkywt]‑Pv 160, hn‑e : 120 cq]

t‑K‑m‑hÀ‑²‑t‑\‑m‑²‑mc‑W‑w \‑S¯‑n‑b I‑r‑j‑v‑W³ B‑c‑mW‑v? F´‑p‑s‑I‑mæ‑v K‑c‑p‑U³ h‑n‑j‑v‑W‑p‑h‑n‑s‑â h‑m‑l‑\‑a‑m‑

I‑p¶‑p? C‑u t‑N‑m‑Z‑y‑§Ä \‑n§‑s‑f F‑t‑¸‑m‑s‑g‑¦‑ne‑p‑w a‑Y‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑p‑sæ‑¦‑nÂ C‑u {‑K‑Ù‑w \‑n‑§Ä‑s‑¡‑m‑c‑p a‑p‑XÂ‑

¡‑q‑«‑m‑b‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑w.

lnµptZhXm-c-lkyw t]Pv 112, hne: 100 cq]

`mKy-kqàwt]Pv 48, hne : 40 cq]

t‑h‑Z‑§‑f‑n‑s‑e A‑X‑n‑{‑]‑i‑k‑v‑Xa‑m‑b `‑m‑K‑y‑k‑q‑à‑w h‑n‑i‑Za‑m‑b AÀ‑°h‑p‑w

]T‑\h‑p‑w k‑l‑n‑X‑w A‑h‑X‑c‑n‑¸‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶ C‑u {‑K‑Ù‑w

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t‑^‑m¬: 0495 2723181

]‑p‑k‑v‑X‑I‑§Ä e‑`‑n‑¡‑p‑h‑m³ H‑¶‑v t‑^‑m¬ s‑N‑¿‑pI ]‑p‑k‑vX‑I‑w h‑n.]‑n.]‑n. B‑b‑n Ab‑¨‑p X‑c‑p‑¶‑X‑mW‑v

s‑I h‑n BÀ F‑^‑v ]‑»‑n‑t‑¡j³ {‑i‑o‑I‑W‑v‑t‑Ti‑zc t‑d‑mU‑v‑, t‑I‑m‑g‑n‑t‑¡‑m‑S‑v 673 001

k‑v{‑X‑oI‑t‑f‑mS‑v a\‑p h‑nt‑h‑N\‑w I‑m«‑nt‑b‑m? Zf‑n‑Xs‑c {‑I‑qi‑n‑¡‑m³

a\‑p Bh‑i‑y‑s‑¸‑«‑pt‑h‑m? i‑q{‑Z k¦‑e‑v]‑§Ä P‑mX‑n h‑yhØt‑b‑m? X‑pS‑§‑nb At‑\I‑w t‑N‑mZ‑y‑§s‑f a\‑p‑

k‑va‑r‑X‑n‑b‑ps‑S s‑hf‑n‑¨‑¯‑nÂ Xs‑¶ A\‑m‑h‑cW‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ {‑KÙ‑w.

a\p-kvarXn: kXyhpw anYybpwt]Pv 80, hne : 80 cq‑]

C‑u‑i‑m‑h‑m‑t‑k‑y‑m‑]‑\‑n‑j‑¯‑n‑\‑v a‑eb‑m‑f `‑m‑j‑b‑n‑e‑p‑æ‑m‑b G‑äh‑p‑w {‑]‑u‑Vh‑p‑w e‑f‑n‑X‑h‑pa‑m‑b `‑m‑j‑y‑a‑m‑W‑v a‑c‑W‑a‑nÃ‑m‑X‑m‑¡‑m³ A‑a‑r‑Xh‑g‑n F‑¶ C‑u {‑KÙ‑w.

a-c-W-an-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³ A-ar-X-hgn t]Pv 112, hne : 75 cq‑]

4 5k\m-X\ [À½-]m-Tm-hen `mKw H¶v4 5k\m-X\ [À½-]m-Tm-hen `mKw H¶v

t-h-Z-w ]T-n-b-v-¡-q k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-n-I-f-m-I-q ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§Ä i-o-e-a-m-¡-q

-´-m-W-v k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-w?

F-´-m-W-v l-n-µ-p-[À-½-w F-¶-d-n-b-m³ \-n-§Ä-¡-v X-m-e-v-]-c-y-a-n-t-Ã? H-c-p k-\-m-X-\ [À-½-m-\-p-b-m-b-n B-b-n-¯-o-c-m³ \-n-§Ä-¡-v

k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-n-IÄ ]T-n-t-¡-ï-X-v F-s-´-m-s-¡? E-t-K-z-Z-w : {-K-Ù-w I-n-«-n-b-X-v A-á-n-E-j-n-b-v-¡-v b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w : {-K-Ù-w e-`-n-¨-X-v h-m-b-p E-j-n-b-v-¡-v k-m-a-t-h-Z-w : {-K-Ù-w e-`-n-¨-X-v B-Z-n-X-y-E-j-n-b-v-¡-vA-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w : {-K-Ù-w I-n-«-n-b-X-v A-M-v-K-n-c-Ê-v E-j-n-b-v-¡-v

·-mÀ B-N-c-n-¡-p-¶-h? A-X-p-w K-o-X-b-nÂ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W-`-K-h-m³ ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

B-{-K-l-a-n-t-Ã? H-c-p k-\-m-X-\ [À-½-m-\-p-b-m-b-n B-I-m³ A-S-n-Ø-m-\ {-K-Ù-a-m-b t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-W-w. A-t-¸-mÄ \-n-§Ä k-\-m-X-\ [À-½-n-b-m-s-W-¦-nÂ ̀ -K-h-m³ ]-d-ª C-u t-h-Z-§Ä I-m-W-W-w; ]T-n-¡-W-w.

C-u t-h-Z-§Ä F-§-s-\-b-m-W-v ]T-n-¡-p-I? \-n-§Ä l-n-µ-p-[À-½-m-N-c-W-§Ä ]T-n-¨-n-«-p-t-ï-m? C-s-Ã-¦-nÂ \-n-§Ä-¡-v t-h-Z-h-p-w ]T-n-¡-m-\-m-I-n-Ã. A-t-¸-mÄ l-n-µ-p-[À-½-w ]T-n-¡-m³ t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-W-w; t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m³ s-s-h-Z-n-I B-N-c-W-§-f-p-w ]T-n-¡-W-w. F-´-m-W-v b-Y-mÀ-°-¯-nÂ l-n-µ-p-¡-f-p-s-S a-p-J-y-a-m-b- B-N-c-W-§Ä? A-h \-n-§Ä ]T-n-¨-n-«-p-t-ï-m?

‘t-{-i-j-vT³ B-N-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v a-ä-v P-\-§-f-p-w A-\-p-k-c-n-¡-p-w.’ F-¶-v K-o-X-b-nÂ `-K-h-m³ ]-d-b-p-¶-p. F-´-m-W-v C-u t-{-i-j-vT-

b-Ú Z-m-\ X-]-x IÀ-½ \ X-y-m-P-y-w I-m-c-y-t-a-h X-X-v b-t-Ú-m-Z-m-\-w X-] s-s-Ý-h ]-m-h-\-m-\-n a-\-o-j-n-W-m-w (18.5-)

‘b-Ú-w A-Y-h-m A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w-, Z-m-\-w A-Y-h-m _-e-n-s-s-h-i-z-t-Z-h-b-Ú-w-, ]-n-X-r-b-Ú-w-, A-X-n-Y-n-b-Ú-w F-¶-n-h X-]-Ê-v A-Y-h-m {-_-Ò-b-Ú-w X-p-S-§-n-b-h D-t-]-£-n-¡-m³ ]-m-S-n-Ã. A-X-v A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-I X-s-¶ t-h-W-w. I-m-c-W-w b-Ú-w-, Z-m-\-w-, X-]-Ê-v F-¶-n-h h-n-t-h-I-n-I-s-f ]-h-n-{-X-c-m-¡-p-¶-p.’

A-X-n-\-mÂ k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-a-d-n-b-m-\-p-w ]-n-´-p-S-c-m-\-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-p-w s-s-h-Z-n-I B-N-

E-t-K-z-Z-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-w-, A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w F-¶-n-h-b-m-W-v C-u t-h-Z-§Ä. C-h \-n-§Ä I-ï-n-«-p-t-ï-m? A-h-b-n-e-p-Å-s-X-´-m-s-W-¶-v \-n-§Ä h-m-b-n-¨-n-«-p-t-ï-m?

`-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ ]-d-b-p-¶-p. "E-I-v k-m-a-b-P-p-t-c-h-N-' (`-K-h-Z-v K-o-X 9.17-) A-X-m-b-X-v `-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W-\-m-W-v E-t-K-z-Z-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-w-, F-¶-n-h-s-b-¶-v. I-q-S-m-s-X h-o-ï-p-w `-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

"t-h-Z-m-\-m-w k-m-a-t-h-t-Z-m-fk-v-a-n' A-X-m-b-X-v t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ R-m³ k-m-a-t-h-Z-a-m-s-W-¶-v. (`‑K‑h‑Z‑v‑K‑o‑X 10.22‑)

F

6 7k\m-X\ [À½-]m-Tm-hen `mKw H¶v

l-n-µ-p-¡Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-t-¡-ï C-u ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§Ä F-´-m-W-v?

1. {-_-Ò-b-Ú-w: c-ï-p t-\-c-w t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä s-N-m-Ã-n AÀ-°-h-p-w [-y-m-\-h-p-w D-]-m-k-\-b-p-w h-n-[-n-b-m-w-h-®-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-I.

2. t-Z-h-b-Ú-w; {-]-I-r-X-n-b-nÂ Z-r-i-y-h-p-w A-Z-r-i-y-c-p-a-m-b h-n-t-i-j i-à-n-I-f-m-b t-Z-h-X-I-s-f {-]-k-m-Z-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p-Å b-Ú-w. t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä s-N-m-Ã-n C-X-p-w c-ï-p t-\-c-w s-N-¿-W-w. 15 a-n-\-p-ä-v C-X-n-¶-m-b-n F-S-p-¡-p-w.

3. A-X-n-Y-n-b-Ú-w: X-n-Y-n t-\-m-¡-m-s-X h-o-«-nÂ h-c-p-¶ k-w-\-y-m-k-n-a-m-t-c-b-p-w t-h-Z-Ú-t-c-b-p-w i-p-{-i-q-j-n-¡-p-¶-X-m-W-v A-X-n-Y-n-b-Ú-w.

4. ]-n-X-r-b-Ú-w; P-o-h-t-\-m-s-S C-c-n-¡-p-¶ A-Ñ³-, A-½-, a-p-¯-Ñ³-a-mÀ X-p-S-§-n-b h-r-²-s-c t-h-ï-c-o-X-n-b-nÂ i-p-{-i-q-j-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-m-W-v ]-n-X-r-b-Ú-w. P-o-h-t-\-m-S-n-c-n-¡-p-¶ A-Ñ-\-½-a-m-s-c {-i-²-t-b-m-s-S ]-c-n-N-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v {-i-m-²-w. A-hÀ-¡-v

s-F-i-z-c-y-h-p-w k-a-r-²-n-b-p-w t-\-S-m³ t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä 1. `-m-K-y-k-q-à-w (b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w-) 2. k-w-L-S-\-m-k-q-à-w (s-F-I-a-X-y-k-q-à-w-) 3. i-m-´-n-a-{-´-§Ä (E-I-v-, b-P-p-, k-m-a-w-, A-YÀ-Æ-w F-¶-n-h-b-n-s-e a-{-´-§Ä-) 4. A-L-aÀ-j-W-k-q-à-w

c-W-§-f-p-w ]T-n-¡-W-w. C-¡-m-c-y-w I--p-d-¨-p-I-q-S-n h-y-à-a-m-b-n `-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ K-o-X-b-nÂ ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v t-IÄ-¡-p-I. ‘X-k-v-a-m-Ñ-m-k-v-{-X-w {-]-a-m-W-w t-X I-m-c-y--m-I-m-c-y-h-y-h-Ø-n-X-u Ú-m-X-z-m i-m-k-v-{-X-h-n-[-m-t-\-m-à-w IÀ-½ IÀ-¯-p-a-n-l-mÀ-l-k-n-’ (`-K-h-v-Z-K-o-X 16.24-)

A-X-n-\-mÂ k-\-m-X-\ [À-½-n-IÄ F-´-v s-N-¿-W-w? F-´-v s-N-¿-c-p-X-v F-¶ I-m-c-y-¯-nÂ i-m-k-v-{-X-s-¯ A-Y-h-m t-h-Z-s-¯ {-]-a-m-W-a-m-b-n k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-I. i-m-k-v-{-X-h-n-[-n-I-s-f A-d-n-ª-v A-X-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v \-o IÀ-½-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-b-v-¡-p-I.

A-¶-]-m-\-o-b-§-f-p-w a-c-p-¶-p-w \Â-I-p-¶-X-v XÀ-¸-W-h-p-w. 5. _-e-n s-s-h-i-z-t-Z-h-b-Ú-w: A-h-\-h-\-v e-`-n-¡-p-¶ h-c-p-a-m-\-¯-n-s-â 10Â H-¶-v

{-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w Z-m-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v _-e-n s-s-h-i-z-t-Z-h-b-Ú-w. ]-£-n-a-r-K-m-Z-n-IÄ-¡-p-w-, ]-X-n-XÀ-¡-p-w A-i-c-WÀ-¡-p-w \Â-I-p-¶ Z-m-\-a-m-W-v C-u b-Ú-w. C-h k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-n H-c-n-¡-e-p-w s-N-¿-m-X-n-c-n-¡-c-p-s-X-¶-v K-o-X-b-p-w `-K-h-m³ {-i-o i-¦-c-m-N-m-c-y-c-p-w H-c-p-t-]-m-s-e A-`-n-{-]-m-b-s-¸-S-p-¶-p.

5. k-c-k-z-X-o-k-q-à-w 6. t-a-[-m-k-q-à-w 7. a-l-m-a-r-X-y-p-R-v-P-b-a-{-´-w8. a-l-m-K-W-n-]-X-n a-{-´-w9. K-m-b-{-X-o a-{-´-w 10. i-n-h-k-¦-e-v-]-k-q-à-w 11. t-`-m-P-\-a-{-´-w F-¶-n-h-b-p-w ]T-n-¡-p-I.

A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w s-F-i-z-c-y-¯-n-s-â I-h-m-S-wF-Ã-m s-F-i-z-c-y-§-f-p-w k-a-r-²-n-b-p-w D-

ï-m-h-m-³ B-Z-y-I-m-e-s-¯ E-j-o-i-z-c-³-a-m-À \-n-À-t-±-i-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ c-l-k-y-a-m-b t-l-m-a-a-m-À-K-a-m-W-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w. k-a-r-²-n-, [-\-w-, h-n-Z-y-, B-t-c-m-K-y-w-, B-b-p-Ê-v-, ̀ -m-K-y-w-, k-Â-k-´-m-\-w-, I-o-À-¯-n-, b-i-Ê-v-, _-p-²-n X-p-S-§-n-b-h e-`-n-¡-m-\-m-W-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w s-N-b-v-X-p-h-¶-X-v. \-n-c-´-c-w {-]-i-v-\-§-f-p-w-, Z-p-c-´-§-f-p-w-, Z-p-c-n-X-§-f-p-w t-h-«-b-m-S-n-b \-n-c-h-[-n t-]-c-m-W-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-¯-n-e-q-s-S X-§-f-p-s-S {-]-X-n-k-Ô-n-I-s-f C-Ã-m-X-m-¡-n-b-X-v.

{-]-m-N-o-\ `-m-c-X-o-b-À ]-c-¼-c-m-K-X-a-m-b-n D-j-x-k-Ô-y-b-n-e-p-w k-m-b-w-k-Ô-y-b-n-e-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p t-]-m-¶ A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-s-¯ t-Z-h-b-Ú-s-a-¶-p-w h-n-f-n-¡-m-d-p-ï-v. H-c-p K-r-l-Ø-³ \-n-À-_-Ô-a-m-b-p-w A-\-p-j-v-T-n-t-¡-ï ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§-f-n-Â {-]-[-m-\-s-¸-«-X-m-W-v t-Z-h-b-Ú-w.

kÀ-Æ t-Z-h-X-I-f-p-w k-m-¶-n-²-y-a-c-p-f-p-¶ A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w‘I-m-f-o I-c-m-f-o-N a-t-\-m-P-h-m N k-p-t-e-m-l-n-X-m b-m-N k-p-[-q-{-a-hÀ-W-mk-v-^-p-e-n-w-K-n-\-o h-n-i-z-c-p-N-o N t-Z-h-o t-e-e-m-b-a-m-\-m C-X-n k-]-v-X P-n-l-z-m-x’ (a-p-Þ-t-I-m-]-\-n-j-¯-v 1.2.4-)

a-p-¸-¯-n-a-p-t-¡-m-S-n t-Z-h-X-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w A-Z-r-i-y-a-m-b k-m-¶-n-²-y-w s-I-m-ï-v ]-c-n-]-m-h-\-a-m-b H-t-c H-c-p t-l-m-a-a-m-W-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w. l-n-µ-p-¡-f-p-s-S A-S-n-Ø-m-\ {-K-Ù-a-m-b t-h-Z-§-f-n-Â ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v C-u a-p-¸-¯-n-a-p-t-¡-m-S-n t-Z-h-X-I-s-f-b-p-w k-m-£-m-Â P-K-Z-o-i-z-c-t-\-b-p-w k-m-£-m-X-v-¡-c-n-¡-m-\-p-Å H-t-c H-c-p h-g-n A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-a-m-I-p-¶-p F-¶-m-W-v. A-á-n c-q-]-¯-n-e-p-Å C-u K-W-]-X-n-b-p-w-, a-ª X-p-I-n-Â N-m-À-¯-n-b a-l-m-h-n-j-v-W-p-h-p-w-, A-á-n-\-m-f-w t-]-m-s-e \-m-¡-v \-o-«-n-b `-{-Z-I-m-f-n-b-p-w C-t-X A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-¯-n-Â k-m-¶-n-²-y-a-m-b-n h-¶-W-b-p-¶-p. I-m-h-n-b-p-S-p-¯-v k-À-¸-¯-n-\-v t-a-Â N-h-n-«-n \-n-Â-¡-p-¶ t-h-e-m-b-p-[-³ A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-¯-n-s-e A-á-n-b-m-s-W-¶-v E-t-K-z-Z-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p. I-m-f-n a-p-X-e-p-Å k-]-v-X a-m-X-m-¡-f-p-w A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-¯-n-s-e A-á-n-b-p-s-S

\-½-p-s-S ]-q-À-Æ-k-q-c-n-I-f-m-b {-i-o-c-m-a-\-p-w e-£-v-a-W-\-p-w {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w s-N-¿-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-½-f-p-w A-X-m-W-v A-\-p-h-À-¯-n-t-¡-ï-X-v. h-m-e-v-a-o-I-n c-m-a-m-b-W-¯-n-t-e-¡-v \-a-p-¡-v {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-m-w. I-p-a-m-c-m-h-]-n X-m-w c-m-{-X-n-a-p-j-n-X-z-m k-p-k-a-m-l-n-X-u {-]-`-m-X-I-m-t-e t-N-m-°-m-b ]-q-À-Æ-m-w k-Ô-y-m-a-p-]-m-k-y N {-]-i-p-N-o ]-c-a-w P-m-]-y-w k-a-m-]-y \-n-b-t-a-\ N l-p-X-m-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-a-m-k-o-\-w h-n-i-z-m-a-n-{-X--w h-µ-X-m-a-v (h-m-e-v-a-o-I-n c-m-a-m-b-W-w. _-m-e-I-m-Þ-w-)c-m-a-\-p-w e-£-v-a-W-\-p-w k-m-h-I-m-i-w c-m-{-X-n A-h-k-m-\-n-¨ t-i-j-w {-]-`-m-X-t-h-f-b-n-Â D-W-À-s-¶-g-p-t-¶-ä-v k-t-Ô-y-m-]-m-k-\ s-N-b-v-X-p. A-X-y-´ ]-h-n-{-X-a-m-b K-m-b-{-X-o P-]-w \-n-b-a-]-qÀ-Æ-w A-\-p-j-v-T-n-¨-p. A-X-n-s-\-X-p-SÀ-¶-v A-h-À c-ï-p-t-]-c-p-w t-NÀ-¶-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w s-N-b-v-X-v K-p-c-p-h-m-b h-n-i-z-m-a-n-{-X-s-\ h-µ-n-¨-p

{-i-o-c-m-a-³ P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-Â a-p-S-¡-m-s-X s-N-b-v-X-X-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w B-N-c-n-t-¡-ï-h F-s-´-m-s-¡?

{ioc-m-a-\-p-w {ioI-r-j-v-W-\-p-w h-y-m-k-\-p-w {-i-o-i-¦-c-m-N-m-c-y-c-p-w H-t-c-

t-]-m-s-e ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m-\-m-W-v.

G-g-v \-m-h-p-I-f-m-s-W-¶-v D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡-f-p-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p. A-X-p-s-I-m-ï-p-X-s-¶ A-h-X-m-c ]-p-c-p-j-·-m-c-m-b {-i-o-c-m-a-\-p-w {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W-\-p-w a-p-S-§-m-s-X A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-p. A-]-q-À-Æ-§-f-n-Â A-]-q-À-Æ-a-m-b s-s-h-Z-n-I E-j-n-a-m-c-p-s-S k-À-Æ I-m-a-\-I-t-f-b-p-w k-m-£-m-X-v-¡-c-n-¨ A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-¯-n-Â ]-¦-m-f-n-I-f-m-I-m-³ \-n-§-Ä-¡-p-w k-m-l-N-c-y-w e-`-n-¡-p-¶-p.

9`mKw H¶v8 k\m-X\ [À½-]m-Tm-hen

`-K-h-Z-v K-o-X D-]-t-Z-i-n-¨ `-K-h-m-³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W-³ H-c-n-¡-e-p-w H-c-p I-m-c-W-h-i-m-e-p-w a-p-S-¡-m-s-X s-N-b-v-X-p t-]-m-¶ B-c-m-[-\-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-t-l-m-a-w. Z-q-X-n-\-v t-]-m-I-p-t-¼-mÄ t-]-m-e-p-w A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w a-p-S-¡-n-b-n-s-Ã-¶-v a-l-m-`-m-c-X-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p. “A-h-X-o--c-y c-Y-m-X-v X-qÀ-W-w I-r-X-z-m i-u-N-w b-Y-m-h-n-[-nc-Y-t-a-m-N-\-a-m-Z-n-i-y k-Ô-y-m-a-p-]-h-n-t-i-j l. (a-l-m-`-m-c-X-w þ D-t-Z-y-m-K-]À-Æ-w 83þ21-) I-r-t-X-m-Z-I-m-\-p-P-]-y-x -k l-p-X-m-á-n-x k-a-e-M-v-I-r-X-x (D-t-Z-y-m-K-]-À-Æ-w 83þ6-)

Z-q-X-I-À-½-¯-n-¶-m-b-n l-k-v-X-n-\-]-p-c-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v t-]-m-I-p-¶-h-g-n k-Ô-y-b-m-b-n k-Ô-y-m-h-µ-\-¯-n-\-m-b-n t-X-c-p \-n-d-p-¯-n A-X-p \-n-À-Æ-l-n-¨-p. l-k-v-X-n-\-]-p-c-n-b-n-s-e-¯-n {-]-`-m-X-¯-n-Â I-u-c-h-k-`-b-n-t-e-¡-v t-]-m-I-p-¶-X-n-\-p a-p-¼-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w s-N-b-v-X-p.

C-§-s-\ {-i-o-c-m-a-\-p-w-, e-£-v-a-W-\-p-w-, {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W-\-p-w A-\-p-j-v-T-n-¨ H-t-c H-c-p t-l-m-a-a-m-W-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w. A-h-À s-N-b-v-X A-t-X

{-i-o-I-r-j-v-W-³ a-p-S-¡-m-s-X s-N-b-v-X-X-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w a-m-{-X-w

B-{-K-l-n-¡-p-¶-p-s-h-¦-nÂ t-h-Z-¯-nÂ ]-d-ª t-l-m-a-s-¯ A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-q.{-]-m-N-o-\-I-m-e-¯-v ̀ -m-c-X-¯-nÂ t-c-m-K-§Ä \-s-¶ I-p-d-h-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-m-c-W-w A-¶-v t-l-m-a-

§Ä b-Y-m-h-n-[-n \-S-¶-n-c-p-¶-p. F-¶-mÂ C-u t-l-m-a-k-w-h-n-[-m-\-§Ä I-f-¦-s-¸-«-t-X-m-s-S-b-m-W-v t-c-m-K-§Ä I-S-¶-p-h-¶-s-X-¶-v B-b-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-m-N-m-c-y-\-m-b N-c-I-a-lÀ-j-n ]-d-b-p-¶-p. C-¶-v \-m-w ]-e-c-p-w ]-n-i-m-N-v-, c-m-£-k³-, c-£-k-v F-s-¶-m-s-¡ ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v G-t-X-m t-{-]-X-P-o-h-n-I-s-f-I-p-d-n-¨-m-W-v. \-½-s-f s-I-m-¶-v c-à-w D-u-ä-n-¡-p-S-n-¡-p-¶ t-{-]-X-P-o-h-n-I-f-m-b-m-W-v C-h-s-b-s-b-m-s-¡ \-m-w N-n-{-X-o-I-c-n-¨-n-«-p-Å-X-v. c-m-£-k³-a-m-s-c C-Ã-m-X-m-¡-m-\-m-W-v t-l-m-a-§Ä \-S-¯-p-¶-s-X-¶-v ]-e ]-p-k-v-X-I-§-f-n-e-p-w I-m-W-m-w.

A-]-k-v-a-m-c-w-, a-m-\-k-n-I-a-m-b A-k-z-m-Ø-y-§Ä-, Ø-n-c-a-m-b s-s-a-t-{-K³-, £-b-w-, KÀ-`-k-w-_-Ô-a-m-b t-c-m-K-§Ä-, {-]-t-a-l-w-, c-à-k-½À-±-w-, I-p-j-vT-w-, s-]-m-®-¯-S-n-, X-z-¡-v t-c-m-K-§Ä-, I-S-p-¯ B-k-v-X-v-a-, t-k-m-d-n-b-m-k-n-k-v F-¦-nÂ A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-t-l-m-a-w Z-n-h-k-h-p-w c-ï-p-t-\-c-w s-N-¿-q...

b-b-m {-]-b-p-à-b-m t-N-j-vT-b-m c-m-P-b-£-v-a-m ]-p-c-m-P-n-X-x.

X-m-w t-h-Z-h-n-l-n-X-m-a-n-j-v-S-n-a-m-t-c-m-K-y-mÀ-°-o {-]-t-b-m-P-t-b-X-v.

(B-b-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-m-N-m-c-y-\-m-b N-c-I³ N-n-I-n-Õ-m-Ø-m-\-¯-nÂ 8.189-)

AÀ-°-w: {-]-m-N-o-\-I-m-e-¯-v c-m-P-b-£-v-a-w X-p-S-§-n-b a-l-m-t-c-m-K-§Ä b-Ú-w s-I-m-ï-m-W-v \-n-h-m-c-W-w s-N-b-v-X-X-v. B-t-c-m-K-y-]-qÀ-®-a-m-b P-o-h-n-X-w \-n-§Ä

\-n-§Ä-¡-v C-u t-c-m-K-§-f-p-t-ï-m?

F-´-p-s-I-m-ï-v A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w t-c-m-K-s-¯ C-Ã-m-X-m-¡-p-¶-p?

t-l-m-a-¯-n-\-v D-]-t-b-m-K-n-t-¡-ï B-b-pÀ-t-Æ-Z H-u-j-[-n-IÄ G-s-X-m-s-¡-s-b-¶-p I-m-W-q. ]-¨-¡À-¸-q-c-w-, X-m-e-o-k-]-{-X-w-, s-\-Ã-n-¡-, K-pÂ-K-p-e-p (NÀ-½-t-c-m-K-§Ä-¡-v-) P-S-m-a-m-©-n-, \-m-K-t-I-k-c-w-, {-_-Ò-n-, i-X-m-h-c-n-, P-m-X-n-]-{-X-n-, N-µ-\-w X-p-S-§-n-b-h-b-m-W-v. C-u B-b-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-a-c-p-¶-p-IÄ t-l-m-a-¯-nÂ AÀ-¸-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ k-q-£-v-a-a-m-b c-q-]-¯-nÂ \-½-p-s-S i-c-o-c-¯-n-t-e-¡-v I-S-¶-p-s-N-Ã-p-¶-p. A-h a-q-e-w t-c-m-K-k-m-[-y-X-IÄ C-Ã-m-X-m-I-p-¶-p. D-Å t-c-m-K-§Ä {-I-t-a-W I-p-d-b-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-w.

F-´-m-W-v ]-n-i-m-N-v? F-´-m-W-v c-m-£-k³?i-c-o-c-¯-n-s-e a-m-w-k-s-¯ ̀ -£-n-¡-p-¶-X-m-

W-v ]-n-i-m-N-v-, b-m-s-X-m-¶-nÂ \-n-¶-m-t-W-m a-\-p-j-y³ c-£-t-\-t-S-ï-X-v A-X-v c-m-£-k-\-m-W-v. A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-¯-nÂ t-c-m-K-§-f-p-ï-m-¡-p-¶ A-W-p-¡-f-m-W-v C-u ]-n-i-m-N-p-w c-£-Ê-p-w. A-h \-½-p-s-S i-c-o-c-¯-n-s-e t-I-m-i-§-s-f-b-p-w a-m-w-k-s-¯-b-p-w I-mÀ-¶-p X-n-¶-p-¶-p. C-u t-c-m-K-m-W-p-¡-s-f \-i-n-¸-n-¡-m³ t-l-m-a-m-á-n-t-¡ I-g-n-b-q-s-h-¶-v A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-¯-nÂ ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

C-Z-w l-h-nÀ-b-m-X-p-[-m-\-m³ \-Z-o t-^-\-a-n-h-m-h-l-X-v

b C-Z-w k-v-{-X-o ]-p-a-m-\-I-c-n-l k k-v-X-p-h-X-m-w P-\-x.

b-s-s-{-X-j-m-a-t-á P-\-n-a-m-\-n t-h-° K-p-l-m k-X-m-a-{-X-n-W-m-w P-m-X-t-h-Z-x

X-m-w-k-v-X-z-w {-_-Ò-W-m h-m-h-r-[-m-t-\-m-P-t-l-y-fj-m-w i-X-XÀ-l-a-t-á (A-YÀ-Æ t-h-Z-w 1.8.1-,4-)

AÀ-°-w : \-Z-n ]-X-s-b (I-p-a-n-f-I-s-f-) X-Å-n-¯-Å-n \-o-¡-p-¶-X-p-t-]-m-s-e t-c-m-K-m-W-p-¡-s-f t-l-m-a-¯-nÂ AÀ-¸-n-¡-p-¶ l-h-n-Ê-v C-Ã-m-X-m-¡-p-¶-p. t-l-m-a-w s-N-¿-p-¶ k-v-{-X-o-]-p-c-p-j-·-mÀ l-h-n-Ê-n-t-\-m-s-S-m-¸-w a-t-{-´-m-¨-m-c-W-w s-N-b-v-X-v A-á-n-s-b k-v-X-p-X-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w t-h-W-w.

{-]-I-m-i-c-q-]-¯-n-e-p-Å t-l-m-a-m-á-n c-l-k-y-m-X-n-c-l-k-y-Ø-m-\-§-f-nÂ H-f-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-, i-c-o-c-s-¯ I-mÀ-¶-p-X-n-¶-p-¶ t-c-m-K-m-W-p-¡-s-f X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-ª-v D-·-q-e-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-p. A-X-n-e-q-s-S B-b-n-c-¡-W-¡-n-\-v t-c-m-K-k-m-[-y-X-I-s-f C-Ã-m-X-m-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-p.

A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w C-¶-v t-I-c-f-¯-n-Â s-N-¿-p-¶ G-I k-w-L-S-\-b-m-W-v I-m-i-y-] t-h-Z-m d-n-kÀ-¨-v ^-u-t-ï-j³.

“ “

X-k-v-a-m-Z-y-P-v-R-m-X-v k-c-v-hl-p-X E-N-x k-m-a-m-\-n P-Ú-nt-c O-µ-m-w-k-n P-Ú-n-t-c X-k-v-a-m-Z-y-P-p-k-v-X-k-v-a-m-Z-P-mbX

(E-tKzZw 10.90.9)

ka{-Kh-p-w t-l-m-a-n-¡-s-¸« B b-Ú-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-v E-¡-p-If-p-w k-m-a-§f-p-w D-ï-mb-n. A-h-\-n-Â \-n-¶-v A-YÀ-Æ O-µ-Ê-p-IÄ D-ï-mb-n. A-h-\-nÂ \-n-¶-v b-P-p-k-v D-e-v-]-¶-a-m-b-n.

]-p-c-p-j-\-nÂ-\-n-¶-v \-m-e-p t-h-Z-h-p-a-p-ï-mb-n. [À-a-m-[À-½-§f-p-w ]-p-W-y-]-m-]-§f-p-w h-n-t-h-N-n-¨-d-n-b-m-\-p-Å t-h-Z-§Ä ]-p-c-p-j-\-nÂ \-n-¶-v s-h-f-n-s-¸«-p.

hc: aZ-\³


P-\-\-w a-p-XÂ a-c-W-w h-s-c k-\-m-X-\-[À-½--n-IÄ B-N-c-n-t-¡-ï 16 B-N-c-W-§Ä

-U-i-{-I-n-b-IÄ

P\-\-w a-p-XÂ a-c-W-w h-s-c-b-p-Å h-n-h-n-[ L-«-§-s-f s-X-c-s-ª-S-p-¯-v B-s-I P-o-h-n-X-s-¯ k-w-k-v-¡-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-s-\-k-w-k-v-¡-m-c IÀ-½-§Ä F-¶-p ]-d-b-p-¶-p. C-h 16 F-®-a-m-W-v. A-X-p-s-I-m-ï-n-h-s-b t-j-m-U-i-{-I-n-b-IÄ F-¶-p-w t-j-m-U-i-k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-§Ä F-¶-p-w h-n-f-n-¡-p-¶-p. k-\-m-X-\ s-s-h-Z-n-I [À-½-¯-n-s-â A-S-n-Ø-m-\- B-N-c-W-§-f-m-W-v ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§-f-p-w t-j-m-U-i-{-I-n-b-I-f-p-w.

t‑j‑m

-]-m-k-\s-b-, CÃ-m-b-v-a-b-p-a-m-b-n t-NÀ- ¯-p-s-h-¡-p-¶ H-c-p ]-X-n-h-v h-f-s-c-¡-m-e-a-m-b-n \-a-p-¡-n-S-b-n-e-pï-v. CÃ-m-b-v-a-b-m-W-v e-m-f-nX-y-w F-s-¶-m-c-p [-m-c-W H-c-p k-m-w-{-Ia-nI t-c-m-K-w t-]-m-s-e k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-n-IÄ s-I-m-ï-p \-S-¡-p¶-p-, ]-IÀ-¶-p s-I-m-S-p-¡-p¶-p. _-e-a-nÃ-m-¯-h-c-p-w `-o-c-p-¡f-p-w A-l-n-w-k-s-b-¡-p-d-n-¨-v ]-d-b-p-¶X-p-t-]-m-s-e a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v CX-v. [-o-c\-p-w i-à-n-i-m-e-n-b-p-a-m-W-v A-l-n-wk-s-b s-I-m-ï-p \-S-t-¡-ïX-v. a-t-ä-X-v I-g-n-h-p-t-I-S-mW-v.

AX-p-t-]-m-s-e Z-m-c-n-{-Z-y-¯-nÂ a-p-§-n-¡-g-n-b-p-¶-h-cÃ e-m-f-n-X-y-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v {-]-k-w-K-n-t-¡-ïX-v. C-s-X-m¶-p-w s-s-h-Z-n-Ia-m-b I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-p-IfÃ. C-u-¯-c-¯-n-e-p-Å s-\-K-ä-o-h-v N-n-´I-s-f E-j-n-a-mÀ H-c-n-¡e-p-w t-{-]-m-Õ-m-l-n-¸-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. t-hZ-w s-F-i-z-c-yh-p-w k-a-r-²-nb-p-w D-ï-m-t-¡-ï-X-n-s-âb-p-w B-ß-h-n-i-z-m-k-t-¯-m-S-p-I-q-S-n P-o-h-n-t-¡-ï-X-n-s-âb-p-w B-h-i-ys-¯ D-u-¶-n-¸-d-b-p-¶-p.

E-t-K-z-Z-¯-n-s-e A-h-k-m-\-k-q-à-¯-nÂ-t-¸-me-p-w [-\-w D-ï-m-t-h-ï-X-n-s-\-¡-p-d-n-¨-v ]-d-b-p-¶ ‘k t-\-m h-k-qk-y-m `-c’ A-h-n-S-p-¶-v R-§-f-nÂ [-\-w \nd-¨m-epw. [\-sa¶p sh¨mÂ t-Ih-e-w ]-Wt-a-m ]-dt-¼-m AÃ. \-s-½ [-\-y-c-m-¡-p-¶-s-X´-p-w [-\-a-mW-v. A-X-v ]-W-a-m-I-m-w-, ]-p-{-X-\-m-I-m-w-, k-zÀ-Wh-p-w c-X-v-\-h-p-a-m-I-m-w-, B-t-c-m-K-yh-p-w _-p-²-n-b-p-a-m-I-m-w-, i-bÊ-p-w I-oÀ-¯-n-b-p-a-m-I-m-w. C-s-X-m-s-¡ [-\-a-mW-v. C-h-s-b-m¶-p-w t-h-ï F-¶ I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-v t-h-Z-§Ä-¡-nÃ. k-p-J-§f-p-w k-u-`-m-K-yh-p-w t-h-ï F-¶-p s-h-¡-p¶-X-v B-c-mW-v?

FÃ-m-w X-y-P-n-¨-hÀ F-¶-p ]-d-b-s-¸-S-p-¶ k-\-y-m-k-n-a-m-c-p-s-S B-{-i-a-§Ä t-]-me-p-w ]-©-\£-{-X t-l-m-«-e-pI-s-f s-hÃ-p-¶ k-p-J-k-u-I-c-y-§-t-f-m-S-p I-q-S-n-b-X-mW-v. F-¶-mÂ K-r-l-Ø³ kÀ-Æ k-w-K ]-c-n-X-y-m-K-nbÃ. Ah-\-v FÃ-m-w t-h-W-w b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-w ]-d-b-p-¶ ‘D-t-X-Z-m\-o-w `-K-h-´-k-y-m-t-a-m-X {-]-]-n-X-z D-X-t-a-[-y A-l-v-\-m-w’ c-m-h-n-s-eb-p-w D-¨-b-v-¡-p-w A-]-c-m-Ó-¯-ne-p-w R-§Ä k-p-J-k-u-`-m-K-y-§-t-f-m-S-v t-NÀ-¶-n-c-n-¡-s-«.

b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-w h-oï-p-w ]-d-b-p¶-p. ‘h-b-w t-Zh-m-x `-K-h-´ k-y-m-a’ R-§Ä D-¯-a k-z-`-m-h-t-¯-m-S-p-I-q-S-n-b-hc-p-w s-F-i-z-c-y-¯-n-s-â A-[-n-]-X-n-I-f-p-a-m-b-n-¯-o-cs-«.

s-F-i-z-c-yh-p-w k-a-r-²-nb-p-w t-h-W-w F-¶-p ]-d-b-p-t-¼-mÄ¯-s-¶ A-X-v F-§-s-\-b-p-Å-X-m-b-n-c-n¡W-w ‘C-{-µ t-{-i-j-vT-m-\-n {Z-h-n-W-m-\-n t-[l-n’ R-§Ä-¡-v t-{-i-j-vTa-m-b [-\-a-m-W-v t-h-ïX-v. G-s-X-m-c-p [-\-w R-§sf \-n-X-y-k-p-J-¯-n-t-e-¡-p \-b-n¡-p-t-a-m, I-oÀ-¯-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v \-b-n¡-pt-a-m k-a-r-²-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v \-b-n¡-pt-a-m A-§-s-\-b-p-Å [-\-a-m-W-v R-§Ä-¡-v t-h-ïX-v. A-X-n-\-v {-i-ob-p-w e-£-v-a-nb-p-w R-§-f-p-s-S ̀ -m-c-y-a-m-c-m-b-n-¯-o-cW-w. ‘{-i-o-Ý t-X e-£-v-a-o-Ý ]-Xv\y-m-h-tl-c-m-t-{-X' C§-s-\ F-{-X I-m-e-w k-a-r-²-n-b-mÂ P-o-h-n-¡W-w? FÃ-m k-p-J-k-a-r-²-n-I-f-p-s-Sb-p-w C-S-b-nÂ A-e-v-]-m-b-p-Ê-m-b-n P-o-h-n-¡-t-W-m? t-h-Z-w ]-d-b-p-¶ ‘]-t-i-y-a ic-Z-x i-X-w P-ot-h-a i-c-Z-iX-w’ \-q-d-p i-c-¯-p-IÄ R-§Ä-¡-p Iï-p-sImïv \-q-d-p hÀ-j-w R-§Ä-¡-v P-o-h-n-¡W-w. ‘A-Z-o-\-m k-y-m-a i-c-Z iX-w’ b-m-s-X-m-c-p t-c-m-K-h-p-a-nÃ-m-s-X \-q-d-p i-c-¯-p-¡Ä P-o-h-n-¡W-w. C§s-\ s-F-i-z-c-y-t-¯-m-S-p-I-q-S-n P-o-h-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ ac-W-w a-p-«-n-h-n-f-n-¡-b-m-s-W¦-nt-e-m E-t-K-z-Z-w ]-d-b-p¶-p. ‘D-]-m-k-I³ B a-c-W-t-¯-m-S-v B-Ú-m-]-n¡-p-w ‘]-c-w a-r-t-X-y-m A-\-p ]-t-c-l-n ]-Ù-m-w’ þ t-l a-r-t-X-y-m R-§-f-p-s-S a-mÀ-K-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-v Z-q-s-c AI-¶-p t-]-mI-q.

thZ-§-fnÂs-Fi-z-c-y-¯-n-s-â a-mÀK-w

B-b-pÊ-v-, {-]-m-W-ià-n-, \Ã a¡Ä-, a-r-K-k-¼¯-v-, I-oÀ¯-n-, ]W-w-, {-_-Ò-hÀ¨-k-v F-¶-n-h-s-bÃ-m-w \Â-I-p-¶ t-h-Z-`-Kh-X-n D-]-m-kI-\-v ]-c-a-]-Za-mb t-a-m-£h-p-w \Â-I-p¶-p. ‘k-v-X-p-X-m a-b-m hc-Z-m t-h-Z-a-m-X-m {-]-t-N-m-Z-b--´-o-w’ A-X-mb-X-v ̀ -uX-n-I P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-e D-¶-X-nb-p-w B-[-y-m-ß-n-I-X-b-p-s-S ]-c-a-e-£-ya-mb t-a-m-£h-p-w t-h-Z-§Ä {-]-Z-m-\-w s-N-¿-p¶-p. h-c-q \-a-p¡-p-w C-u t-h-Z-a-mÀ-K-¯-n-t-e-¡-v A-\-p-{-]-t-h-i-n-¡-m-w.

D


G-s-X-m-s-¡-b-m-W-v C-u 16 B-N-c-W-§Ä? 1.KÀ-`-m-[-m-\-w: 2. ]-p-w-k-h-\-w: 3. k-o-a-t-´-m-¶-b-\-w: 4.P-m-X-IÀ-½-w: 5. \-m-a-I-c-W-w: 6. \-n-

j-v-{-I-a-W-w : 7. A-¶-{-]-m-i-\-w : 8. N-q-U-m-IÀ-½-w: 9. IÀ-W-t-h-[-w: 10. D-]-\-b-\-w : 11. t-h-Z-m-c-w-`-w : 12. k-a-m-hÀ-¯-\-w : 13.h-n-h-m-l-w: 14. h-m-\-{-]-Ø-w : 15. k-\-y-m-k-w: 16. A-t-´-y-j-v-S-n :

1.KÀ-`-m-[-m-\-w: Z-oÀ-L-m-b-p-Ê-v-, B-t-c-m-K-y-w-, _-p-²-n-, C-X-y-m-Z-n K-p-W-§-t-f-m-S-p-I-q-S-n-b H-c-p I-p-ª-n-s-\ e-`-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p-Å s-s-h-Z-n-I-a-m-b b-Ú-{-]-{-I-n-b-b-m-W-v KÀ-`-m-[-m-\-w.

2. ]-p-w-k-h-\-w: KÀ-`-w X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-ª-X-n-s-â c-ï-m-a-s-¯-t-b-m a-q-¶-m-a-s-¯-t-b-m a-m-k-w s-N-¿-p-¶ k-w-k-v-¡-m-c IÀ-½-a-m-W-n-X-v. KÀ-`-¯-n-e-n-c-n-¡-p-¶ I-p-«-n-b-p-s-S B-t-c-m-K-y-¯-n-\-p-w i-m-c-o-c-n-I h-fÀ-¨-b-v-¡-p-w ]-p-d-t-a KÀ-`-w A-e-k-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p-I-q-S-n t-h-ï-n-b-m-W-v ]-p-w-k-h-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v.

3. k-o-a-t-´-m-¶-b-\-w: KÀ-`-w X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-ª-v \-m-e-p a-p-XÂ 8 a-m-k-§Ä-¡-p-Å-nÂ s-N-t-¿-ï-p-¶ k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-{-I-n-b-b-m-W-n-X-v. KÀ-`-Ø i-n-i-p-h-n-s-â _-p-²-n-h-n-I-m-k-¯-n-\-p-w KÀ-`-n-W-n-b-p-s-S k-t-´-m-j-¯-n-\-p-w t-h-ï-n-b-m-W-v C-X-v s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v.

4.P-m-X-IÀ-½-w: {-]-k-h-k-a-b-¯-p-Å h-n-j-a-X-IÄ ]-c-n-l-c-n-¡-p ¶-X-n-\-p-w-, \-h-P-m-X i-n-i-p-h-n-s-\-]-p-X-n-b t-e-m-I-t-¯-¡-v b-Ú-¯-n-e-q-s-S k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶ k-w-k-v-¡-c-W {-]-{-I-n-b-b-m-W-n-X-v. I-p-ª-n-s-â \-m-h-nÂ t-X-\-p-w s-\-¿-p-w k-zÀ-®-w t-NÀ-¯-v C-u-i-z-c-s-â t-]-c-m-b H-m-w F-¶-v F-g-p-X-p-¶-p.

5.\-m-a-I-c-W-w: t-]-c-n-SÂ N-S-§-n-s-\-b-m-W-v \-m-a-I-c-W-w F-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v. {-]-k-h-n-¨-X-n-\-v ]-X-n-s-\-m-¶-m-a-s-¯ t-b-m 101þ-m-a-s-¯-t-b-m A-X-s-Ã-¦-nÂ H-¶-m-w ]-n-d-¶-m-f-n-t-\-m B-W-v \-m-a-I-c-W k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-w \-S-t-¯-ï-X-v.

6. \-n-j-v-{-I-a-W-w : {-]-k-h-t-i-j-w I-p-ª-n-s-\-B-Z-y-a-m-b-n h-o-S-n-s-â ]-p-d-t-¯-¡-v s-I-m-ï-p-t-]-m-I-p-¶ N-S-§-m-W-n-X-v. C-X-nÂ k-q-c-y-s-\-b-p-w N-{-µ-s-\-b-p-w a-ä-p-w I-p-ª-n-\-v ]-c-n-N-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-s-¡-m-S-p-¡-p-¶-p. k-z-Ñ-a-m-b h-m-b-p-k-©-m-c-w ]-c-n-N-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-p.

7. A-¶-{-]-m-i-\-w : B-d-v a-m-k-w {-]-m-b-a-m-b I-p-ª-n-\-v B-Z-y-a-m-b-n [-m-\-y-m-l-m-c-w \Â-I-p-¶ k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-{-]-{-I-n-b-b-m-W-v A-¶-{-]-m-i-\-w. C-X-n-s-\-X-s-¶-b-m-W-v \-m-w C-¶-v t-N-m-d-q¬ F-¶-v h-n-f-n-¨-p h-c-p-¶-X-v. b-Ú-¯-nÂ A-h-t-i-j-n-¡-p-¶ t-N-m-d-nÂ s-s-X-c-p-w s-\-¿-p-w t-X-\-p-w t-NÀ-¯-v a-{-´-k-l-n-X-w I-p-ª-n-s-\-D-u-«-p-¶ N-S-§-m-W-n-X-v.

8. N-q-U-m-IÀ-½-w: I-p-ª-n-s-â a-p-S-n B-Z-y-a-m-b-n h-S-n-¡-p-¶ (s-a-m-«-b-S-n-¡-p-¶-) k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-IÀ-½-a-m-W-n-X-v. H-¶-m-a-s-¯-t-b-m a-q-¶-m-a-s-¯-t-b-m h-b-Ê-n-e-m-W-v C-X-v s-N-t-¿-ï-X-v. B-t-c-m-K-y-¯-n-\-p-w Z-oÀ-L-m-b-p Ê-n-\-p-w s-a-m-«-b-S-n-¡Â k-l-m-b-n-¡-p-s-a-¶-v B-b-pÀ-t-Æ-Z B-N-m-c-y³-a-m-c-m-b N-c-I-\-p-w k-p-{-i-p-X-\-p-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

Cu t]Pv kvt]m¬kÀ sNbvXXv :

I®qÀ kXv-kw-K-k-anXn = 10,000 ]n. _me³ = 2,500 Kncn-P So¨À = 2000 tUm. aoc `mKy-\mYv = 1500


Fw. tZhIn = 1000 APnX = 1000 Xpf-kn tat\m³ = 1000sI. N{µ³ = 1000


9. IÀ-W-t-h-[-w: a-q-¶-m-a-s-¯-t-b-m A-©-m-a-s-¯-t-b-m h-b-Ê-nÂ I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S I-m-X-p-I-p-¯-p-¶ k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-IÀ-½-a-m-W-n-X-v. s-]¬-I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w B¬-I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w I-m-X-v I-p-t-¯-ï-X-m-W-v. B-`-c-W-§Ä A-W-n-b-p-¶-X-n-\-p-w B-t-c-m-K-y-k-w-c-£-W ¯-n-\-p-a-m-W-v I-m-X-v I-p-¯-p-¶-X-v F-¶-v B-b-pÀ t-Æ-Z B-N-m-c-y³-a-m-c-m-b N-c-I-\-p-w k-p-{-i-p-X-\-p-w A-`-n-{-]-m-b-s-¸-S-p-¶-p.

10. D-]-\-b-\-w : t-h-Z-]-W-v-U-n-X-\-m-b H-c-p B-N-m-c-y³ I-p-ª-n-s-\-X-s-â i-n-j-y-\-m-b-n k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ k-w-k-v ¡-m-c-IÀ-½-a-m-W-v D-]-\-b-\-w. H-c-p I-p-«-n-s-b B-Z-y-a-m-b-n ]-q-W-qÂ [-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-w C-u k-w-k-v-¡-m-c {-I-n-b-b-n-e-m-W-v. C-t-X-m-S-p-I-q-S-n-b-m-W-v H-c-p I-p-«-n c-ï-m-a-X-v P-\-n-¨-h³ F-¶ AÀ-°-¯-nÂ Z-z-n-P³ F-¶ t-]-c-n-\À-l-\-m-h-p-¶-X-v.

11. t-h-Z-m-c-w-`-w : i-n-j-y-\-v B-Z-y-a-m-b-n K-m-b-{-X-n F-¶ K-p-c-p-a-{-´-w Z-o-£-b-m-b-n \Â-I-p-¶ k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-IÀ-½-a-m-W-v t-h-Z-m-c-w-`-w.

12. k-a-m-hÀ-¯-\-w : ]-c-n-]-qÀ-® {-_-Ò-N-c-y-{-h-X-w ]-m-e-n-¨-v k-I-e h-n-Z-y-I-f-p-w A-`-y-k-n-¨-X-n-\-v t-i-j-w {-_-Ò-N-m-c-n-s-b X-m³ ]T-n-¨ Ø-m-]-\-h-p-w X-s-â h-o-«-p-I-m-c-p-w A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-IÀ-½-m-W-n-X-v.

13. h-n-h-m-l-w: _-Ô-p-¡-f-p-s-S-b-p-w B-N-m-c-y-t-â-b-p-w A-\-p-{-K-l-t-¯-m-s-S K-r-l-Ø-m-{-i-a(I-p-S-p-w-_-P-o-h-n-X-w-)¯-n-t-e-¡-v {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-m-\-p-Å k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-IÀ-½-a-m-W-v h-n-h-m-l-w. h-n-h-m-l-P-o-h-n-X-¯-nÂ D-ï-m-I-m-\-n-S-b-p-Å h-n-j-a-X-IÄ ]-c-n-l-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p-w A-h-s-b F-X-n-c-n-S-m-\-p-a-p-Å {-]-m-]-v-X-n s-s-I-h-c-n-¡-m-\-p-Å-X-p-a-m-b c-l-k-y {-I-n-b-I-f-S-§-n-b-X-m-W-v h-n-h-m-l k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-w.

14. h-m-\-{-]-Ø-w : h-n-h-m-l k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-¯-n-e-q-s-S K-r-l-Ø-m-{-i-a (I-p-S-p-w-_-P-o-h-n-X-w-)¯-nÂ {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-p-¶ h-y-à-n X-¶-nÂ \-n-£-n-]-v-X-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶ IÀ-a-§-s-f-Ã-w \-n-hÀ-¯-n-¨-X-n-\-v t-i-j-w (a-¡-f-p-w t-]-c-¡-p-«-n-I-f-p-w D-ï-m-b-X-n-\-v t-i-j-w-) {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-p-¶ B-{-i-a-a-m-W-v h-m-\-{-]-Ø-w. C-X-n-\-v h-\-¯-n-t-e-¡-p-Å b-m-{-X F-¶-v a-m-{-X-w AÀ-°-w s-I-m-S-p-¡-p-¶-X-v i-c-n-b-m-b-n-c-n-¡-n-Ã. A-d-n-h-n-t-â-X-m-b H-c-p h-\-¯-n-t-e-¡-m-W-v h-y-à-n b-m-{-X-b-m-I-p-¶-X-v.

16. A-t-´-y-j-v-S-n : `-k-v-a-m-´-w i-c-o-c-w F-¶-m-W-v t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ ]-d-ª-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v A-X-p-s-I-m-ï-v X-s-¶ s-s-h-Z-n-IÀ-, H-c-p h-y-à-n a-c-n-¨-mÂ a-r-X-i-c-o-c-w A-á-n-b-nÂ Z-l-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v s-N-¿-m-d-v. C-X-v k-w-k-v-¡-m-c {-I-n-b-I-f-nÂ H-S-p-h-n-e-t-¯-X-p-a-m-W-v. P-o-h³ t-hÀ-s-¸-« t-]-m-b i-c-o-c-¯-n-s-\-t-]-m-e-p-w k-w-k-v-¡-c-n-¡-p-¶ s-s-h-Z-n-I ]-²-X-n.

15. k-\-y-m-k-w: h-m-\-{-]-Ø-m-{-i-a P-o-h-n-X-t-¯-m-s-S h-n-t-h-I-þ-s-s-h-c-m-K-y-m-Z-n-IÄ t-\-S-n-b Ú-m-\-h-r-²À X-p-SÀ-¶-v k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ A-{-i-a-a-m-W-v k-\-y-m k-m-{-i-a-w. A-X-p-h-s-c X-m³ t-\-S-n-b A-d-n-h-p-IÄ a-p-g-p-h-\-p-w F-Ã-m t-e-m-I-¯-n-\-p-w D-]-I-m-c-s-¸-S-p ¶-X-n-\-v t-h-ï-n H-c-n-S-¯-p-\-n-¶-p-w a-s-ä-m-c-n-S-t-¯-¡-v b-m-{-X s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v k-\-y-m-k-n-b-p-s-S N-c-y-b-m-I-p-¶-p. A-X-n-\-n-S-b-v-¡-v a-c-W-w h-¶-mÂ t-]-m-e-p-w A-X-n-s-\ C-c-p-s-s-I-¿-p-w \-o-«-n k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-m³ k-\-y-m-k-n X-¿-m-d-p-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w.

t-h-t-Z-mf-J-n-t-e-m [À-½-a-q-e-w k-v-a-r-X-n-i-o-t-e N X-Z-z-n-Z-m-wB-N-m-c-s-s-Ý-h k-m-[-q-\-m-a-m-X-v-a-\-k-v-X-p-j-v-S-n-t-c-h N

(a-\-p-k-v-a-r-X-n 2.6-)

[À-½-¯-n-s-â {-]-a-m-W-w t-h-Z-a-m-W-v. t-h-Z-Ú-c-p-s-S D-]-t-Z-i-§-f-p-w A-\-p-j-vT-m-\-§-f-p-w B-N-m-c-§-f-p-w B-ß-X-p-j-v-S-n-b-p-w [À-½-¯-n-s-â {-]-a-m-W-a-m-I-p-¶-p. Cu t]Pv kvt]m¬kÀ sNbvXXv :

]n. lcn-Zm-k³ = 1000 lntXjv = 1000 Fw.-sI. cma-Ir-jvW³ = 1000 sI. iin-[-c³ = 1000


A-Pn¯v = 1000 KncnP \µm-ß-P³ = 1000kptc-{µ³ = 1000Fw. kmbnP = 1000


`-m-c-X-o-b-c-p-s-S-, l-n-µ-p-¡-f-p-s-S A-S-n-Ø-m-\-{-K-Ù-w?

D: t-h-Z-§-f-m-W-v \-½-p-s-S A-S-n-Ø-m-\-{-K-Ù-w.

t-N-m: F-´-m-W-v t-h-Z-w?

D: t-h-Z-w F-¶ h-m-¡-n-\-v "A-d-n-h-v-' F-¶-m-WÀ-°-w.

t-N-m: F-{-X t-h-Z-§-f-p-ï-v? F-´-m-W-v t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ ]-d-ª-X-v?

D: t-h-Z-§Ä \-m-s-e-®-a-m-W-v D-Å-X-v. E-t-K-z-Z-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-w-, A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w. a-\-p-j-y³ F-§-s-\-b-m-W-v P-o-h-n-t-¡-ï-X-v F-¶-p-w F-s-´-Ã-m-w s-N-b-v-X-mÂ I-p-S-p-w-_-w-, k-a-q-l-w-, c-m-P-y-w-, t-e-m-I-w F-¶-n-h-b-v-¡-v s-F-i-z-c-y-h-p-w k-¼-¯-p-w k-a-r-²-n-b-p-w D-ï-m-I-p-s-a-¶-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ h-y-à-a-m-b-n ]-d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v. F-§-s-\ t-e-m-I-¯-nÂ i-m-´-n-b-p-w k-a-m-[-m-\-h-p-a-p-ï-m-¡-m-w-, C-u-i-z-c-s-\ G-X-p-c-o-X-n-b-n-e-m-W-v D-]-m-k-n-t-¡-ï-X-v-, C-¯-c-w I-m-c-y-§-s-f-Ã-m-w k-p-h-y-à-a-m-b-n t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ ]-d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v.

t-N-m: t-h-Z-§Ä B-c-m-W-v D-ï-m-¡-n-b-X-v? A-X-v BÀ-¡-p t-h-ï-n-b-m-W-v?

D: C-u-i-z-c³ F-Ã-m A-d-n-h-n-t-â-b-p-w D-d-h-n-S-a-m-W-v. a-\-p-j-y-\-v i-m-´-n-b-p-w k-a-m-[-m-\-h-p-w k-w-X-r-]-v-X-n-b-p-w I-n-«-p-¶-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n-b-p-Å h-g-n-IÄ k-r-j-v-S-n-IÀ-¯-m-h-m-b C-u-i-z-c-s-â t-h-Z-§-f-n-e-q-s-S ]-d-ª-p. C-u-i-z-c³ C-u k-r-j-v-S-n-b-p-s-S A-½-b-p-w A-Ñ-\-p-a-m-W-v. k-v-t-\-l-k-¼-¶-c-m-b A-Ñ-\-½-a-mÀ X-§-f-p-s-S I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S \-·-¡-p-t-h-ï-n \-Ã I-m-c-y-§Ä ]-d-ª-p X-c-p-w. t-\-c-m-b h-g-n-b-nÂ \-S-¡-m³ {-i-²-m-]-qÀ-Æ-w t-h-ï-X-p s-N-¿-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-w. A-X-p-t-]-m-s-e-b-m-W-v C-u-i-z-c³ t-h-Z-§-f-p-ï-m-¡-n-b-X-v.

t-N-m: F-¶-m-W-v C-u-i-z-c³ t-h-Z-§Ä D-ï-m-¡-n-b-X-v?

D: k-r-j-v-S-n-b-p-s-S B-Z-y-¯-nÂ X-s-¶ t-h-Z-§-f-p-w D-ï-m-b-n. F-Ã-m-hÀ-¡-p-w K-p-W-I-c-a-m-b t-h-Z-§Ä a-\-p-j-y-s-\ k-r-j-v-S-n-¡-m³ X-p-S-§-n-b-t-¸-mÄ X-s-¶ D-ï-m-b-X-m-W-v. h-b-d-n-\-p `-£-W-w-, \-m-¡-n-\-p P-e-w-, a-q-¡-n-\-p h-m-b-p-, I-®-n-\-p s-h-f-n-¨-w a-p-X-e-m-b-h k-r-j-v-S-n-b-p-s-S B-Z-y-a-p-ï-m-b-X-p-t-]-m-s-e _-p-²-n-b-p-s-S h-n-j-b-a-m-b (B-ß-m-h-n-\-p-w a-\-Ê-n-\-p-w _-p-²-n-¡-p-w t-\-S-m-\-p-Å-) A-d-n-h-p-w t-\-c-s-¯-b-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

t-N-m: C-u t-h-Z-w C-u-i-z-c³ BÀ-¡-m-W-v \Â-I-n-b-X-v?

D: t-h-Z-w {-]-I-m-i-n-¸-n-¨-X-v E-j-n-I-f-n-e-q-s-S-b-m-W-v. ]T-n-¸-n-¡-m³ B-f-n-s-Ã-¦-nÂ B-s-c ]T-n-¸-n-¡-p-w? A-d-n-h-n-Ã-m-s-X F-´-p ]T-n-¡-p-w? A-d-n-h-p-Å-hÀ ]-d-ª-p-X-c-m-s-X a-ä-p-Å-hÀ-

t-h-Z-¯-n-e-p-Å-X-v F-´-v?

thZ-hr£w

t-N-m: t-h-Z-w F-§-s-\-b-m-W-v ]T-n-¸-n-¨-X-v? s-]-¶-v s-I-m-ï-v I-S-e-m-Ê-n-s-e-g-p-X-n-b-m-t-W-m t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¸-n-¨-X-v? t-h-Z-Ú-m-\-w F-§-s-\-b-m-W-v D-ï-m-¡-n-s-¡-m-S-p-¯-X-v?

D: F-Ã-m P-o-h-n-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w l-r-Z-b-¯-nÂ C-u-i-z-c³ I-p-S-n-s-I-m-Å-p-¶-p. ]-c-n-i-p-²-a-m-W-v E-j-n-a-m-c-p-s-S l-r-Z-b-w. C-h-c-p-s-S l-r-Z-b-¯-nÂ t-h-Z-Ú-m-\-w {-]-I-m-i-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v C-u-i-z-c³ s-N-b-v-X-X-v. kÀ-Æ-h-y-m-]-n-b-m-W-v C-u-i-z-c³. A-X-p-s-I-m-ï-p-X-s-¶ B C-u-i-z-c-\-v s-]-¶-p-w I-S-e-m-k-p-w B-h-i-y-a-n-Ã. A-X-p-t-]-m-s-e s-N-m-Ã-n-s-¡-m-S-p-¯-p ]T-n-¸-n-t-¡-ï B-h-i-y-h-p-w C-Ã. t-h-Z-Ú-m-\-w D-ï-m-I-m-\-p-Å t-{-]-c-W l-r-Z-b-¯-nÂ D-ï-m-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v C-u-i-z-c³ s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v. X-p-SÀ-¶-v t-h-Z-h-n-Ú-m-\-w s-I-m-ï-v B l-r-Z-b-w \-n-d-b-v-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v C-u-i-z-c³.

t‑N‑m:


hn.-]n. _me-Ir-jvW³ = 1000 ]n.-Fw. iymw\mYv = 1000 ]n. `ph-t\jv = 1000sP. \njn¯v cmPv = 1000


im´m tat\m¡n = 1000lcn-{]-kmZv = 1000 Fw.-]n. kPn¯v IpamÀ = 1000 `à³ = 1000


¡-v ]T-n-¡-m-\-p-w I-g-n-b-n-Ã. C-s-X-Ã-m-a-d-n-b-p-¶ C-u-i-z-c³ k-r-j-v-S-n-b-p-s-S B-Z-n-b-nÂ \-m-e-v E-j-n-a-m-c-n-e-q-s-S \-m-e-v t-h-Z-§Ä {-]-I-m-i-n-¸-n-¨-p. A-á-n-, h-m-b-p-, B-Z-n-X-y³-, A-w-K-n-c-Ê-v F-¶-n-h-c-m-W-v B E-j-n-a-mÀ.

t-N-m: a-m-ä-§Ä D-ï-m-h-p-¶-X-m-t-W-m C-u-i-z-c³ X-¶ A-d-n-h-v?

D: C-Ã. H-c-n-¡-e-p-w s-X-ä-p-¶-X-Ã C-u-i-z-c-o-b \-n-b-a-w. i-c-n-b-m-b A-d-n-h-n-\-v a-m-ä-w h-c-p-t-¯-ï B-h-i-y-a-n-Ã-t-Ã-m.

t-N-m: F-´-m-W-v t-h-Z-¯-n-e-p-Å-X-v?

D: t-h-Z-¯-n-e-p-Å-X-v F-Ã-m k-X-y-h-n-Z-y-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w t-h-c-m-W-v.

t-N-m: G-s-X-¦-n-e-p-w {-]-t-X-y-I P-\-h-n-`-m-K-¯-n-\-p t-h-ï-n-b-m-t-W-m t-h-Z-§Ä \-nÀ-½-n-¨-X-v?

D: A-Ã-, C-u t-e-m-I-¯-p-Å k-I-e a-\-p-j-yÀ-¡-p-w t-h-ï-n-b-m-W-v t-h-Z-w \-nÀ-½-n-¨-X-v. F-Ã-m P-o-h-n-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w k-p-J-h-p-w k-t-´-m-j-h-p-w s-F-i-z-c-y-h-p-w e-£-y-a-m-¡-n-b-m-W-v C-u-i-z-c³ t-h-Z-§Ä s-a-m-g-n-ª-X-v. C-u-i-z-c³ k-I-e t-e-m-I-§-f-p-s-S-b-p-w A-Ñ-\-p-w A-½-b-p-a-m-W-v. G-s-X-¦-n-e-p-w t-Z-i-¯-n-s-â-t-b-m hÀ-¤-¯-n-s-â-t-b-m a-m-{-X-w ]-n-X-m-h-Ã C-u-i-z-c³.

t-N-m: D-]-t-h-Z-w-, {-_-m-Ò-W-w-, t-h-Z-m-w-K-w-, D-]-m-w-K-w-, D-]-\-n-j-¯-v F-¶-n-§-s-\ ]-e-X-n-s-\-¸-ä-n-b-p-w t-I-«-n-«-p-ï-v. b-Y-mÀ-°-¯-nÂ C-h-s-b-Ã-m-w F-´-m-W-v?

D: H-s-¶-m-¶-m-b-n ]-d-b-m-w.

t-N-m: i-c-n. F-¶-mÂ F-´-m-W-v D-]-t-h-Z-§Ä? A-h F-{-X-b-p-ï-v?

D: \-m-s-e-®-a-m-W-v D-]-t-h-Z-§Ä. B-b-pÀ-t-h-Z-w-, [-\-pÀ-t-h-Z-w-, K-ÔÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w-, AÀ-°-t-h-Z-w F-¶-n-h. B-b-pÀ-t-h-Z-¯-nÂ i-c-o-c-c-£-, B-t-c-m-K-y-¯-n-\-p-Å D-]-m-[-n-IÄ-, H-u-j-[-¯-n-s-â K-p-W-w-, t-c-m-K-N-n-I-n-Õ F-¶-n-h-s-b-Ã-m-w ]-d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v. A-YÀ-Æ t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â D-]-t-h-Z-a-m-W-v B-b-pÀ-t-h-Z-w. E-t-K-z-Z-¯-n-e-p-w H-u-j-[-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-v h-n-h-c-W-a-p-ï-v.

t-N-m: G-s-X-m-s-¡-b-m-W-v B-b-pÀ-t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â {-K-Ù-§Ä?

D: N-c-I-k-w-l-n-X-b-p-w k-p-{-i-p-X-k-w-l-n-X-b-p-w G-s-d {-]-i-k-v-X-n t-\-S-n-b-h-b-m-W-v.

t-N-m: [-\-pÀ-t-h-Z-w F-¶-mÂ F-´-m-W-v?

D: b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â D-]-t-h-Z-a-m-W-v [-\-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w. B-b-p-[-§Ä F-§-s-\ D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-p-w A-h F-§-s-\ \-nÀ-½-n-¡-m-s-a-¶-p-w h-n-i-Z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v C-X-n-s-e a-p-J-y h-n-j-b-w.

t-N-m: K-ÔÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-h-p-w AÀ-°-t-h-Z-h-p-w F-´-m-W-v?

D: k-m-a-t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â D-]-t-h-Z-a-m-W-v K-ÔÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w. k-w-K-o-X-a-m-W-v h-n-j-b-w. A-YÀ-Æ t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â D-]-t-h-Z-a-m-W-v AÀ-°-t-h-Z-w.

t-N-m: F-´-m-W-v {-_-m-Ò-W-§-f-p-w B-c-W-y-I-§-f-p-w?

D: t-h-Z-w AÀ-°-k-l-n-X-w ]T-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p k-l-m-b-n-¡-p-¶ `-m-j-y-§-f-m-W-v C-h.

t-N-m: G-X-m-W-v C-u {-_-m-Ò-W-§Ä?

D: s-F-X-t-c-b a-l-o-Z-m-k³-, b-m-Ú-h-e-v-I-y³ X-p-S-§-n-b E-j-n-a-mÀ c-N-n-¨-n-«-p-Å t-h-Z-§-f-p-s-S ]-p-c-m-X-\ `-m-j-y-a-m-W-v C-u {-_-m-Ò-W-§Ä.

t-N-m: C-u {-_-m-Ò-W-§Ä s-h-t-Æ-s-d-b-m-t-W-m?

D: A-s-X-, E-t-K-z-Z-¯-n-t-â-X-v s-F-X-t-c-b {-_-m-Ò-W-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-¯-n-t-â-X-v i-X-]-Y {-_-m-Ò-W-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-¯-n-\-v k-m-a-w A-Y-h-m X-m-W-v-U-y-a-l-m-{-_-m-Ò-W-w. A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â {-_-m-Ò-W-w t-K-m-]-Y {-_-m-Ò-W-a-m-W-v.

t-N-m: F-´-m-W-v B-c-W-y-I-§Ä?

D:{-_-m-Ò-W {-K-Ù-§-f-p-s-S `-m-K-a-m-W-v B-c-W-y-I-§Ä F-¶-p ]-d-b-m-w. A-h-b-nÂ {-]-[-m-\-a-m-b-p-w D-Å-X-v B-²-y-m-ß-n-I I-m-c-y-§-f-m-W-v.

t-N-m: t-h-Z-§Ä ]T-n-t-¡-ï-X-n-Ã ]-I-c-w D-]-\-n-j-¯-v [-m-c-m-f-a-m-s-W-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶ N-n-e-c-p-ï-v. C-X-p i-c-n-b-m-t-W-m?

D: A-Ã. K-p-c-p-¡-·-m-c-m-b-n \-S-n-¡-p-¶ N-n-e A-e-v-]-ÚÀ k-z-´-w A-\-p-b-m-b-n-I-s-f C-§-s-\-

X-\-n-¡-m-h-i-y-a-p-Å-X-p a-m-{-X-s-a-S-p-¯-v A-\-p-j-vT-m-\-¯-nÂ s-I-m-ï-p-h-c-n-I-b-m-W-v B-Z-y-w s-N-t-¿-ï-X-v.

t-N-m: F-s-´-m-s-¡-b-m-W-v C-u A-\-p-j-vT-m-\-§Ä?

D: H-¶-m-a-X-m-b-n `-m-K-y-k-q-à-w-, X-p-SÀ-¶-v `-k-v-a-[-m-c-W-w-, ]-n-X-r-, E-j-n-, t-Z-h-XÀ-¸-W-w-, k-Ô-y-m-h-µ-\-w-, t-`-m-P-\-a-{-´-w-, i-n-h-k-¦Â-] k-q-à-w C-h-b-m-W-v B-Z-y-w ]T-n-t-¡-ï-X-v.

t-N-m: R-§Ä G-s-d X-n-c-¡-p-Å-h-c-m-W-v. C-s-X-m-s-¡ A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m³ k-a-b-a-n-Ã. C-X-n-\-v F-Ã-m-w-I-q-S-n F-{-X k-a-b-w h-c-p-w?

D: F-Ã-m-ä-n-\-p-w I-q-S-n 15 a-n-\-p-«-v t-h-ï-n-h-c-p-w. C-X-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m-s-X F-§-s-\ \-n-§Ä-¡-v s-F-

t-N-m: BÀ-s-¡-Ã-m-w t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m-w? N-n-e {-]-t-X-y-I hÀ-¤-¯-nÂ s-]-«-hÀ-¡-p a-m-{-X-a-t-Ã t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m³ ]-m-S-p-Å-q?D: \-Ã-h-c-m-b-n P-o-h-n-¡-m³ B-{-K-l-n-¡-p-¶-hÀ-s-¡-Ã-m-w t-h-Z-h-n-Z-y ]T-n-¡-m³ A-[-n-I-m-c-a-p-ï-v. b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-¯-nÂ 26þ-m-w A-²-y-m-b-¯-n-s-e c-ï-m-a-s-¯ a-{-´-¯-n-s-e H-c-p `-m-K-w C-§-s-\ ]-d-b-p-¶-p:"b-t-Y-a-m-w h-m-N-w I-e-y-m-W-o-a-m-h-Z-m-\-oP-t-\-`-y-x {-_-Ò-c-m-P-\-y-m-`-y-m-w-i-q-{-Z-m-bN-m-c-y-m-b-N k-z-m-b-N-m-c-W-m-b-N-'.AÀ-°-w C-§-s-\-b-m-W-v:"F-Ã-m-hÀ-¡-p-w \-· s-N-¿-p-¶ t-h-Z-Ú-m-\-s-¯ R-m³ {-_-m-Ò-W³-, £-{-X-n-b³-, s-s-h-i-y³-, i-q-{-Z³-, k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-, A-X-n-i-q-{-ZÀ X-p-S-§-n F-Ã-m-h-c-p-s-S-b-p-w s-F-i-z-c-y-¯-n-\-m-b-n \Â-I-p-¶-p.'H-c-p {-]-t-X-y-I hÀ-¤-¯-n-\-p a-m-{-X-w ]T-n-¡-m-\-p-Å-X-Ã t-h-Z-s-a-¶À-°-w.

t-N-m: t-h-Z-m-w-K-§Ä F-¶-mÂ F-´-m-W-v? A-h F-{-X-b-p-ï-v? A-h G-s-X-m-s-¡-b-m-W-v?

D: i-n-£-, I-e-v-]-w-, h-y-m-I-c-W-w-, \-n-c-p-à-w-, O-µ-Ê-v-, t-P-y-m-X-n-j-w F-¶-n-§-s-\ B-s-d-®-a-m-W-v t-h-Z-m-w-K-§Ä. t-h-Z-]-T-\-¯-n-\-v C-h h-f-s-c k-l-m-b-I-a-m-W-v. ]-m-W-n-\-n-b-p-s-S A-j-v-S-m-[-y-m-b-n-b-p-w ]-X-R-v-P-e-n-b-p-s-S a-l-m-`-m-j-y-h-p-a-m-W-v h-y-m-I-c-W {-K-Ù-§-f-nÂ G-ä-h-p-w {-]-k-n-²-w. b-m-k-v-I-m-N-m-c-y-c-p-s-S \-n-c-p-à-h-p-w ]-n-w-K-f-s-â O-µ-x-i-m-k-v-{-X-h-p-w h-n-e-s-¸-«-X-p-w a-l-¯-p-a-m-W-v.

s-b-m-s-¡ ]-d-ª-v h-g-n-s-X-ä-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v. ]-mÂ-¸-m-b-k-a-m-W-v h-n-`-h k-a-r-²-a-m-b k-Z-y-s-b-¶-p ]-d-ª-mÂ A-X-p i-c-n-b-m-t-W-m? X-m-g-n-I-¡-p-S-a-m-W-v t-K-m-]-p-c-¯-n-s-â {-]-[-m-\ ̀ -m-K-s-a-¶-p ]-d-ª-mÂ A-X-p i-c-n-b-m-t-W-m? A-t-X-t-]-m-s-e-m-c-p A-_-²-a-m-W-v C-u ]-d-¨-n-e-p-w. t-h-Z-w I-g-n-t-ª t-h-Z-m-´-¯-nÂ F-¯-p-I-b-p-Å-q.

t-N-m: i-c-n-, A-t-¸-mÄ R-m³ F-´-m-W-v B-Z-y-w ]T-n-t-¡-ï-X-v?

D:\-m-e-p t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ \-n-¶-p-a-p-Å a-{-´-§Ä

i-z-c-y-h-p-w k-a-r-²-n-b-p-a-p-ï-m-I-p-w?

t-N-m: F-´-n-\-m-W-v `-m-K-y-k-q-à-w P-]-n-¡-p-¶-X-v?

D: F-´-p-ï-m-b-m-e-p-w ̀ -m-K-y-a-n-s-Ã-¦-nÂ P-o-h-n-X-w i-q-\-y-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w. A-X-n-\-mÂ ̀ -m-K-y-w D-ï-m-I-m³ Z-n-h-k-h-p-w ̀ -m-K-y-k-q-à-w P-]-n-¡-W-w.

t-N-m: F-´-n-\-m-W-v k-Ô-y-m-h-µ-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v?

D: s-F-i-z-c-y-w-, k-a-r-²-n-, _-p-²-n-i-à-n-, k-m-¼-


]n. Pbm-\-µ³ = 1000 _m_p Ducm-fp-¦Â = 1000{ioeX _m_p Ducm-fp-¦Â = 1000 F. kpZmI-c³ = 1000


\nj A\ojv = 1000 C. {]Im-in\n = 1000 Iem-dmWn = 1000 sI. t{]a = 1000


¯-n-I A-`-n-h-r-²-n-, t-c-m-K-i-a-\-w F-¶-n-h-b-v-¡-v k-Ô-y-m-h-µ-\-w s-N-¿-W-w.

t-N-m: i-n-h-k-¦Â-] k-q-à-w F-´-n-\-m-W-v s-N-m-Ã-p-¶-X-v?

D: D-d-¡-a-n-Ã-m-¯-hÀ-¡-v k-p-J-k-p-j-p-]-v-X-n {-]-Z-m-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-m-W-v i-n-h-k-¦Â-] k-q-à-w.

t-N-m: C-X-v k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-p-w s-N-m-Ã-m-t-a-m?

D: a-\-p-j-y-c-m-b F-Ã-m-hÀ-¡-p-w s-N-m-Ã-m-w.

t-N-m: R-§Ä k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v c-m-h-n-s-e I-p-«-n-I-s-f-b-p-w ̀ À-¯-m-h-n-s-\-b-p-w A-b-¡-m-\-p-ï-v. A-X-n-c-m-h-n-s-e C-s-X-m-¶-p-w s-N-¿-m³ k-a-b-a-p-ï-m-h-n-Ã. ]-n-s-¶ F-t-¸-mÄ? k-a-b-w s-X-ä-n s-N-b-v-X-mÂ ]-m-]-a-t-Ã?

D: k-a-b-w h-n-j-b-a-Ã. k-v-{-X-o-IÄ c-m-h-n-s-e {-]-[-m-\ h-n-j-b-w I-g-n-ª-X-n-\-p-t-i-j-w s-N-¿-p-I. I-m-e-w t-Z-i-w F-¶-n-h-t-b-¡-mÄ {-]-[-m-\-w a-\-Ê-m-W-v. k-a-b-w s-X-ä-n s-N-b-v-X-mÂ ]-m-]-a-n-Ã.

t-N-m: k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v BÀ-¯-h-k-a-b-¯-v C-s-X-m-s-¡ s-N-¿-m-t-a-m?

D: "E-X-p-h-m-b s-]-®-n-\-p-w C-c-¸-\-p-w-' P-]-n-¡-m-s-a-¶-v F-g-p-¯-Ñ³ ]-d-b-p-¶-p. s-N-¿-m-s-a-¶-p k-m-c-w.

t-N-m: R-§-f-p-s-S h-o-«-nÂ ]-p-P-m-a-p-d-n C-Ã. ]-n-s-¶ F-h-n-S-p-¶-v C-s-X-m-s-¡ s-N-¿-p-w?

D: "G-X-p-Z-n-¡-n-e-n-c-n-¡-p-w X-¶-p-s-S \-m-h-p-s-I-m-ï-X-p s-N-m-Ã-n F-¶-m-I-n-e-p-w' F-¶-v ]-q-´-m-\-w. Ø-e-a-Ã h-n-j-b-w. a-\-Ê-m-W-v.

t-N-m: C-s-X-§-s-\ ]T-n-¡-p-w?

D: t-I-m-g-n-t-¡-m-S-v "I-m-i-y-] t-h-Z-m d-n-kÀ-¨-v ^-u-t-ï-j-\-n-' (0495- 2724700-)Â \-n-¶-v \-n-§Ä-¡-n-X-p ]T-n-¡-m-w.

t-N-m: F-´-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k t-b-m-K-y-X?

D: a-e-b-m-f-w F-g-p-¯-p-w h-m-b-\-b-p-w A-d-n-ª-n-c-n-¡-W-w.

C-u t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä \-n-§-f-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-s-¯ a-m-ä-n-a-d-n-¡-p-w; X-oÀ-¨

h-n-X-h-n-P-b-¯-n-\-v t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-W-w. F´-m-W-v C-u t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ \-n-¶-v \-a-p-¡-v e- `-n-¡-p-¶ D-]-t-Z-i-§Ä? {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w A-t-\-I-m-b-n-c-w {-]-X-n-k-Ô-n-I-s-f t-\-c-n-S-p-¶ \-a-p-¡-v A-X-n-s-\-s-b-Ã-m-w X-c-W-w s-N-¿-m-\-p-Å _-p-²-n-b-p-w-, B-ß-_-e-h-p-w-, s-s-[-c-y-h-p-w k-v-t-\-l-h-p-s-a-m-s-¡ N-p-c-¯-n-¯-c-p-¶ I-m-a-t-[-\-p-h-m-W-v E-t-K-z-Z-w-, b-P-p-À-t-Æ-Z-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-w-, A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w F-¶-o \-m-e-v t-h-Z-§Ä. A-h-b-nÂ P-o-h-n-X-h-n-P-b-¯-n-\-p-Å k-q-{-X-h-m-I-y-§-f-p-ï-v. G-X-p Z-p-c-n-X-§-t-f-b-p-w t-\-c-n-S-m-\-p-Å D-d-¨ h-g-n-I-f-p-ï-v.

k-v-t-\-l-a-n-Ã-m-b-v-a-b-p-w-, Z-m-c-n-{-Z-y-h-p-w-, I-p-S-p-w-_-I-e-l-§-f-p-w-, `-b-h-p-w-, _-e-l-o-\-X-I-f-p-w \-s-½ t-h-«-b-m-S-p-t-¼-mÄ A-X-n-\-p-Å D-¯-a ]-c-n-l-m-c-a-m-W-v C-u t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä. \-n-§-f-p-s-S a-m-\-k-n-I-h-p-w _-p-²-n-]-c-h-p-a-m-b kÀ-Æ-X-n-t-\-b-p-w a-m-ä-n-a-d-n-¡-p-¶ t-h-Z-§-f-n-s-e k-q-à-n-I-f-n-e-q-s-S \-a-p-s-¡-m-¶-v I-S-¶-p-t-]-m-I-m-w. H-c-p-]-t-£ C-X-n-s-e G-s-X-¦-n-e-p-s-a-m-c-p a-{-´-i-I-e-w \-n-§-f-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-s-¯ a-m-ä-n-a-d-n-¡-p-s-a-¶-v X-oÀ-¨. t-\-m-¡-q.

Po‑


]n. hnt\mZv = 1000 hn.-]n. D®n-¡r-jvW³ = 1000 F. cm[m-Ir-jvW³ = 1000 ]n.-sF. {io[-c³ \mbÀ = 1000


F. Adp-ap-J³ = 1000 Fw.-sI. sslam-hXn = 1000 hn.-sI. _me-¡p-dp¸v = 1000 sI. Inc¬Ip-amÀ = 1000

hc: aZ-\³


1. \-m-w ]-c-k-v-]-c-w k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-q; ]-i-p I-¶-p-I-p-«-n-s-b k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-t-]-m-s-e \-n-§Ä ]-c-k-v-]-c-w k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-q.

“A-t-\-y-m A-\-y-a-`-n \-c-y-t-X h-Õ-w P-m-X-a-n-h-m-L-v-\-y-m’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 3.30.1-) 2. ]-c-k-v-]-c-w {-]-n-b h-N-\-§Ä a-m-{-X-w

s-s-I-a-m-d-q. B `-m-h-k-v-]-µ-\-¯-n-e-q-s-S \-n-§Ä D-¶-X-n-s-b {-]-m-]-n-¡-q.

“A-t-\-y-m A-\-y-k-v-s-s-a h-e-v-K-p h-Z-´ G-X’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 3.47.2-)

3. R-§Ä-¡-v \-m-e-p-]-m-S-p-\-n-¶-p-w `-b-a-n-Ã-m-¯ A-h-Ø-b-p-ï-m-I-s-«.

“A-`-b-w I-r-W-p-l-n h-n-i-z-t-X-m \-x’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 3.47.2-, b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w 7.37-) 4. R-§Ä ]-I-e-p-w -c-m-{-X-n-b-p-w \-nÀ-`-b-

c-m-b-n-c-n-¡-m-\-p-Å A-h-Ø k-w-P-m-X-a-m-I-s-«.

“A-`-b-w \-à-a-`-b-w Z-n-h-m \-x’’ (A‑YÀ‑Æ‑t‑h‑Z‑w 19.15.6‑) 5. R-§-f-p-s-S ]-i-p-¡Ä-¡-p-w \-nÀ-`-b-c-m-

b-n P-o-h-n-¡-m-\-p-Å k-m-l-N-c-y-w D-ï-m-I-s-«.

“A-`-b-w \-x ]-i-p-`-y-x’’ (b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w 36.22-) 6. R-§-s-f a-p-¶-nÂ-\-n-t-¶-m ]-n-¶-nÂ-\-n-

t-¶-m `-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶ H-¶-p-w D-ï-m-I-m-X-n-c-n-¡-s-«.

“A-`-b-w ]-Ý-m-Z-`-b-w ]-p-c-k-v-X-m-Z-v.’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 19.15.5-) 7. F-s-â c-ï-p s-s-I-I-f-p-w ]-c-k-v-]-c-w

H-¯-p-t-NÀ-¶-v F-s-¶ `-m-K-y-i-m-e-n-b-m-¡-s-«

“A-b-w t-a l-k-v-t-X-m `-K-h-m³-, A-b-w t-a `-K-h-¯-c-x’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.60.12-)8. k-z-´-w c-m-P-y-s-¯ ]-q-P-n-¡-q “AÀ-N-¶-\-p k-z-c-m-P-y-a-v’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 1.80.7-)9. A-k-X-y-w ]-d-b-p-¶-h-\-v kÀ-Æ-\-m-i-w

k-w-`-h-n-¡-p-w. “A-k-¶-k-v-X-z-m-k-X C-{-µ-h-à-m’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 7.104.8-, A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w

8.4.8-)10. R-m³ C-{-µ-t-\-t-¸-m-s-e-b-m-W-v; H-c-n-¡-

e-p-w ]-c-m-P-b-s-¸-S-p-¶-h-\-Ã. “A-l-a-n-t-{-µ-m \ ]-c-m P-n-t-K-y’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.48.5-) 11. \-m-e-p-]-m-S-p \-n-¶-p-w h-n-P-b-w a-m-{-X-w

F-\-n-b-v-¡-p-ï-m-I-s-«. “C-t-X-m P-t-b-t-X-m-h-n-P-b’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 8.8.24-) 12. C-u-i-z-c³ R-§Ä-¡-v t-{-i-j-vT-a-m-b

[-\-s-¯ \Â-I-s-«.

“C-{-µ-t-{-i-j-vT-m-\-n {-Z-h-n-W-m-\-n t-[-l-n’’

(E-t-K-z-Z-w 2.21.6-) 13. t-h-t-Z-m-]-m-k-I-t-c-, \-n-§Ä a-l-¯-m-b

k-u-`-m-K-y-¯-n-¶-m-b-n X-¿-m-d-m-I-q. “D-¨-X-n-j-vT a-l-t-X k-u-`-K-m-b’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 2.6.2-) 14. h-m-W-n a-[-p-c-a-p-Å-X-m-I-s-«; Z-n-h-k-h-p-w

k-p-J-a-p-ï-m-I-s-«. “k-z-m-Z-v-a-m-\-w h-m-N-x k-p-Z-n-\-X-z-a-Ó-m-

a-v’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 2.21.6-) 15. C-¡-m-W-p-¶ F-Ã-m Z-n-i-I-f-p-w F-\-n-b-v-

¡-v k-p-l-r-¯-p-¡-f-m-b-n ]-c-n-W-a-n-¡-s-«.

“kÀ-h-m B-i-m a-a a-n-{-X-w `-h-´-p’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 19.15.6-) 16. R-§-f-p-s-S I-p-«-n-IÄ-¡-v i-à-n \Â-

I-n-b-m-e-p-w “i-w \-x I-p-c-p {-]-P-m-`-y-x’’ (b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w 36.22-) 17. A-Ã-t-b-m C-u-i-z-c-m i-p-`-a-m-b-s-X-Ã-m-w

R-§Ä-¡-v X-¶-m-e-p-w.

“b-Z-v `-{-Z-w X-¶ B-k-p-h’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 5.82.5-) 18. R-§-s-f-m-c-n-¡-e-p-w Z-n-h-y-a-m-b a-\-Ê-n-

s-\ h-n-«-p-I-f-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-m-I-c-p-t-X. “a-m b-p-j-v-a-l-n a-\-k-m s-s-Z-t-h-y-\’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 7.52.2-) 19. R-§-s-f-m-c-n-¡-e-p-w k-·-mÀ-¤-s-¯ h-n-

«-p-I-f-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-m-I-c-p-t-X. “a-m {-] K-m-a ]-t-X-m h-b-a-v’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.57.1-) 20. i-{-X-p R-§-f-p-s-S D-Å-n-t-e-¡-v H-c-n-¡-

e-p-w {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-s-«. “a-m-´-x k-v-^-qÀ-t-\-m A-c-m-X-b’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.57.1-) 21. D-d-¡-h-p-w Z-pÀ-h-N-\-§-f-p-w H-c-n-¡-e-p-w

F-s-â D-Å-nÂ I-p-S-n-b-n-c-n-¡-m³ A-h-k-c-a-p-ï-m-I-c-p-t-X.

“a-m t-\-m \-n-{-Z-m C-u-i-X-t-a-m-X P-e-v-]-n-x’’

(E-t-K-z-Z-w 8.48.14-) 22. H-c-p ]-m-]-n-b-p-w R-§-s-f I-o-g-S-¡-m-X-n-

c-n-¡-s-«. “a-m-I-nÀ-t-\-m A-L-i-w-k C-u-i-X’’

(A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 19.47.6-) 23. R-§Ä t-Z-z-j-w ]-c-¯-p-¶-h-c-Ã;

A-X-n-\-mÂ-¯-s-¶ \-nÀ-`-b-c-p-a-m-W-v. “\ s-s-h X-z-m Z-z-n-j-v-t-a-m A-`-b-w

t-\-m A-k-v-X-p’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 19.14.1-) 24. k-l-m-b-w s-N-¿-m-¯ k-p-l-r-¯-v k-p-

l-r-¯-Ã “\ k k-J-m t-b-m \ Z-Z-m-X-n k-

t-J-y’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.17.4-)25. Z-m-\-n-b-m-b k-p-l-r-¯-v ]-n-i-p-¡-\-m-b

k-p-l-r-¯-n-t-\-¡-mÄ t-{-i-j-vT-a-m-W-v. “]-r-W-m-¶-m-]-n-c-]-r-W-´-a-`-n-j-y-m-X-v’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.117.7-)26. A-h-k-c-w D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-m-¯-h-\-v {-i-o

A-Y-h-m s-F-i-z-c-y-w H-c-n-¡-e-p-w D-ï-m-I-n-Ã.

“\ t-{-k-m-[-´-w c-b-nÀ-\-i-X-v’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 7.32.21-)27. A-Ã-t-b-m a-\-p-j-y-m-, \-o k-Z-m D-¶-X-n-

b-n-t-e-¡-v \-S-¡-q; X-IÀ-¨ H-c-n-¡-e-p-w D-ï-m-I-m-X-n-c-n-¡-s-«.

“D-X-v {-I-m-a-m-X-x ]-p-c-p-j `-m-h ]-°-m-x’’

(A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 8.1.4-)28. t-l D-]-m-k-I-m-, \-n-\-¡-v k-Z-m D-bÀ-¨-

b-p-ï-m-I-s-«-, ]-X-\-w H-c-n-¡-e-p-w D-ï-m-I-m-X-n-c-n-¡-s-«

“D-Z-y-m-\-w t-X ]-p-c-p-j-\-m-h-b-m-\-a-v’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 8.1.6-)29. a-p-X-nÀ-¶-h-t-c-b-p-w {-]-m-b-w s-N-¶-h-t-c-

b-p-w B-Z-c-n-¡-p-I. ]-c-k-v-]-c-w H-c-n-¡-e-p-w h-n-t-c-m-[-n-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-I.

“P-y-m-b-k-z-´-Ý-n-¯-n-t-\-m a-m h-n-b-u-ã’’

(A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 8.30.5-)30. s-X-ä-p-IÄ s-N-¿-p-¶-hÀ t-Z-h-X-z-w h-n-«-v

]-m-]-a-b-a-m-b P-o-h-n-X-w \-b-n-¡-p-¶-p. A-X-n-\-mÂ s-X-ä-v s-N-¿-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-I.

“t-X t-Z-t-h-`-y B-l-r-Ý-t-´-, ]-m-]-w P-o-h-´-n kÀ-h-Z-m’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 12.2.50-) t-\-m-¡-q-, C-X-v t-I-h-e-w s-N-d-n-s-b-m-c-p

`-m-K-w t-h-Z-a-{-´-i-I-e-§Ä a-m-{-X-w. ]-t-£ A-X-p \-a-p-¡-v ]-IÀ-¶-p X-c-p-¶ D-Õ-m-l-h-p-w D-WÀ-Æ-p-w-, ]-p-X-n-b I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-p-I-f-p-w I-m-W-q. ]-X-n-\-m-b-n-c-¡-W-¡-n-\-v t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-m-W-v C-u c-o-X-n-b-nÂ \-m-e-p t-h-Z-§-f-n-e-m-b-n ]-c-¶-p I-n-S-¡-p-¶-X-v. A-h-b-n-t-e-¡-v I-S-¶-p-h-c-q; A-X-n-e-q-s-S P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-\-p-X-s-¶ ]-p-X-n-s-b-m-c-p D-WÀ-Æ-p-w D-t-·-j-h-p-w \Â-I-q.


`à³ = 1000 kp{_-Ò-Wy³ = 1000 cmPo-h³ = 1000 sI. N{µ³ = 1000{]Im-i³ = 1000


N{µ³ = 1000 ]n. _me-ao-\m£n = 1000cma-Ir-jvW³ ASn-tbmSn = 1000 A\ojv = 1000


-{-X-§Ä \-n-e-\-nÂ-¡-p-¶-X-v t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-n-e-q-s-S

th-Z-w ]T-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä s-N-m-Ã-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v t-£-{-X h-n-c-p-²-a-m-t-W-m? A-t-X-m t-£-{-X-s-s-N-X-\-y-s-¯ t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä I-q-S-p-XÂ i-à-a-m-¡-p-t-a-m? ]-e-c-p-t-S-b-p-w s-X-ä-n-²-m-c-W t-h-Z-]T-\-w t-£-{-X-m-c-m-[-\-b-v-¡-v h-n-c-p-²-a-m-s-W-¶-m-W-v. C-s-X-m-c-p h-n-[-n h-n-]-c-y-b-a-m-W-v. I-m-c-W-w t-£-{-X-¯-n-s-â B-c-m-[-\-m-{-I-a-§-f-nÂ

G-d-n-b I-q-d-p-w t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-m-W-v D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶-X-v.

t-£-{-X-§-f-nÂ ]-q-P \-S-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ {-_-Ò-mÀ-¸-W-w s-N-¿-p-¶ A-h-k-c-a-p-ï-v. B {-_-Ò-mÀ-¸-W-¯-n-\-v t-h-Z-a-{-´-a-m-W-v s-N-m-Ã-p-¶-X-v. ]-p-j-v-]-m-R-v-P-e-n s-N-¿-m³ D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-w t-h-Z-a-{-´-w X-s-¶. ]-p-c-p-j-k-q-à-w E-t-K-z-Z-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-p-w b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-p-w F-S-p-¯-m-W-v ]-q-P-m-c-n s-N-m-Ã-p-¶-X-v. `-m-K-y-k-q-à-w b-P-pÀ-

t£{X-ssN-X\yw hÀ-²n-¸n-¡m³ th-Z-§Ä X-s¶ thWw

h-n-{-K-l-h-p-w A-á-n-b-p-w X-{-´-k-a-p-¨-b-h-p-w

t‑£


{]` = 1000 cXn-`mbn = 1000 kptcjv = 1000 ekn-Xm-dmWn = 1000]n. Acp¬ = 1000


A\ngIp-amcn = 1000 hn. IrjvW³ = 1000 kt´mjv IpamÀ = 1000Sn. eoe = 750kpµ-c³ = 500 hn. hnP-b-Ip-amÀ = 500

t£-{-X-m-c-m-[-\-b-p-s-S i-m-k-v-{-X-o-b-h-n-[-m-\-§-s-f t-\-c-m-w-h-®-w h-n-i-Z-o-Z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ {-K-Ù-a-m-W-v X-{-´-k-a-p-¨-b-w. X-{-´-k-a-p-¨-b-¯-n-s-e H-¶-m-w ]-S-e-¯-n-s-e {-]-k-v-X-m-h-\ G-s-X-m-c-p X-m-{-´-n-I-\-p-w ]T-n-t-¡-ï-X-m-W-v.“K-pÀ-Æ-o [-o-c-c-h-m-k-v-^-p-e-n-w-K _-l-p-f-m \-y-t-{-K-m-[-t-_-m-[-n-Ñ-Z {-]-J-y-m-_-n-w-_ h-n-s-s-[ h-n-i-m-e_-l--p-f-m {-K-m-l-y-m-i-n-e-m ]-u-c-p-j-oc-w-`-m-]-{-X-\-n-`-m \-N-m-X-n _-l-p-f-m k-v-\-n-K-v-²-k-z-c-m i-o-X-f-mk-v-s-s-{-X-W-o ]-oT-h-n-[-u Z-z-n-e-£-v-a-`-n-Z-p-c-ms-s-¢-_-o ]-Z-m-_-v-P-mÀ-¸-t-W’’ (X-{-´-k-a-p-¨-b-w þ H-¶-m-w ]-S-e-w -)

_-n-w-_-w D-ï-m-¡-m-\-p-Å e-£-W-a-m-W-v C-u ]-d-ª-X-v. C-X-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v

_-n-w-_-w D-ï-m-¡-m-\-p-Å i-n-e X-o ]-d-¡-p-¶-X-m-b-n-c-n-¡-W-w. A-X-m-b-X-v A-á-n X-s-¶-b-m-W-v _-n-w-_-s-a-¶À-°-w. _-n-w-_-a-m-I-p-¶ A-á-n-b-nÂ \-½Ä s-N-¿-p-¶ IÀ-½-s-a-Ã-m-w t-l-m-a-w X-s-¶-s-b-¶-v X-m-{-´-n-I-m-N-m-c-y-·-m-c-p-w h-n-i-z-k-n-¡-p-¶-p. E-t-K-z-Z-w B-c-w-`-n-¡-p-¶-X-m-I-s-« C-u A-á-n-s-b k-v-X-p-X-n-¨-p-s-I-m-ï-p-w.“H-m-w A-á-n-a-o-t-f ]-p-t-c-m-l-n-X-a-v b-Ú-k-y t-Z-h-a-r-X-z-n-P-a-vt-l-m-X-m-c-a-v c-X-v-\-[-m-X-a-a-v.’’ (E-t-K-z-Z-w 1.1.1-)

A-t-¸-mÄ h-n-{-K-l-s-¯ t-h-Z-¯-n-s-e A-á-n-k-a-m-\-a-m-b-m-W-v t-£-{-X-¯-nÂ k-¦-e-v-]--n-¡-p-¶-s-X-¶-v X-{-´-k-a-p-¨-b-h-p-w k-m-£-n-X-c-p-¶-p. h-n-j-v-W-p-k-w-l-n-X-b-nÂ t-Z-h-s-\ h-n-X-m-\-m-á-n-t-b-m-S-m-W-v D-]-a-n-¨-n-«-p-Å-X-v.


t-Æ-Z-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-v F-S-p-¯-m-W-v s-N-m-Ã-p-¶-X-v. k-]-v-X-i-p-²-n-b-n-Ã-m-s-X ]-q-P F-§-s-\ t-£-{-X-§-f-nÂ \-S-¡-p-w? t-£-{-X-¯-n-s-e ]-p-W-y-m-l-a-{-´-§-Ä t-h-Z-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-v

t£-{-X-¯-nÂ ]-p-W-y-m-l-w \-S-¯-m³ t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä C-Ã-m-s-X k-m-[-n-¡-n-Ã.

H-m-w B-t-]-m l-n j-vT-m a-t-b-m `-p-h-k-v-X-m-\-fD-uÀ-t-P

Z-[-m-X-\. a-t-l-c-W-m-b N-£-t-k.....X-p-S-§-n-b b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-a-{-´-§-f-m-W-v

b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-n-I-f-m-b ]-q-P-m-c-n-a-mÀ t-£-{-X-¯-nÂ ]-p-W-y-m-l-¯-n-\-v D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. C-u ]-p-W-y-m-l-w C-Ã-m-s-X H-c-n-¡-e-p-w t-£-{-X-§-f-nÂ ]-q-P \-S-¯-m-\-m-I-n-Ã. A-t-¸-mÄ H-ä-t-\-m-«-¯-nÂ-¯-s-¶ t-£-{-X s-s-N-X-\-y hÀ-²-\-h-n-\-v G-ä-h-p-w A-\-n-h-m-c-y-w t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-m-I-p-¶-q-s-h-¶-v a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-m-w. t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä b-m-K-m-Z-n-I-f-nÂ k-z-c-n-¨-p s-N-m-Ã-p-t-¼-mÄ t-£-{-X-]-q-P-b-nÂ k-z-c-t-¯-m-s-S t-h-W-s-a-¶ \-nÀ-_-Ô-a-n-s-Ã-¶-v X-{-´-h-n-Z-y-m-]-oT-¯-n-s-â a-p³-k-m-c-Y-n-b-m-b s-I.]-n.k-n.\-m-c-m-b-W³ `-«-X-n-c-n-¸-m-S-v ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

t-£-{-X-§-f-n-s-e H-m-¯-q-«-p-w {-X-n-k-Ô-b-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ \-n-¶-p X-s-¶

thZ-a-{-´-§Ä k-Z-m a-p-g-§-p-¶-X-p-s-I-m-ï-v t-£-{-X-s-s-N-X-\-y-w hÀ-²-n-¡-p-s-a-¶-X-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v {-]-m-N-o-\ I-m-e-¯-v t-£-{-X-§-f-nÂ s-h-¨-v t-h-Z-w s-N-m-Ã-n-¸-T-n-¸-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v. I-m-c-W-w t-h-Z-s-¯ k-w-c-£-n-¡-m³ F-´-p I-m-W-n-¡-m-\-p-w h-n-t-c-m-[-a-n-Ã-m-¯-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p ]-qÀ-Æ-n-I-·-mÀ. H-m-¯-q-«-p-w {-X-n-k-Ô-b-p-s-a-m-s-¡ t-h-Z-§-f-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p \-S-¶-X-v. A-X-m-b-X-v E-t-K-z-Z-w k-w-l-n-X-, ]-Z-w-, {-I-a-w-,

F-¶-n-§-s-\ a-q-¶-p h-n-[-w {-]-t-b-m-K-a-m-W-v {-X-n-k-Ô. E-t-K-z-Z-w ]-qÀ-®-a-m-b-p-w X-o-c-m³ F-«-p a-m-k-s-a-S-p-¡-p-w. C-s-X-Ã-m-w t-£-{-X-¯-nÂ s-h-¨-v \-S-¯-n-b-X-v t-£-{-X-s-s-N-X-\-y-w hÀ-²-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p-t-h-ï-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. t-£-{-X-§-f-n-s-e {-X-n-k-Ô E-t-K-z-Z-a-m-s-W-¦-nÂ H-m-¯-q-«-v b-P-pÀ-t-h-Z-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

1. a-l-m-K-W-]-X-na{´wH-m-w K-W-m-\-m-w X-z-m K-W-]-X-n-w l-h-m-a-t-l I-h-n-w I-h-o-\-m-a-p-]-a-{-i-h-k-v-X-a-a-v. t-P-y-j-v-T-c-m-P-w {-_-l-v-a-W-m-w {-_-l-v-a-W-k-v-]-X B \-x i-r-W-z-¶-q-X-n-`-n-x k-o-Z k-m-Z-\-a-v.

2. Z‑pÀ‑¤ (t‑Z‑h‑o‑t‑£‑{‑X‑§Ä‑)H-m-w P-m-X-t-h-Z-t-k k-p-\-h-m-a t-k-m-a a-c-m-X-o-b-t-X-m \-n Z-l-m-X-n t-h-Z-x. k \-x ]-c-v-j-Z-X-n Z-p-c-v-K-m-W-n h-n-i-z-m-\-m-t-h-h k-n-Ô-p-w Z-p-c-n-X-m-X-y-á-n-x.

3. i-n-h-t-£-{-X-§-f-nÂH-m-w \-a-x i-w-`-h-m-b N a-t-b-m `-h-m-b N \-a-x i-M-v-I-c-m-b N a-b-k-v-I-c-m-b N \-a-x i-n-h-m-b N i-n-h X-c-m-b N

4. h-n-j-v-W-p-t-£-{-X-§-f-nÂ H-m-w h-n-j-v-t-W-m-À-\-p I-w h-o-c-y-m-W-n {-] -t-h-m-N-w b-x ]-m-À-Y-n-h-m-\-n h-n-a-t-a c-P-m-w-k-n. t-b-m A-k-v-I-`-m-b-Z-p-¯-c-w k-[-Ø-w h-n-N-{-I-a-m-W- k-v-t-{-X-t-[-m-c-p-K-m-b-x.

t-£-{-X-a-W-v-U-]-h-p-w t-h-Z-w s-N-m-Ã-e-p-w t£{-X-¯-n-s-e {-i-o-t-I-m-h-n-e-n-\-v a-p³-]-n-e-m-b-n I-m-

W-p-¶ \-a-k-v-¡-m-c-a-W-v-U-]-w a-p-J-y-a-m-b-p-w t-h-Z-w s-N-m-Ã-m-\-p-Å Ø-e-a-m-W-v. ]-ï-v F-Ã-m a-l-m-t-£-{-X-§-f-n-e-p-w t-h-Z-w s-N-m-Ã-m-\-p-Å H-c-mÄ D-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-X-n-\-v H-c-p X-k-v-X-n-I-b-p-a-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. F-¶-mÂ C-¶-X-v F-h-n-s-S-b-p-w C-Ã-m-X-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. a-p³-]-v t-h-Z-w s-N-m-Ã-n-b-n-c-p-¶ C-u a-W-v-U-]-§-f-nÂ C-t-¸-mÄ ]-p-c-m-W-§-f-p-w C-X-n-l-m-k-§-f-p-a-m-W-v ]-e-t-¸-m-g-p-w s-N-m-Ã-n-h-c-p-¶-X-v. X-r-{-]-b-mÀ t-]-m-e-p-Å t-£-{-X-§-f-n-s-e-m-s-¡ C-¶-v c-m-a-m-b-W-¯-n-s-e k-p-µ-c-I-m-W-v-U-a-m-W-v ]-m-c-m-b-W-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v. t-£-{-X s-s-N-X-\-y-w hÀ-²-n-¸-n-¡-p-h-m³ t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä k-Z-m t-£-{-X-m-´-c-o-£-¯-nÂ a-p-J-c-n-X-a-m-I-W-w F-¶-v X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-ª-X-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v ]-qÀ-Æ-n-IÀ t-£-{-X-a-W-v-U-]-¯-n-e-n-c-p-¶-p-Å t-h-Z-w s-N-m-ÃÂ \-nÀ-_-Ô-a-m-¡-n-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v.

-Z-h-y-I-e-i-h-p-w t-h-Z-h-p-wt£-{-X-¯-n-s-â s-s-N-X-\-y-w hÀ-²-n-

¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v A-X-y-´-m-t-]-£-n-X-a-m-b IÀ-a-a-m-W-t-Ã-m {-Z-h-y-I-e-i-w? B {-Z-h-y-I-e-i-¯-n-s-â s-s-h-Z-n-I ]-m-c-¼-c-y-s-a-´-m-s-W-¶-d-n-b-W-w.

H-c-p I-e-i-w a-p-XÂ B-b-n-c-w I-e-i-w h-s-c-b-p-Å I-e-i-k-{-¼-Z-m-b-§Ä t-I-c-f-¯-nÂ \-S-¸-n-e-p-ï-v. B-b-n-c-w I-e-i-a-m-s-W-¦-n-e-p-w J-Þ-J-Þ-a-m-b-n-¯-n-c-n-¨-p-Å k-{-¼-Z-m-b-a-m-W-v \-n-e-h-nÂ. H-m-t-c-m J-Þ-¯-n-t-â-b-p-w \-S-p-h-n-e-s-¯ I-e-i-¯-n-\-v {-_-Ò-I-e-i-s-a-¶-m-W-v t-]-c-v. N-p-ä-p-a-p-Å I-e-i-§Ä-¡-v ]-c-n-I-e-i-w F-¶-p t-]À. k-u-c-b-q-Y-¯-n-s-â A-`-n-\-b-a-m-W-v C-u I-e-i-s-a-¶-v H-ä-t-\-m-«-¯-n-e-d-n-b-m-w. C-X-v K-m-b-{-X-o a-{-´-¯-n-s-â h-n-i-Z-a-m-b c-q-]-a-m-W-v. C-§-s-\ [-m-c-m-f-w J-Þ-§-f-mÂ {-_-Ò-m-Þ k-z-c-q-]-h-p-w I-m-W-m-w. G-ä-h-p-w \-S-p-h-n-s-e I-e-i-w {-_-Ò-I-e-i-a-m-W-v. F-¦-n-e-p-w B I-e-i-]-q-P h-f-s-c h-e-p-X-p-w h-n-k-v-X-m-c-a-p-Å-X-p-a-m-W-v. a-l-m-{-_-Ò³ F-¶-v \-a-p-¡-v h-n-f-n-¡-m-w.

I-e-i-]-q-P-I-s-f-Ã-m-w I-g-n-ª-v A-á-n-h-m-k-t-l-m-a k-¼-m-Z-w F-Ã-m I-e-i-§-f-n-e-p-w k-v-]À-i-n-¡-p-¶-p. F-

Ã-m I-e-i-§-t-f-b-p-w k-v-]À-i-n-¨-v ]-p-Ã-p-s-I-m-ï-p-w N-a-X s-I-m-ï-p-w I-q-«-n-s-¯-m-S-o-¨-v t-I-m-S-n h-k-v-{-X-§-s-f-s-¡-m-ï-v F-Ã-m I-e-i-§-t-f-b-p-w H-¶-n-¨-p a-q-S-n. ‘I-e-m-i-m-[-n-h-m-k-w’ F-¶ {-I-n-b \-S-¯-p-¶-p. ]-n-t-ä-Z-n-h-k-w c-m-h-n-s-e A-[-n-h-m-k-w h-n-SÀ-¯-n F-Ã-m J-Þ-§-t-f-b-p-w t-h-s-d-b-m-¡-n k-¦-e-v-]-n-¨-v A-`-n-t-j-I-w s-N-¿-p-w. \-S-p-h-n-s-e {-_-Ò-I-e-i-¯-n-e-p-w J-Þ {-_-Ò-I-e-i-§-f-n-e-p-w H-m-t-c-m-t-c-m {-Z-h-y-§Ä \-n-d-b-v-¡-p-w. H-m-t-c-m I-e-i-a-m-S-p-t-¼-m-g-p-w H-m-t-c-m E-t-K-z-Z-a-{-´-§Ä P-]-n-¡-p-w. h-y-X-y-k-v-X t-Z-h-X-IÄ-¡-v h-y-X-y-k-v-X t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-m-W-v P-]-n-¡-p-I. ]-m-e-n-\-m-s-W-¦-nÂ ‘H-m-w B-]-y-m-b-k-z k-t-a-[-b...........’’ F-¶ t-h-Z-a-{-´-w s-N-m-Ã-p-w. s-s-X-c-m-s-W-¦-nÂ “H-m-w Z-[-n-{-I-m-h-n-t-®-m A-I-m-c-n-j-w.......’’ F-¶ E-t-K-z-Z-a-{-´-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w s-N-m-Ã-p-I. t-£-{-X-s-s-N-X-\-y-w I-q-«-m-\-m-W-v I-e-i-a-m-S-p-¶-X-v. C-X-v t-h-Z-a-{-´-a-n-Ã-m-s-X k-m-[-y-a-Ã. C-§-s-\ I-e-i-a-m-S-p-t-¼-mÄ _-n-w-_-¯-n-s-e s-s-N-X-\-y-w h-f-s-c hÀ-²-n-¡-p-s-a-¶-m-W-v h-n-i-z-m-k-w. ]-q-P-I-f-n-t-e-m ]-q-P-m-{-Z-h-y-§-f-n-t-e-m s-s-h-I-e-y-w h-¶-p-s-]-«-mÂ A-X-v C-Ã-m-X-m-¡-m-\-m-W-v C-u {-Z-h-y-I-e-i-w. A-t-¸-mÄ t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä C-s-Ã-¦-nÂ F-§-s-\ t-£-{-X-s-s-N-X-\-y-w h-o-s-ï-S-p-¡-m-\-m-I-p-w?

t-h-Z-a-{-´-§Ä I-q-S-m-s-X ]-p-j-v-]-m-R-v-P-e-n-t-b-m-, I-e-i-t-a-m-, ]-p-W-y-m-l-t-a-m-, {-]-X-n-j-vT-t-b-m X-s-¶ \-S-¡-n-Ã. A-t-¸-mÄ-¸-n-s-¶ t-h-Z-]T-\-w t-£-{-X-\-n-e-\-nÂ-]-n-\-p X-s-¶ A-X-y-m-h-i-y-a-m-s-W-¶-v \-m-w a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-W-w. t-h-Z-w

\-i--n-¨-mÂ t-£-{-X-h-p-w t-£-{-X-s-s-N-X-\-y-h-p-w F-Ã-m-w \-i-n-¡-p-w.


Da So¨À = 500 sI. cma-N-{µ³ = 500 ]n.-]n. {ioPn¯v = 500 ]n. cm[m-Ir-jvW³ = 500


Sn.-Fw. a[p = 500 cmtPjv = 500 kn. k_ojv = 500 Fw. iin-Ip-amÀ = 500


-eÀ-¡-p-a-p-Å K-u-c-ha-m-b k-w-i-b-a-m-W-v k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v K-m-b-{-X-o-a{-´-w s-N-mÃ-m-t-a-m? k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v t-h-Z-w ]T-n¡-m-t-a-m? k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v b-Ú-w s-N¿-m-t-a-m? F-s-¶Ã-m-w F-´-m-W-n-X-n-s-â b-m-Y-mÀ-°-y-w? k-v-{-X-o-IÄ t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-c-p-s-X-¶-v t-h-Z-§f-n-t-e-m-, D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡f-n-t-e-m-, B-c-W-y-I-§f-n-t-e-m-, {-_-m-Ò-W-§f-nt-e-m ]-d-ª-n-«-p-t-ï-m? t-h-Z§-t-f k-w-_-Ô-n¨-p-w s-s-hZ-n-I a-{-´§-t-f k-w-_-Ô-n¨-p-w G-äh-p-w he-n-b {-]-a-m-W-w t-h-Z-w X-s-¶-b-mW-v. k-q-c-y-t-\-¡-m-W-m³ t-h-s-d t-S-mÀ-¨-v A-S-n-¨-p t-\-m-t-¡-ï I-m-c-y-a-nÃ-s-Ã-m. t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m-\-p-w-, ]-q-W-p-\-q-e-n-S-m-\-p-w-, b-Ú-a-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m\-p-w A-\-p-h-m-Z-w \Â-I-n-b-n-«-p-s-ï-¶-p-Å-X-m-W-v b-m-Y-mÀ-°-y-w.

t-\-m-¡-q A-YÀ-Æ-¯-nÂ C-¡-mc-y-w ]-d-b-p-¶X-v 1. “k-p-a-wK-e-o {-]-Xc-W-o K-r-l-m-W-m-a-v’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 14.2.26-) 2. i-p-²mx ]-q-X-m tbmjnt-X-m b-Ú-n-b-m C-a-m-x’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w 11.1.17-)

AÀ-°-w: 1. \-m-`-n-IÄ i-p-`-c-mW-v. a-w-K-f-

I-m-c-n-W-n-I-fmW-v. K-r-l-Ø-c-p-s-S ]-c-n-{-X-mW-\-w \S-¯-n a-wK-f-w s-N-¿-p-¶-h-c-m-W-v. 2. A-hÀ i-p-²c-p-w ]-h-n-{-Xc-p-w b-Ú-m-Z-n AJ-n-e i-p-`-IÀ-½-§Ä¡-p-w A-[-n-I-m-c-n-W-n-If-p-w ]-q-P-mÀ-l-c-p-a-mWv. h-oï-p-w \-a-p-¡-v A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-¯-n-t-e-¡-v t-\-m-¡-m-w.“`-o-a-m P-m-bm {-_-m-ÒW-t-k-y-m-]-\-oX-m Z-pÀ-[-m-a-v Z-[-m-X-n ]-c-t-at-h-y-ma³.’’ (A-YÀ-Æ-t-hZ-w 5.17.6-)

AÀ°-w: i-{-X-p-¡Ä¡-p-w ]-m-]-IÀ-½-§Ä¡-p-w ̀ -b-¦-c-nb-m-b b-t-Ú-m-]-h-o-X-[-m-c-n-W-nb-p-w h-n-Z-p-j-n-b-pa-m-b {-_-m-Ò-W ]-X-v\-n-, F{-Xt-b-m a-l-m-Z-p-ã P-o-h-n-X-§-f-nÂ \-n-¶-v ]-m-]-m-N-cW-s-¯ a-m-ä-n Ah-s-b ]-c-n-hÀ¯-\-w s-N-¿-p¶-p.

A-t-¸-mÄ t-h-Z-§Ä X-s-¶ k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v ]-q-W-p-\-qÂ [-c-n-¡-m-s-a¶-p-w b-Ú-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m-s-a¶-p-w k-p-h-y-à-a-m-b-n ]-d-b-p¶-p. C-\-n [À-a-k-q-{-X-§Ä ]c-n-t-i-m-[-n-¨-mÂ A-h-n-t-Sb-p-w k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v t-h-Z-m-[-y-b-\h-p-w D-]-\-b-\h-p-w ]-d-ª-X-p-I-m-W-m-w. I-mW-q “Z-z-n-h-nZ-y-m k-v-{-X-ot-b-m `-h´-n. {-_-Ò-h-m-

Z-n\-y-x k-t-Z-y-m h-[-z-Ý. X-{-X {-_-Ò-h-m-Z-n-\-o-\-m-a-p-]-\-b-\-w; A-á-o-Ô\-w-, t-h-Z-m-[-y-b\-w-, k-z-K-r-t-l-`-n-£-m-N-c-y-m-Ýk-t-Z-y-m h-[-q-\-m-\-q-]-Ø-n-t-X h-n-h-mt-l-, I-Y-©-n-Z-p-]-\b-\-w I-rX-z-m h-n-]-m-I-mc-y-x’’ (l-mc-o-X [À-½-k-q-{-X-w 21þ20-, 24-)

AÀ°-w: k-v-{-X-o-IÄ c-ï-p X-c-¯-nÂ Dï-v. {-_-Òh-m-Z-n\-n-, k-t-Z-y-m-h[-q. C-h-b-nÂ {-_-Ò-h-m-Z-n-\-n-IÄ i-c-n-b-m-b k-ab-¯-p X-s-¶ D-]-\-b-n-¡-s-¸-SW-w. Aá-n-t-l-m-{-Xh-p-w t-h-Z-m-[-y-b-\h-p-w \-S-¯W-w. k-t-Z-y-m-h-[-p-¡Ä¡-p-w ]-q-W-qÂ [-c-n-¡W-w. G-s-X-¦-ne-p-w I-m-c-W-h-i-mÂ D-]-\b-\-w \-S-¶-n-s-Ã-¦-nÂ h-n-h-m-l-k-ab-¯-v D-]-\-b-\--w \-S-¯-n-b-t-ij-t-a h-n-h-m-l-w B-I-m-h-q.

l-m-c-o-X-a-lÀ-j-n F´-p-s-I-m-ï-v k-v-{-X-o-IÄ t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w D-]-\b-\-w \-S-¯-p-Ib-p-w t-h-W-s-a-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶-pï-v. A-X-p I-q-S-n I-m-W-pI.“ \ i-q-{-Z-ka-m-x k-v-{-X-o-b-x \-l-n i-q{-Z-t-b-m \-u {-_-m-Ò-W £-{-X-nb s-s-h-i-y-m-x P-m-bt-´. X-k-v-a-m-Ñ-µ-k-m-k-v-{-X-n-b-x k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-y-m-x’’

AÀ-°-a-n-§s-\: k-v-{-X-o-IÄ i-q-{-Z-k-a-m-\cÃ. i-q{-Z-t-b-m-\-n-b-nÂ \-n-¶-v h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-c-l-n-Xc-m-b k-v-{-X-o-I-f-nÂ \-n¶-vþ {-_-m-Ò-W £-{-X-nb s-s-h-i-yÀ P-·-s-a-S-p-¡-p-I-b-nÃ. A-X-p-a-q-e-w t-h-Z-m-[-y-m-b-\-¯-mÂ FÃ-m k-v-{-X-o-If-p-w k-w-k-v-I-r-X-c-m-t-I-ï-X-mW-v. t-K-m-`-n-e-K-r-l-y-k-q-{-X-¯-ne-p-w k-v-{-X-oI-s-f D-]-\-b-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶-p-ï-v. (I-mW-pI t-K-m-`-n-e-K-r-l-y-k-q-{-X-w 2þ1þ22-)

kÀ-Æ ]-u-c-m-W-n-Ic-p-w Hc-p-t-]-m-s-e A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ ‘\-nÀ-W-b-k-nÔ-p’ F-¶ {-K-Ù-¯-nÂ ]-d-b-p¶-X-p I-m-W-q. “]-p-c-m-W-I-e-v-t-]-j-p \-m-c-o-W-m-w a-u-P-o-_-Ô-\-a-n-j-yt-X -A-[-y-m]-\-w N t-h-Z-m\-m-wk-m-h-n{-X-o h-m-N\w XY-m (\-nÀ-W-b k-n-Ô-p t-]-P-v 414-)

A-X-mb-X-v ]-p-c-m-I-e-v-]-{-K-Ù-§-f-nÂ k-v-{-X-oI-s-f b-t-Ú-m-]-h-o-X-[mc-W-w s-N-¿-n-¡-W-s-a¶-p-w t-h-Z-m-[-y-b\-w-, K-m-b{-X-n P-]-w F¶-n-h s-N-¿-n-¸-n-¡-W-s-a¶-p-w h-n-[-n-¨-n-«-pï-v.

]-p-c-m-W-§-f-nÂ k-v-{-X-o-If-m-b A-t-\-I-w t-Z-h-X-I-f-p-s-S D-]-\-b-\ I-Y hÀ-W-n-¡-p-¶-p-

t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m-w k-v{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v

]


F.-Fw. tKm]m-e³ = 500 Fw.-sI. AJnÂ = 500 F³.-Fw. IrjvW³Ip«n = 500


_m_p X¿nÂ = 500 ]n. km_p = 500 F.-sI. kpIp-am-c³ = 500_m_p = 500


ï-v Ø-e-]-c-n-a-n-X-n a-q-e-w A-h-s-bÃ-m-w C-h-n-s-S F-g-p-X-m³ I-g-n-b-n-s-Ã-¦-ne-p-w H-¶-p c-ï-p k-q-N-\-IÄ F-g-p-X-m-w.

]-mÀ-h-X-n-b-p-s-S D-]-\-b-\-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v i-n-h-]-p-c-m-W-¯-n-e-p-w (47/1) k-c-k-z-X-n-b-p-s-S D-]-\b-\-w I-m-i-y-]-i-n-e-v-]-w (48.115-) F-¶ {-K-Ù-¯-ne-p-w c-p-I-v-a-nW-n-, e-£-v-a-n-W-n F-¶-n-h-b-p-s-S D-]-\b-\-w I-e-v-]-]-p-c-mW (3.17.30-) ¯-ne-p-w ]-d-ª-p-I-m-W-m-w. t-b-m-K-n-\-o-X-{-´-¯-nÂ (Z-z-nX-o-b `-mK-w-, j-j-vT-]-Se-w-) t-Z-h-n-b-v-¡-v b-t-Ú-m-]-h-o-X-w k-aÀ-¸-n-¡-m³ ]-d-b-p-¶-pï-v.

t-h-y-m-a-k-wl-n-X F-¶ {-]-m-N-o-\a-m-b {-K-Ù-w C-¶-p e-`-yaÃ. F-¶-mÂ C-u {-K-Ù-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-v A-t-\-I-w D-²-c-W-n-IÄ a-[-z-m-N-m-c-y³ D-²-c-n-¨-n-«-pï-v. AX-n-s-e-m-¶-v C-§-s-\-b-mW-v.“B-l-p-c-]-p-¯-a-k-v-{-X-oW-m a-[-n-I-m-c-w X-p s-s-h-Z-nt-I b-t-Y-mÀh-i-o ¨-o-s-s-N-hia-y-m Z-y-m k-v-X-Y-m]c-m’’({-_-Ò-k-q-{-X-`-m-j-y-w-, I-p-w-`-t-I-m-W-w F-¶-n-

(t-K-m-`-n-e-K-r-l-y-k-q-{-X-w 1.4.15-)-AÀ°-w: ]-X-v-\-n c-p-N-n-]-qÀ-h-w k-m-b-w-

I-me-¯-v K-r-l-y-m-á-n-b-nÂ Aá-n-t-l-m{-X-w s-N-¿W-w. C-u A-á-n-s-b K-r-l-y-m-á-n F-¶-p ]-d-b-p¶-p.

b-a-k-v-a-r-X-n-b-nÂ \-n-¶-v a-s-ä-m-c-p {-]-a-m-W-w I-q-S-n X-c-m-w.“]-p-c-m-I-e-v-t-]-I-p-a-m-c-o-W-m-a-\-wP-n _-Ô-\-a-n-j-yt-X A-[-y-]\-m-w N t-h-Z-m-\-m-w k-m-h-n{-X-o h-mN-\-w XY-m’’ (b-a-k-v-a-r-X-n-)

{-]-m-N-o-\-I-me-¯-v I-p-a-m-c-n-a-m-s-c D-]-\-b-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w ]-q-W-qÂ [-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w t-h-Z-m-[-y-m]-\-w s-N-¿-p-Ib-p-w K-m-b{-t-X-y-m-]-t-Z-i-w \-S-¯-p-Ib-p-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-p.

a-\-p-t-I-m-j-vT-¯-nÂ ]-d-b-p-¶-X-p-I-q-S-n t-\-m-¡-pI. “Aá-n-t-l-m-{-X-k-y i-p-{-i-q-j-m k-t-Ô-y-m-]-m-k-\ t-ahN I-mc-y-w ]-X-v\-y-m {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w _-e-n-IÀ½ s-s-\-X-y-nI-a-v’’

h-b-nÂ t-]-P-v 84-) AÀ°-w; D-¯-a k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v t-h-Z-m-[-y-

b-\-¯-n-e-p-w s-s-hZ-n-I IÀ-a-I-m-Þ-¯-ne-p-w A-[-n-I-m-c-a-pï-v. DÀ-Æi-n-, ba-n-, ia-n-, X-p-S§-n-b E-j-n-I-a-mÀ {-]-mN-o-\ I-m-e-¯-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶-X-p t-]-m-s-e.

C-\-nb-p-w k-wi-b-w X-o-c-p-¶-n-s-Ã-¦-nÂ {-I-n-b-I-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-v B-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-a-m-b-n ]-d-t-bï t-K-m-`-n-e-K-r-l-y-k-q-{-X-¯-n-s-e a-s-ä-m-c-p {-]-k-v-X-m-h-w D-²-c-n-¡-m-w.“I-m-a-w K-r-t-l-yfá-u ]-X-v-\-o P-q-l-p-b-mX-v k-m-a-w {-]-mXÀ-t-l-ma-u-, K-r-l-]-X-v-\-o K-rl-y G-t-j-m-á-nÀ `-h-X-oX-n.’’

AÀ°-w; Aá-n-t-l-m-{-X-w-, k-t-Ô-y-m-]-m-k\-m-, _-e-nbÚ-w C-u s-s-h-Z-n-I-b-Ú-§Ä ]Xv\n {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-t-¡-ï-X-p-ï-v. (N-u-J-w-_-m k-w-k-v-I-r-X-k-o-c-o-k-v-, 1992þa\-p-t-I-m-j-vT-w H-¶-v-)

C-{-Xb-p-w s-s-h-Z-n-Ih-p-w ]-u-c-m-W-n-I-h-pa-m-b {-]-I-W-§-f-nÂ \-n-¶-v k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m-\-p-w-, D-]-\b-\-w \-S-¯-m-\-p-w-, b-Ú-w \-S-¯-m\-p-w K-m-b{-X-n P-]-n-¡-m\-p-s-a-m-s-¡ A-[-n-I-m-c-a-p-s-ï-¶-v a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-m-w. k-v-{-X-o-IÄ P-]-n-¡-c-p-s-X-¶-v B-c-m\-p-w ]-d-ª-mÂ A-X-v t-h-Z-h-n-c-p-²h-p-w \-m-k-v-X-n-I-h-p-a-m-s-W-¶-v I-q-S-n X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-b-pI.

t-h-Z-§Ä X-s-¶ k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v ]-q-W-p-\-qÂ [-c-n-¡-m-s-a¶-p-w b-Ú-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m-s-a¶-p-w k - p -h - y -à -a - m -b - n ]-d-b-p¶-p. C-\-n [À-a-k-q-{-X-§Ä ]c-n-t-i-m-[-n-¨-mÂ A-h-n-t-Sb-p-w k-v-{-X-o-IÄ-¡-v t-h-Z-m-[-y-b-\h-p-w D-]-\-b-\h-p-w ]-d-ª-X-p-I-m-W-m-w.

t-h-Z-h-p-w {-i-o-a-Z-v `-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X-b-p-w


Fw. jnt\mPv = 500 DÃmkv = 500 \nJnÂ = 500


sI.-]n. {]im´v = 250 Djm-tZ-hn = 250


-\-m-X-\ [À-½-¯-n-s-â A-S-n-Ø-m-\ {-K-Ù-§-f-m-b t-h-Z-§Ä `-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X X-Å-n-¡-f-b-p-¶-p-t-ï-m? s-s-h-Z-n-I B-N-c-W-§-f-m-b ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§-s-f ̀ -K-h-Z-v-K-o-X A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶-p-t-ï-m? A-t-X-m s-s-h-Z-n-I B-N-c-W-§-s-f `-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ X-Å-n-¡-f-b-p-I-b-m-t-W-m s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v?

t-h-Z-§-s-f X-Å-n-¡-f-b-p-¶ G-s-X-¦-n-e-p-w i-m-k-v-{-X-a-p-s-ï-¦-nÂ A-X-v \-m-k-v-X-n-I-a-m-s-W-¶-p a-\-p-k-v-a-r-X-n B-W-b-n-«-p ]-d-b-p-¶-p. ‘\-m-k-v-X-n-t-I-m t-h-Z-\-n-µ-I-x’ (a-\-p-k-v-a-r-X-n-) A-t-¸-mÄ t-h-Z-s-¯ X-Å-n-¡-f-b-p-¶-s-X-Ã-m-w \-m-k-v-X-n-I-w A-Y-h-m \-n-c-o-i-z-c-h-m-Z-]-c-s-a-¶-v a-\-p D-d-¸-n-¨-p-w X-d-¸-n-¨-p-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p. a-\-p-k-v-a-r-X-n-s-b A-w-K-o-I-c-n-b-v-¡-p-I-b-p-w ]T-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X t-h-Z-h-y-m-k³ K-o-X-b-n-e-q-s-S t-h-Z-s-¯ X-Å-n-¸-d-b-p-I-b-n-Ã. a-\-p-h-n-s-\ A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ `-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ K-o-X-b-p-s-S \-m-e-m-w A-²-y-m-b-w X-p-S-§-p-¶-X-p X-s-¶ \-ã-s-¸-«-p-t-]-m-b K-o-X-m-X-¯-z-w B-Z-y-w a-\-p-h-n-\-v D-]-t-Z-i-n-¨-p-s-h-¶-v ]-d-ª-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v. I-m-W-q B K-o-X-m t-Ç-m-I-w“h-n-h-k-z-m³ a-\-t-h {-]-m-l a-\-p-c-n-£-z-m-I-t-h-f{-_-h-o-X-v’’

\-m-i-a-n-Ã-m-¯ B t-b-m-K-w k-q-c-y³ ]-p-{-X-\-m-b a-\-p-h-n-\-p-w a-\-p C-£-z-m-I-p-h-n-\-p-w D-]-t-Z-i-n-¨-p-s-h-¶À-°-w. A-t-¸-mÄ a-\-p-h-n-s-\ A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ `-K-h-m³ t-h-Z-s-¯ X-Å-n-¡-f-b-n-Ã. s-s-h-Z-n-I B-N-c-W-§-t-f-b-p-w ̀ -K-h-m³ X-Å-n-Ã.

`-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ K-o-X-s-b D-]-t-Z-i-n-¨-X-v G-X-m-ï-v 5000 hÀ-j-w a-p³-]-m-W-v. A-¶-v \-n-e-h-n-e-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶ K-p-c-p-I-p-e-k-{-¼-Z-m-b-¯-nÂ ]T-n-¸-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v \-m-e-v t-h-Z-§-f-p-w B-d-v i-m-k-v-{-X-§-f-p-a-m-W-v. C-¶-p \-m-w I-m-W-p-¶ N-n-´-m-[-m-c-I-f-nÂ `-q-c-n-]-£-h-p-w A-S-p-¯-I-m-e-¯-p-ï-m-b-X-m-W-v. A-X-n-\-mÂ-¯-s-¶ K-o-X-b-n-s-e B-i-b-§Ä-¡-v t-h-Z-§-f-p-a-m-b-n A-S-p-¯ _-Ô-a-p-s-ï-¶-p I-m-W-m-w.

`-K-h-m³ k-z-b-w X-m³ t-h-Z-a-m-s-W-¶-p ]-d-b-p-¶-p

t-\-m-¡-q K-o-X-b-n-s-e C-u t-Ç-m-I-w“]-n-X-m-a-l-k-y P-K-t-X-ma-m-X-m [-m-X-m ]-n-X-m-a-l-x t-h-Z-y-w ]-h-n-{-X-t-a-m-¦-m-cE-I-v k-m-a b-P-p-t-c-h N (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 9.17-)

{-]-]-©-¯-n-s-â ]-n-X-m-a-l-\-p-w-, a-m-X-m-h-p-w-, ]-n-X-m-h-p-w ]-c-a-m-ß-m-h-m-b R-m³ X-s-¶. A-d-n-b-s-¸-t-S-ï-X-p-w ]-h-n-{-X-h-p-a-m-b H-m-w-I-m-c-w R-m³ X-s-¶. E-t-K-z-Z-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-w C-h-b-p-w R-m³ X-s-¶.

h-o-ï-p-w `-K-h-m³ ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v K-o-X-b-nÂ-

X-s-¶ \-a-p-¡-v ]T-n-¡-m-w.“t-h-Z-m-\-m-w k-m-a-t-h-t-Z-m-fk-v-a-n’’ (`‑K‑h‑Z‑v‑K‑o‑X 10.22‑) t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ R-m³ k-m-a-t-h-Z-a-m-W-v.

{-i-o-a-Z-v `-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X b-Ú-h-n-t-c-m-[-n-b-m-t-W-m ?

H-m-t-c-m hÀ-W-¯-nÂ-s-¸-«-h-\-p-w H-m-t-c-m [À-a-w A-\-p-i-m-k-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. hÀ-W-s-a-¶-mÂ C-¶-p I-m-W-p-¶ P-m-X-n-b-Ã. ]-i-p H-c-p P-m-X-n-b-m-W-v. a-\-p-j-y-\-p-w H-c-p P-m-X-n-b-m-W-v. hÀ-W-w h-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-m-s-W-¶-v b-m-k-v-¡³ ]-d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v. IÀ-a-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v i-c-n-b-Ã F-¶-v `-K-h-m³ ]-d-b-p-¶-p. t-\-m-¡-q. “\-n-b-X-w I-p-c-p IÀ-a X-z-wIÀ-½-P-y-m-t-b-m l-y-IÀ-½-W-x i-c-o-c-b-m-{-X-m-]-n N t-X \ {-]-k-n-t-²-y-Z-IÀ-a-W-x (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 3.8-)

AÀ-°-w: A-X-n-\-mÂ \-n-\-¡-v h-n-[-n-¨ IÀ-½-s-¯ A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-I. IÀ-a-w s-N-¿-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-t-\-¡-mÄ t-{-i-j-vT-a-m-W-v IÀ-a-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. IÀ-a-w s-N-¿-m-X-n-c-p-¶-mÂ \-n-s-â i-c-o-c-s-¯-t-¸-m-e-p-w \-n-e-\-nÀ-¯-m³ I-g-n-b-n-Ã

A-X-n-\-mÂ IÀ-a-w s-N-¿-W-w. {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w s-N-¿-p-t-¼-mÄ \-m-w ]-e-X-h-W ]-d-b-p-¶ H-c-p h-m-N-I-a-p-ï-v. C-Z-a-á-t-b C-Z-w \ a-a; C-Z-w t-k-m-a-m-b C-Z-w \ a-a-, C-Z-a-n-{-µ-m-b-, C-Z-w \ a-a. F-´-m-W-v C-u C-Z-w \ a-a? C-X-v F-t-â-X-s-Ã-¶-v AÀ-°-w. \-m-w s-N-¿-p-¶ {-]-h-r-¯-n-I-f-n-s-e-m-¶-p-w R-m-s-\-t-¶-m-, F-t-â-s-X-t-¶-m D-Å `-m-h-a-p-ï-m-I-c-p-s-X-¶-v ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-¯-n-s-e {-]-a-p-J-a-m-b t-Z-h-b-Ú-w \-s-½ H-mÀ-½-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. `-K-h-m³ C-t-X I-m-c-y-w `-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X-b-nÂ t-Ç-m-I-a-m-b-n H-mÀ-½-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-X-p I-m-W-q.“b-k-v-X-z-n-{-µ-n-b-m-W-n a-\-k-m\-n-b-a-y-m-c-`-t-X-fÀ-Ö-p-\IÀ-t-a-{-µ--n-s-s-b-x IÀ-a-t-b-m-K-wA-k-à-x k h-n-i-n-j-y-t-X’’ (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 3.7-)

AÀ-°-w: C-{-µ-n-b-§-s-f a-\-Ê-p-s-I-m-ï-v \-n-b-{-´-n-¨-v ‘R-m³’ F-t-¶-m ‘F-t-â’s-X-t-¶-m B-b `-m-h-§-s-f D-t-]-£-n-¨-v-, IÀ-t-½-{-µ-n-b-§-s-f-s-¡-m-ï-v A-k-à-\-m-b-n k-z-[À-½-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-¶-h³ t-{-i-j-vT-\-m-W-v.

b-Ú-s-a-¶-mÂ X-y-m-K-a-m-W-v. A-\-y-\-v s-I-m-S-p-¯-p a-m-{-X-w D-®-p-¶-h-t-\ t-{-i-b-Ê-p-ï-m-h-q-s-h-¶-v t-h-Z-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p. t-\-m-¡-q E-t-K-z-Z-¯-n-s-e H-c-p a-{-´-w.H-m-w t-a-m-L-a-¶-w h-n-µ-t-X A-{-]-t-N-X-mk-X-y-w {-_-h-o-a-n h-[ C-X-v-k X-k-y\-m-c-y-a-W-w ]-p-j-y-X-n t-\-m k-J-m-b-w

t-I-h-e-m-t-L-m `-h-X-n t-I-h-e-m-Z-o (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.117.6-)

AÀ-°-w: A-{-]-t-N-X-m-x = D-Z-m-c-a-n-Ã-m-¯ a-\-t-Ê-m-S-p- I-q-S-n-b k-z-mÀ-° h-y-à-nA-¶-w t-a-m-L-w h-n-µ-X-n = A-¶-a-m-I-p-¶ [-\-s-¯ t-\-S-p-¶-X-v h-yÀ-°-a-m- W-v.k-X-y-w {-_-h-o-a-n = R-m³ (`-K-h-m³-) k-X-y-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p

“b-Ú-i-n-ã-m-i-n-\-x k-t-´-ma-p-N-y-t-´ kÀ-h-I-n-e-v-_-n-s-s-j-x `-p-R-v-P-t-X t-X X-z-L-w ]-m-]-mt-b ]-N-´-y-m-ß-I-m-c-W-m-X-v’’ (`‑K‑h‑Z‑v‑K‑o‑X 3.13‑)

C-u t-Ç-m-I-¯-n-\-v {-i-o ̀ -K-h-m³ i-¦-c-m-N-m-c-y k-z-m-a-n-IÄ F-g-p-X-n-b `-m-j-y-w \-a-p-s-¡-m-¶-v ]T-n-¡-m-w.

“t-Z-h-b-Ú-w (A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w-) X-p-S-§-n-b ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-¨-n-«-v A-X-n-s-â i-n-ã-a-m-b-p-Å A-a-r-X-w F-¶-p t-]-c-p-Å A-¶-s-¯ I-g-n-¡-p-¶ i-o-e-a-p-Å-h-c-m-W-v b-

F-s-´-¶-mÂ k-x X-k-y h-[ C-X-v = B A-¶-a-m-I-p-¶ [-\-w A-h-s-â a-c-W-w X-s-¶- b-m-I-p-¶-p-, I-m-c-W-w\ A-c-y-a-W-w ]-p-j-y-X-n = A-h³ h-n-Z-y \Â-I-n-b B-N-m-c-y-·-m-s-c t-]-m-j-n- ¸-n-¡-¶-n-Ã-, t-Z-h-X-IÄ- ¡-v H-¶-p-w \Â-I-p-¶-n-Ã. C-§-s-\-b-p-Å t-I-h-e-m-Z-o = X-\-n-¨-p `-£-n-¡-p-¶-h³t-I-h-e-m-t-L-m `-h-X-n = t-I-h-e-w ]-m-]-s-¯-b-m- W-v `-p-P-n-¡-p-¶-X-v.

C-t-X AÀ-°-¯-n-e-p-Å t-Ç-m-I-w \-a-p-¡-v K-o-X-b-nÂ I-m-W-m-w. t-\-m-¡-q.

Ú-i-n-ã-m-i-n-IÄ; A-§-s-\-b-p-Å k-¯-p-¡Ä kÀ-Æ-Z-p-x-J-§-f-nÂ \-n-¶-p-w-, A-X-m-b-X-v A-S-p-¸-nÂ X-o I-q-«-p-¶-X-n-e-q-s-S P-o-h-n-IÄ a-c-n-¡-m-\-n-S-b-m-I-p-¶ h-n-[-¯-n-e-p-Å A-©-p l-n-w-k-m-Ø-m-\-§-f-nÂ \-n-¶-p-w-, s-X-ä-p-IÄ s-N-¿-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-nÂ \-n-¶-p-w D-ï-m-I-p-¶ ]-m-]-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-v a-p-à-c-m-I-p-¶-p. F-¶-mÂ C-s-X-m-¶-p-w s-N-¿-m-s-X X-\-n-b-v-¡-p t-h-ï-n a-m-{-X-w `-£-W-w ]-m-I-w s-N-b-v-X-v I-g-n-¡-p-¶-X-v-, A-hÀ ]-m-]-s-¯-¯-s-¶-b-m-W-v `-p-P-n-¡-p-¶-X-v’’

1. A-X-m-b-X-v E-t-K-z-Z-¯-nÂ t-Z-h-X-IÄ-¡-v s-I-m-S-p-t-¯ B-l-c-n-¡-m-h-q F-¶-v ]-d-ª-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p.

2. A-t-X I-m-c-y-w X-s-¶ K-o-X-b-n-e-p-w ]-d-ª-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. a-ä-p-Å-hÀ-¡-v s-I-m-S-p-¡-m-s-X D-®-p-¶-h³ ]-m-]-s-¯ D-®-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-v C-c-p {-K-Ù-§-f-p-w ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

k


cmtP-{µ³ = 200 F³.-Fw. chn-Ip-amÀ = 200 ]pcp-tjm-¯-a³ = 200


F.-kn. cta-i³ = 200 do\ = 200 Pb-cm-P³ = 200 im´-Ip-amcn = 100 t{]a-eX = 100


3. C-§-s-\ ]-m-]-w k-v-]À-i-n-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-m³ t-Z-h-b-Ú-w A-Y-h-m A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w a-p-X-e-m-b ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-W-s-a-¶À-°-w.

4. {-_-Ò-b-Ú-w-, t-Z-h-b-Ú-w (A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w-)-, A-X-n-Y-n-b-Ú-w-, ]-n-X-r-b-Ú-w-, _-e-n-s-s-h-i-z-t-Z-h-b-Ú-w F-¶-o ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-¨ t-i-j-t-a H-c-mÄ `-£-n-¡-m-h-q. A-Ã-m-s-X D-®-p-¶-X-v ]-m-]-a-m-s-W-¶-v E-t-K-z-Z-h-p-w ̀ -K-h-Z-v-K-o-X-b-p-w H-c-p-t-]-m-s-e ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

I-m-c-W-s-a-´-m-s-W-¶-v `-K-h--Z-v-K-o-X-b-nÂ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ ]-d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v.“A-l-w {-I-X-p-c-l-w b-Ú-x k-z-[-m-l-a-l-a-u-j-[-w a-t-{-´-m-fl-a-l-t-a-h-m-P-y-wA-l-a-á-n-c-l-w l-p-X-w’’ (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 9.16-)

-AÀ-°-w: ̀ -K-h-m³ ]-d-b-p-I-b-m-W-v. t-Z-h-·-mÀ-¡-m-b-n s-N-¿-p-¶ b-Ú-w R-m-\-m-W-v. E-j-n-b-Ú-h-p-w R-m-\-m-W-v. ]-n-X-r-¡Ä-¡-m-b-n s-N-¿-p-¶ IÀ-½-h-p-w R-m³ X-s-¶. a-c-p-¶-p-w a-{-´-h-p-w R-m³ X-s-¶. t-l-m-a-{-Z-h-y-§Ä-, s-\-¿-v-, A-á-n C-h-b-p-w R-m-\-m-W-v. A-á-n-b-nÂ A-hÀ AÀ-¸-n-¡-p-¶ {-I-n-b-b-p-w R-m³ X-s-¶.

A-X-n-\-mÂ A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-w X-p-S-§-n-b ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú-§Ä A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m-\-p-w `-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X D-]-t-Z-i-n-¡-p-¶-p. I-m-W-p-I:

X-k-v-a-m-Ñ-m-k-v-{-X-w {-]-a-m-W-w t-X I-m-c-y-m-I-m-c-y-h-y-h-Ø-n-X-uÚ-m-X-z-m i-m-k-v-{-X-h-n-[-m-t-\-m-à-wIÀ-½ IÀ-¯-p-a-n-l-mÀ-l-k-n (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 16.24-)

A-X-n-\-mÂ F-´-p s-N-¿-W-w-, F-´-p s-N-¿-c-p-X-v F-¶ I-m-c-y-¯-nÂ i-m-k-v-{-X-s-¯ A-Y-h-m t-h-Z-s-¯ {-]-a-m-W-a-m-b-n k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-I. i-m-k-v-{-X-h-n-[-n-I-s-f A-d-n-ª-v A-X-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v \-o IÀ-½-§-s-f A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-I.

A-X-n-\-mÂ ̀ -K-h-Z-v-K-o-X-b-n-e-q-s-S \-n-§-f-p-w t-h-Z-s-¯ A-d-n-b-q.

b-Ú-a-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-m³ K-o-X ]-d-b-p-¶-p “b-Ú-Z-m-\-X-]-x IÀ-a \ X-y-m-P-y-w I-m-c-y-t-a-h X-X-v b-t-Ú-m-Z-m-\-w X-]-s-s-Ý-h]-m-h-\-m-\-n a-\-o-j-n-W-m-w (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 18.5-)

AÀ-°-w: b-Ú-w-, Z-m-\-w-, X-]-Ê-v F-¶-o IÀ-½-§Ä D-t-]-£-n-¡-m³ ]-m-S-n-Ã. A-X-v A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-I X-s-¶-b-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v. I-m-c-W-w-, b-Ú-w-, Z-m-\-w-, X-]-Ê-v F-¶-n-h h-n-t-h-I-n-I-s-f ]-h-n-{-X-c-m-¡-p-¶-p.

A-X-n-\-mÂ ̀ -K-h-Z-v-K-o-X t-h-Z-w ]-T-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-p-w-, A-á-n-t-l-m-{-X-m-Z-n-IÄ s-N-¿-a-s-a-¶-p-w A-\-p-i-m-k-n-¡-p-¶-p; k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-n-I-s-f D-]-t-Z-i-n-¡-p-¶-p.

-cX-o-b k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-¯-nÂ A-\i-z- c {-]` s-N-m-c-n-b-p-¶ D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡Ä t-e-mI-s-¯ ]-e Z-mÀ-i-\-n-I-t-cb-p-w B-IÀ-j-n-¨-h-b-mW-v. a-p-KÄ c-m-P-I-p-a-m-c\-m-b Z-m-c-m-i-n-t-¡-ml-p-w-, t-j-m-¸-\d-p-s-a-m-s-¡ B ]-«-n-I-b-nÂ-s-¸-S-p-w. t-h-Z-{-]-X-n-]-m-Z-n-Xa-m-b {-_-Ò-h-n-Z-y-b-m-W-v D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡-f-n-e-p-ÅX-v. t-h-Z-s-a-¶-mÂ k-r-ã-n-b-p-s-S X-p-S-¡-¯-nÂ C-u-i-z-c³ \ÂI-n-b Ú-m-\-a-mW-v.

B Ú-m-\-w EI-v-, b-P-pÊ-v-, k-m-a-w F-¶-o c-q-]-¯-nÂ {-X-b-o-h-n-Z-y-b-mW-v. A-X-mb-X-v E-t-K-zZ-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-ÆZ-w-, k-m-a-t-hZ-w-, A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-w F¶-n-h ]-Z-y-w-, K-Z-y-w-, K-m-\-w F-¶-n§-s-\ {-X-b-n h-n-Z-y-b-m-b-n A-d-n-b-s-¸-S-p¶-p. C-X-n-s-\ k-wl-n-X F-¶-m-W-v h-n-f-n-¡-p-¶X-v. {-_-Ò-s-a¶-p-w t-h-Z-¯-n-\-v t-]-c-p-ï-v.

{-_-Ò-¯-n-s-â AY-h-m t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â h-y-m-J-y-m-\-§-f-m-W-v {-_-m-Ò-W§Ä. At-X-t-]-m-s-e B-c-W-y-I-§-f-p-w. C-u {-_-m-Ò-W B-c-W-y-I-§-f-p-s-S ̀ -m-K-a-m-W-v D-]-\-n-j-¯-p¡Ä. C-X-n-\-v h-y-X-y-k-v-X-a-m-b-n H-c-p D-]-\-nj-t-¯ D-Å-p A-X-v B-t-ß-m-]-\-nj-¯-v F-¶-d-n-b-s-¸-S-p-¶ C-u-i-m-h-m-t-k-y-m-]-\-n-j-¯-mW-v. C-u C-u-i-m-h-m-k-y-¯-n-s-â h-y-m-J-y-m-\-a-m-W-v a-ä-v Z-t-i-m-]-\-n-j-¯-p¡Ä

EI-v-, b-P-pÊ-v-, k-ma-w-, A-YÀ-Æ-w F¶-n-h k-r-ã-n-b-p-s-S X-p-S-¡-¯-nÂ C-u-i-z-c-\-nÂ \-n-¶-v \-n-i-z-m-k-w t-]-m-s-e D-ï-m-b-X-m-s-W-¶-v iX-]-Y {-_-m-Ò-W-¯-nÂ b-m-Ú-h-e-v-I-y³ s-s-a-t-{-X-b-n-b-v-¡-v D-]-t-Z-i-n-¡-p-¶-pï-v. B

D-]-t-Z-i-w I-m-W-pI: “G-h-w h-m A-t-cfk-y a-l-t-X-m-`-qX-k-y \-n-i-z-k-n-X-t-a-XZ-v b-Z-r-t-K-zt-Z-m b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-x k-m-at-ht-Z-m-fYÀ-h-m-M-v-K-n-ck-x (i-X-]-Y-{-_-m-Ò-W-w 14.5 . 4.10-)

D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡Ä F§-s-\ G-s-XÃ-m-w {-_-m-Ò-W B-c-W-y-I-§-f-p-s-S ̀ -m-K-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-q-s-h-¶-v X-m-s-g F-g-p-X-m-w.1. t-I-t-\-m-]-\-nj-¯-v þ k-m-at-h-Z `-m- j-ya-m-b X-e-hI-m-c {-_-m-ÒW-w 2. I-t-T-m-]-\-nj-¯-v þ I-r-j-v-W-b-P-pÀ- t-ÆZ-ob ImT-I-imJ3. {-]i-v-t-\-m-]-\-n-j¯-v 4. a-p-Þ-t-I-m-]-\-n-j¯-v 5. a-m-Þ-q-t-I-y-m-]-\-n-j¯-v 6. s-s-X-¯-oc-n-t-b-m-]-\-n-j¯-vþ I-r-j-v-W- b-P-pÀ-t-ÆZ-ob s-s-X-¯-o-c-n-b {-_-m-ÒW-w.7. s-F-Xt-c-t-b-m-]-\-nj-¯-v : E-t-K-z-Z-o-ba-m- b s-F-Xt-c-b B-c-W-yI-w 8. _-r-l-Z-m-cW-y-t-I-m-]-\-nj-¯-v : b-P-pÀ- t-ÆZ-o-b iX-]-Y {-_-mÒ-W-w9. O-m-t-µ-mK-y-t-]-m-\-nj-¯-v : k-m-a-t-hZ-o- b X-e-hI-m-c {-_-m-ÒW-w

C-u D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡-s-fÃ-m-w ]-c-a-{-]-a-m-W-a-m-b-n t-h-Z§-s-f A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p¶-p. I-q-S-m-s-X t-h-Z-§Ä {-X-b-o-h-n-Z-y-b-m-s-W¶-p-w A-h C-u-i-z-c-\-nÂ-\-n-¶-v k-r-ã-n-b-p-s-S X-p-S-¡-¯-nÂ D-ï-m-b-X-m-s-W¶-p-w k-p-h-y-à-a-m-b-n D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡Ä ]-d-b-p-¶-pï-v. \-a-p¡-v H-mt-c-m D-]-\-n-j-¯-m-b-n ]c-n-t-i-m-[-n-¡-m-w.

t-hZ-§f-p-w D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡-f-p-w

\-n-X-y-h-p-w t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-v K-o-X ]-d-b-p-¶-pA-´-x-I-c-W-i-p-²-n-b-v-¡-v {-]-[-m-\-a-m-bn k-\-m-X-\

[À-½-w B-h-i-y-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v k-z-m-[-y-m-b-a-m-W-v. k-z-m-[-y-m-b-s-a-¶-mÂ AÀ-°-k-l-n-X-w t-h-Z-]-mT-w s-N-¿-e-m-s-W-¶-v i-m-k-v-{-X-a-d-n-b-p-¶-hÀ-¡-d-n-b-m-w. C-¡-m-c-y-w ̀ -K-h-m³ `-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X-b-p-s-S 16þ-m-w A-²-y-m-b-¯-nÂ X-p-d-¶-p ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v I-m-W-p-I.“k-z-m-[-y-m-b-k-v-X-] BÀ-P-h-w’’ (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 16.1-)

C-\-n-b-p-w t-h-Z-¯-n-s-â a-l-¯-z-w ̀ -K-h-Z-v-K-o-X ]-m-c-m-«-p-¶-X-v I-m-W-p-I. “b-Z-£-c-w t-h-Z-h-n-t-Z-m h-Z-´-n h-n-i-´-n b-Z-y-X-t-b-m h-o-X-c-m-K-m-x b-Z-n-Ñ-t-´-m {-_-Ò-N-c-y-w N-c-´-n X-X-v t-X ]-Z-w k-w-{-K-t-l-W -{-]-h-t-£-y. (`-K-h-Z-v-K-o-X 8þ11-)

“t-h-Z-¯-nÂ \-n-j-v-W-m-X-c-m-b-hÀ G-s-X-m-¶-n-t-\-b-m-t-W-m \-m-i-a-n-Ã-m-¯-s-X-¶-v h-n-i-Z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v-, G-s-X-m-¶-n-e-m-t-W-m B-k-à-n c-l-n-X-c-p-w-, ]-c-n-{-i-a-i-m-e-n-I-f-p-a-m-b X-]-k-z-n-IÄ {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-p-¶-X-v-, G-s-X-m-¶-v {-]-m-]-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-m-t-W-m {-_-Ò-N-m-c-n-IÄ {-_-Ò-N-c-y-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-¶-X-v-, B ]-c-a-]-Z-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v R-m³ \-n-t-¶-m-S-v N-p-c-p-¡-n-¸-d-b-m-w.’’

t-\-m-¡-q; t-h-Z-¯-nÂ \-n-j-v-W-m-X-c-m-b-mÂ B ]-c-a-]-Z-s-¯ A-Y-h-m B-ß-k-m-£-m-X-v-¡-m-c-s-¯ t-\-S-m-s-a-¶-v {-i-o `-K-h-m³ X-oÀ-¯-p ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

`‑m


]pjv] = 100 kPnX = 100 _nPn = 100

Cu t]Pv kvt]m¬kÀ sNbvXXv

sI. A\nÂIp-amÀ = 100]pjv]-hÃn = 100 N{µ-aXn = 100APnX = 100

hc

: aZ-\

³

} A-YÀ-Æ- t-hZ-o-b {-_-m-ÒW-w


{-]i-v-t-\-m-]-\-n-j¯-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-p-w

{-]i-v-t-\-m-]-\-nj¯-v C-u t-h-Z-a-l-na-s-b ]-m-c-m-«-p¶-X-p I-mW-q E-K-v-`-n-t-c-X-w b-P-p-c-v-`-n-c-´-c-o£-wk-m-a-`-n-c-y¯-X-v I-h-t-b-m t-h-Zb-t-´ X-t-a-m-w -I-mt-c-s-s-Wh-m-b-X-t-\-\-m-t-\-zX-n h-n-Z-z-m-\-y-¯-Ñ-m-´-a-P-c-a-a-r-X-a-`b-w ]-c-w t-N-X-n. ({-]i-v-t-\-m-]-\-n-j¯-v 5.7-)

AÀ°-w: A-hÀ E-t-K-z-Z-a-{-´-§-f-mÂ a-\-pj-y-t-e-m-I-t-¯b-p-w b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-a-{-´-¯-mÂ A-´-c-o-£-t-e-m-I-t-¯b-p-w k-m-a-t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-mÂ h-n-Z-z-m-·-mÀ A-d-n-b-p-¶t-Xt-X-m A-X-n-t-\b-p-w A-d-n-b-p¶-p. h-n-Z-z-m³ ‘H-m-w’ I-m-c-¯-n-s-â a{-´-w A-h-e-w-_-¯-mÂ i-m-´h-p-w ]-c-n-hÀ-¯-\-c-l-n-Xh-p-w A-

\-i-z-ch-p-w `-b-c-l-n-X-h-p-s-aÃ-m-ä-n\-p-w D-]-c-n-b-m-b-n hÀ-¯-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-a-m-b-X-n-s-\ s-s-I-h-c-n-¡-p-¶-p.

C-u t-h-Z-§Ä F-§-s-\-b-m-W-v D-ï-m-b-s-X¶-p-w {-]i-v-t-\-m-]-\-nj-¯-v ]-d-b-p-¶-p-ï-v B h-n-hc-W-w I-q-S-n I-m-W-pI.“A-c-m C-h c-Y-\-m-`-u {-]-m-t-W k-c-vh-w {-]-X-n-j-vT-n-Xa-v. Et-N-m b-P-p-w-j-n k-m-a-m\-n b-Ú-x £-{-Xc {-_-Ò N. ({-]i-v-t-\-m-]-\-n-j¯-v 2.6-)

B-c-¡-m-e-p-IÄ c-Y-¯-n-s-â \-S-p-¡-v t-N-c-p-¶-t-]-m-s-e {-]-m-W-\-nÂ FÃ-m-w {-]-X-n-j-vT-n-¡-s-¸-«-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p. E-t-K-zZ-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-ÆZ-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-w F-¶-n-hb-p-w b-Ú-w-, £-{-X-w-, {-_-Ò-w F-¶-n-hb-p-w {-]-m-W-\-nÂ {-]-X-n-j-vT-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p.

I-t-T-m-]-\-n-j¯-p-w t-hZ-s-¯ {-]-I-oÀ-¯-n¡-p¶-p I-t-T-m-]-\-n-j-¯-ne-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-p-s-S a-l-¯-z-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v ]-m-S-p¶-X-v I-m-W-pI; “k-c-v-t-h t-h-Z-m b-X-v-]-Z-a-m-a-\´-n X-]-m-M-v-k-n k-c-v-h-m-W-n N b-Z-z-Z´-n

t-I-t-\-m-]-\-nj-¯-v t-hZ-s-¯ h-m-g-v-¯-p¶-p

kÀ-t-Æ-m-¯-aa-m-b c-o-X-n-b-nÂ {-_-Ò-h-n-Z-y D-]-t-Z-i-n-¡-p-¶ D-]-\-n-j-¯-m-W-v t-I-t-\-m-]-\-n-j¯-v. {-_-Ò-h-n-Z-y e-`-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v t-h-ï h-n-t-i-ja-m-b I-m-c-y-§Ä F-s-´-m-s-¡-b-m-s-W-¶-v K-p-c-p i-n-j-y-s-\ D-]-t-Z-i-n-¡-p¶-X-p I-m-W-pI. “X-s-s-k-y Xt-]-m Z-a-x IÀ-t-a-X-n {-]-X-n-j-vT-m t-hZ-m-x k-c-v-h-m-M-v-K-m-\-n k-X-y-a-m-b-X-\a-v

(t-I-t-\-m-]-\-n-j¯-v 4.8-) AÀ°-w: {-_-Ò-h-n-Z-y-b-v-¡-m-b-n X-]

k-v-, C-{-µ-n-b \-n-{-Kl-w-, \-n-j-v¡-m-a IÀ-a-w C-h k-m-[-\-I-f-mW-v. A-X-v t-h-Z t-h-Z-m-M-v-K-§-f-nÂ {-]-X-n-j-vT-n-Xh-p-w A-X-n-s-â B-[-m-c-w k-X-y-h-p-a-mW-v.

C-h-n-s-S EI-v-, b-P-pÊ-v-, k-ma-w-, A-YÀ-Æ-w F-¶-o t-h-Z-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-w-, i-n-£-, I-e-v]-w-, h-y-m-I-cW-w-, \-n-c-pà-w-, O-µÊ-v-, t-P-y-mX-n-x i-m-k-v{-X-w F-¶-o B-d-v A-w-K-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-a-m-W-v ]-d-ª-s-X-¶-v k-p-h-y-à-a-mW-v.

b-Z-n-Ñt-´-m {-_-Ò-Nc-y-w Nc-´-n Xt-¯]Z-M-v k-w-{-Kt-l-W {-_-h-o-t-a-y-m-a-n-t-X-yX-v (I-t-T-m-]-\-n-j¯-v 2.15-)

AÀ°-w: G-X-p ]-Za-mt-W-m FÃ-m t-h-Z-§f-p-w k-Z-m ]d-ª-p X¶-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-¶X-v-, G-X-n-s-\b-mt-W-m kÀ-Æ-X-]Ê-p-w {-]-I-oÀ-¯-n-¡-p-¶X-v-, G-X-n-s-\ B{K- l-n¨-mt-W-m {-_-Ò-Nc-y-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-¨-p t-]-m-c-p-¶X-v. B ]Z-s-¯ R-m³ k-w-{-K-l-n-¨-p ]-d-ª-p-X-c-m-w. AX-v ‘H-m-w’ I-m-c-a-m-I-p¶-p. E-t-K-z-Z-m-Z-n t-h-Z-§-f-n-s-e a-{-´-§-f-{-Xb-p-w

{-_-Ò-{-]-m-]-v-X-n-s-b D-t-±-i-n-¨-p-X-s-¶-b-mW-v. kÀ-Æ X-]-Ê-p-I-f-p-t-Sb-p-w {-_-Ò-N-c-y-¯-n-t-âb-p-w e-£-yh-p-w a-s-ä-m¶Ã. C-¡-mc-y-w E-t-K-z-Z-¯-nÂ¯-s-¶ k-q-N-n-¸-n-¨-n-«-pï-v.“Et-N-m A£-t-c ]c-t-a t-h-y-m-a\-v b-k-v-a-n-t-µ-h-m A-[-n h-nt-i-z \-n-t-j-Z-p-x b-k-v-X-¶ t-h-Z I-n-a-r-N-m I-c-n-j-y-X-n b C-¯-Z-z-n-Z-pk-v-X C-t-a k-a-mk-t-X’’ (E-t-K-zZ-w 1.164.39-)

AÀ°-w: ]-c-aa-m-b B-I-m-i-t-¯-t-¸-m-s-e h-y-m-]-n-¨ {-_-Ò-¯-nÂ E-¡-p-IÄ \-n-e-\-nÂ-¡-p¶-p. t-Z-h-X-I-f-p-s-S h-m-kh-p-w A-h-n-s-S-¯-s-¶-b-m-s-W-¶-v A-d-n-b-m-¯-h³ t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-s-f-s-¡-m-ï-v F-´-p s-N-¿-m-\-mW-v? Bc-mt-W-m X-oÀ-¨-b-mb-p-w A-X-n-s-\ A-d-n-ª-n-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v Ah-s-â C-c-n-¸-m-W-v C-c-n¸-v. C-t-X a{-´-w t-i-z-X-m-i-z-X-t-c-m-]-\-n-j-¯-nÂ (4.8-) B-hÀ-¯-n-¨-p-h-c-p-¶-p-ï-v.

I-t-T-m-]-\-n-j-¯-n-s-e a-{-´-¯-nÂ kÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-§-f-p-s-a-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶-X-n-e-q-s-S t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-p-s-S D-¨-m-hØ-s-b {-]-I-S-a-m-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v D-]-\-nj-Z-v Ej-n. kÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-§f-p-w C-u {-_-Ò-h-n-Z-y-s-b-¯-s-¶-b-m-W-v k-v-^-p-S-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-¶À-°-w.

a-p-Þ-t-I-m-]-\-n-j-¯-p-w t-h-Zh-p-wA-á-nÀ a-p-c-v-[-m N-£-p-j-o N-{-µ-k-qc-y-u Z-ni-x t-{-i-m{-t-X h-m-K-z-n-h-r-X-m-Ý t-h-Z-m-x h-m-b-p {-]-m-t-W-m l-rZ-b-w h-n-i-za-k-y ]-Z-v-`-y-m-w ]-r-Y-n-h-o t-l-yj k-c-v-h-`-q-X-m-

´-c-mß-m (a-p-ÞI-w 2.1.4-)

AÀ°-w: B C-u-i-z-c³ {-]I-m-i k-z-c-q-]\-p-w t-P-y-m-X-nÀ-a-b\-p-w k-q-£-v-a-m-X-n-k-q-£-v-ah-p-w \-n-c-m-I-m-c\-p-w A-a-qÀ-¯-\-p-a-m-I-p¶-p. B ]-p-c-p-j-\-nÂ \-n-¶-v {-]-mW³-, a-\k-v-, kÀ-Æ C-{-µ-n-b§Ä-, F-¶-n-hb-p-w B-I-mi-w-, h-mb-p-, {-]-I-m-i-a-ba-m-b Aá-n-, P-e-w kÀ-Æ-¯-n-t-âb-p-w B-[-m-ca-m-b ]-r-Y-n h-s-cb-p-w D-ï-m-I-p¶-p. Z-y-u-t-e-m-I-w B ]-p-c-pj-s-â a-qÀ-²-m-h-m-I-p¶-p. k-q-c-y-N-{-µ³-a-mÀ C-c-p I-®-p-I-f-mW-v. kÀ-Æ-h-y-m-]-I\-m-b ̀ -K-h-m³ kÀ-Æ ̀ -q-X-§-f-p-t-Sb-p-w l-r-Z-b-¯-nÂ c-a-n-¨-v a-k-v-X-n-j-v-¡-¯-nÂ A-á-n-b-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p. Ah-s-â I-®-p-IÄ k-q-c-y N-{-µ-·-m-c-m-s-W-¶-v k-mc-w. B ]-p-c-pj-s-â s-N-h-n Z-n-iIf-p-w B ]-p-c-pj-s-â h-m-W-n-b-mI-s-« h-n-k-v-X-r-Xa-m-b t-h-Z-§-f-p-w. A-h-\-nÂ \-n-¶-m-W-v

E-t-K-z-Zh-p-w b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-h-p-w k-m-a-t-h-Zh-p-w A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Zh-p-w D-ï-m-bX-v. C-u t-h-Z-§-f-n-e-mI-s-« Z-o£-m-, bÚ-w-, a-l-m-bÚ-w-, Z-£-nW-m-, I-m-e-h-n-`-mK-w-, b-Ú-w F-¶-o h-y-X-yk-vX t-e-m-I-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-v ]-d-b-p-¶-p.

s-s-X-¯-oc-n-t-b-m-]-\-n-j¯-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-p-w

C-\-nb-p-w \-a-p-¡-v s-s-X-¯-oc-n-t-b-m-]-\-n-j-¯-n-t-e-¡-p h-c-m-w. A-h-n-s-S E-t-K-zZ-w-, b-P-pÀ-t-ÆZ-w-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-w F-¶-o t-h-Z-{-X-b-n-s-b-¡-p-d-n-¨-v k-p-h-y-à-a-m-b-n ]-d-b-p-¶

`-m-K-w I-m-W-pI.“`-q-c-n-X-n h-m E-N-x `-p-h C-X-n k-m-a-m\-n.k-p-h-c-n-X-n b-P-p-M-vj-n. a-l C-X-n {-_-Ò (s-s-X-¯-o-c-nb-w 1.5.2-)

`-q-x i-Ð-w E-t-K-z-Z-t-¯b-p-w ̀ -p-h-x i-Ð-w k-m-a-t-h-Z-t-¯b-p-w k-z-x i-Ð-w b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-t-¯b-p-w I-p-d-n-¡-p¶-p. {-_-Ò-w a-l-x B-I-p¶-p. {-_-Ò-s-a-¶-mÂ ]-c-a-m-ß-m-h-v B ]-c-a-m-ß-m-h-n-\-m-e-m-W-v E-t-K-z-Z-w X-p-S§-n-b \-m-e-v t-h-Z-§f-p-w k-r-ã-n-b-p-s-S X-p-S-¡-¯-nÂ D-ï-m-bX-v. ‘{-_-Ò-W h-m-h kÀ-t-Æ t-h-Z-m a-l-o-bt-´’ F-¶ {-]-k-v-X-mh-\ H-mÀ-¡-p-I. A§s-\ H-mt-c-m C-S¯-p-w D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡Ä t-h-Z-a-l-na-s-b h-nh-n-[ c-o-X-n-b-nÂ ]-dª-p-s-I-m-t-ï-b-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p. C-u-i-zc-o-b h-m-W-n-b-m-b-X-n-\-m-e-m-W-v C§-s-\ h-m-c-w h-mc-w C-u hÀ-W-\-b-v-¡-v D-]-\-nj-Z-v E-j-n-a-mÀ X-¿-m-d-m-I-p-¶X-v. \-m-k-v-X-n-I-c-nÂ \-m-k-v-X-n-Ic-mb _-p-²-n-a-m-·-mÀ t-]-me-p-w


hnP-b-e£van = 100 hnP-b-Ip-am-À = 100 ao\ A¿-¸³ = 100sI. cmPo-h³ = 100BÀ.cm[m-Ir-jvW³ = 100


k-wl-n-X C-u-i-zc-o-b h-m-W-n-b-m-s-W-¶-v D-]-\-nj-¯-v ]T-n-¨-p a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-p-w. s-s-X-¯-o-c-n-b-¯-nÂ¯-s-¶ a-s-ä-m-c-nS¯-v ‘b-x O-µk-m-w E-j-`-x’ (1.4.3-) F-¶-v F-g-p-X-n-¡-m-W-m-w. A-X-mbX-v “t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ t-{-i-j-vT-s-a¶-v H-mX-n-b C-u-i-zc-s-\’’ F-¶À-°-w.

O-m-t-µ-m-t-K-y-m-]-\-n-j¯-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-p-w {-_-m-Ò-W {-K-Ù-§-f-nÂ t-h-Z§-s-f G-

X-p h-n-[-¯-ne-mt-W-m C-u-i-z-c-I-r-X-s-a-¶-v ]-d-ª-n-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v At-X-t-]-m-s-e O-m-t-µ-m-t-K-y-m-]-\-n-j-¯-nÂ c-ï-nS-¯-v t-h-Z§Ä C-u-i-z-c-\-nÂ \-n-¶-v D-ï-m-s-b-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶-pï-v. k-m-a-t-h-Z-o-b-a-m-b-X-m-W-v O-m-t-µ-m-K-y-s-a¶-v H-mÀ-¡-p-Ib-p-w t-hW-w.{-]-P-m-]-X-nc-v-t-e-m-I-m-\-`-y-X-]-t-¯-t-`-y-m-f`-nX ]-v-t-X-`-y-k-v-{-X-b-o-h-nZ-y-m k-w-{-]-m-{-k-hX-v. X-ma`-y X-]-¯k-y-m A-`-n-X-]-v-X-m-b-m G-X-m-\-y£c-mW-n k-w-{-]-m-{-k-h-´ `-q-c-v`-p-h k-z-c-nX-n (O-m-t-µ-m-K-y-w 2.23.2-)

AÀ°-w: N-c-m-N-c-§-f-p-s-S A-[-n-]\-m-b {-k-ã-m-h-v t-e-m-I§-s-f c-N-n-¨-v {-]-I-m-i-n-¸-n¨-p. A-h Z-o-]-v-X-a-m-b-t-¸-mÄ EI-v-, b-P-pÊ-v-, k-m-a-w F-¶-o {-X-b-o h-n-Z-y-If-p-w {-]-I-m-i-\-w -s-N-b-vX-p. A-h {-]-I-m-i-n-X-a-m-b-X-n-\-p-t-i-j-w ̀ -q-x-, ̀ -ph-x-, k-z-x F-¶-o A-£-c-§Ä {-]-I-S-a-mb-n.

_-r-l-Z-m-cW-y-t-I-m-]-\-n-j¯-p-w t-h-Z-§-f-p-w “k X-b-m h-m-N-m t-X-\-m-ß-t-\-Z-M-v-t-k-y I\-ot-b-mf¶-w I-c-n-j-y C-X-n k Xb-m h-m-N-m t-X-m-ß-t-\Z-M-v k-c-v-h-a-k-rP-XbZ-n-Z I-n-w N-c-v-t-N b-P-p-M-v-j-n k-m-a-m\-nÑ-µ-m-M-v-k-n b-Ú-m³-{-]P-m-x ]-i-q³.k b-Z-y-t-Z-h-m-k-r-P-X X-¯-Z-¯-p-a-{-L-ob-X k-c-v-h-w h-m A-¯-o-X-n X-Z-Z-n-t-X-cZ-n-X-n-X-zM-v k-c-v-h-s-s-k-y X-k-m-¯-m `h-X-n k-c-v-h-a-k-y-m¶-w`h-X-n b G-h-t-a-X-`-Z-n-t-X-c-Z-n-X-nX-z-w t-h-Z-

(_-r-l-Z-m-c-W-yI-w 1.2.5-) AÀ°-w: {-_-Ò³ B h-m-W-n-b-mÂ C-

X-n-s-\-s-bÃ-m-w k-r-ã-n¨-p. A-e-v-]-w D-ï-mb-X-v E-t-K-z-Z-a-{-´§Ä-, b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-a-{-´§Ä-, k-m-a-t-h-Z-a-{-´§Ä-, Oµ-Ê-v F-¶ t-]-c-p-Å A-YÀ-Æ-t-h-Z-a-{-´§Ä-, b-Ú§Ä-, {-]-P-If-p-w ]-i-p-¡-f-p-a-mW-v.

t-i-z-X-m-i-z-X-t-c-m-]-\-n-j-¯-nÂ C-u-i-z-c-\-mÂ {-]-I-m-i-n-X-a-m-W-v t-h-Z-§-s-f-¶-v ]-d-b-p¶-X-p I-m-W-q. “t-b-m {-_-Ò-mW-m-w h-n-Z-[-m-X-n ]-qÀÆ-w t-b-m s-s-h t-h-Z-m-w-Ý {-]l-n-t-W-m-X-n Xk-vs-s-a’’ (t-i-z-X-m-i-z-Xc-w 6.18-)

AÀ°-w: G-s-X-mc-p C-u-i-z-c\-mt-W-m B-Z-y-a-m-b-n {-_-Ò t-h-Z-t-h-¯-m-h-n-s-\ k-r-ã-n-¨X-v-, A-t-±-l-¯-n-\-v t-h-Z§-s-f {-]-Z-m-\-w s-N-b-v-XX-vþ B B-ß-m-h-n-s-\b-p-w _-p-²-n-t-bb-p-w {-]-I-m-i-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶ t-Z-h-\-nÂ R-m³ t-a-m-£-mÀ-°-n-b-m-b-n ic-W-w {-]-m-]-n-¡-p¶-p.

N-o-\ ̀ -m-c-X-o-bÀ P-o-h-P-m-e-§-f-p-s-S \-n-e-\-nÂ-]-v CÃ-m-X-m-¡-p¶-X-v H-c-n-¡e-p-w C-ã-s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. A-hÀ H-c-n-¡e-p-w a-m-w-k-w I-g-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p-a-nÃ. k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-¯-n-\-v 18þ-m-w \-q-ä-m-ï-nÂ ]-pX-n-s-b-m-c-p D-WÀ-Æ-v \ÂI-n-b c-ï-p a-ml-m-c-Y-·-m-c-m-W-v {-i-o-\-m-c-m-b-W K-p-c-p-t-Z-h\-p-w N-«-¼-n-k-z-m-a-n-I-f-p-w. C-c-p-hc-p-w k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-n-I-t-f-m-S-v a-m-w-k-w I-g-n-¡-c-p-s-X-¶-v B-l-z-m-\-w s-N-b-vX-p. A-X-n-¶-m-b-n A-hÀ I-r-X-n-If-p-w c-N-n¨-p. I-c-p-Wb-p-w k-v-t-\-lh-p-w FÃ-m k-l-P-o-h-n-I-t-f-mS-p-w {-]-ZÀ-i-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-s-â Z-r-ã-m-´-amW-v a-m-w-k-m-l-m-ch-n-t-c-m[-w. AÃ-m-s-X A-X-v G-s-X-¦-ne-p-w h-n-i-z-m-k-§t-ft-b-m N-n-´-m-]-²-X-n-It-ft-b-m l-\-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-¶-m-b-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. A-X-n-\-mÂ {-i-o-\-m-c-m-b-W-K-pc-p ‘P-o-h-I-m-c-p-W-y-]-©I-w’ F-¶-m-W-v X-s-â I-r-X-n-b-v-¡-v t-]-c-n-«X-v. N«-¼-n k-z-m-a-n-I-f-mI-s-« "P-o-h-I-m-c-p-W-y \-n-c-q-]-W'-s-a¶-p-w X-s-â I-r-X-n-b-v-¡-v t-]-c-n-«-p C-c-p-I-r-X-n-I-f-n-t-eb-p-w Imcp-Wy-`m-hs¯ h-m-b-n¡-q, X-n-c-n-¨-d-nb-q. D-Õ-m-l-¯-n-t-âb-p-w I-m-c-p-W-y-¯-n-t-âb-p-w b-Y-mÀ-° `-m-h-§Ä.

P-o-h-I-m-c-p-W-y-]-©I-w1. FÃ-m-h-c-p-a-mß-k-t-l-m-Z-cs-c--- -- -- ¶-t-Ã ]-d-t-b-ïX-n-t-X-m-À-¡-p-I-n-Â \-m-w s-I-m-Ã-p-¶-X-p-s-a§-s-\ P-o-h-n-I-s-f-- s-¯Ã-p-w I-r-]b-ä-p `-p-P-n-¡-b-X-p-w.

FÃ-m P-o-h-n-If-p-w Bß-k-t-l-m-Z-c-§-f-m-W-v C-¡-mc-y-w \Ã-h-®-w N-n-´-n-¨-d-n-ª-mÂ a-\-p-j-yÀ a-ä-p P-o-h-nI-s-f F§-s-\ s-I-mÃ-p-w? a-m-w-k-w F§-s-\ `-£-n-¡-p-w? 2. s-I-m-Ã-m-{-h-X-a-p-¯-a-a-m-a-X-n-e-p-w

X-n-¶-m-{-h-X-s-a-{-X-b-p-a-p-¯-a-a-m-w F-Ã-m-a-X-k-m-ch-p-t-a-m-À-¡-n-e-ns-X- ¶-t-Ã ]-d-t-bï-X-p [-m-À-a-n-I-t-c-! A-l-n-w-k-m-{-h-X-w \Ã-X-mW-v. H-¶-n-t-\

b-p-w s-I-mÃ-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v X-s-¶ \ÃX-v. ]-t-£ a-m-w-k-`£-W-w D-t-]-£-n-¡-p¶-X-v A-X-n-t-\-¡-mÄ \Ã-X-m-W-v. FÃ-m a-X-§-f-p-s-S k-m-c-m-w-ih-p-w C-u A-l-n-w-k-b-m-s-W-¶-v X-n-cn-¨-d-n-t-b-ï-X-p-ï-v.

3 s-I-m-Ã-p¶-X-p X-¦-Âh-c-n-Â {-]-n-ba-m- a-Ã-o h-n-[-n-b-mÀ-¡-p l-n-X-{-]-Z-a-m-w? s-N-m-t-Ãï-X-p [-À-a-y-a-n-X-m-c-ne-p-s-a-m-

¯-t-Ã a-c-p-t-hï-X-p k-q-c-n-I-t-f-! s-I-mÃ-p-¶-h³ X-m-\-m-s-W-¶-v h-¶-mÂ,

A-X-n-s-â k-X-y-m-\-p-`-h-¯-n-s-â h-g-n s-X-f-n-b-n-¡-p-¶ C-u [À-½ \-n-b-a-a-m-W-v Xncn-¨-dn-tb−Xv ]-Þ-n-X-·-mÀ C-X-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v X-s-¶ P-o-h-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w t-h-W-w.

4. s-I-m-Ã-p-¶-h-\-n-Ã `-p-P-n-¸-X-n\-m- f-n-s-e-¦-n-e-m-i-n-¡-p-IX-s-¶ Z-rV-w s-I-m-Ã-n-¡-p-I-s-I-m-ï-p ̀ -p-P-n-¡-p-Ib-m-w s-I-m-Ã-p-¶-X-n-Â- \-n-¶-p-a-p-c-s-¯-m-c-L-w.X-n-¶-m³ B-f-n-s-Ã-¶-v h-¶-mÂ s-I-mÃ-m³

B-f-p-ï-m-h-nÃ. A-t-¸-mÄ X-n-¶-p¶-X-v X-s-¶-b-m-W-v he-n-b l-n-w-k. s-I-mÃ-p-¶-X-n-\-v a-ä-p-Å-hÀ-¡-v t-{-]-c-W \Â-I-p-¶X-p-s-I-m-ï-v

sImÃ-cptX Xn¶-cptX{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ

sImÃp-¶-Xnepw henb ]m]w Xn¶p-¶Xv

{io\mcm-b-W-Kpcp

{]m


s-I-mÃ-p-¶-X-n-t-\-¡-mÄ he-n-b ]-m-]h-p-w X-n-¶-p¶-X-v X-s-¶. 5. s-I-mÃ-m-b-vI-n-e-h³ K-pW-a-pÅ ]-pa-m-

\Ã-m-b-vI-nÂ a-rK-s-¯-mS-p X-pe-y-\-h³ s-I-mÃ-p-¶-h-\-nÃ ic-W-yX a- s-ä-Ã-m-hI \·-b-p-a-mÀ¶-n-S-n-e-p-w.a-ä-p P-o-h-nI-s-f l-n-w-k-n-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-¶

a-\-p-j-y-\-m-W-v h-n-t-h-I-a-p-Åh³. s-I-mÃ-p-¶ A-h-n-t-h-I-nb-p-w a-r-Kh-p-w X-½-nÂ t-`-Z-a-nÃ. s-I-mÃ-p-¶h-\-v a-s-äÃ-m \-·-If-p-w D-s-ï-¦-nÂ-t-¸-me-p-w A-h-s-\-m-c-n-¡e-p-w A-`-b-mÀ-l-\Ã.

N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS Poh-Im-cp-Wy-\n-cq-]Ww

{]ap-J-amb Xm{´nI ]qP-bmb {ioN-{I-]q-P-bpsS hn[m\w FgpXn X¿m-dm-¡nb N«¼n kzman-IÄ amwkm-lm-c-¯n\v FXn-cm-bn-cp¶p F¶p ImWn-¡p-¶-XmWv Poh-Im-cp-Wy-\n-cq-]Ww

a-\-p-j-y-m-Z-n-IÄ-¡-m-b-n-«-m-W-v a-r-K-m-Z-n-IÄ k-r-ã-n-¡-s-¸«-X-v F-¶-m-s-W-¦-nÂ k-n-wl-w-, I-S-p-h-, ]-p-e-n a-p-X-e-m-b-h a-\-p-j-y-s-cb-p-w aä-p-w ]-n-S-n-¨-p-X-n-¶--p¶-X-v k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶X-p-s-I-m-ï-v A-h-b-v-¡-m-b-n-«-m-W-v a-\-p-j-y-m-Z-nI-s-f k-r-ã-n¨-X-v F-¶-p h-n-N-m-c-n-¡W-w. A-{-X X-s-¶-b-p-aÃ k-n-w-l-m-Z-n-IÄ-¡-v l-n-w-k-¡-m-b-n A-h-b-p-s-S I-c-N-c-W-m-Z-y-h-b-h§-fÃ-m-s-X t-X-m¡-v-, h-mÄ-, I-p-´-w a-p-X-e--m-b A-\-y B-b-p[-§t-f-m `-£-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-t-e-¡-v A-S-p¸-v-, X-o-¿-v-, D¸-v-, ]-e-h-y-R-v-P\-w-, ]-m-I-w s-N-¿Â a-p-X-e-m-b-h H¶-p-w X-s-¶ t-h-ï-X-m-\-p-w. A-X-n-\-mÂ C-X-m-W-v k-m-[-m-c-W i-c-n-b-m-b-n-«-p-ÅX-v. a-\-p-j-y-\-v a-m-w-k-`£-W-w BZ-y-w s-h-d-p-¸-p-w N--nc-]-c-n-N-b-¯-mÂ ]-n-S-n-¨-X-p-a-mW-v. k-n-w-l-m-Z-n-IÄ-¡-v A-§-n-s-\bÃ. AX-p-s-I-m-ï-v a-r-K-§Ä-¡-m-l-m-c-a-m-b-n-«-m-W-v a-\-p-j-y-s-c k-r-ã-n-¨X-v-, F-¶-v h-n-N-m-c-n-¡c-p-t-X-m?

C-\-n t-e-m-I-\-y-m-b-{-]-I-m-c-w a-m-w-k-`-p-¡-p-I-s-fb-p-w k-k-y-`-p-¡-p-I-s-fb-p-w F-§-n-s-\-b-p-Å-h-c-m-s-W-¶-v ]-d-b-m-s-a-¶-p-w-, \-y-m-b-{-]-I-m-c-w A-hÀ-¡-v F-§-s-\-b-p-Å A-\-p-`-h-¯-n-\-m-W-h-I-m-i-a-p-Å-s-X¶-p-w t-\-m-¡-m-w. a-m-w-k-`-p-¡-p-If-m-b k-n-wl-w-, IS-p-h a-p-Xe-m-b P-´-p¡-s-f Z-p-ã-a-r-K-§-s-f¶-p-w k-k-y-`-p-¡-p-If-m-b ]i-p-, BS-v-, a-m³ a-p-X-e-m-bh-s-b k-m-[-p-a-r-K-§-s-f¶-p-w ]-d-ª-p-h-c-p¶-p. F-¶-mÂ k-n-w-l-§Ä-¡-v k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-b-n a-m-wk-t-a t-hï-q. {-]-b-m-k-s-¸-«-mte hÃ-t-¸-mg-p-w A-X-n-\-v a-m-wk-w I-n-«-p-I-b-pÅ-q. \-a-p¡v a-m-w-k-m-l-m-c-w I-ã-s-¸-«-v ]-c-n-N-b-n-¡-p-¶X-p-w F-f-p-¸-¯-nÂ e-`-n-¡-m-¯-X-p-a-m-W-v. \s-½-t-¸-m-s-e-b-m-W-v A-\-y-P-´-p-h-n-\-v t-h-Z-s-\-s-b-¶-p-Å h-n-t-h-Ih-p-w a-\-p-j-y-\-m-W-p-ÅX-v. AX-p-s-I-m-ï-v a-rK-§Ä A-e-v-]h-p-w I-p-ä-h-m-f-n-IfÃ. C-u

a-\-p-j-y-\-m-W-v FÃ-m I-p-ä-§Ä-¡-p-a-p-Å Z-pã-t-{-Z-ml-n. \-y-m-b-Ø\-m-b a-r-K-¯-n\-v ‘Z-p-ã’ F-¶ h-n-t-ij-W-w s-I-m-S-p-¯ Ø-n-X-n-¡-v a-\-p-j-y\-v ‘Z-p-ã Z-p-ã’ F-¶ h-n-t-ij-W-w s-I-m-S-p-¡W-w. a-r-K-w a-s-ä-m-¶-n-s-\ D-]-t-Z-i-n-¨-v a-m-w-k-w X-o-ä-m-d-nÃ. a-\-pj-yt-\-m s-I-mÃ-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p¶-h-t-\-m-S-v Z-pÀ-\-y-m-b-§Ä ]d-ª-v s-I-mÃ-n-¡-I-q-S-n s-N-¿-p-¶-pï-v. A-X-n-\-mÂ Ch-\-v A-k-wJ-y-w Z-p-ã¸-«-w s-I-m-S-p-¡W-w. A-\-y³ C-h-t-\-m-S-v F-§-n-s-\ s-]-c-p-a-m-d-m-\-m-W-v Ch-s-â \-y-m-b-w k-½-X-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-¶-v t-\-m-¡-m-w. k-m-[-p-a-rK-s-¯ h-[-n-¡-m-s-a-¶ Ch-s-â \-y-m-b-w Z-p-ã-a-rK-s-¯ {-I-q-c-a-m-b-n h-[-n-¡-m\-p-w B a-p-d-b-v¡-v-, A-t-\-I-I-m-c-W-§-f-mÂ Z-p-ã-a-r-K-s-¯-¡-mÄ hf-s-c Z-p-ã\-m-b Ch-s-\ I-p-t-d-s-È I-p-t-d-s-È t-h-Z-\-s-¸-S-p-¯-n A-X-n {-I-q-c-a-m-b-n s-I-m-¶-me-p-w a-X-n-b-m-I-p-I-b-n-s-Ã-¶-p-a-m-Wt-Ã-m h-¶-p-t-N-c-p-¶X-v. C-§-s-\-b-p-Å a-\-p-j-y-\-v B-s-c-´-p-]-{-Z-h-w s-N-b-v-X-me-p-w t-Z-m-j-a-n-s-Ã-¶-v Ah-s-â l-n-w-k-m-\-y-m-b-w s-I-m-ï-v X-s-¶ k-n-²-n-¡-p-¶-p.

\-½-p-s-S l-n-µ-pa-X-w a-m-w-k-`-£-W-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v F-´-p ]-d-ª-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-v hf-s-c A-t-\-z-j-n-t-¡-ï B-h-i-y-a-n-s-Ã-¶-m-W-v I-m-W-p¶-X-v. FÃ-m ]-c-a-m-N-m-c-y-·-mc-p-w H¶-p-t-]-m-s-e a-m-w-k-`-£W-s-¯ \-n-t-c-m-[-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-b-m-W-v.

\½psS lnµp-aX¯nÂ amwk-`-£Ww \njn-²-amWv N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ

t-hZ-]T-\-¯-n-\-v P-m-X-n-b-p-t-ï-m?

Z-w ]T-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v {-_-mÒ-W-, £-{-X-n-b-, s-s-hi-y-, i-q{-Z-, k-v{-X-o F-¶-o t-`Z-§-s-f-m-¶-p-a-n-s-Ã-¶-v B-Z-y-t-a ]-d-ª-p-h-s-Ã-m. hÀ-Ws¯ P-m-X-n-b-m-b-n N-n-{-X-o-I-c-n-¡-m-d-pï-v. hÀ-W-w F-¶-mÂ h-c-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-¶-m-W-v AÀ°-w. ‘hÀt-W-m h-r-t-W-mt-X’ F-¶-v b-m-k-v¡-³ ]-d-b-p¶-p. A-d-n-h-p-Å-hÀ {-_-m-ÒWÀ-, _-e-a-p-Å-hÀ £-{-X-nbÀ (£-X-¯-nÂ \-n-¶-v c-£-n-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-p-¶-hÀ-)-, k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-â k-m-¼¯-n-I h-y-h-ØI-s-f X-m-§-n-\-n-e-v-¡-p-¶-hÀ s-s-h-i-yÀ-, Ch-s-c t-k-h-n-¡-p-¶-hÀ i-q-{-ZÀ. k-Z-m ]-c-m-X-n ]-dª-v Ic-ª-v {-Z-h-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-m-W-v

i-q-{-ZÀ. C-s-X-m¶-p-w P-m-X-o-baÃ. C-u \-m-e-v hÀ-W-¡-mÀ¡-p-w t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m³ A-[-n-I-m-c-a-p-s-ï-¶-v b-P-pÀ-t-Æ-Z-w N-q-ï-n-¡-m-«-nb-X-v t-\c-s-¯ I-ï-X-m-W-s-Ã-m. A-h-\h-s-â k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-a-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v X-m³ h-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-m-W-v {-_-mÒ-W-, £-{-X-nb s-s-hi-y-, i-q-{-Z hÀ-W-§Ä.

t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m-X-n-c-p-¶-mÂ {-_-m-ÒW-s-â a-I-\-m-b-n P-\-n-¨-mÂ-t-¸-me-p-w i-q-{-Z-\-m-b-n-¯-o-c-p-s-a-¶-v a-\-p-k-v-a-r-X-n N-q-ï-n-¡-m-«-p-¶-pï-v.t-b-m-\-[-o-X-y Z-z-n-t-P-m-t-hZþa-\-y-{-X I-p-c-p-t-X {-ia-w k-P-o-ht-¶-h i-q-{-ZX-zþ

t‑h‑


“Ú-m-X-m h-y-m-k-k-v-X-p s-s-I-hÀ-¯-y-m-x i-z-]-m-I-y-m-k-v-X-p ]-c-m-ic-x _-lt-h-m-ft-\-y-]-n h-n-{-]-X-z-w {-]-m-]-v-X-m-t-b ]-qÀ-Æ-a-Z-z-n-P-m-x AÀ°-w: h-y-m-k³ a-p-¡-p-h-¡-n-S-m-¯-n-b-p-s-S a-I-\-m-b-n P-\-n¨-p. i-z-]-m-I-o A-X-mb-X-v NÞ-m-f k-v-{-X-o-b-p-s-S a-I-\-m-b-n ]-c-m-i-c\-p-w P-\-n¨-p. A§-s-\ P·-\-m Z-z-n-P-·-cÃ-m-X-n-c-p-¶ \-n-ch-[-n t-]À {-_-m-Ò-W-c-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¶-p.

a-mi-p-KÑ-X-n k-m-\-z-bx (a\p 2.168)

AÀ-°-w :t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-m-s-X G-s-X-m-c-p {-_-m-Ò-W\-mt-W-m a-ä-nS-¯-v t-P-m-e-n s-N-¿-p¶-X-v A-h³ P-o-h-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ¯-s-¶ I-p-S-p-w-_-k-t-a-X-w D-S³ i-q-{-Z-\-m-b-n a-m-d-p-¶-p.

X-m-g-v-¶ hÀW-¯nÂ-s-¸-«-hÀ¡-p-w K-p-W-IÀ-½ h-n-`-m-K-§Ä s-I-m-ï-v k-hÀ-W-c-m-b-n a-m-d-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

t-\-m-¡-q h-oï-p-w a-\-p-k-v-a-r-X-n i-q-t-{-Z-m {-_-m-Ò-W-X-m-t-aX-n {-_-m-Ò-W-s-s-Ý-h i-q-{-Z-X-m-w £-{-X-nb-m-Ö-m-X-t-ah´-ph-n-Z-y-m-Z-s-s-h-i-y-m-¯-s-s-Y-h N (a\p-kvarXn 10.65)

IÀ-½-K-p-W-w s-I-m-ï-v i-q-{-Z³ {-_-m-Ò-W-\-m-b-n-¯-o-c-p¶-p. IÀ-½-t-Z-m-j-¯-mÂ {-_-m-Ò-WÀ i-q-{-Z-\-m-I-p¶-p. IÀ-½-§-f-p-s-S K-p-W-t-Z-m-j-§-f-mÂ £-{-X-n-bc-p-w s-s-h-i-yc-p-w D-b-c-p-Ib-p-w X-m-g-p-Ib-p-w s-N-¿-p¶-p. C-X-n-\-v F{-Xt-b-m D-Z-m-l-c-W-§Ä \-a-p-¡-v a-l-m-`-m-c-X-¯-nÂ¯-s-¶ I-m-W-m-w. h-\-]À-Æ-¯-n-s-e H-c-p t-Ç-m-I-w t-\-m-¡-q.

h-oï-p-w I-m-W-q. “K-W-n-I-m KÀ-` k-w`-qt-X-mh-k-nj-vT Ý a-l-m-a-p-\-n-x X]-k-m {-_-m-Òt-W-m P-mX-x k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-k-vX-{-X I-m-c-W-a-v.

AÀ°-w: h-k-n-j-vT³ K-W-n-I-b-p-s-S a-I-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. F-¦-ne-p-w X-]-Ê-m-I-p-¶ K-p-W-IÀ-½-w s-I-m-ï-v A-t-±-l-w {-_-m-Ò-W-\-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¶-p. k-w-k-v-¡-m-c-a-m-W-v CX-n-s-\-m-s-¡ I-m-cW-w. a-l-m-`-mc-X-w A-\-p-i-m-k-\-m-]À-Æ-¯-nÂ h-n-i-z-m-a-n-{-X³ F§-s-\ {-_-m-l-v-W-\-m-s-b-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶-pï-v. t-\-m-¡-q.

“Xt-X-m {-_-m-Ò-WX-m-w P-m-t-X-m h-n-i-z-m-a-n{-t-X a-l-m-X-]-m-x £-{-X-n-b-x t-k-m]-y-Y XY-m {-_-m-Ò-h-wi-k-y I-m-c-Ww’’

AÀ°-w: X-]-x-ià-n-s-I-m-ï-v h-n-i-z-m-a-n-{-X³ {-_-m-Ò-W-\-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¶-p. P-·-w s-I-m-ï-v £-{-X-n-b-\-m-b-n-c-p-s-¶-¦-ne-p-w A-t-±-l-w I-u-i-n-I-t-K-m{-X-w F-¶ {-_-m-Ò-W h-w-i-¯-n-\-v I-m-c-W-`-q-X-\-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¶-p.

A§-s-\ t-\-m-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ P-m-X-nb-p-w hÀ-Wh-p-w H-¶Ã.

]i-p-, BS-v-, t-I-m-g-n X-p-S-§-n-b-h P-m-X-n-b-mW-v. A-h-b-v-¡-v hÀ-W-a-nÃ. a-\-p-j-y-s-â K-p-WIÀ-a k-z-`-m-h-a-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v {-_-m-ÒW³-, £-{-X-nb³-, s-s-h-i-y³-, i-q-{-Z³ F-¶-n§-s-\ hÀ-W-§-f-pï-v. G-X-p hÀ-W-¯-nÂ-s-¸-«-me-p-w t-h-Z-w ]T-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-e-q-s-S X-\-n-b-v-¡-v C-ã-a-pÅ-X-v h-c-n-b-v-¡-m-w.

-Z-§Ä A-á-n-s-b Ê-p-X-n¨-p-s-I-m- ï-m-W-v X-p-S-§-p-¶X-v. C-u A-á-n {-]-I-m-i-c-q-]-nb-m-b C-u-i-zc-s-â t-]-c-mW-v. A-á-n D-]-m-k-\-b-v-¡-v h-n-h-n-[-§f-m-b {-I-a-§Ä E-j-n-a-mÀ N-n-«-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-«-pï-v.

A-§-s-\-b-p-Å A-á-n-IÄ A-©-m-W-v. a-q-¶-v {-i-u-X-m-á-n-If-p-w c-ï-v K-r-l-y-m-á-n-I-f-p-w. t-k-m-a-b-m-K-w t-]-m-e-p-Å {-i-u-X b-Ú-§-f-nÂ a-q-¶-v t-l-m-a-I-p-Þ-§Ä I-m-W-m-w. H-¶-v h-«-¯-nÂ H-¶-v N-X-p-c-¯-nÂ C\-n-s-b-m-¶-v AÀ-² N-{-µ-m-I-r-X-n-b-nÂ. C-h-b-m-W-v K-mÀ-l-]-X-y-má-n-, B-l-h-\-o-b-má-n-, Z-£-n-W-má-n C-u A-á-n-I-s-f-b-m-W-v ]-n-¶-o-S-v t-£-{-X-¯-nÂ {-]-X-n-j-vT-n-¨X-v. B-b-X-n-\-mÂ t-£-{-X-§-f-p-s-S {-i-o-t-I-m-h-n-e-n\-p-w C-u t-l-m-a-I-p-Þ-§-f-p-s-S c-q-]-a-mW-v. h-«{-i-o t-I-m-h-nÂ-, N-X-pc{-i-o t-I-m-h-nÂ K-

A-©-p X-n-c-n-b-n-« h-nf-¡-v I-¯-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-´-n-\-v?

P-]-r-j-vT-{-i-o-t-I-m-h-nÂ. C-h-b-v-¡-p ]-pd-s-a c-ï-v K-r-l-y-m-á-n-IÄ t-h-s-d-b-p-a-pï-v. A-h-b-mW-v H-u-]-m-k-\-má-n-, k-`-y-má-n. D-]--m-k-\-m-Z-n-IÄ-¡-v h-n\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶ Aá-n H-u-]-k-\-m-á-n. h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-¯-n-\-v h-n\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p¶-X-v k-`-y-má-n. ]T-n-¡-p¶-X-v k-`-y-m-á-n-¡-v a-p³-]-n-e-n-c-p-¶-p-t-hW-w. C-§-s-\-b-p-Å A-á-nI-s-f k-q-£-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ H-c-p ]-m-c-¼c-y-w ̀ -m-c-X-¯-n-e-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. A¶-v s-F-i-z-c-yh-p-w k-a-r-²-nb-p-w C-u c-m-{-ã-¯-nÂ \-n-d-ª-n-c-p¶-p. C-u A-©-v A-á-n-I-f-m-W-v {-]-X-o-I-m-ß-I-a-m-b-n \-½Ä \-n-e-h-n-f-¡-n-s-e A-©-p X-n-c-n-I-f-m-¡-n a-m-ä-n-bX-v. a-q-¶-v {-i-u-X-m-á-n-If-p-w c-ï-v K-r-l-y-m-á-n-If-p-w B-b-X-n-\-mÂ \-n-e-h-nf¡-v s-F-i-z-c-y-¯-n-s-â {-]-X-o-I-w I-q-S-n-b-mW-v.

t‑h

Hmw Aán-aotf ]ptcm-ln-X-av. bÚ-ky-tZ-h-ar-Xzn-Pav

tlmXm-cav cXv\-[m-X-a-av. (E-tKzZw 1.1.1)

A©v Aán-IÄ

1. KmÀl-]-Xymán2. Bl-h-\o-bmán3. Z£n-Wm-án4. Hu]-mk-\mán5. k`ymán


´-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v N-n-eÀ k-t-´-m- j-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w a-ä-p N-n-eÀ Z-p-x-J-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶X-v? C-u-i-z-c³ F´-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v C§-s-\ ]-£-]-m-X-w I-m-W-n-¡-p-¶-X-v? b-Y-mÀ-°-¯-nÂ C-X-nÂ I-p-ä-¡-mc³ C-u-i-z-c\-m-t-W-m?

C-h-n-s-S-b-m-W-v k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-w a-p-J-ya-m-b IÀ-½-k-n-²-m´-s-¯ a-p-t-¶-m-«-p s-h-b-v-¡-p-¶X-v.

R-m³ s-N-¿-p-¶ IÀ-½-§-f-p-s-S ̂ -e-a-m-W-v F-\-n-b-v-¡-p I-n-«-p-¶X-v. R-m-s-\-´-p s-N-b-v-X-me-p-w AX-n-s-\-m-c-p ^-e-a-p-s-ï-¶-p-Å h-n-i-z-m-k-w k-\-m-X-\ [À-½-n-IÄ-¡-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. B IÀ-½§Ä C-u P-·-¯-n-t-e-X-p a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n-c-n-t-¡-ï-X-nÃ. N-n-e ]-m-«-p-I-m-s-c {-i-²-n-¨-n-«-nt-Ã? A-h-c-p-s-S A-Ñt-\-m A-½t-b-m a-¡t-f-m t-]-me-p-w ]-m-«-p-]-m-S-p-¶-h-c-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-nÃ. ]-n-s-¶-§-s-\- ]-m-S-m-\-p-Å C-u I-g-n-h-v C-hÀ-¡-p-ï-mb-n? A-X-m-W-v IÀ-½-^e-w. P-·-P-·-m-´-c-§-f-m-b-n \-m-w IÀ-½h-p-w IÀ-½-^-eh-p-w A-\-p-`-h-n-¡-p-I-b-m-s-W-¶-v \-½-p-s-S ]-qÀ-Æ-n-IÀ h-n-i-z-k-n¨-p. B h-n-i-z-m-k-w t-h-Z-§-f-n-e-p-w-, D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡-f-n-e-p-w-, {-_-Ò-k-q-{-X-¯-ne-p-w ̀ -K-h-Z-v-K-o-X-b-ne-p-w F-´-n-\-v Ú-m-\-¸-m-\-b-nÂ-t-¸-me-p-w I-m-W-m-w.

t-\-m-¡-q. “A-P-w N-¯-p K-P-a-m-b-n ]-n-d-¡-p¶-p K-P-w N-¯-§-P-h-p-a-m-b-o-S-p¶-p \-c-n N-¯-p \-c-\-m-b-n ]-n-d-¡-p¶-p\-m-c-n N-¯-p-S-t-\-m-c-n-b-m-b-n t-]-m-I-p¶-p.I-r-]-I-q-S-m-s-X ]-o-U-n-¸-n-¨-o-S-p¶ \-r-]³ N-¯-p I-r-a-n-b-m-b-n ]-n-d-¡-p¶-p.C-u-¨-N-s-¯-m-c-p ]-q-¨-b-m-b-o-S-p¶-p.C-u-i-zc-s-â h-n-e-m-k-§-f-n-§-s-\.’’

A-t-¸-mÄ k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-w Dd-¨-v h-n-i-z-k-n-¡-p-¶ H-c-p I-mc-y-w R-m\-p-w \-½-p-s-S

]-p-\À-P·-w: k-\-m-X-\-[À-½-¯-n-s-â A-S-nØ-m-\ k-n-²-m´-w

]-n-X-r-¡-f-p-s-aÃ-m-w X-p-SÀ-¨-b-m-b-n P-\-n-a-r-X-nI-s-f ]-pÂ-I-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-X-mW-v. A-X-mb-X-v \-½-p-s-S ]-n-X-r-¡Ä a-c-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w A-hÀ h-oï-p-w IÀ-½--^-e-a-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v P-·-s-a-S-p-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-q-s-h-¶À°-w. \-a-p-¡-v ̀ -Kh-Z-v K-o-X-b-n-t-e-¡-v h-c-p-w. A-h-n-s-S `-K-h-m³ {-i-o-I-r-j-v-W³ ]-d-b-p-¶-s-X-m-¶-p I-mW-q.“P-mX-k-y l-n {-[-pt-h-m a-r-X-y-pÀ {-[-p-h-w P-· a-rX-k-y N X-k-v-a-m-X-]-c-n-l-mt-c-y-fÀt-° \ X-z-w t-i-m-N-n-X-p-aÀ-lk-n (k-m-wJ-y-t-b-m-K-w 27-)

AÀ°-w: F-s-´-¶-mÂ P-\-n-¨h-\-v ac-W-w k-p-\-n-Ý-n-X-a-mW-v. a-c-n-¨h-\-v P-\-\h-p-w k-p-\-n-Ý-n-X-a-mW-v. A-X-n-\-mÂ ]-c-n-l-c-n-¡-m³ k-m-[-n-¡-m-¯ I-m-c-y-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v \-o F-´-n-\-v Z-p-x-J-n-¡-W-w? h-m-k-m-w-k-n P-oÀ-W-m-\-n b-Y-m h-n-l-mb \-h-m-\-n K-r-l-v-W-m-X-n \-tc-f]-c-mW-n X-Y-m i-c-o-c-m-W-n h-nl-m-b P-oÀW-mþ\-y-\-y-m-\-n k-w-b-m-X-n \-h-m\-n t-Zl-o (`-K-h-Z-vK-o-X k-m-wJ-y-t-b-mK-w 2.22-)

AÀ°-w: a-\-p-j-y³ P-oÀ-W-n-¨ h-k-v{-X-w D-t-]-£-n-¨-v ]-pX-n-b h-k-v-{-X-§Ä k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶X-p-t-]-m-s-e B-ß-m-h-v P-oÀ-W-n-¨ i-c-o-c§-s-f D-t-]-£-n-¨-v ]-pX-n-b i-c-o-c-§Ä s-s-I-s-¡-m-Å-p-¶-p.

b-m-s-X-m-c-p k-w-i-b-h-p-a-nÃ-m-¯h-®-w ]-p-\À-P-·-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v h-n-i-Z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v `-K-h-m-\-n-h-ns-S. C-\-n- \-a-p-¡-v B-ß-m-h-n-\-v a-c-W-t-i-j-w F-´-m-W-v K-X-n-s-b-¶-v D-]-\-n-j-¯-p-¡Ä ]-d-b-p¶-X-p I-q-S-n t-IÄ-¡-m-w.

“K-u-Xa-m! hf-s-c k-t-´-m-j-t-¯-m-s-S R-m³ \-n\-¡-v K-l-\h-p-w \-n-X-y-h-pa-m-b A-\-m-Z-n {-_Ò-s-¯ ]-d-ª-p-X-c-m-w. F-§-s-\-s-b-¶-mÂ a-c-n-¨-X-n-\-p-t-i-j-w B-ß-m-h-v F-´-p K-X-n-s-b k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶-q-s-h-¶-h®-w.’’

N-n-e P-o-h-m-ß-m-¡Ä A\-y-t-b-m-\-n-s-b AY-h-m A-\-y-i-c-oc-s-¯ {-]-m-]-n-¡-p¶-p. N-n-e-c-m-Is-«-, IÀ-½h-p-w -Ú-m-\h-p-w A-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v \-n-X-y-Ø\-m-b C-u-i-zc-s-\ AY-h-m

{-_Ò-s-¯ k-m-£-m-X-v-¡-c-n-¡-p¶-p.’’ (I-t-T-m-]-\-nj-¯-v 2.5.6-) c-ï-p h-g-nI-s-f a-c-W-m-\´-c-w P-o-h-

\-pÅ-p. H-¶-p IÀ-a-^-e-a-\--p-k-c-n-¨-v a-s-ä-m-c-p i-c-o-c-w k-z-o-I-c-n¡-p-I a-s-ä-m-¶-v {-_-Ò-k-m-£-m-X-v-¡-m-c-w s-s-I-h-c-n-¡-p-I. A-X-m-W-v I-t-T-m-]-\-nj-¯-v ]-d-b-p-¶X-v. A-t-¸-mÄ IÀ-½-^-e-a-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v H-c-mÄ a-c-n-¨-mÂ F-{-X k-a-b-s-a-S-p-¡-p-w. a-s-ä-m-c-p i-c-o-c-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-m³? C-¡-m-c-y-¯-n-\-v _-r-l-Z-m-cW-y-t-I-m-]-\-nj-¯-v \Â-I-p-¶ D¯-c-w I-q-S-n I-m-W-p-I.’’

“]-pÂ-¯-p-¼-n-¸-p-g-p X-n-¶-p-X-n-¶-v ]-pÃ-n-e-b-p-s-S Aä-¯-p \-n¶-v-, A-S-p-¯ C-e-b-n-t-e-¡-v X-o-ä-b-v-¡-m-b-n {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-p-w-t-]-m-s-e H-c-p i-c-o-c-w \-i-n-¸-n-¨-v a-s-ä-m-¶-n-t-e-¡-v {-]-t-h-i-n-¨-v B-ß-m-h-v k-z-b-w D-]-k-w-l-c-n-¡-p¶-p. P-oh-s-â ]-qÀ-Æ {-]-Úb-p-w IÀ-½h-p-w H-¶-n-¨-m-c-w-`-n-¡-p¶-q (_-r-l-Z-m-c-W-yI-w 4.4.3-)

C-\-n \-a-p-¡-v ZÀ-i-\-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v I-t-®-m-S-n-¡-m-w. A-h-n-t-Sb-p-w ]-p-\À-P·-s-¯ A-S-n-Ø-m-\-k-\-m-X-\-[À-½ N-n-´-b-m-b-n D-bÀ-¯-n-¡-m-«-p¶-X-p I-m-W-m-w. t-h-Z-m-´-ZÀi-\-w AY-h-m {-_-Ò-k-q{-X-w ]-d-b-p¶-X-p I-m-W-m-pI.‘XZ-´-c {-]-X-n]-¯-u c-w-lX-n k-w-]-c-n-j-z-à-x {-]i-v-\ \-n-c-q-]-W-m-`-y-m-a-v(t-h-Z-m-´-ZÀ-i\-w 3.1.1-)

AÀ°-w; i-c-o-c-m-´-c-{-]-m-]-v-X-n-b-nÂ ]-p-\À-P-·-¯-n-\-v P-o-h-m-ß-mh-v C-u i-c-o-c-w h-n-«-v k-q-£-v-a-t-Z-l-t-¯-m-S-p I-q-S-n A-\-y-{-X t-]-m-I-p¶-p.

C-\-n I-]-n-e-m-N-m-c-y³ k-m-w-J-y-ZÀ-i-\-¯-nÂ F-´-p ]-d-b-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-p t-\-m¡-q.

“X-Z-v _-o-P-m-X-v k-w-k-r-X-n : ‘’ (k-m-w-J-y-ZÀ-i\-w 3.3-) AÀ°-w: P-o-h-m-ß-m-h-n-s-â t-Z-l-m-´-cK-

X-n k-q-£-v-a-i-c-o-c-t-¯-m-S-p I-q-S-n-b-X-mW-v.A§-s-\ ]-p-\À-P-·-a-p-s-ï-¦-nÂ P-\-n-

a-r-X-n-IÄ-¡-n-S-b-v-¡-v _-m-l-y-h-nj-b-w B-ß-m-h-v A-\-p-`-h-n¡-p-t-a-m? k-m-w-J-y-ZÀi-\-w D¯-c-w ]-d-b-p¶-X-v I-mW-q.“]-qÀ-t-Æ-m-X-v]-t-¯ k-vX-X-v I-m-c-yX-z-wt-`-m-K-m-t-ZI-k-y t-\-Xc-k-y’’ (k-m-w-J-y-ZÀ-i\-w 3.8-)

AÀ°-w: k-q-£-v-a-i-c-o-c-b-p-à\-m-b B-ß-m-h-v a-s-ä-m-c-p i-c-o-c-¯-n-t-e-¡-v t-]-m-I-p-¶-X-n-\-n-S-b-v-¡-v _-m-l-y-h-n-jb-§-s-f-m¶-p-w A-\-p-`-h-n-¡-p-t-¶-b-nÃ. h-oï-p-w {-_-Ò-k-q{-X-w ]-d-b-p¶-X-p I-m-W-pI.

“{-]-m-W-K-t-X-Ý’’ (t-h-Z-m-´-ZÀ-i\-w 3.1.3-) AÀ°-w: k-q-£-v-a-t-Z-l-w {-]-mW-s-â

Ø-m-\-a-mW-v. A-X-n-\-mÂ k-q-£-v-a-t-Z-l-w A-S-p-¯ P-·-¯-ne-p-w B-ß-mh-n-t-\-m-s-S-m-¸-a-pï-v. X-p-SÀ¶-p-w {-_-Ò-k-q{-X-w X-s-¶ ]T-n¡-q.

“A-á-y-m-Z-n-{-i-p-t-X-c-n-X-n t-N-¶ `-m-à-X-z-m-X-v’’ (t-h-Z-m-´-ZÀ-i\-w 3.1.4-)

AÀ°-w: a-c-W-I-me-¯-v h-m-W-n a-p-Xe-m-b C-{-µ-n-b-§Ä P-o-h-m-ß-mh-n-t-\-m-s-S-m-¸-w A-S-p-¯ t-Z-l-[-m-c-W-¯-n-¶-m-b-n t-]-m-I-p¶-p.

t-\-m¡-q-, ̀ -K-h-m³ {-io-I-r-j-v-W³ ̀ -K-h-Z-v-K-o-X-b-n-e-p-w-, h-y-m-k³ {-_-Ò-k-q-{-X-¯-ne-p-w I-]-n-e-m-N-m-c-y³ k-m-w-J-y-ZÀ-i-\-¯-ne-p-w b-m-Ú-h-e-v-I-y³ _-r-l-Z-m-cW-y-t-I-m-]-\-n-j-¯-n-e-p-w-, I-t-T-m-]-\-n-j-¯-ne-p-s-a-m-s-¡ Hc-p-t-]-m-s-e P-o-h³ a-c-W-t-i-j-w a-s-ä-m-c-p i-c-o-c-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-s-a-¶-v X-d-¸-n-¨-p D-d-¸-n¨-p-w

F

47`mKw H¶v46 k\m-X\ [À½-]m-Tm-hen

]-p-\À-P·-s-¯ ]-m-c-m-«-p¶-p.

B-[-p-\-n-I-i-m-k-v-{-Xh-p-w ]-p-\À-P-·-h-p-w B-[-p\-n-I i-m-k-v-{-X-Ú-·-m-c-nÂ N-n-

e-s-c-¦-ne-p-w ]-p-\À-P·-s-¯ A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¨-n-«-pï-v. A-X-nÂ G-äh-p-w {-]-i-k-v-X³ t-e-m-I-¯-n-s-e A-d-n-b-s-¸-S-p-¶ a-\-x-i-m-k-v-{-X-Ú³ I-mÄ Kp-Ì-m]-v b-p-M-v BW-v. A-t-±l-w ‘]-p-\À-P-·-s-¯-¸-ä-n’ F-s-¶-m-c-p t-eJ-\-w X-s-¶ F-g-p-X-n-b-n-«-pï-v. “\-a-p-¡-v ZÀ-i-n-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-p-¶ H-c-p {-]-{-I-n-b-bÃ ]-p-\À-P·-w. \-a-p-¡-X-n-s-\ A-f-¡-ph-mt-\-m X-q-¡-ph-mt-\-m A-X-n-s-â ]-S-s-a-S-p-¡-ph-mt-\-m k-m-[-yaÃ. A-X-v C-{-µ-n-b k-w-t-h-Z-\-¯-n-\-v X-n-I¨-p-w A-X-o-X-a-mW-v. ]-p-\À-P-·-s-¯-t-¸-m-s-e C-{-Xb-p-w i-m-k-v-{-X-b-p-àa-m-b H-¶-n-s-\ A-i-m-k-v-{-X-o-b-s-a-¶-v X-Å-n-¡-f-b-p¶-X-v X-o-s-c N-n-´-b-nÃ-m-b-v-a-b-mW-v.’’

PÀ-a³ ̂ -n-k-n-Ì-m-b-n-c-p¶ t-P-mÀ-Ö-v {-I-n-k-vä-^-v e-n-s-¨³ _À-K-v Xs-â ‘_-©-m-c-I-vä-c-n Ì-nI-v’ F-¶ {-K-Ù-¯-nÂ F-g-p-X-p¶-X-p I-q-S-n h-m-b-n¡-q. “R-m³ P-\-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p a-p³-]-v R-m³ a-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-q-s-h-¶ N-n-´ F-s-â a-\-Ê-nÂ \-n-¶-v A-I-ä-p-h-m³ I-g-n-b-p-¶-nÃ’’ t-U-m-ÎÀ k-v-ä-o-h-³-k¬ 1959Â l-mÀ-t-¸-g-v-k-v a-m-K-k-n-\-nÂ H-c-p t-eJ-\-w {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n¨-p “The evidence for survival from claimed memories of former incarnations’ F-¶-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p B t-e-J-\-¯-n-s-â t-]-c-v.

t-\-m¡-q; t-e-m-I-{-]-i-k-v-XÀ t-]-me-p-w C-u ]-p-\À-P-·-¯-nÂ h-n-i-z-k-n-¡-p¶-p. \-½-p-s-S ]-n-X-r-¡-f-m-c-p-w Hcn-¡epw CÃmXm-b-n-«-n-s-Ã-¶-v K-o-X-b-pÄ-s-¸-s-S FÃ-m-hc-p-w B-W-b-n-S-p¶-X-p I-ï-p-h-s-Ã-m. A-t-¸-mÄ H-c-p t-N-mZ-y-w k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-b-n k-m-[-m-c-W-¡-mÀ t-N-m-Z-n-¡-p-w. ]-p-\À-P-·-a-p-s-ï-¦-nÂ F´-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v I-g-n-ª P-·-t-¯-s-X-m¶-p-w \-a-p¡-v H-mÀ-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-m-¯-s-X-¶-v. 12 hÀ-j-w a-p³-]-v P-\-p-h-c-n 12\-v s-s-h-I-p-t-¶-c-w A-©-p-a-W-n-¡-v F´-p-sNbvXXps-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-v B-s-c-¦-ne-p-w \-t-½-m-S-p t-N-m-Z-n-¨-mÂ \-a-p¡X-v H-mÀ-¯-p ]-d-b-m-\-mI-p-t-a-m? CÃ. A-X-n-\À-°-w A-§s-\-s-b-m-c-p s-I-mÃh-p-w a-m-kh-p-w C-s-Ãt-¶-m A-¶-v \-½Ä X-s-¶ C-s-Ãt-¶-m H¶-p-w Ah-\-v k-w-`-h-n-¨-n-s-Ãt-¶-m B-t-W-m? H-mÀ-½-b-nÃ-m-¯X-p-s-I-m-ï-v A-X-nÃ-m-X-m-I-p-¶-nÃ. i-m-k-v-{-X-a-m-W-v \-a-p-¡-v {-]-a-m-W-w.

´-mW-v? A-X-n-\-p I-mcW-w C-ui-z-c c-N-n-Xa-m-b t-h-Z-§-f-m-W-v B-Z-y-a-m-b-n t-e-mI-¯-v ]-p-\À-P-·-k-n-²-m-´-w A-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶X-v. t-\-m¡-q. t-h-Z-a-{-´-§-f-n-t-e¡-v

H-m-w A-k-p-\o-t-X ]-p-\-c-k-v-a-m-k-p N-£-p-x ]-p-\-x {-]-m-Wa-nl t-\-m t-[-l-n t-`-mK-w. t-P-y-m-I-v ]-t-i-y-a k-q-c-y-a-p-¨c´ a-\-pa-t-X arf-b-m \-x k-z-k-vX-n. (E-t-K-z-Z-w 10.59.6-)

A-k-p\-ot-X-m AÃt-b-m {-]-m-W-Z-m-b\-m-b C-u-i-z-c-m!

]-p-\-c-k-v-a-m-k-p N£-p: = Z-b-h-m-b-n A-S-p-¯ P-·-¯-nÂ R-§Ä-¡-v I-®-p-IÄ a-p-Xe-m-b k-ak-v-X C-{-µ-n-b-§f-p-w \Â-I-n-b-m-e-p-w.

]-p-\-x {-]-mW-a-v = {-]-mW³-, A-X-mb-X-v a-\Ê-v-, _-p²-n-, A-l-¦-mc-w-, N-n¯-w-, _e-w-, D-Õ-m-l-w X-p-S-§-nb-h-t-b-m-S-p I-qS-n-b i-c-o-c-w ]-p-\À-P-·-¯-ne-p-w X-¶-m-e-p-w.

Cl t-\-m t-[-l-n t-`-m-K-w = C-u P-·-¯-ne-p-w X-p-SÀ-¶-p-Å P-·-§-f-ne-p-w R-§Ä D¯-a-t-`-m-K-§Ä A-\-p-`-h-n-¡s-«.

t-P-y-m-I-v ]-t-i-y-a k-q-c-y-a-p-¨-c´-a-v = A-§-p X-s-¶ h-n-Ú-m-\-w s-I-m-ï-v k-qc-y-t-e-m-I-t-¯b-p-w {-]-m-W-t-\b-p-w t-{-]-a-]-qÀ-Æ-w t-\-m-¡-n-¡-m-Ws-«.

A-\-pa-t-X a-rf-b-m \-x k-z-k-vX-n = k-ak-v-X h-y-à-n-IÄ¡-p-w a-m-\-w \Â-I-p-¶

`-K-h-m-t-\ FÃ-m P-·-§-f-ne-p-w R§-s-f k-p-J-n-I-f-m-¡-n k-z-k-v-X-c-m-¡-n-b-m-e-p-w.

C-u ]-p-\À-P-·-k-n-²-m-´-w k-\-m-X-\ [À-½-¯-n-s-e k-ak-v-X {-K-Ù-§-f-ne-p-w B-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-m-b-n I-S-¶-p-h-c-m³ I-m-c-W-s-a-

Imiy-]m-{i-a¯nsâ DZvLm-S\ thZn-bn-Â : (C-S¯p \n¶v) AUz. ]n.-F-kv. {io[-c³]n-Å, sI.-hn. taml³Ip-amÀ sF.F.-F-kv., iio-{µ³ Fw.-FÂ.-F., ]n.-hn. N{µ³, apJy-a{´n {io. D½³Nm- ïn, BNmcy Fw.-BÀ. cmtP-jv, Fw.-sI. cmL-h³ Fw.-]n., Fw.-]n. hotc-{µ-Ip-amÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ

thZ-`qan Imiy-]m-{iaw

c-n-¡Â `-mc-X-w t-h-Z-`-q-a-n-b-m-b-n- c-p¶-p. ̀ -mc-X-w F-¶ h-m-¡-n\-p-t-]-me-p-w AÀ-°-w t-h-Z-§-f-nÂ c-a-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-p-s-S \-m-S-v F-¶-mW-v. F-¶-mÂ I-m-e-{-I-a-¯-nÂ `-m-c-X-w t-h-Z§-s-f s-s-I-h-n-«-p A-t-X-m-S-p-I-q-S-n `-m-c-X-¯-n-s-â A-\-´-b-i-Ê-n\-p-w {-i-o¡-p-w I-f-¦-t-aä-p. \-ã-s-¸-« t-h-Z§-s-f h-o-s-ï-S-p-¡-m-\-m-W-v `-K-h-m³ a-l-m-h-n-j-v-W-p A-h-X-m-c-w t-]-m-e-p-s-a-S-p¯-X-v F-¶-v ]-p-c-m-W-§Ä ]-d-b-p-t-¼-mÄ t-h-Z-§Ä F-t-¸-mg-p-w k-w-c-£-n-¡-s-¸-t-S-ï-X-m-W-v F-¶-v h-y-à-a-m-I-p-¶-p. t-h-Z-§-f-n-s-e A-d-n-h-v t-e-m-I-s-a-¼-mS-p-w h-m-c-n-h-n-X-d-m-\-mW-v-, B A-d-n-h-nÂ \-n-¶-p-w H-c-p \-h-t-e-m-I-w k-r-ã-n-¡-m-\-p-a-m-W-v B-N-m-c-y F-w.BÀ. c-m-t-P-j-v I-mi-y-] t-h-Z d-n-kÀ-¨-v ^-u-t-ïj-\-v c-q-]-w \Â-I-n-bX-v. t-h-Z-w I-m-W-m-¯-, t-IÄ-¡-m-¯-, H-c-p k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-\ t-h-Z-]T-\-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v \-b-n¡-p-I F-¶ `-K-o-c-Y {-]-b-X-v-\-¯-n-\-m-W-v B-N-m-c-y³ X-p-S-¡-a-n-«X-v.

2003þÂ _-m-e-p-t-È-c-n-b-n-s-e Hc-p H-m-e-s-j-Í-nÂ B-c-w-`-n-¨ t-h-Z-]T-\-w C-¶-v FÃ-m A-X-n-c-p-I-s-fb-p-w A-X-n-e-w-L-n¨-p-s-I-m-ï-v P-\-l-r-Z-b§-s-f I-o-g-S-¡-n-s-¡-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p. t-h-Z-]T-\-¯-n\-p-w t-h-Z-

k-w-c-£-W-¯-n\-p-w K-t-h-j-W-¯-n\-p-w t-h-Z-{-]-N-c-W-¯-n-\-p-a-m-b-n 2007Â I-mi-y-] t-h-Z d-n-kÀ-¨-v ^-u-t-ïj³ H-u-t-Z-y-m-K-n-I-a-m-b-n \-n-e-h-nÂ h¶-p. {-I-aa-m-b {-]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f-p-s-S `-m-K-a-m-b-n 2012Â I-mi-y-] t-h-Z d-n-kÀ-¨-v ^-u-t-ïj-\-v k-z-´-a-m-b-n H-c-p B-Ø-m-\-w t-I-m-g-n-t-¡-m-S-v \-K-c-a-[-y-¯-nÂ k-z-´-a-mb-n. ̀ -q-a-n k-z-´a-m-b \-mÄ B-N-m-c-y³ i-n-j-y-t-c-m-S-p ]-cª-p. C¶-v ‘t-h-Z-§Ä-¡-p a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n H-c-p ̀ -qa-n’ F-¶ k-¦-e-v-]-w k-m-£-mÂ-¡-c-n-¨ Z-n-\-a-mW-v. C-X-v ]-c-n-]-qÀ-W-a-mb-p-w t-h-Z-a-m-X-m-h-n-t-â-X-mW-v-, B A-½-b-p-s-S a-¡Ä-¡-p-Å-X-m-W-v. 2012 s-a-b-v 26\-v a-p-J-y-a{-´-n D-½³-N-m-ï-n B-{-i-a-w D-Z-v-L-mS-\-w s-N-b-vX-p. N-S-§-nÂ t-I-m-g-n-t-¡-m-S-v F-w.]-n. {-i-o. F-w.s-I. c-m-L-h³ F-w.]-n. A-[-y-£-X h-l-n¨-p. {-i-o. F-w.]-n. h-o-t-c-{-µ-I-p-a-mÀ-, F-w.s-I. i-i-o-{-µ³ F-w.FÂ.F.-, P-nÃ-m I-e-ÎÀ {-i-o. s-I.h-n. t-a-m-l³-I-p-a-mÀ s-F.F.F-k-v.-, ]-n.h-n. N-{-µ³ F-¶-n-hÀ ]-s-¦-S-p-¯-p.

Aª-q-t-d-m-f-w t-]À-¡-v C-c-p-¶-v ]T-n-¡-m³ ]-ä-p-¶ t-h-Z-h-n-Z-y-m-a-Þ-]-w-, A³-]-t-X-m-f-w t-]À-¡-n-c-p-¶-v `£-W-w I-g-n-¡-m-h-p-¶ A-¶-]-qÀ-t-W-k-z-c-n l-mÄ-, ]-X-n-\-m-b-n-c-¯-n-e-[-n-I-w {-]-mN-o-\ {-K-Ù-§Ä

H

t-P-mÀ-Ö-v {-I-n-k-vä-^-v e-n-s-¨³ _À-K-v


U-n-P-n-ä-s-s-e-k-v s-N-b-v-X-p k-w-c-£-n-¡-p-¶ U-n-P-n-äÂ s-s-e-{-_d-n-, F¶-n-h B-{-i-a-¯-nÂ {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¡-p¶-p. ]-©-a-l-m-b-Ú§Ä-, t-j-m-U-i-{-I-n-bIÄ-, \£-{-X D-]-mk-\-, K-m-b{-X-o D-]-mk-\-, F-¶-n-h-¡-p ]-pd-s-a k-u-P-\-y-a-m-b-n {-]-W-t-h-m-]-m-k-\b-p-w k-w-k-v-I-r-Xh-p-w hnjvWp-k-l-{k-\m-ahpw B-{-i-a-¯-nÂ ]T-n-¸-n-¨-p-h-c-p¶-p. Ch-¡-p ]-pd-s-a s-s-hZ-n-I i-m-k-v-{-X-§f-p-w ZÀ-i-\§Ä-, D-]-\-n-j-¯-p¡Ä-, `-Kh-Z-v K-o-X F-¶-n-hb-p-w ]-mT-y-h-n-j-b-§-f-m-W-v.

t-e-m-I-¯-nÂ G-äh-p-w I-q-S-p-XÂ P-\§-s-f s-s-hZ-n-I B-N-c-W-§fmb ]©-a-lm-b-Ú-§fpw tjmU-i-{In-b-Ifpw A-`-y-k-n-¸-n-¨ h-y-à-n B-N-m-c-y F-w.BÀ. c-m-t-P-j-mW-v. \-m-e-v-]-t-X-m-f-w {-K-Ù-§Ä F-g-pX-n-b C-t-±-l-¯-n-\-v \-n-ch-[-n ]-p-c-k-v-¡-m-c-§f-p-w e-`-n-¨-n-«-pï-v.

{-K-Ù§Ä

l AYÀÆ-t-h-Z-¯-ns-â C-w¥-oj-v ]c-n-`-mj l a{-´-h-m-Zh-p-w Z-pÀa-{-´-h-m-Z-h-p-wl t-hZ-§-f-ns-e i-mt-àb cl-k-y-w l t-hZ-§-f-ns-e i-mk-v{-X-Z-o-]-vX-n l I-p«-n-I-f-ps-S c-ma-m-b-W-w l A¿-¸-c-l-k-y-w l a{-´-k-m-[-\-m-c-l-k-y-w l ]-q´-m-\-¯-ns-â Ú-m\-¸-m-\ l t-hZ-k-u-c`-wl l-nµ-p-[À½ clk-y-w l l-nµ-p-h-ns-â BN-c-W-§Ä l kc-k-z-X-o-{-]-k-mZ-w l i_-c-n-a-e-b-m{-X F´-v? F´-n\-v?

F§s-\? l t-It-\-m-]-\-n-j¯-v l h-nt-Z-i-§-f-ns-e h-nN-n{-X c-ma-m-bW-w l jU-vZÀi-\-c-lk-y-w l ac-W-a-n-Ã-m-X-m-¡-m³ Aa-r-X-hg-n l ̀ -mK-y-k-qà-w

l s-Fi-zc-y-w \ÂI-p¶ t-hZ-k-q-à-§Ä l l-nµ-p-t-Z-h-X-m-c-lk-y-w l t-hZ-§-f-n-e-qs-S l-nµ-p-[À½-]-T\-w l h-na-m-\-i-mk-v{-X-w t-hZ-§-f-nÂ l ]h-n{-X a-wKe-yt-l-ma-w l B[-p-\-nI t-P-y-mX-n-È-m-k-v{-X-¯-ns-e

t-hZ-¸-ga l C-w¥-o-j-ns-â t-hc-p-w `-mc-X-¯-nt-e-m? l D]-m-k\l ̀ -mc-X-N-c-n-{-X-¯-ns-e

AÚ-m-X-a-p-J-§Ä l R-m³ t-hZ-w ]T-n-¡-m³

t-b-mK-y-\-mt-W-m?l t-hZ-¯-ns-e \-nK-q-V-c-lk-y-w l \£-t-{-X-m-]-m-k\ l a{-´-Z-o]-vX-n l {-]W-h-k-m-[-\-m-c-lk-y-wl {-]W-h-mj-vt-S-m¯c cl-k-y-mÀ¨\l t-hZ-§s-f {-]W-b-n¨ h-nt-h-I-m-\-µ³l i_-c-n-ae (X-a-ng-v-)l a\-p-k-va-rX-n kX-yh-p-w a-nY-yb-p-w l a-mI-vk-va-p-ÅÀ: kX-yh-p-w a-nY-yb-p-w. l Chemistry in agnihotra l Secrets of mantral Sanskrit: Mother of All languagse

]-pc-k-v¡-mc-§Ä

l h-nZ-y-mh-m-N-k-v]X-n h-n. ]t-\-mf-n cN-n¨ {-_Ò-k-q-{-X-¯-ns-â i-m¦-c-`-mj-y-w ]-qÀ¯-n-b-m-¡-n-bX-v BN-mc-y F-w.-BÀ. c-mt-P-j-m-W-v. AX-p ]-pc-k-v¡-c-n¨-v

a-mX-r-`-qa-nb-p-w k-vI-qÄ H-m^-v ̀ K-h-Z-vK-o-Xb-p-w Ct-±-l-¯-n\-v {-]t-X-yI ]-pc-k-v¡-mc-w \ÂI-n BZ-c-n-¨-p.

l Zb-m-\-µ C-³-Ì-n-ä-y-q«-v H-m-^-v t-h-Z-n-I-v Ì-U-ok-ns-â "t-h-Z k-w-k-vI-m-c B-N-mc-y' ]-pc-k-v¡-mc-w

l bÚ-§s-f k-wc-£-n-¡-p-¶X-v ]-pc-k-v¡-c-n¨-v a-[-y-{-]-t-Z-i-n-s-e t-h-Z-]-Þ-n-X-À "b-Ú {-]-P-m-]X-n' F-¶ ]-pc-k-v¡-m-c-w.

kwkvIr-X-¯n-epÅ inem-^-eIw apJy-a{´n A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p.

DZvLm-S-\-tbm-K-¯nÂ kw_-Ôn¨ {_Ò-Nmcn hnth-Im-ar-X-ssN-X -\ybv¡v BNm-cy³ D]-lmcw \ÂIp¶p

kam-]-\-tbm-K-¯nÂ tXm«-¯nÂ cho-{µ³ kwkm-cn-¡p¶p

hmkvXp-bÚw

tImb-¼-¯qÀ Bcy-sshZy ^mÀakn amt\-PnwKv Ub-d-IvSÀ Fw. IrjvW-Ip-amÀ `{Z-Zo]w sXfn-bn-¡p¶p

sI. hn. taml³Ip-amÀ sF.-F.-F-kv., AUz. ]n.-F-kv. {io[-c³]nÅF¶n-hÀ B{i-a-¯nÂ

DZvLm-S-\-N-S-§nse \ndª kZÊv

A¶-Zm\w

tUm. Fw.-Pn.Fkv. \mcm-b-W³ BNm-cy-\p-sam¯v

apJy-a{´n D½³Nmïn-tbm-sSm¸w BNmcy Fw.-BÀ. cmtPjv

50 k\m-X\ [À½-]m-Tm-hen

B-N-m-c-x ]-ct-a-m [À-½-x {-i-p-X-y-p-à--x k-v-a-mÀ-¯ G-h N X-k-v-a-m-Z-k-v-a-n³ k-Z-m b-pt-à-m \-nX-y-w k-y-m-Z-m-X-v-a-h-m³ Z-z-n-P-x (1.108) t-h-Z-§-f-ne-p-w k-v-a-r-X-n-I-f-ne-p-w ]-d-b-s-¸-« B-N-c-W-§Ä kÀ-Æ t-{-ij-vT [À-a-a-m-I-p¶-p. AX-n-\-mÂ B-t-ß-m¶-X-n I-m-w-£-n-¡-p-¶ Z-z-nP³ C-u B-N-c-W§-s-f \-n-c´-c-w A-\-p-j-vT-n-¡-p-¶-X-nÂ kZm {i²m-ep-hm-Ip-¶p.

z

B-N-m-c-m-Z-v-h-n-N-y-pt-X-m h-n-t-{-]-m \ t-h-Z-^-e-a-i-v-\-pt-X B-N-mt-c-W X-p k-w-b-p-à-x k-¼-qÀ-®-^-e-`-m-K-v-`-t-h-X-v. (1.109) [À-a-m-N-c-W-§Ä ]-m-e-n-¡-m-¯ Z-z-n-P³ t-h-Z-¯-nÂ ]-d-ª-n-«-p-Å [À-a-¯nÂ \n¶v In«p¶ k-p-J-^-e§-s-f t\Sp-¶-nÃ. h-n-Z-y A-`-y-k-n-¨-v B-N-c-W-§Ä A-\-p-i-o-e-n-¡-p-¶-hÀ a-m-{-X-t-a k-¼-qÀ-W k-p-J-w t-\-S-p-¶-p-Å-q.

z

{-i-p-X-n-k-v-a-r-X-y-p-Z-n-X-w [À-½-a-\-p-X-n-j-vT³ l-n a-m-\h-x C-l I-oÀ-¯-n-a-h-m]-v-t-\-m-X-n t-{-]-X-y N-m-\-p¯-a-w k-p-J-w. (2.9) t-h-t-Z-m-àa-m-b [À-ah-p-w t-h-Z-§Ä-¡-v h-n-c-p-²-aÃ-m-¯ kvarXn-bnÂ ]d-ª-Xp-amb [Àa-s-¯ B-N-c-n-¡-p-¶hÀ C-u t-e-mI-¯-v I-oÀ-¯-n t-\-S-p¶-p. a-c-W t-i-j-w kÀ-t-Æ-m-¯-a k-p-J-s-¯b-p-w {-]-m-]-n-¡-p¶-p.

z

t-b-m-fh-a-t-\-y-X t-X a-q-t-e t-l-X-p-i-m-k-v-{-X-m-{-i-b-m-Z-v-Z-z-nP-x k k-m-[-p-`-nÀ-_-l-n-j-v-I-m-t-c-y-m \-m-k-vX-nt-I-m t-h-Z-\-n-µ-I-x (2.11) t-h-Z-s-¯b-p-w t-h-Z-m-\-p-I-q-ea-m-b B-]-v-X-{-K-Ù-§-s-fb-p-w XÀ-¡-i-m-k-v-{-X-¯-n-s-â k-l-m-b-¯-mÂ A-]-a-m-\-n-¡-p-¶h-s-c k-Ö-\-§Ä _-l-n-j-v-I-c-n-¡W-w. t-hZ-s-¯ \-n-µ-n-¡-p-¶-h³ \-m-k-v-X-n-I-\-m-W-v.

z

D-Z-n-t-X-f\-p-Z-n-t-X s-s-N-h k-a-b-m-[-y-p-j-n-t-X XY-m kÀh-Y-m hÀ¯-t-X b-Ú C-X-o-b-w s-s-h-Z-n-I-o {-i-p-X-n-x (2.15) k-q-t-c-y-m-Z-b-¯-ne-p-w A-k-v-X-a-\-¯-ne-p-w ka-b-w A-X-n-{-I-a-n-b-v-¡-p-t-¼-mg-p-w N-n-e {-]-t-X-y-I k-m-l-N-c-y-¯-ne-p-w b-Ú-w s-N-¿W-w. Ch s-s-hZ-n-I [À-a-¯-n-s-â a-m-ä-aÃ-m-¯ h-y-h-Ø-b-m-W-v.

z

k-z-m-[-y-mt-b-\ {-h-s-s-XÀ-t-l-m-s-s-a-k-v-s-s-{-X-h-n-t-Z-y-t-\-P-y-b-m k-p-s-s-X-x a-l-m-b--s-s-Ú-Ý b-s-s-Ú-Ý {-_-m-Ò-o-b-w {-I-nb-t-X X-\-p-x 28 apS-§msXbpÅ thZ-]-T\w sImïpw {_Ò-N-cy-¡m-es¯ {hX-]m-e-\w sImïpw kXys¯ apdpsI ]nSn-¡p-¶-Xp-sImïpw apS-§m-sX-bpÅ Aán-tlm-{X-bÚw sImïpw thZ-{]-N-cWw sImïpw ]©-a-lm-b-Ú-§sf A\p-jvTn-¡-sImï-p-am-Wv C-u i-c-oc-w C-ui-z-c {-]-m-]-v-X-n-b-v-¡-v t-b-m-K-y-a-m-b-n-¯-o-c-p-¶Xv.

hmbn¡q thZ-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v a\p ]d-bp-¶Xv

thZ-§Ä¡pw sshZnI BN-c-W-§Ä¡pw ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb Øm\-amWv a\p alÀjn \ÂIn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. thZm-\p-Iq-e-am-b-sXÃmw kzoI-cn-¡Ww AÃm-¯-XXv XÅn-¡-f-bWw F¶mWv Ejn ]c-¼-c-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw.

l AP-vt-a-d-ns-e ]-t-c-m-]-I-m-c-n-W-n k-` ka-{-K t-h-Z {-]-N-m-c-¯-n-\-p-Å "B-c-y-IÀ-½-T I-m-c-y-IÀ-¯-m-' _l-p-aX-n.

l Z£-n-t-W-´-y-b-ns-e {-]a-pJ K-pc-p-I-p-e-a-mb IÀ®-m-S-I-b-ns-e H-m-w i-m´-n[-m-w K-pc-p-I-pe-w "t-hZ-m-N-m-c-y' ]«-w \ÂI-n BZ-c-n¨ t-Ic-f-¯-ns-e GI t-hZ-]-W-vU-n-X³ Ct-±-l-a-m-W-v.

l _-m-w¥-qÀ BØ-m-\-a-mb {-i-o Ac_-nt-µ-m I]-m-e-n-i-mk-v{-X-n C³Ì-n-ä-y-q«-v H-m^-v t-hZ-nI-v IÄ¨-d-ns-â S-n.-h-n. I]-m-e-n-i-mk-v{-X-n ]-pc-k-v¡-mc-w.

l Rc-f¯-v Ie-m-{-i-a-¯-ns-â "t-hZ-h-m-N-k-v]X-n-' ]-pc-k-v¡-m-c-w-

l s-s-]X-rI-w K-pc-p-h-m-b-q-c-ns-â "IÀ½-t-{-ij-vT ]-pc-k-v¡-m-c-w-'

l X-m\-qÀ s-s-hZ-nI h-nN-m-c-k-a-n-X-n-b-ps-S "t-hZ-`-m-cX-n' ]-pc-k-v¡-m-c-w.

l t£{Xm-b\w amkn-I-bpsS "aI-c-tPymXn-]p-c-kv¡mcw'

X-pS§-n \-nc-h[-n ]-pc-k-v¡-m-c-§Ä Ct-±-ls-¯ t-XS-n-s-b-¯-n-b-n-«-pï-v

X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv: hnth--Iv. Un. tjWmbv

First Edition : February 2013, Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior writ-ten permission of the author, sanathana dharma padavali (volume 1), By Acharya M.R. Rajesh, Rs. 20.00, Cover & Inner Designing : Shijoy. P., Printed at: Geethanjali Offset Prints, Calicut

Imiy-]m-{iaw

A¶-]qÀ®mw_m lmÄ

sse{_dn

thZ-hn-Zym-a-WvU]w

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sana dhana dharma padda val i

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