data kualitatif dan kuantitatif

7/23/2019 Data Kualitatif Dan Kuantitatif

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ONO D

RMELNF]C]NE

>%> Cn|n omcninea jnxncnf

Nln ? rmelmin|ne }e|}i jmeanencdxdx degkjnxd omlnxnine `medx

degkjnxd tnea ldrmkcmf# tnd|} nencdxdx i}ne|d|n|dg lne nencdxdx i}ncd|n|dg% Nencdxdx

i}ne|d|n|dg+nencdxdx ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg nlncnf nencdxdx tnea omonxdx rnln im`n

fd|}eajmeafd|}ea neain% Neain tnea ldkcnf ldxmo}| der}| lne fnxdcetn ldxmo}|

k}|r}| `}an om}rn neain% Nencdxdx i}ncd|n|dg+nencdxdx ln|n i}ncd|n|dg nlncnf nencdxdx

tnea omonxdx rnln im`n rmeamckjrkine xdjokcxdjokc xmcnde neain% Xdjokc d|}

om}rn in|n# gnxm# n|n} incdjn| tnea jme}e`}iine omomnrn in|makd% Der}|

jn}r}e k}|r}| nencdxdx ln|n i}ncd|n|dg om}rn xdjokc# ldjnen k}|r}|etn ldxmo}|

lmxidrxd wmonc%

X|n|dx|di nlncnf xmonand ncn| rmeakcnf ln|n neain% X|nxdx|di lnrn| `}an

ldn|dine xmonand jm|klm+nxnxnxnx a}en jmeam`nine+jmjnedr}cnxd ln|n

i}ne|d|n|dg nan neain omodhnn% Rmelmin|ne lmeane x|n|dx|di xmdea lda}enine

jm|klm x|n|dx|di tnd|} jm|klm a}en jmea}jr}cine# jmeakcnf# jmetn`dine#

jmeanencdxdx ' jmeade|mrm|nxdine ln|n x|n|dx|di% X|n|dx|din lnrn| r}cn ldn|dinermeam|nf}ne tnea omf}o}eane lmeane rmea}jr}cne ln|n# rmeakcnfne ln|n#

rmeanencdxdxne lne rmendine imxdjr}cne omlnxnine ln|n lne nencdxdx% @nld

x|n|dx|di nlncnf rkl}i lnd im`n x|n|dx|din%

>%? \}`}ne

Nlnr}e |}`}ne lnd rmjo}n|ne jnincnf ded tnd|} 0

>%

]e|}i jmea|nf}d `medx ln|n lncnj rmemcd|dne%?% Jmeam|nf}d rmomlnne ln|n i}ncd|n|dg lne i}ne|d|n|dg%

8% Jmeam|nf}d |miedi rmea}jr}cne ln|n i}ncd|n|dg lne i}ne|d|n|dg%


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ONO DD

\DE@N]NE R]X\NIN

?%> Ln|n lne @medx Ln|n Rmemcd|dne

Ni|dwd|nx rmemcd|dne |dlni nine |mcmrnx lnd imomnlnne ln|n tnea

jm}rnine onfne oni} degkjnxd }e|}i jmjomdine anjonne xrmxdgdi jmeamend

kotmi rmemcd|dne% Ln|n nlncnf gni|n mjrddi tnea ldi}jr}cine kcmf rmemcd|d }e|}i

imrme|deane jmjmhnfine jnxncnf n|n} jme`nqno rm|netnne rmemcd|dne% Ln|n

rmemcd|dne lnrn| omnxnc lnd omonand x}jom tnea ldi}jr}cine lmeane

jmeaa}enine omonand |miedi xmcnjn imadn|ne rmemcd|dne omcneax}ea%

?%>%> Ln|n Omlnxnine X}jometn

Omlnxnine x}jometn# ln|n rmemcd|dne lnrn| ldimckjrkiine lncnj l}n

`medx tnd|} ln|n rdjm lne ln|n xmi}elm%

n%Ln|n rdjmnlncnf ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf n|n} ldi}jr}cine kcmf rmemcd|d xmhnn

cneax}ea lnd x}jom ln|netn% Ln|n rdjm ldxmo}| `}an xmonand ln|n nxcd n|n} ln|n

on} tnea jmjdcdid xdgn| }r |k ln|m% ]e|}i jmelnrn|ine ln|n rdjm# rmemcd|d

fn}x jmea}jr}cineetn xmhnn cneax}ea% \miedi tnea lnrn| lda}enine rmemcd|d}e|}i jmea}jr}cine ln|n rdjm ne|nn cnde koxmwnxd# qnqnehnn# ldxi}xd

|mgki}x &gkh}x a}rldxh}xxdke * GAL$ lne rmetmonne i}mxdkem%

o% Ln|n Xmi}elm nlncnf ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf n|n} ldi}jr}cine rmemcd|d lnd

omonand x}jom tnea |mcnf nln &rmemcd|d xmonand |neane iml}n$% Ln|n xmi}elm

lnrn| ldrmkcmf lnd omonand x}jom xmrm|d Odk R}xn| X|n|dx|di &ORX$# o}i}#

cnrkne# `}enc# lne cndecnde%

Rmjnfnjne |mfnlnr iml}n `medx ln|n ld n|nx ldrmc}ine xmonand cnelnxnelncnj jmeme|}ine |miedi xm|n cneainfcneainf rmea}jr}cne ln|n rmemcd|dne%

?%>%? Ln|n Omlnxnine Xdgn|etn

Omlnxnine ome|}i lne xdgn|etn# ln|n rmemcd|dne lnrn| ldomlnine lncnj

l}n `medx tnd|} ln|n i}ncd|n|dg &tnea omome|}i in|nin|n+incdjn|$ lne ln|n

i}ne|d|n|dg &tnea omome|}i neain$% Ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg lnrn| ldimckjrkiine

omlnxnine hnn jmelnrn|ineetn tnd|} ln|n ldxid| lne ln|n ike|de}j%


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Omlnxnine xdgn|etn# ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg |mldd n|nx ln|n ekjdenc# ln|n

kldenc# ln|n de|mwnc lne ln|n nxdk%

Anjon ?%>% @medx Ln|n Rmemcd|dne

>% Ln|n I}ncd|n|dg

Ln|n i}ncd|n|dg nlncnf ln|n tnea omome|}i in|nin|n# o}ine lncnj ome|}i

neain% Ln|n i}ncd|n|dg ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d omonand jnhnj |miedi rmea}jr}cne

ln|n jdxncetn qnqnehnn# nencdxdx lki}jme# ldxi}xd |mgki}x# n|n} koxmwnxd tnea

|mcnf ld|}neaine lncnj hn|n|ne cnrneane &|nexidr$% Ome|}i cnde ln|n i}ncd|n|dg

nlncnf anjon tnea ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d rmjk|m|ne n|n} minjne wdlmk%

?% Ln|n I}ne|d|n|dg

Ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg nlncnf ln|n tnea omome|}i neain n|n} odcneane% Xmx}nd lmeane

ome|}ietn# ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg lnrn| ldkcnf n|n} ldnencdxdx jmeaa}enine |miedi

rmfd|}eane jn|mjn|din n|n} x|n|dx|din% Omlnxnine rkxmx n|n} hnn }e|}i

jmelnrn|ineetn# ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg lnrn| ldimckjrkiine lncnj l}n tnd|} xmonand

omdi}|0

n%Ln|n ldxid|nlncnf ln|n lncnj ome|}i neain &odcneane$ tnea ldrmkcmf lmeane

hnn jmjodcnea% Hke|kf ln|n ldxid| jdxncetn0>$ @}jcnf Xmikcnf Lnxn Emamd ld Imhnjn|ne VVV xmonetni ?2%

?$ @}jcnf xdxqn cnidcnid ld XL TTT xmonetni 71 knea%

8$ @}jcnf rmel}l}i ld Ino}rn|me PPP xmonetni ?


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$ \deaad onlne O}ld nlncnf >=2#= hme|djm|m%

?$ D^ O}ld nlncnf >?2%

8$ X}f} }lnn ld }nea imcnx ?$ Cnidcnid

&?$ Rmmjr}ne

Neain &>$ }e|}i cnidcnid lne neain &?$ }e|}i rmmjr}ne fnetn

jm}rnine xdjokc tnea lda}enine }e|}i jmjomlnine l}n in|makd `medx

imcnjde% Neainneain |mxmo}| |dlni jmjdcdid jnien i}ne|d|n|dg# n|detn neain

&?$ rnln ln|n ld n|nx |dlni omn|d cmodf omxn lnd neain &>$# inmen cnidcnid |dlnijmjdcdid jnien cmodf omxn lnd rmmjr}ne% \mfnlnr iml}n ln|n &neain$

|mxmo}| |dlni lnrn| ldcni}ine krmnxd jn|mjn|din &)# # v# 0 $% Jdxncetn &>$ : cnid

cnid# &?$ : rmmjr}ne# jnin &>$ ) &?$ &8$# inmen |dlni nln in|makd &8$ tnea

jm}rnine fnxdc rme`}jcnfne &>$ lne &?$%

X|n|}x rmedinfne tnea |mldd lnd |dan in|makd tnd|}0 &>$ Omc}j jmedinf#

&?$ Jmedinf# &8$ @neln+ L}ln% Ln|n |mxmo}| jmjdcdid xdgn|xdgn| tnea xnjn

lmeane ln|n |me|nea `medx imcnjde%


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o%Ln|n kldenc nlncnf ln|n tnea omnxnc lnd x}n|} ko`mi n|n} in|makd tnea |mcnf

ldx}x}e xmhnn om`me`nea jme}}| omxnetn% Xm|dnr ln|n kldenc jmjdcdid

|deain|ne |m|me|} tnea lnrn| ld}}|ine j}cnd lnd tnea |mmelnf xnjrnd |m|deaad

n|n} xmoncdietn% Enj}e lmjdidne# `nni n|n} me|nea ne|n `me`nea tnea |dlni

fn}x xnjn% Ldoneldeaine lmeane ln|n ekjdenc# ln|n kldenc jmjdcdid xdgn|

omomln lncnj fnc }}|ne% \mfnlnr ln|n kldenc omcni} rmoneldeane lmeane

jmeaa}enine g}eaxd rmjomln tnd|} 5 lne 3% Qncn}r}e ln|n kldenc lnrn|

ldx}x}e lncnj x}n|} }}|ne# enj}e omc}j lnrn| ldcni}ine krmnxd jn|mjn|din &

)# # v # 0 $% Hke|kf `medx ln|n kldenc ne|nn cnde0

\deain| rmeldldine tnea ldx}x}e lncnj }}|ne xmonand omdi}|0

&>$ \njne Ineniineni &\I$

&?$ Xmikcnf Lnxn &XL$

&8$ Xmikcnf Jmemeanf Rm|njn &XJR$

&$ jmjdcdid

rmx|nxd omcn`n cmodf |deaad lnd rnln xdxqn rmdeain| &?$%

h% Ln|n De|mwnc nlncnf ln|n fnxdc rmea}i}ne tnea lnrn| ld}}|ine n|nx lnxnid|mdn |m|me|} xm|n jme}e`}ine xmj}n xdgn| tnea ldjdcdid kcmf ln|n kldenc%

Imcmodfne xdgn| ln|n de|mwnc ldoneldeaine lmeane ln|n kldenc nlncnf jmjdcdid

xdgn| imxnjnne `nni &m~}ncd|t de|mwnc$ n|n} jmjdcdid me|nea tnea xnjn ne|nn

ln|n tnea |mcnf ld}}|ine% Inmen imxnjnne `nni |mxmo}|# |mfnlnr ln|n de|mwnc

lnrn| ldcni}ine krmnxd jn|mjn|din rme`}jcnfne lne rmea}neane & )# $%

Enj}e lmjdidne jnxdf |mlnrn| xn|} xdgn| tnea omc}j ldjdcdid tnd|} |dlni nlnetn


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7

neain Ekc j}|cni rnln ln|n de|mwnc% Omdi}| ldimj}inine |dan hke|kf ln|n

de|mwnc# ne|nn cnde0

>$ Fnxdc rmea}i}ne x}f} &|mjrmn|}$ jmeaa}enine |mjkjm|m tnea

ldetn|nine lncnj }i}ne lmn`n|% _me|nea |mjrmn|} ne|nn 22 Hmchd}x xnjrnd >2

Hmchd}x jmjdcdid `nni tnea xnjn lmeane >2Hmchd}x xnjrnd ?2 Hmchd}x% Kcmf

inmen d|} omcni} krmnxd jn|mjn|di& )# $# jdxncetn >=2Hmchd}x ) >=2Hmchd}x :

822Hmchd}x% Enj}e lmjdidne |dlni lnrn| ldetn|nine onfqn omeln tnea omx}f}

>=2 Hmchd}x jmjdcdid }i}ne rnenx xmrn}fetn lnd omeln tnea omx}f} 822

Hmchd}x% Lmjdidne `}an# |dlni lnrn| ldin|nine onfqn omeln lmeane x}f} 2 2

Hmchd}x |dlni jmjdcdid x}f} xnjn xmincd% Neain 22 Hmchd}x jmjdcdid xdgn| mcn|dg

&|dlni j}|cni$% N|detn# `din ld}i} lmeane jmeaa}enine \mjkjm|m Gnfmefmd|

ldrmkcmf 22Hmchd}x : 8?2Gnfmefmd|%

?$ Imhmlnxnne de|mcmi|}nc tnea ldetn|nine lncnj D^% _me|nea D^ >22 xnjrnd

>>2 jmjdcdid `nni tnea xnjn lmeane >>2 xnjrnd >?2% Enj}e lmjdidne |dlni

lnrn| ldetn|nine knea tnea jmjdcdid D^ >=2 |deain| imhmlnxneetn >#= incd lnd

}nea tnea jmjdcdid D^ >22%

8$ Ldlnxnd kcmf nx}jxd tnea i}n|# xik |mx rmx|nxd omcn`n &jdxncetn DRI

jnfnxdxqn lne fnxdc }`dne xdxqn$ lnrn| ldin|nine xmonand ln|n de|mwnc%


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&ekjdenc# kldenc# lne de|mwnc$ lnrn| ldcdfn| lmeane jmjrmfn|dine hke|kf

omdi}|0

>$ Rne`nea x}n|} omeln tnea ldetn|nine lncnj }i}ne jm|m nlncnf ln|n nxdk%

Omeln tnea rne`neaetn > jm|m omomln xmhnn etn|n lmeane omeln tnea

rne`neaetn ? jm|m xmfdeaan lnrn| ldo}n| in|makd omeln tnea om}i}ne > jm|m

lne ? jm|m &xdgn| ln|n ekjdenc$% ]i}ne rne`nea omeln lnrn| ld}}|ine j}cnd

lnd tnea |mrne`nea xnjrnd tnea |mrmelmi &xdgn| ln|n kldenc$% Rmomlnne ne|nn

omeln tnea rne`neaetn > jm|m lmeane ? jm|m jmjdcdid `nni tnea xnjn lmeane

rmomlnne ne|nn omeln tnea rne`neaetn ? jm|m lmeane 8 &xdgn| ln|n de|mwnc$%

Imcmodfne xdgn| tnea ldjdcdid ln|n nxdk ld|}e`}iine kcmf l}n fnc tnd|}0 &>$ Neain

2 jm|m jme}e`}iine edcnd j}|cni tnea n|detn |dlni nln omeln tnea ld}i}9 xm|n

&?$ Omeln tnea rne`neaetn ? jm|m# ? incd cmodf rne`nea ldoneldeaine lmeane

omeln tnea rne`neaetn > jm|m tnea jme}e`}iine omcni}etn xmj}n krmnxd

jn|mjn|di% Iml}n fnc |mxmo}| |dlni omcni} }e|}i `medx ln|n ekjdenc# ln|n

kldenc# n|n}r}e ln|n de|mwnc%

?$ Ln|n fnxdc rmea}i}ne omn| x}n|} omeln tnea ldetn|nine lncnj anj jmjdcdid

xmj}n xdgn|xdgn| xmonand ln|n de|mwnc% Omeln tnea omn|etn > ia% omomln xmhnn

etn|n lmeane omeln tnea omn|etn ? ia% ]i}ne omn| omeln lnrn| ld}}|inej}cnd lnd tnea |momn| xnjrnd tnea |mdeane% Rmomlnne ne|nn omeln tnea

omn|etn > ia% lmeane ? ia jmjdcdid me|nea omn| tnea xnjn lmeane rmomlnne

ne|nn omeln tnea omn|etn ? ia% lmeane 8 ia% Neain 2 ia% jme}e`}iine |dlni

nln omeln &omn|$ tnea ld}i}% Omeln tnea >2 omn|etn ? ia%# ? incd cmodf omn|

ldoneldeaine lmeane omeln tnea omn|etn > ia%%

Rmjnfnjne rmemcd|d |mfnlnr `medx`medx ln|n rmemcd|dne |mxmo}| ld n|nx

omjnegnn| }e|}i jmeme|}ine |miedi nencdxdx ln|n tnea nine lda}enine% \mlnrn|xm`}jcnf |miedi nencdxdx ln|n tnea fn}x ldrdcdf kcmf rmemcd|d omlnxnine `medx

ln|netn% \miedi nencdxdx ln|n i}ncd|n|dg nine omomln lmeane |miedi nencdxdx ln|n

i}ne|d|n|dg% Inmen jmjdcdid xdgn| tnea omomln# jnin |miedi nencdxdx ln|n ekjdenc

nine omomln lmeane |miedi nencdxdx ln|n kldenc# ln|n de|mwnc# lne ln|n nxdk%


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6

?%? Rmakcnfne Lne Nencdxdx Ln|n I}ne|d|n|dg

Ln|n rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg tnea |mcnf ldi}jr}cine jmcnc}d im`n cnrneane

rnln lnxnetn jnxdf om}rn ln|n jme|nf &nq ln|n$% Ldrmc}ine neaindne rkxmx

rmeakcnfne xm|n nencdxdx nan ln|n |mxmo}| lnrn| lda}enine xmonand cnelnxne

mjrddi lncnj jme`nqno }j}xne jnxncnf n|n} jmea}`d fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne%

Imadn|ne nencdxdx ln|n lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg jmcdr}|d rmeakcnfne lne

rmetn`dne ln|n# jmcni}ine omonand rmfd|}eane }e|}i jmelmxidrxdine ln|n#

xm|n jmcni}ine nencdxdx }e|}i jmea}`d fdrk|mxdx% Rmfd|}eane lne nencdxdx ln|n

i}ne|d|n|dg ldcni}ine jmeaa}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di%

?%?%> Rmeakcnfne Ln|n

Ln|n lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg jm}rnine fnxdc rmea}i}ne |mfnlnr

imomnlnne x}n|} wndnomc% Wndnomc tnea ld}i} jm}rnine am`ncn tnea jme`nld

xnxnne rmeanjn|ne rmemcd|dne% Ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d rmea}i}ne wndnomc

lnrn| om}rn ln|n ekjdenc# kldenc# de|mwnc n|n} nxdk% Rmeakcnfne ln|n nlncnf

x}n|} rkxmx }e|}i jmelnrn|ine ln|n lnd xm|dnr wndnomc rmemcd|dne tnea xdnr

ldnencdxdx% Rmeakcnfne ln|n jmcdr}|d imadn|ne rmeamld|ne ln|n# |negkjnxd ln|n

&hkldea$# xm|n rmetn`dne ln|n xmfdeaan ldrmkcmf ln|n tnea cmeainr lnd jnxdea

jnxdea kotmi }e|}i xm|dnr wndnomc tnea ld|mcd|d%>% Rmeamld|ne Ln|n &Mld|dea$

Rmeamld|ne nlncnf rmjmdixnne n|n} ikmixd ln|n tnea |mcnf ldi}jr}cine%

Rmeamld|ne ldcni}ine inmen imj}eaidene ln|n tnea jnx}i &nq ln|n$ |dlni

jmjme}fd xtnn| n|n} |dlni xmx}nd lmeane imo}|}fne% Rmeamld|ne ln|n ldcni}ine

}e|}i jmcmeainrd imi}neane n|n} jmeafdcneaine imxncnfne tnea |mlnrn| rnln

ln|n jme|nf% Imi}neane lnrn| ldcmeainrd lmeane jmea}cnead rmea}jr}cne ln|n

n|n} lmeane hnn rmetdxdrne &de|mrkcnxd$ ln|n% Imxncnfne ln|n lnrn| ldfdcneainelmeane jmjo}nea ln|n tnea |dlni jmjme}fd xtnn| }e|}i ldnencdxdx%

Hke|kf imadn|ne lncnj rmeamld|ne ln|n nlncnf rmjmdixnnne i}mxdkem

tnea |mcnf lddxd kcmf mxrkelme% Nxrminxrmi tnea rmc} ldrmdixn ne|nn cnde

imcmeainrne mxrkelme lncnj jmeadxd xm|dnr rm|netnne tnea ldn`}ine lncnj

i}mxdkem% @din rmeadxdne omc}j cmeainr# rmemcd|d lnrn| jmjde|n mxrkelme }e|}i

jmeadxdetn imjoncd% @din fnc d|} |dlni lnrn| ldcni}ine# xmondietn i}mxdkem

|mxmo}| |dlni lda}enine }e|}i imrme|deane nencdxdx ln|n% Nxrmi cnde tnea fn}x


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4

ldrmdixn nlncnf ikexdx|mexd mxrkelme lncnj fnc rmeadxdne i}mxdkem% Jdxncetn#

im|din ld|netnine |me|nea x|n|}x rminqdene mxrkelme jmjomdine `nqnone

omc}j inqde# nine |m|nrd im|din ld|netn `}jcnf neni mxrkelme jme`nqno ?

knea% Lnd iml}n `nqnone |mxmo}|# |mcdfn| deikexdx|mexd lncnj jmjomdine

`nqnone% N|detn# |mlnrn|

xncnf xn|} `nqnone tnea xncnf% Fncfnc xmrm|d dedcnf tnea rmc} ldhmjn|d rnln

|nfnr rmeamld|ne ln|n%

?% Hkldea lne \nexgkjnxd Ln|n

Hkldea &rmeaiklmne$ ln|n nlncnf rmjomdne iklmiklm |m|me|} rnln |dnr

|dnr ln|n |mjnx}i jmjomdine in|makd }e|}i `medx ln|n tnea xnjn% Iklm nlncnf

xdjokc |m|m|} lncnj ome|}i f}}g n|n} neain }e|}i jmjomdine dlme|d|nx ln|n%

Iklm tnea ldomdine lnrn| jmjdcdid jnien xmonand ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg &omome|}i

xik$% I}ne|dinxd n|n} |nexgkjnxd ln|n jme`nld ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg lnrn| ldcni}ine

lmeane jmjomdine xik |mfnlnr xm|dnr `medx ln|n lmeane jmeadi}|d indlnf

indlnf lncnj xincn rmea}i}ne%

8% \no}cnxd Ln|n

\no}cnxd nlncnf rkxmx jmemjrn|ine ln|n lncnj ome|}i |nomc lmeane hnn

jmjo}n| |nomc tnea omdxdine ln|n xmx}nd lmeane imo}|}fne nencdxdx% \nomc tnealdo}n| xmondietn jnjr} jmdeainx xmj}n ln|n tnea nineS ldnencdxdx% Rmjdxnfne

|nomc nine jmet}cd|ine rmemcd|d lncnj rkxmx nencdxdx ln|n% Jdxncetn# xmknea

rmemcd|d jmcni}ine rmea}i}ne |mfnlnr mjrn| wndnomc tnd|}0 &>$ `medx imcnjde#

&?$ |deain| rmeldldine# &


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>2

@medx Imcnjde 0 > : Cnidcnid ? : Rmmjr}ne

Rmeldldine 0 > : Ldrckjn ? : Xn`nen 8 : Jnadx|m

Hn|n|ne0Ln|n rnln |nomc ld n|nx nine lda}enine lncnj omomnrn hke|kf nencdxdx

ln|n rnln }ndne xmcne`}|etn%


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>>

?%?%? Rmetn`dne Ln|n

\miedi rmetn`dne lne nencdxdx ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg ldcni}ine jmeaa}enine

|miedi x|n|dx|di% \mlnrn| omonand |miedi x|n|dx|di tnea lnrn| ld|mnrine }e|}i

jmetn`dine lne jmelmxidrxdine ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg# j}cnd lnd tnea xmlmfnen

xnjrnd tnea ikjrcmix |mane|}ea `medx ln|n xm|n |}`}ne n|n} jnxncnf rmemcd|dne%

>% Rmetn`dne Ln|n lncnj Ome|}i \nomc

\nomc nlncnf jklmc rmetn`dne tnea ldx}x}e lncnj ondx lne ikckj% \nomc ln|n

om}rn i}jr}cne neainneain omlnxnine in|makd |m|me|}% X}n|} |nomc jdedjnc

jmj}n| `}l}c |nomc# `}l}c ikckj# `}l}c ondx# edcnd rnln xm|dnr ondx lne ikckj#

xm|n x}jom tnea jme}e`}iine lnd jnen ln|n |mxmo}| ldrmkcmf% Hke|kf |nomc

tnea jmetn`dine ln|n fnxdc rmemcd|dne lnrn| ldcdfn| rnln fncnjne |mlnf}c}% \nomc

|mxmo}| jmeaanjonine ln|n fnxdc rmemcd|dne jmcdr}|d0

n% @}l}c |nomc9 tnd|} Ln|n Fnxdc Rmemcd|dne

o% Ondx ekjk mxrkelme9 |nomc |mxmo}| jmjrmcdfn|ine $ : Cnidcnid lne &?$ : rmmjr}ne% Ln|n

`medx imcnjde |mjnx}i ln|n ekjdenc%l% Ikckj |deain| rmeldldine9 |nomc |mxmo}| jmjrmcdfn|ine wndnxd |deain|

rmeldldine tnd|} &>$ : Ldrckjn# &?$ : Xn`nen# lne &8$ : Jnadx|m% Ln|n |deain|

rmeldldine |mjnx}i ln|n kldenc%

m% Ikckj rmeancnjne im`n9 |nomc |mxmo}| jmjrmcdfn|ine rmeancnjne im`n

mxrkelme tnea ldetn|nine lncnj |nf}e% Ln|n rmeancnjne im`n |mjnx}i `medx

ln|n nxdk%

g% Ikckj fnxdc rmea}i}ne wndnomc ikjrm|mexd rkgmxdkenc9 ln|n ikjrm|mexdrkgmxdkenc lncnj hke|kf ld n|nx ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d |mx ikjrm|mexd% Ln|n |mxmo}|

|mjnx}i `medx ln|n de|mwnc%

a% Ikckj fnxdc rmea}i}ne wndnomc idem`n a}}9 ln|n idem`n a}} lncnj hke|kf

ld n|nx ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d i}mxdkem mwnc}nxd ldd% Ln|n |mxmo}| |mjnx}i `medx ln|n

de|mwnc%

f% Im|mneane }e|}i rmeain|makdne `medx imcnjde lne |deain| rmeldldine9

im|mneane tnea ld|}cdx ld onqnf |nomc |mxno}| jme}e`}iine iklmiklm tnea


12/45

>?

lda}enine }e|}i wndnomc `medx imcnjde lne |deain| rmeldldine% Hke|kf |nomc tnea

ldxn`dine jmneai}j xmc}}f ln|n lncnj

xn|} imadn|ne rmemcd|dne%

Omlnxnine rmean|}ne ondx lne ikckj# x}n|} |nomc lnrn| ldomlnine

lncnj omomnrn ome|}i jdxncetn |nomc icnxdxgdinxd xn} nnf# |nomc icnxdgdinxd l}n

nnf n|n} cmodf &|nomc xdcnea$# xm|n |nomc ldx|do}xd gmi}mexd% Omdi}| ldxn`dine

hke|kfhke|kf ome|}i |nomc tnea odnxn lda}enine lncnj rmetn`dne ln|n rmemcd|dne

i}ne|d|n|dg%

n% \nomc Icnxdgdinxd Xn|} Nnf

\nomc ded lda}enine }e|}i jmeamckjrkiine ln|n omlnxnine xn|} id|mdn

|m|me|}% Jdxncetn# lmeane jmeaa}enine ln|n rnln fncnjne ?? lnrn| ldo}n| |nomc

ikjrkxdxd mxrkelme rmemcd|dne omlnxnine `medx imcnjde xmonand omdi}|0

Omlnxnine |nomc ld n|nx lnrn| ld`mcnxine onfqn `}jcnf mxrkelme tnea

om`medx imcnjde cnidcnid xmonetni ?< knea lne `}jcnf mxrkelme tnea om`medx

imcnjde rmmjr}ne xmonetni >7 knea%

o% \nomc Xdcnea\nomc xdcnea odnxnetn lda}enine }e|}i jmeamckjrkiine ln|n omlnxnine l}n

n|n} cmodf id|mdn% Jdxncetn# lmeane jmeaa}enine ln|n rnln fncnjne ld lmrne

lnrn| ldo}n| |nomc xdcnea l}n nnf tnea jme}e`}iine ikjrkxdxd mxrkelme

omlnxnine `medx imcnjde lne |deain| rmeldldine tnd|} xmonand omdi}|0


13/45

>8

Omlnxnine |nomc ld n|nx lnrn| ld`mcnxine onfqn mxrkelme tnea

om`medximcnjde cnidcnid lne omrmeldldine Ldrckjn xmonetni 1 knea9 `}jcnf

mxrkelme tnea om`medx imcnjde cnidcnid lne omrmeldldine Xn`nen xmonetni >>

knea9 `}jcnf mxrkelme tnea om`medx imcnjde cnidcnid lne omrmeldldine

jnadx|m xmonetni 7 knea9 lne xm|m}xetn%

h% \nomc Ldx|do}xd Gmi}mexd

\nomc ldx|do}xd gmi}mexd ldx}x}e nrnodcn `}jcnf ln|n tnea nine ldxn`dine

h}i}r onetni xmfdeaan incn} ldxn`dine lncnj |nomc odnxn &xmrm|d rnln |nomc 8%?$

jme`nld |dlni mgdxdme lne i}nea ikj}edin|dg% Xmcnde d|}# |nomc ded lnrn| r}cn

lda}enine }e|}i rmea}`dne ekjncd|nx ln|n% \nomc ldx|do}xd gmi}mexd ldx}x}e

jmcnc}d |nfnrne xmonand omdi}|0

&>$ Jmea}}|ine ln|n lnd tnea |mimhdc xnjrnd tnea |momxn&?$ Jmeafd|}ea me|nea xik : Xik |m|deaadXik |mmelnf

&8$ Jmem|nrine `}jcnf imcnx lmeane jmeaa}enine n|}ne X|}amxx

@}jcnf imcnx : > ) 8#8 cka e

e : onetnietn ln|n

&


14/45

>% Xik |m|deaad : >2 lne Xik |mmelnf : =2

?% _me|nea xik : =2>2 : ) 8#8 cka ?#=-9 lne xm|m}xetn% Lncnj |nomc

|mxmo}| lnrn| r}cn ldcdfn| mxrkelme tnea jmelnrn| xik ld onqnf >1 tnd|} ?

knea n|n} xmid|n =-# ld onqnf ?< tnd|} 1 knea n|n} xmid|n >1#=-# lne

xm|m}xetn%

?% Rmetn`dne Ln|n lncnj Ome|}i Ldnanj+Angdi

Xmcnde jmeaa}enine |nomc# ome|}i cnde rmetn`dne ln|n nlncnf angdi n|n} ldnane%

Angdi n|n} ldnanj odnxnetn ldo}n| omlnxnine |nomc% Angdi jm}rnine


15/45

>=

wdx}ncdxnxd ln|n rnln |nomc tnea omxneai}|ne% Omdi}| ldxn`dine hke|kfhke|kf

ome|}i angdi n|n} ldnanj tnea odnxn lda}enine lncnj rmetn`dne ln|n rmemcd|dne

i}ne|d|n|dg%

n% Ldnanj Cdeainne &Rdm Hfn|$

Ldanj cdeainne n|n} rdm hfn| odnxnetn lda}enine }e|}i jmcdfn|

ikjrkxdxd ln|n lncnj omonand imckjrki% Lmeane jmeaa}enine ln|n rnln

fncnjne |mlnf}c} lnrn| ldo}n| ldnanj cdeainne tnea jmjrmcdfn|ine

ikjrkxdxd mxrkelme rmemcd|dne omlnxnine `medx imcnjde tnd|} xmonand omdi}|0

o% Ldnanj On|nea

Ldnanj on|nea odnxnetn lda}enine }e|}i jmcdfn| rmoneldeane ln|n

omlnxnine rne`nea on|nea lncnj x}n|} ldnanj% Lmeane jmeaa}enine ln|n

rnln fncnjne ?? lnrn| ldo}n| ldnanj on|nea tnea jmjrmcdfn|ine rmoneldeane

`}jcnf mxrkelme omlnxnine |deain| rmeldldine tnd|} xmonand omdi}|0


16/45

>7

h% Ldnanj Andx

Ldanj andx odnxnetn lda}enine }e|}i jmcdfn| rmimjoneane x}n|}

ikeldxd% Rmimjoneane |mxmo}| odxn endi lne odxn `}an |}}e% Fnc ded nine

enjrni xmhnn wdx}nc lncnj ome|}i andx% Xmonad hke|kf# omdi}| ldxn`dine |nomc

lne angdi andx tnea jmjrmcdfn|ine rmimjoneane `}jcnf xdxqn on} rnln xn|}

xmikcnf lncnj i}}e qni|} 1 |nf}e%


17/45

>1

l% Angdi Fdx|kanj Gmi}mexd

Fdx|kanj nlncnf rmetn`dne |nomc ldx|do}xd gmi}mexd tnea l}onf lncnj

ome|}i ldnanj on|nea% ]e|}i Jmjo}n|etn lda}enine x}jo} jmeln|n xmonand

on|nx imcnx lne x}jo} wm|dinc xmonand gmi}mexd% Lmeane jmeaa}enine ln|n rnln


18/45

>6

fncnjne ldn|nx tnea |mcnf ldxn`dine lncnj |nomc ldx|do}xd gmi}mexd &|nomc 8%$ ]i}ne

rmj}xn|ne ln|n &n|nn|n# jmldne# lne jkl}x$# xm|n &?$ ]i}ne rmetmonne ln|n

&me|nea# xdjrneane oni}# lne wndnex$%

>% ]i}ne Rmj}xn|ne Ln|n

]i}ne rmj}xn|ne ln|n jmjrmcdfn|ine x}n|} }i}ne imhmelm}eane xik

lncnj x}n|} imckjrki ln|n% \mlnrn| |dan `medx }i}ne imhmelm}eane rmj}xn|ne

ln|n &hme|nc |melmeht$ tnea xmdea lda}enine lncnj jmelmxidrxdine ln|n

i}ne|d|n|dg tnd|} n|nn|n# jmldn# lne jkl}x% ]i}ne |mxmo}| xmdea lda}enine

}e|}i jmeaanjonine inni|mdx|di imckjrki ln|n |nern fn}x jme}e`}iine

xmj}n ln|n tnea nln lncnj imckjrki |mxmo}|% Jdxncetn# lmeane jmetmo}|ine

n|nn|netn x}lnf |m`mcnxine anjonne }j}j x}n|} imckjrki ln|n%


19/45

>4

Omdi}| ldxn`dine hke|kf xmimckjrki ln|n lncnj ome|}i xik fnxdc }cneane

xdxqn tnea nine ld`mcnxine }i}ne rmj}xn|neetn%

>$ Jkl}x

Jkl}x &jklm$ nlncnf ln|n tnea rncdea xmdea j}eh}c rnln x}n|} ldx|do}xd

lncnj xn|} imckjrki ln|n% Lncnj hke|kf tnea ld|}`}iine rnln |nomc 8%7#

jkl}xetn nlncnf 7 tnea j}eh}c 8 incd &|monetni ldoneldeaine edcnd cnde tnea

fnetn j}eh}c xn|} incd lne l}n incd$% Jkl}x lnrn| lda}enine rnln ln|n tnea

omxincn ekjdenc# kldenc# de|mwnc lne nxdk% @din ln|netn omome|}i kldenc lnrn|

lda}enine }i}ne jmldne%

?$ Jmldne

Jmldne n|n} edcnd |meanf ldrmkcmf lmeane hnn jmea}}|ine ln|n j}cnd lnd xik

|mimhdc xnjrnd |m|deaad lncnj xn|} imckjrki imj}ldne ldhnd edcnd |meanfetn%

@din `}jcnf neaak|n imckjrkietn ane`dc jdxncetn 4# jnin jmldne nlncnf xik

rnln }}|ne im =% @din `}jcnf neaak|n imckjrkietn amenr jdxncetn >2# jnin

jmldne nlncnf xik fnxdc rme`}jcnfne xik }}|ne im = lne im 7 ldonad l}n%

Rmfd|}eane jmldne }e|}i ln|n rnln |nomc 8%7 nlncnf0


20/45

?2

8$ _n|nn|n &V$

_n|nn|n ldrmkcmf lmeane hnn jme`}jcnfine xmc}}f ln|n lncnj xn|}

imckjrki imj}ldne ldonad lmeane `}jcnf neaak|n imckjrki |mxmo}|%

Rmfd|}eane n|nn|n ln|n rnln |nomc 8%7 nlncnf0

\k|nc xik : =1

@}jcnf ln|n : >2

_n|nn|n : V :

: =#1

?% ]i}ne Rmetmonne Ln|n

Rme`mcnxne imnlnne xmimckjrki ln|n lnrn| r}cn ldlnxnine rnln }i}ne

rmetmonneetn n|n} wndnxdetn% Xmonne ln|n jme}e`}iine wndnxd ln|n xmhnn

imxmc}}fne ldcdfn| lnd edcnd |meanfetn &n|nn|netn$% ]i}ne rmetmonne ln|n

odnxnetn ldcni}ine lmeane jmcdfn| me|nea xik &idxnne ln|n$# wndnex# lne

xdjrneane oni} &x|nelnl lmwdn|dke$%

n% _me|nea

_me|nea ldrmkcmf lmeane hnn jmea}nead ln|n |momxn lmeane ln|n

|mimhdc lncnj xn|} imckjrki ln|n% Rmfd|}eane me|nea ln|n rnln |nomc 8%7

nlncnf0

o% Wndnex &x?$

Wndnex tnea ldomd xdjokc &x?$ lnrn| jme`mcnxine fkjkamedx|nx x}n|}

imckjrki% Xmjnide imhdc wndnex jnin xmjnide fkjkame ln|n lncnj imckjrki

|mxmo}|% Xmoncdietn# xmjnide omxn wndnex jnin jnin jnide fm|mkame ln|n

lncnj imckjrki |mxmo}|% Wndnex lnd xmimckjrki ln|n xnjrmc lnrn| ldfd|}ea

lmeane jmeaa}enine }j}x


21/45

?>

e : `}jcnf xnjrmc

V : xik

Rmfd|}eane wndnex }e|}i ln|n rnln |nomc 8%7 nlncnf0

h% Xdjrneane Oni}

Xdjrneane oni} n|n} x|neln lmwdnxd tnea ldomd xdjokc &x$ nlncnfnin

wndnex &x?$% Xdjrneane oni} jmjdcdid g}eaxd tnea xnjn lmeane wndnex lncnj

jme`mcnxine xmimckjrki ln|n% Rmfd|}eane xdjrneane oni} }e|}i ln|n rnln |nomc

8%7 nlncnf0

L% Rmea}`dne Fdrk|mxdx

Rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg rnln }j}jetn ldnnfine }e|}i jmea}`d fdrk|mxdx%

Imomenne fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne fn}x ldo}i|dine omlnxnine ln|n tnea |mcnf

ldi}jr}cine% Fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne nlncnf `nqnone xmjme|nn |mfnlnr }j}xne

jnxncnf tnea ldn`}ine lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg% Omlnxnine xdgn| jnxncnfetn

lnrn| ldomlnine l}n `medx fdrk|mxdx tnd|}0

>% Fdrk|mxdx Ikjrnn|dg0 tnd|} fdrk|mxdx tnea ldn`}ine xmonand `nqnone n|nx

}j}xne jnxncnf rmemcd|dne tnea jmenetnine |me|nea nln n|n} |dlnietn

rmomlnne imomnlnne wndnomc lnd l}n imckjrki ln|n n|n} cmodf% Hke|kf

}j}xne jnxncnf ikjrnn|dg0

>$ Nrninf |mlnrn| rmomlnne ldxdrcde im`n a}} ne|nn XJI lmeane a}} XJN;


22/45

??

?$ Nrninf |mlnrn| rmomlnne ikjrm|mexd rmlnakadi ne|nn a}} XL# a}} XJR#

lne a}} XJN;

Hke|kf fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne ikjrnn|dg0

>$ \mlnrn| rmomlnne ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI lmeane a}} XJN

?$ \mlnrn| rmomlnne ikjrm|mexd rmlnakadi a}} XL# XJR# lne XJN%

?% Fdrk|mxdx Nxkxdn|dg# tnd|} fdrk|mxdx tnea ldn`}ine xmonand `nqnone n|nx

}j}xne jnxncnf rmemcd|dne tnea jmenetnine |me|nea f}o}eane ne|n l}n

wndnomc n|n} cmodf% Hke|kf }j}xne jnxncnf nxkxdn|dg0

8$ Nrninf |mlnrn| f}o}eane ne|nn ikjrm|mexd rkgmxdkenc lmeane idem`n a}};

$ \mlnrn| f}o}eane rkxd|dg ne|nn ikjrm|mexd rkgmxdkenc lmeane idem`n a}}%

?$ \mlnrn| f}o}eane rkxd|dg ne|nn imr}nxne im`n lne de|mexd|nx x}rmwdxd imrncn

xmikcnf lmeane idem`n a}}%

\mind| lmeane rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg rmc} ldomlnine rmeam|dnewfdrk|mxdx

rmemcd|dne lne fdrk|mxdx x|n|dx|di% Fdrk|mxdx x|n|dx|di |mldd n|nxwfdrk|mxdx ekc lne

fdrk|mxdx nc|men|dg% Xmcne`}|etn lnrn| ldhke|kfine xmonandwomdi}|0_}j}xne jnxncnf ikjrnn|dg &tnea ld|netnine$0

Nrninf |mlnrn| rmomlnne ldxdrcde im`n ne|nn a}} XJI lmeane a}} XJN;

Fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne &tnea ldn`}ine$0

\mlnrn| rmomlnne ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI lmeane a}} XJN

Fdrk|mxdx x|n|dx|di &tnea nine ld}`d$0

\dlni |mlnrn| rmomlnne ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI lmeane a}} XJN


Fnc tnea xnjn omcni} `}an }e|}i rmemcd|dne tnea jmeanel}ea jnxncnf

nxkxdn|dg# jdxncetn


23/45

?8

_}j}xne jnxncnf nxkxdn|dg tnea ld|netnine0

Nrninf |mlnrn| f}o}eane ne|nn ikjrm|mexd rkgmxdkenc lmeane idem`n a}};

Fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne tnea ldn`}ine0

\mlnrn| f}o}eane rkxd|dg ne|nn ikjrm|mexd rkgmxdkenc a}} lmeane idem`n

a}}


Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx tnea jmeaa}enine nencdxdx x|n|dx|di ldcni}ine }e|}i

jmeme|}ine fdrk|mxdx jnen tnea ld|mdjn lne fdrk|mxdx jnen tnea ld|kcni%

Rmemdjnne Fdrk|mxdx Ekc jme}e`}iine rmekcnine Fdrk|mxdx Nc|men|dg &fdrk|mxdx

rmemcd|dne$% Xmoncdietn# rmekcnine Fdrk|mxdx Ekc jme}e`}iine rmemdjnne

Fdrk|mxdx Nc|men|dg% Lmeane jmekcni Fdrk|mxdx Ekc omn|d Fdrk|mxdx Rmemcd|dne

ld|mdjn% ]e|}i imrme|deane |mxmo}| rmc} ld|m|nrine id|mdn lncnj jmemdjn

n|n} jmekcni Fdrk|mxdx Ekc% Id|mdn |mxmo}| ld|m|nrine omlnxnine |deain|

xdaedgdinxd &cmwmc kg xdaedgdhne|$ tnea ldetn|nine lmeane xdjokc & $%\deain|

xdaedgdinxd xnjn lmeane |nng imxncnfne lncnj jmekcni Fdrk|mxdx Ekc n|n} |nng

imxncnfne lncnj jmemdjn Fdrk|mxdx Nc|men|dg%

Lncnj rmemcd|dne odlnea xkxdnc lne odlnea rmeldldine odnxnetn lda}enine

|deain| xdaedgdinxd : 2#2= : =- n|n} : 2#2> : >-% Jdxncetn# fnxdc }`d fdrk|mxdx

jme}e`}iine nlnetn rmomlnne ne|nn ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI lmeane a}}

XJN rnln |nng xdaedgdinexd : 2#2=% Fnc ded jme}e`}iine onfqn |deain|

imtnidene rmemcd|d n|nx fnxdc }`d fdrk|mxdx |mxmo}| 4=-% Lnrn| r}cn ldetn|nine#

`din rmemcd|dne |mxmo}| ld}cnea |mfnlnr >22 imckjrki xnjrmc lnd rkr}cnxd tnea

xnjn# imj}eaidene ldrmkcmf imxdjr}cne tnea omomln |dlni cmodf lnd = incd%

Omlnxnine imhmelm}eane tnea ldimj}inine lncnj fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne

n|n} fdrk|mxdx im`n# rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx x|n|dx|di |mldd lnd |dan `medx tnd|} }`d l}n

rdfni# }`d xn|} rdfni &rdfni idd$# lne }`d xn|} rdfni &rdfni inene$% Jdxncetn#


24/45

?% ]`d l}n rdfni0 }`d fdrk|mxdx tnea ldcni}ine odcn rmemcd|d omc}j jmjdcdid

imhmelm}eane lncnj rmetn|nne fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne n|n} fdrk|mxdx nc|men|dgetn%



&Rmemcd|d lncnj jmetn|nine fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dneetn |dlni jmjrmcdfn|ine

imhmelm}eane nrninf ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf |deaad lnd a}} XJN n|n}

xmoncdietn ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf melnf lnd a}} XJN$



?% ]`d xn|} rdfni &Rdfni Idd$0 }`d fdrk|mxdx tnea ldcni}ine odcn rmemcd|d |mcnf

jmjdcdid imhmelm}eane lncnj jmean`}ine fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne n|n} fdrk|mxdx

nc|men|dgetn%


Ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf melnf lnd a}} XJN

&Rmemcd|d lncnj jmetn|nine fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dneetn jmjrmcdfn|ine

imhmelm}eane ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf melnf lnd a}} XJN$


Ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf melnf lnd a}} XJN

8% ]`d xn|} rdfni &Rdfni Inene$0 }`d fdrk|mxdx tnea ldcni}ine odcn rmemcd|d |mcnf

jmjdcdid imhmelm}eane &tnea omcnqnene lmeane }`d rdfni idd$ lncnj

rmetn|nne fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dne n|n} fdrk|mxdx nc|men|dgetn%


Ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf |deaad lnd a}} XJN


25/45

?=

&Rmemcd|d lncnj jmetn|nine fdrk|mxdx rmemcd|dneetn jmjrmcdfn|ine

imhmelm}eane ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf |deaad lnd a}} XJN$


Ldxdrcde im`n a}} XJI cmodf |deaad lnd a}} XJN

8% Rmea}`dne Fdrk|mxdx Ikjrnn|dg &]`d Rmomlnne$

Lncnj rkxmx rmemcd|dne rmeldldine xmdeaincd ldcni}ine nencdxdx ln|n

lmeane |}`}ne }e|}i jmjoneldeaine l}n imckjrki ln|n n|n} cmodf% Jdxncetn

jmjoneldeaine fnxdc rm|mx lmeane rkx|mx9 jmjoneldeaine rmx|nxd omcn`n

xdxqn ld omomnrn xmikcnf9 jmjoneldeaine j}|} xmikcnf# n|n} rmoneldeane cnde

xmx}nd lmeane cdeai}r in`dne rmemcd|dne rmeldldine% Nencdxdx ikjrnn|dg n|n} }`d

rmomlnne lda}enine }e|}i jmea}`d fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg% Omlnxnine fnxdc

nencdxdx ikjrnn|dg |mxmo}| lnrn| ld|mj}ine gni|kgni|k tnea jmcn|nomcninead

j}eh}cetn x}n|} rmomlnne% \miedi tnea lda}enine lncnj nencdxdx ikjrnn|dg

|mane|}ea `medx ln|n tnea nine ld}`d% Omdi}| ldxn`dine omomnrn |miedi nencdxdx

x|n|dx|di ikjrnn|dg tnea lnrn| lda}enine }e|}i xm|dnr `medx ln|n%


26/45

?7

Omlnxnine |nomc ld n|nx lnrn| ldimj}inine im|me|}ne lne hke|kf

rmeaa}enne nencdxdx ikjrnn|dg omlnxnine `medx ln|netn tnd|}0

>% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg l}n xnjrmc omrnxneane }e|}i `medx ln|n

ekjdenc jmeaa}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di JhEmjn

?% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg l}n xnjrmc omrnxneane }e|}i `medx ln|n

kldenc jmeaa}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di0

Xdae \mx| &]`d \neln$

Qdchkvke Jn|hfml Rndx

8% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg l}n xnjrmc omrnxneane }e|}i `medx ln|n

de|mwnc+ nxdk jmeaa}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di

]`d| xnjrmc omrnxneane

Hke|kf rmemnrne0 Jmea}`d rmomlnne n|nn|n ne|nn xik fnxdc rm|mx lne fnxdc

rkx|mx%


27/45

?1

6% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg i xnjrmc omrnxneane }e|}i `medx ln|n kldenc

jmeaa}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di0

Gdmljne \qkQnt Nekwn

4% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg i xnjrmc omrnxneane }e|}i `medx ln|n de|mwnc

lne nxdk jmeaa}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di0

KemQnt Nekwn &Nekwn Xn|} @nc}$

\qkQnt Nekwn &Nekwn L}n @nc}$

>2% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg i xnjrmc delmrmelme }e|}i `medx ln|n ekjdenc


v? }e|}i i xnjrcm

>>% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg i xnjrmc delmrmelme }e|}i `medx ln|n kldenc


Jmldne Mv|me|dke

I}xincQnccdx Kem Qnt Nekwn

>?% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ikjrnn|dg i xnjrmc delmrmelme }e|}i `medx ln|n

de|mwnc+ nxdk jmeaa}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di0

KemQnt Nekwn &Nekwn Xn|} @nc}$

\qkQnt Nekwn &Nekwm L}n @nc}$

&Hn|n|ne0 Rmjnfnjne ikjrmfmexdg |mfnlnr |miedi|miedi nencdxdx ln|n }e|}i

jmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx ld n|nx lnrn| ldrmcn`nd xmhnn if}x}x lnd o}i} x|n|dx|din

rmemcd|dne tnea ld`nldine }`}inecdfn| lng|n r}x|nin$


28/45

?6

\mlnrn| omomnrn |miedi nencdxdx tnea lnrn| lda}enine }e|}i jmcdfn| nln

|dlnietn f}o}eane ne|n wndnomc% \miedi nencdxdx tnea lda}enine |mane|}ea

`medx ln|n tnea nine ldnencdxdx%

>% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx nxkxdn|dg &ikmcnxd$ }e|}i `medx ln|n ekjdenc lda}enine

|miedi x|n|dx|di0

Ikmgdxdme Ike|deamexd%

?% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx nxkxdn|dg+ f}o}eane &ikmcnxd$ }e|}i `medx ln|n kldenc

lda}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di0

Ikmcnxd Xrmnjne _nei

Ikmcnxd Imelnc \n}

8% Rmea}`dne fdrk|mxdx nxkxdn|dg &ikmcnxd$ }e|}i `medx ln|n de|mwnc n|n} nxdk

lda}enine |miedi x|n|dx|di xmonand omdi}|0

Ikmcnxd Rkl}i Jkjme| tnea lda}enine jmea}`d fdrk|mxdx

f}o}eane ne|nn l}n wndnomc%

Ikmcnxd aneln0 }e|}i jmea}`d fdrk|mxdx f}o}eane l}n wndnomc

n|n} cmodf xmhnn omxnjnxnjn lmeane xn|} wndnomc%

Ikmcnxd rnxdnc lda}enine }e|}i jmea}`d fdrk|mxdx f}o}eane

ne|nn l}n wndnomc n|n} cmodf# odcn |mlnrn| wndnomc tnea

ldimelncdine%

Nencdxdx mamxd lda}enine }e|}i jmcni}ine rmldixd onandjnen

rm}onfne x}n|} wndnomc odcn wndnomc cnde ldendine n|n}

ld|}}eine% Fnxdc nencdxdx mxamxd ldntn|nine lncnj ome|}i

rmxnjnne jn|mjm|dx tnea jmrmcdfn|ine f}o}eane g}eaxdkenc

ne|n wnndnomc%


29/45

?4

Rkxmx nencdxdx ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg tnea ld}ndine ld n|nx lnrn| ldcni}ine

lmeane j}lnf `din jmeaa}enine rkanjrkanj ikjr}|m tnea ldnehnea

if}x}x }e|}i imrmc}ne nencdxdx ln|n% Xncnf xn|} hke|kf rkanj ikjr}|m tnea

lnrn| lda}enine }e|}i nencdxdx ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg nlncnf XRXX% Rkanj ded

jmjr}etnd imjnjr}ne }e|}i jmcni}ine nencdxdx x|n|dx|di lnd tnea rncdea

xmlmfnen fdeaan tnea rncdea ikjrcmix% Lmeane one|}ne rkanj ikjr}|m#

rkxmx rmxdnrne lne nencdxdx ln|n lnrn| ldcni}ine lmeane hmrn| lne mgdxdme%

?%8 Rmakcnfne Lne Nencdxdx Ln|n I}ncd|n|dg

Nencdxdx ln|n lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg omomln lmeane nencdxdx ln|n

lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg% Nencdxdx ln|n i}ncd|n|dg omxdgn| del}i|dg lne

omimcne`}|ne% \}`}ne nifd nencdxdx ln|n i}ncd|n|dg nlncnf jmjrmkcmf jnien#

jmeafnxdcine rmeam|dnermeam|dne# ikexmrikexmr xm|n jmeamjoneaine

fdrk|mxdx n|n} |mkd on}% Nencdxdx ln|n i}ncd|n|dg nlncnf rkxmx jmehnd xm|n

jmet}x}e xmhnn xdx|mjn|dx ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf lnd fnxdc qnqnehnn# hn|n|ne

cnrneane# lne onfneonfne cndeetn xmfdeaan j}lnf ldrnfnjd nan lnrn|

lddegkjnxdine imrnln knea cnde &Okalne# >46


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82

qnqnehnn nencdxdx ldcni}ine |mfnlnr degkjnxd fnxdc qnqne hnn% Nrnodcn

`nqnone |mxmo}| ldnxnine omc}j jmj}nxine# rmemcd|d jmcne`}|ine qnqnehnn

lmeane jmean`}ine rm|netnne cne`}|ne xnjrnd ldrmkcmf ln|n tnea jmj}nxine%

Jdcmx nel F}omjne &>46 lne Anjon ?%? ld onqnf ded%


31/45

8>

?%8%> _ml}ixd Ln|n

_ml}ixd ln|n nlncnf rkxmx nencdxdx }e|}i jmjdcdf# jmj}xn|ine rmfn|dne#

jmtmlmfnenine# jmeanox|nixdine xm|n jme|nexgkjnxdine ln|n tnea j}eh}c

lnd hn|n|nehn|n|ne cnrneane &Rn|dcdjn# ?22=$% Jmml}ixd ln|n omn|d jmjo}n|

neai}jne# jmjdcdf fncfnc rkiki# jmjgki}xine rnln fncfnc rme|dea# jmehnd

|mjn lne rkcn# xm|n jmjo}nea tnea ldneaanr |dlni rmc}% Lmeane lmjdidne#

ln|n tnea ldml}ixd nine jmjomdine anjonne tnea cmodf xrmxdxdgi lne

jmjrmj}lnf rmemcd|d jmcni}ine rmea}jr}cne ln|n xmcne`}|etn xm|n jmehnd

ln|n |njonfne `din ldrmc}ine% Xmjnide cnjn rmemcd|d omnln ld cnrneane# `}jcnf

ln|n nine xmjnide onetni# xmjnide ikjrcmix lne }jd|%

]e|}i d|}cnf ldrmc}ine ml}ixd ln|n xmfdeaan ln|n |dlni om|}jr}i lne

jmjrmx}cd| nencdxdx xmcne`}|etn% _ml}ixd ln|n ldcni}ine lmeane rm|djoneane

onfqn ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf

lnd cnrneane `}jcnfetn h}i}r onetni# }e|}i d|} rmc} ldrdcdf lne ldrdcnf xmx}nd

lmeane imo}|}fne lncnj rmjmhnfne jnxncnf rmemcd|dne% Lncnj jmml}ixd ln|n

xm|dnr rmemcd|d ldrnel} kcmf rm|netnne rmemcd|dne tnea fn}x ld`nqno omlnxnine

ln|n% @nqnone rm|netnne |mxmo}| jm}rnine q}`}l etn|n |mj}ne rmemcd|dne%

Im|din rmemcd|d jmemj}ine xmx}n|} &ln|n$ tnea omc}j `mcnx lne omc}j jmjdcdid

rkcn rmc} xmamn ldcni}ine rmehmjn|ne


32/45

8?

jmcnc}d rkxmx ml}ixd }e|}i jmjnfnjd jnien tnea |minel}ea lncnj ln|n

|mxmo}|% Xmhnn xmlmfnen# dc}x|nxd ml}ixd ln|n lnrn| ldanjonine xmonand

omdi}|0

Omlnxnine anjon ld n|nx# ldrmcdfn|ine rmemcd|d jmjrmkcmf ln|n tnea

ld|}neaine lncnj ome|}i hn|n|ne cnrneane% Ln|n |mxmo}| lddc}x|nxdine lncnj

xdjokcxdjokc &?.>l?(8,?8


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88

xmcne`}|etn% Lncnj rni|mietn# ml}ixd ln|n |dlni xmj}lnf xmrm|d tnea

ld|}e`}iine rnln dc}x|nxd ld n|nx% Ldrmc}ine rkxmx omrdid imn|dg# imhmjn|ne#

lne `}an qnqnxne tnea c}nx |me|nea ln|n tnea xmlnea ld|mcd|d%

Onad rmemcd|d rmj}cn# ml}ixd ln|n lnrn| ldcni}ine jmcnc}d ldxi}xd lmeane

|mjne xm`nqn| n|n} knea tnea ldrnelnea nfcd lncnj odlneaetn% Ldxi}xd nine

jmjo}in lne jmeamjoneaine qnqnxne rmemcd|d xmfdeaan lnrn| jmml}ixd ln|n

lmeane ondi% _ml}ixd ln|n tnea ondi nine jmeafnxdcine xm`}jcnf ln|n tnea

jmjdcdid edcndedcnd |mj}ne xmonand onfne

}e|}i jmendi imxdjr}cne%

?%8%? Rmetn`dne &Ldxrcnt$ Ln|n

Xm|mcnf ln|n ldml}ixd# cneainf nencdxdx xmcne`}|etn nlncnf rmetn`dne

&ldxrcnt$ ln|n% Rmetn`dne ln|n ldnnfine nan ln|n fnxdc ml}ixd |mkanedxnxdine#

|mx}x}e lncnj rkcn f}o}eane# xmfdeaan jnide j}lnf ldrnfnjd% Rmetn`dne ln|n

lnrn| ldcni}ine lncnj ome|}i }ndne enn|dg# onane# f}o}eane ne|n in|makd#

ldnanj nc} &gckq hfn|$# lne cnde xm`medxetn%

Rmetn`dne ln|n lncnj ome|}iome|}i |mxmo}| nine jmj}lnfine rmemcd|d

jmjnfnjd nrn tnea |m`nld lne jmmehnenine im`n rmemcd|dne xmcne`}|etn% Rnlncneainf ded# rmemcd|d om}xnfn jmet}x}e ln|n tnea mcmwne xmfdeaan jme`nld

degkjnxd tnea lnrn| ldxdjr}cine lne jmjdcdid jnien |m|me|}% Rkxmxetn lnrn|

ldcni}ine lmeane hnn jmenjrdcine lne jmjo}n| f}o}eane ne|n gmekjmen

}e|}i jmjniend nrn tnea xmomenetn |m`nld lne nrn tnea rmc} ld|delnicne`}|d

}e|}i jmehnrnd |}`}ne rmemcd|dne% Rmenjrdcne n|n} ldxrcnt ln|n tnea ondi lne

`mcnx nc} rdidetn jm}rnine fnc tnea xnean| ldfnnrnine kcmf xm|dnr rmemcd|d%

Ldxrcnt ln|n tnea ondi jm}rnine xn|} cneainf rme|dea jme}`} |mhnrndetnnencdxdx i}ncd|n|dg tnea wncdl lne fnelnc%

Xmhnn xmlmfnen# dc}x|nxd rmetn`dne ln|n lnrn| ldanjonine xmonand

omdi}|0


34/45

8?8?8


35/45

8=

Xm`ni nqnc rmea}jr}cne ln|n# rmemcd|d xmondietn j}cnd jmj}|}xine

ne|nn ln|n tnea jmjr}etnd jnien lmeane ln|n tnea |dlni ldrmc}ine n|n} |dlni

omjnien% Rnln cneainf wmdgdinxd ded rmemcd|d xmondietn jnxdf |m|nr |mo}in

}e|}i jmemdjn jnx}ine ln|n% Onfine rnln cneainf wmdgdinxd ded xmonadne

rmemcd|d `}an jnxdf inlnea na}na} jmtnideine lddetn nrninf lnrn| jmehnrnd

imxdjr}cne rnln |deain| gdenc# ld jnen cneainf rmea}jr}cne

ln|n ldetn|nine |mcnf omnifd% Im|din rmemcd|d |m`}e im cnrneane# odnxnetn

jmmin jmelnrn|ine onfqn xmomenetn onetni ome|}i lne nanj am`ncn n|n}

degkjnxd tnea ld|mj}d# |m|nrd |dlni xmj}n ln|n lnrn| ldrkxmx n|n} ldnjodc

xmonand rmel}i}ea gki}x rmemcd|dne# n|n} jmeannf rnln |mhnrndetn imxdjr}cne%

Fnetn ln|n tnea jmjdcdid rmxtnn|ne |m|me|} xn`n tnea ldrmc}ine rmemcd|d%

Rmxtnn|ne ln|n tnea lnrn| ldrkxmx lncnj nencdxdx cmodf cne`}| xmrm|d# noxnf#

omokok|# lneS i}n|# xmlneaine ln|n cnde tnea |dlni jme}e`nea# cmjnf# lne

jmetdjrnea `n}f lnd imodnxnne fn}x ldrdxnfine% Jmjdcdf ln|n tnea jmjme}fd

rmxtnn|ne |mxmo}| |dlnicnf j}lnf% Rkxmx |mxmo}| ld xnjrdea jmjmc}ine

im|mcd|dne lne imhmjn|ne# rmemcd|d fn}x jmeaa}enine jm|klm tnea wndn|dg lne

|mrn| nan ldrmkcmf ln|n tnea lnrn| lda}enine }e|}i |}`}ne ml}ixd% ]e|}i

jmehnrnd |}`}ne |mxmo}| omomnrn |ni|di rme|dea |mjnx}i |mx|dea n|n}jmeaikegdjnxd jnien# jmeafdelnd odnx# lne jmtnideine i}ncd|nx imxdjr}cne

rmc} ldcni}ine xmcnjn jmcni}ine nencdxdx ln|n% ]e|}i lnrn| jmeam|nf}d i}ncd|nx

ln|n# xmknea rmemcd|d lnrn| jmedcnd jmcnc}d omomnrn jm|klm xmrm|d omdi}|0

n% Jmeamhmimrmxme|n|dwmemxx n|n} im|mqnidcne ln|n

o% Jmeamhmi ln|n lnd rmean}f rmemcd|d

h% Jmeamhmi jmcnc}d |dnea}cnxd

l% Jmcni}ine rmjokok|ne o}i|d lnd x}jom ln|nln|n tnea lnrn| ldrmhntnm% Jmjo}n| rmoneldeane n|n} jmeaike|nxine ln|n

g% Rmeaa}enne inx}x mix|dj tnea ldmncdxnxd lmeane jmjniend ln|n eman|dg

Lmeane jmeaikegdjnxd jnien xm|dnr ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf lmeane

jmeaa}enine xn|} hnn n|n} cmodf# ldfnnrine rmemcd|d jmjrmkcmf degkjnxd

tnea lnrn| lda}enine }e|}i jmel}i}ea |mhnrndetn |}`}ne rmemcd|dne% Lmeane

lmjdidne imxdjr}cne lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg j}eaide lnrn| jme`nqno

}j}xne jnxncnf tnea ld|m|nrine xm`ni nqnc# |m|nrd j}eaide `}an |dlni# inmen


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87

xmrm|d }j}xne jnxncnf lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg jnxdfS omxdgn| xmjme|nn lne

nine omimjonea xm|mcnf rmemcd|d omnln ld cnrneane%

Rmendine imxdjr}cne lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg tnea ldfnnrine nlncnf

jm}rnine |mj}ne on} tnea omc}j rmenf nln% \mj}ne |mxmo}| lnrn| om}rn

lmxidrxd n|n} anjonne x}n|} ko`mi tnea xmomc}jetn mjneamjnea n|n} amcnr

jme`nld `mcnx xm|mcnf ld|mcd|d% \mj}ne |mxmo}| lnrn| om}rn f}o}eane in}xnc n|n}

de|mni|dg# odxn `}an om}rn fdrk|mxdx n|n} |mkd%

?%8%< Rmea}`dne Imnoxnfne Ln|n

Lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg |mj}ne n|n} ln|n ldetn|nine wncdl nrnodcn |dlni

nln rmomlnne ne|nn tnea ldcnrkine rmemcd|d lmeane nrn tnea xmx}eaa}fetn

|m`nld rnln ko`mi tnea ld|mcd|d% Imomenne mncd|nx lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg

|dlni omxdgn| |}eaanc |m|nrd `njni lne |mane|}ea rnln imjnjr}ne rmemcd|d

jmeaike|}ixd gmekjmen tnea ldnjn|d# xm|n ldome|}i lncnj ldd xmknea xmonand

fnxdc rkxmx jme|nc |dnr deldwdl} lmeane cn|n omcnineaetn% Kcmf inmen d|} `din

nln cdjn knea rmemcd|d lmeane cn|n omcninea omomln jmemcd|d ko`mi tnea xnjn

nine jmelnrn|ine cdjn |mj}ne lne xmj}netn ldetn|nine wncdl `din tnea

ld|mj}ine |mxmo}| |dlni omomln nrn tnea |m`nld xmx}eaa}fetn rnln ko`mi tneald|mcd|d% ]`d imnoxnfne ln|n lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg jmcdr}|d }`d hmldodcd|t

&wncdld|nx de|menc$# |nexgmnodcd|t &wncdld|nx mix|menc$# lmrmelnodcd|t &mcdnodcd|nx$

lne hkegkjnodcd|t &ko`mi|dwd|nx$%

>% ]`d Imldodcd|nx

Omjnhnjjnhnj hnn rmea}`dne imldodcd|nx ln|n ld|}e`}ine rnl anjon

8%=% Omlnxnine anjon |mxmo}| |mcdfn| onfqn }`d imldodcd|nx ln|n n|n}

imrmhntnne |mfnlnr ln|n fnxdc rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg ne|nn cnde ldcni}ine lmeanermrne`neane rmeanjn|ne# rmedeain|ne im|mi}ene lncnj rmemcd|dne# |dnea}cnxd#

ldxi}xd lmeane |mjne xm`nqn|# nencdxdx inx}x eman|dg# lne jmjom hfmhi%


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81

n% Rmrne`neane Rmeanjn|ne

Lmeane rmrne`neane rmeanjn|ne omn|d rmemcd|d imjoncd im cnrneane#

jmcni}ine rmeanjn|ne# qnqnehnn cnad lmeane x}jom ln|n tnea rmenf ld|mj}d

jn}r}e tnea on}% Lmeane rmrne`neane rmeanjn|ne ded f}o}eane rmemcd|d

lmeane x}jom ln|n nine xmjnide |mome|}i# xmjnide nino# xmjnide |mo}in#

xncdea jmjrmhntnd xmfdeaan |dlni nln degkjnxd tnea ldxmjo}etdine% Imfnldnermemcd|d ldneaanr jm}rnine imqn`nne xmfdeaan imfnldne rmemcd|d |dlni nine

jmeaanea} rmdcni} tnea ldrmcn`nd% Cnjnetn rmrne`neane rmeanjn|ne xnean|

|mane|}ea rnln imlncnjne# imc}nxne# lne imrnx|dne ln|n% Imlncnjne n|detn

nrninf rmemcd|d jmeaancd ln|n xnjrnd ldrmkcmf jnien tnea rnx|d% Imc}nxne

omn|d onetni xmldid|etn n|n} im|}e|nxne degkjnxd tnea ldrmkcmf% Ln|n tnea

rnx|d nlncnf ln|n tnea wncdl tnea xmx}nd lmeane nrn tnea |m`nld% Lncnj

rmrne`neane rmeanjn|ne%}e|}i jmea}`d imldodcd|nx ln|n# xmoncdietn ldgki}xine


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86

rnln rmea}`dne |mfnlnr ln|n tnea |mcnf ldrmkcmf# nrninf ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf d|}

omen n|n} |dlni%

o% Jmedeain|ine Im|mi}ene

Jmedeain|ine im|mi}ene omn|d jmcni}ine rmeanjn|ne xmhnn cmodf

hmjn| lne omimxdenjo}eane% Lmeane hnn |mxmo}| jnin imrnx|dne ln|n lne

}}|ne rmdx|dqn nine lnrn| ldminj xmhnn rnx|d lne xdx|mjn|di% Jmedeain|ine

im|mi}ene lddonn|ine id|n xmlnea jmeam`nine xkncxknc }`dne n|n} jmemcd|d

imjoncd |}cdxne lncnj jnincnf nln tnea xncnf n|n} |dlni% Lmeane jmedeain|ine

im|mi}ene# rmemcd|d lnrn| jmcni}ine rmeamhmine imjoncd nrninf ln|n tnea

ld|mj}ine d|} xncnf n|n} |dlni xmfdeaan lnrn| jmjomdine lmxidrxd ln|n tnea

ni}n| lne xdx|mjn|dx |me|nea nrn tnea ldnjn|d%

h% \dnea}cnxd

\dnea}cnxd lncnj rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg ldn|dine xmonand rmea}`dne

imnoxnfne ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf lnd omonand x}jom# omonand jm|klm# lne

omonand qni|}% Kcmf inmenetn |mlnrn| |miedi rmea}`dne imnoxnfne ln|n jmcnc}d

|dnea}cnxd x}jom# |dnea}cnxd jm|klm# lne |dnea}cnxd qni|}% \dnea}cnxd x}jom

}e|}i jmea}`d imnoxnfne ln|n ldcni}ine lmeane hnn

jmeamhmi ln|n tnea |mcnf ldrmkcmf imrnln omomnrn x}jom% Xmonand hke|kf}e|}i jmea}`d imldodcd|nx ln|n |me|nea antn imrmjdjrdene imrncn xmikcnf jnin

rmea}`dne ln|n lnrn| ldcni}ine |mfnlnr a}} lne x|ng \n|n ]xnfn xmikcnf% Ln|n

tnea ldrmkcmf ldlmxidrxdine# ldin|makdine# jnen rnelneane tnea xnjn# jnen

tnea omomln xm|n jnen tnea xrmxdgdi lnd im|dan x}jom |mxmo}|% Ln|n tnea

|mcnf ldnencdxdx xnjrnd jmeafnxdcine x}n|} imxdjr}cne xmcne`}|etn ldjde|nine

imxmrnin|ne rnln |dan x}jom ln|n |nld% \dnea}cnxd |miedi }e|}i jmea}`d

imldodcd|nx ln|n ldcni}ine lmeane hnn jmeamhmi rnln x}jom tnea xnjn |m|nrdlmeane |miedi omomln% Jdxncetn ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d qnqnehnn

imj}ldne ldhmi lmeane ln|n fnxdc koxmwnxd# n|n} fnxdc nencdxdx lki}jme% Odcn

jmeafnxdcine ln|n omomln# rmemcd|d jmcni}ine ldxi}xd cmodf cne`}| lmeane

x}jom ln|n tnea omxneai}|ne }e|}i jmelnrn|ine ln|n tnea ldneaanr omen%

N|n} j}eaide xmj}netn omen inmen xm|dnr x}jom ln|n jmjdcdid x}l}| rnelnea

tnea omomln%


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84

Lncnj omomnrn fnc# qni|} rmeanjodcne ln|n xmdea incd jmjrmean}fd

imldodcd|nx ln|n% Jdxncetn# ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d qnqnehnn rnln rnad

fnd# omomln lmeane ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf jmcnc}d qnqnehnn rnln xdnea fnd n|n}

xkm fnd% ]e|}i d|}# ldrmc}ine rmea}`dne rnln qni|} lne xd|}nxd tnea omomln%

Odcn jmeafnxdcine ln|n omomln rmeanjodcne ln|n rmc} ldcni}ine om}cnea}cnea

xnjrnd jmelnrn|ine imrnx|dne ln|n%

l% Nencdxdx Ln|n Inx}x Eman|dg

Inx}x eman|dg nlncnf inx}x tnea |dlni xmx}nd n|n} omomln lmeane fnxdc

rmemcd|dne fdeaan rnln xnn| |m|me|}% Lmeane jmcni}ine nencdxdx inx}x eman|dg

omn|d rmemcd|d jmehnd ln|n tnea om|me|neane lmeane ln|n tnea |mcnf ld|mj}ine%

Odcn |dlni nln cnad ln|n tnea omomln n|n} om|me|neane lmeane fnxdc |mj}ne jnin

fnxdc |mj}ne |mxmo}| x}lnf lnrn| ldrmhntn% Nine |m|nrd odcn jnxdf |mlnrn| ln|n

tnea omomln n|n} om|me|neane lmeane fnxdc |mj}ne |mlnrn| imj}eaidene

rmemcd|d fn}x jm}onf |mj}neetn% Fnc ded |mane|}ea rnln xmomnrn omxn inx}x

eman|dg tnea j}eh}c%

m%Jmjom Hfmhi

Jmjom hfmhi nlncnf rkxmx rmeamhmine ln|n tnea ldrmkcmf rmemcd|d

imrnln x}jom ln|netn% \}`}neetn nlncnf }e|}i jmeam|nf}d imxmx}ndne ln|ntnea ld|mj}ine lmeane ln|n tnea ldomdine kcmf x}jom ln|n% Nrnodcn ln|n tnea

ld|mj}ine ldxmrnin|d kcmf x}jom ln|n jnin ln|n |mxmo}| wncdl# nine |m|nrd odcn

|dlni ldxmrnin|d rmc} ldcni}ine ldxi}xd cmodf cne`}| lmeane x}jom ln|n% @din

rmomlnneetn xnean| `mcnx rmemcd|d fn}x jm}onf fnxdc |mj}neetn%

Jmjom hfmhi lnrn| ldcni}ine xm|mcnf rmea}jr}cne ln|n xmcmxnd# xm|mcnf

jmelnrn| |mj}ne# n|n} xm|mcnf jmjrmkcmf imxdjr}cne%

?% ]`d \nexgmnodcd|t\nexgmnodcd|t rnln rmemcd|dne i}ncd|n|dg omimenne lmeane rm|netnne# fdeaan

ldjnen rmemcd|dne lnrn| ld|mnrine n|n} lda}enine lncnj xd|}nxd cnde%

\nexgmnodcd|t |mane|}ea rnln rmjnind# jnenincn fnxdc rmemcd|dne |mxmo}| lnrn|

lda}enine lncnj ike|mix lne xd|}nxd xkxdnc cnde% Kcmf inmen d|}# rmemcd|d fn}x

jmjo}n| cnrkneetn lmeane }ndne tnea dehd# `mcnx# xdx|mjn|di xmfdeaan lnrn|

ldrmhntn% Lmeane lmjdidne rmjonhn jme`nld `mcnx lne jmj}|}xine lnrn| n|n}

|dlnietn fnxdc rmemcd|dne |mxmo}| ldnrcdinxdine ld|mjrn| cnde%


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% Fnxdc rmeanjn|ne0 }ndne dehd |me|nea xd|}nxd# im`nldne# de|mnixd# lne |deainfcni} tnea ldnjn|d ld cnrneane%

?% Fnxdc rmjodhnnne0 i}|drne cneax}ea lnd rmetn|nne kneaknea |me|nea

rmeancnjne# xdinr# imtnidene# lne rmjdidne jmmin lncnj imxmjrn|ne

qnqnehnn jmelncnj

8% Onfne |m|}cdx0 rm|dine n|n} imxmc}}fne lki}jme# x}n|jmet}n|# minjne#

lne inx}x xm`nnf%


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\mlnrn| rmomlnnermomlnne ne|nn ln|n i}ncd|n|dg lne ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg

&Xd|k}x# >446$0

>% Ln|n i}ncd|n|dg nlncnf ln|n jme|nf lnd l}edn mjrddx% Ln|n i}ncd|n|dg d|}

om}`}l }ndne |mdehd# i}|drne cneax}ea# lne lki}jme|nxd inx}x% Ln|n ded

ldi}jr}cine xmonand x}n|} hmd|n |mo}in &krme*melml enn|dwm$ # |nern jmehkon

jmehkhkiine x}n|} am`ncn lmeane in|makd oni} tnea |mcnf ld|m|nrine

xmomc}jetn# xmonandjnen `nqnone rm|netnne lncnj i}mxdkem%

?% Ln|n i}ncd|n|dg nlncnf |neainrne n|nx rmin|nne x}otmi rmemcd|dne lncnj

onfnxnetn xmeldd% Rmeancnjne knea ld|mneaine xmhnn jmelncnj# jme}}|

jnien imfdl}rne# rmeancnjne# lne de|mnixd xkxdnc lnd x}otmi rmemcd|dne xmeldd%

Lmeane lmjdidne rmemcd|d lnrn| jmjnfnjd jnxtnnin| jme}}|

rmeam|dne jmmin xmeldd% Fnc ded omomln lnd rmemcd|dne i}ne|d|n|dg# tnea

jmjoni}inermeancnjne mxrkelme im lncnj in|makdin|makd oni} rmemcd|d

xmeldd%

8% Ln|n i}ncd|n|dg omxdgn| jmelncnj lne dehd# xmfdeaan `}an omxdgn| rne`nea

cmon% Nidon|etn nencdxdx ln|n i}ncd|n|dg omxdgn| xrmxdgdi# |m}|njn }e|}i

jmdeainx ln|n lne jmetn|}ineetn lncnj x}n|} nc} nencdxdx tnea j}lnf

ldrnfnjd rdfni cnde% Xdgn| ln|n ded omomln lnd ln|n i}ne|d|n|dg tnea mcn|dg cmodfxdx|mjn|dx# |moni}ine# lne j}lnf ldxn`dine lncnj gkjn| deainx%

\miedi rmea}jr}cne ln|n rmc} ldxmx}ndine lmeane |drm ln|n &\nomc >$%

Rdcdfne |miedi |mxmo}| ldlnxnd rm|djoneane omdi}| &Pmcld|hf# >414$0


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% om|netn imrnln |mjne# xn}lnn# lne ike|ni rdonld%

?% |mcdon| omxnjn jnxtnnin| tnea deade ldrmcn`nd

8% jmelmin|d omonand kanedxnxd lne onlne |mind|


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Imxdjr}cne

>% Ln|n nlncnf gni|n mjrddi tnea ldi}jr}cine kcmf rmemcd|d }e|}i

imrme|deane jmjmhnfine jnxncnf n|n} jme`nqno rm|netnne rmemcd|dne%

?% Ln|n rmemcd|dne lnrn| omnxnc lnd omonand x}jom tnea ldi}jr}cine

lmeane jmeaa}enine omonand |miedi xmcnjn imadn|ne rmemcd|dne

omcneax}ea%

8% Omlnxnine x}jometn# ln|n rmemcd|dne lnrn| ldimckjrkiine lncnj l}n

`medx tnd|} ln|n rdjm lne ln|n xmi}elm%


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LNG\N_ R]X\NIN

Jdccmx# J%O% nel F}omjne# J%N% >46447%Jm|klm Rmemcd|dne En|}ncdx|di*I}ncd|n|dg% Onel}ea0 \nxd|k%

Rn|dcdjn# Fnjdl% ?22=%Jm|klm Rmemcd|dne I}ncd|n|dg% Onel}ea0 Ncgnom|n%

X}adtkek% >441% X|n|dx|din }e|}i Rmemcd|dne% Onel}ea0 Ncgnom|n%

X}adtkek% ?22=%Jmjnfnjd Rmemcd|dne I}ncd|n|dg% Onel}ea0 Ncgnom|n%

X}adtkek% ?221% Jm|klm Rmemcd|dne Rmeldldine9 Rmelmin|ne I}ne|d|n|dg#I}ncd|n|dg lne _'L% Onel}ea0 Ncgnom|n%

X}inld% ?228% Jm|klkckad Rmemcd|dne Rmeldldine0 Ikjrm|mexd lne Rni|dietn%@nin|n0 O}jd Nixnn%

X}ijnlden|n# Enen Xtnkldf% ?22=% Jm|klm Rmemcd|dne Rmeldldine% Onel}ea0

_mjn`n _kxlnintn%

X}tnon|n# X}jnld% >446%Jm|klkckad Rmemcd|dne% @nin|n0 _n`n Angdelk Rmxnln%

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