efek toksik logam

7/25/2019 EFEK TOKSIK LOGAM

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EFEK TOKSIK LOGAMKELOMPOK I

TRI WAHYUDI LESTARI

PARWATI MOHAMADI

MEGAWATI SALEH

KHALIMATUS SADIYAH

HARISMA SANDA TIKU

ABRIANUS RANGGATAU


2/40

TOKSIKOLOGI

Toksikologi ialah ilm !"#!a#gs"#$a%a&s"#$a%a kimia $a#g'"(si)a! m"(sak 'agi ma#sia

*a# h"%a#+ Ra,# -Baha#."sak/ ialah 0a! ak!i) $a#gm"#$"'a'ka# k"(1a $a#g

m"(sak+ A.a'ila .a*a s"1mlah2!"(!ama o'a!2 *osislah $a#gm"#"#!ka# a.akah !im'l k"(1a$a#g '"(g#a a!a $a#gm"(sak2 maka *alam a(!i


3/40

LOGAM

Dalam kimia2 s"'ah logam a!am"!al -'ahasaY#a#i3 Metallon/a*alah s"'ah #s(kimia $a#g

sia. m"m'"#!k io#-ka!io#/ *a#m"miliki ika!a#logam2 *a#ka*a#gkala *ika!aka# 'ah%a ia

mi(i. *"#ga# ka!io# *i a%a#"l"k!(o#+
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunanihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunanihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_logam&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_logam&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_logam&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_logam&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_logam&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunanihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunanihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunanihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia


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Logam m"(.aka# k"lom.ok!oksika# $a#g #ik+ Logam i#i*a.a! *i!"mka# *a# m"#"!a.

*alam alam2 !"!a.i '"#!kkimia#$a *a.a! '"('ah aki'a!."#ga(h 4sikokimia2 'iologis2

a!a aki'a! ak!i5i!as ma#sia+Toksisi!as#$a *a.a! '"('ah*(as!is 'ila '"#!k kimia#$a'"('ah


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SIFAT&SIFAT METAL6LOGAM

Sifat-sifat Ekstraktif/kimia (ChemicalProperties)M"li.!i ,i(i&,i(i *a(i kom.osisi kimia *a# ."#ga(h#s( !"(ha*a. m"!al -logam/+ B"'"(a.a ,o#!oh si)a!

kimia a*alah s"g("gasi *a# k"!aha#a# ko(osi+ Logams"."(!i 'a1a m"miliki #ilai k"!aha#a# !"(ha*a. ko(osi$a#g 'aik2 ka("#a m"miliki ka#*#ga# ka('o#+ Pa*ash kama( logam '"(%1* .a*a! k",ali (aksa-'"(%1* ,ai(/+ Ti!ik l"l"h *a# !i!ik *i*ih+ Logam&logam,"#*"(#g m"miliki !i!ik l"l"h *a# !i!ik *i*ih $a#g !i#ggi

ka("#a k"ka!a# ika!a# logam+ K"ka!a# ika!a# '"('"*aa#!a(a logam $a#g sa! *"#ga# logam $a#g lai#!"(ga#!#g .a*a 1mlah "l"k!(o# $a#g !"(*"lokalisasi.a*a la!a# "l"k!(o#2 *a# .a*a ss#a# a!om&a!om#$a


6/40

Sifat sifat mekanik(Mechanical Properties)

Ya#g *is"'! si)a! m"ka#ik ialahsi)a! 'aha# 'ilama#a *i."#ga(higa$a *a(i la(2 $ai! 3 k"ka!a#!a(ik2 ka! '"#gkok2 k"k"(asa#2

ka! .kl2 ka! g"s"(2 *a# lai#&lai#+ S"(i#g .la *imaskka# si)a!!"k#ologi *a(i ma!"(ial ialah

mam. m"si#2 mam. ,o( *a#


7/40

Sifat sifat Fisik (PhysicalProperties)

Si)a! 4sik a*alah si)a! 'aha#

ka("#a m"#galami ."(is!i%a4sika2 s"."(!i a*a#$a ."#ga(h.a#as *a# lis!(ik+ $ai! '"(a!

1"#is2 *a$a ha#!a( lis!(ik *a#.a#as2 si)a! mag#"! *a# s!(k!(mik(o logam


8/40

Sifat Tekhnologi

Si)a! ."#g"(1aa# logam a*alah si)a! sa!'aha# $a#g !im'l *alam .(os"s."#golaha##$a+si)a! i! ha(s *ik"!ahi

l"'ih *ahl s"'"lm ."#golaha# 'aha#*ilakka#+ P"#g1ia# $a#g *ilakka# a#!a(alai# ."#g1iia# mam. las2 mam. m"si#2mam. ,o(2 *a# mam. k"(as+ Logam

m"(.aka# 'aha# $a#g 'aik #!k*ia.likasika# *alam !"k#ologi2 ka("#alogam m"miliki s!(k!( $a#g ka! *a#!i*ak m*ah .a!ah+


9/40

Fak!o( $a#g m"m."#ga(hi!oksisi!as

Ti#gka! *a# lama#$a .a1a#a#B"#!k kimia

Kom.l"ks .(o!"i#&logam

Fak!o( ."1amI#*i,a!o( 'iologis


10/40

T"m.a! k"(1a logam *alam!'hEnzim

K"(1a !ama logam a*alah m"#gham'a!"#0im+ E)"k i#i 'iasa#$a !im'l aki'a!i#!"(aksi a#!a(a logam *"#ga# ggs SH

.a*a "#0im i!+ Sa! "#0im *a.a! 1ga*iham'a! ol"h logam !oksik m"lali."#ggs(a# ko)ak!o( logam $a#g ."#!i#g*a(i "#0im+ 8o#!oh#$a2 !im'al" *a.a!

m"#gga#!ika# 0i#k *alam "#0im $a#g*a.a! '"(ga#!#g .a*a a*a#$a 0i#k2misal#$a asam ami#o #ol"5li#a!hi*(a!as" -ALAD/+


11/40

rganel s!"sel!lerUmm#$a ")"k !oksik logam m"(.aka#aki'a! *a(i ("aksi a#!a(a logam *a#kom.o#"# i#(as"l+ U#!k *a.a! m"#im'lka#

")"k !oksi#$a .a*a sa! s"l2 logam ha(sm"maski s"l+ P(os"s mask#$a m"li#!asim"m'(a# aka# l"'ih m*ah kala logam i#i'"(si)a! li.o4lik2 misal#$a m"!al m"(k(i+ Bila

logam i#i !"(ika! .a*a sa! .(o!"i#2 0a! i#i*is"(a. *"#ga# "#*osi!osis+ Di)s .asi)m"(.aka# ,a(a mask $a#g lai# 'agi logam2misal#$a !im'al"


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9"#is&1"#is logam

#rsen (#s)

A(s"# -As/ m"(.aka# #s($a#g m"lim.ah s",a(a alami

*"#ga# #omo( a!om ::2 '"(a!a!om ; g6mol2 m"miliki >'"#!k .a*a!a#2 $ai! k#i#g

k"hi!ama# *a# a'&a'+T"(mask *alam golo#ga# s"mi&logam2 *a# m*ah .a!ah


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?+E)"k !oksik

A(s"# -As/ 'isa *ig#aka#s"'agai 'aha# *a(i '"('agaima,am o'a!2 !"!a.i 1ga

m"m'"(ika# ")"k sam.i#g+ U#!ki!2 ."#gg#aa# o'a! '"('aha#'ak As ha(s s",a(a ha!i&ha!i

ka("#a As 1ga .o!"#sial '"(si)a!ka(si#og"#ik *a# koka(si#og"#ik


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P"#gg#aa# (a,# As #!k ."m'#ha# *ika("#aka# 3

a+ As !i*ak '"(asa2 !i*ak '"(%a(#a2 *a# !i*ak'"('a s"hi#gga m*ah *i,am.(ka# .a*a

maka#a# a!a mi#ma# !a#.a *i,(igai ol"hko('a#+

'+ G"1ala k"(a,#a# sa#ga! mm *a# !i*aks."si4k s"."(!i m#!a'"( s"hi#gga ko('a#

!i*ak aka# m"#g"#ali#$a+,+ As m*ah *i."(ol"h *alam '"('agai '"#!k2

s"."(!i ."s!isi*a2 (a,# !iks2 (a,# s"m!2h"('isi*a2 *a# o'a!&o'a!a# hom"o.a!i+


15/40

$n%ikator "iologis toksisitas

oksisi!as As .a*a ma#siam"#gg#aka# i#*ika!o( 'iologi2a#!a(a lai# 3

Ka*a( As *alam (i# -*a.a!!"(*"!"ksi .a*a ko('a# $a#g 'a(!"(.a.a( As/

Ka*a( As *alam *a(ah -'isa!"(*"!"ksi .a*a ko('a# *"#ga#.a.a(a# ak!/

Ka*a( As *alam kli! 2(am'!2


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&al!r Paparan

Pa.a(a# As .a*a ma#sia 'isa !"(1a*im"lali '"'"(a.a 1al(

Pa.a(a# ."( o(al '"(asal *a(i maka#a# s"(!ami#ma# $a#g !"(ko#!ami#asi As

Pa.a(a# l"%a! ala! ."(#a.asa# '"(asal *a(i*"' *a(a a!a asa. ."m'aka(a#

Ti#ggal li#gk#ga# $a#g !"(,"ma( As

B"k"(1a *i li#gk#ga# $a#g m"#gg#aka#

'aha# 'ak As *a# m"m.(o*ksi As2 a#!a(alai# i#*s!(i ."l"'(a# 8o2 ."l"'(a#P'2i#*s!(i ."#ga%"!a# ka$2s"(!a i#*s!(i."s!isi*a


17/40

E)"k l"'ih la#1! *a(i As a*alah 3Rasa ga!al .a*a !a#ga#2 k(am *a# kak

.a*a o!o!

T"(asa .a#as *a# i(i!asi .a*a!"#ggo(oka# *a# lam'#g2 #a)as '"('a'a%a#g .!ih2 ml! '"(asa logam

M#!ah&m#!ah

P"#ga(h #"(ologis $ai! g"lisah2 saki!k".ala k(o#is2 .i#gsa#2 ."#i#g2m"#giga2 som#ol"#si2 ko#5lsi *a#koma+


18/40

G"1ala !oksisi!as As ."( o(al a#!a(a lai# '"(.a 3

K"!i*ako(mala# kli!2 a#!a(a lai# '"(.a s.o! g"la. 6!"(a#g .a*a kli!2 k"(a!osis .a*a !"la.ak !a#ga#6kaki2 *a#akhi(#$a '"(k"m'a#g m"#1a*i ka#k"( kli!+

P"#i#gka!a# (isiko ka#k"( ha!i2"m."*2 gi#1al2 *a# .a(&.a(+

I(i!asi *a# saki! .a*a ala! ."#,"(#aa#2 #as"a2 5omi!s2*a# *ia("+

M"m."(.a(ah ko#*isi mal#!(isi+

P"#(#a# .(o*ksi s"l *a(ah m"(ah *a# s"l *a(ah .!ih+

A'#o(mali!as )#gsi 1a#!#g+

K"(saka# ."m'lh *a(ah+K"(saka# ha!i *a# gi#1al+

Ga#gga# )#gsi s$a(a)2 m"#im'lka# (asa .a#as2 (asa!"(!sk 1a(m .a*a kaki *a# !a#ga#+

M"m'aha$aka# )"!s s"lama masa k"hamila#+


19/40

Efek terha%ap alat repro%!ksi

P"m'"(ia# As a#o(ga#ik k".a*a h"%a# 1i$a#g s"*a#g '#!i#g 'isa m"#$"'a'ka#'"('agai ma,am mal)o(masi "m'(io $a#g*i."#ga(hi ol"h ,a(a ."m'"(ia# *a# lama

."m'"(ia# a(s"# -As/+Pa.a(a# As *osis !i#ggi l"%a! ala! ."(#a)asa#

a!a ."( o(al .a*a h"%a# 1i $a#g '#!i#g'isa m"#$"'a'ka# l"'ih ("#*ah#$a '"(a!

'a*a# a#ak $a#g *i lahi(ka#2 mal)o(masi2'ahka# 'isa m"#gaki'a!ka# k"ma!ia# ka("#aAs mam. m"l"%a!i .las"#!a+ As 1ga*i!"mka# .a*a ai( ss i#*k+


20/40

Faktor yang memengar!hi toksisitas

Toksisi!as As *i ."#ga(hi ol"h 3Ss#a#6'"#!k s"#$a%a As

9mlah6*osis6ko#s"#!(asi As

B"#!k 4sik6kimia *a(i As

As a#o(ga#ik l"'ih !oksik *i'a#*i#gka# As o(ga#ikAs la(! ai( l"'ih !oksik

Ma#sia l"'ih s"#si!i) *i'a#*i#gka# h"%a#

Pa.a(a# As *alam %ak! lama .a*a a#ak&a#ak 'isam"#$"'a'ka# ."#(#a# I@

I#!ak" As s",a(a o(al '"(si)a! l"'ih !oksik

*i'a#*i#gka# l"%a! kli! a!a i#halasi+ A'so(.si Asol"h .a(&.a( !"(ga#!#g .a*a k(a# .a(!ik"l *a#'"#!k s"#$a%a *a(i As+


21/40

' Pencegahan %an penangg!langantoksisitas

Pa*a !aha. a%al2 'ila *ik"!ahi ai( mi#m!"(ko#!ami#asi As2 ."(l *ilakka# !i#*aka# s"'agai'"(ik! 3

Ai( mi#m $a#g !"(ko#!ami#asi As ha(s '"(h"#!i *iko#smsi+

A.a'ila !i*ak !"(*a.a! al!"(#a!i) lai# #!km"#*a.a!ka# ai( mi#m2 maka ai( *i !am.#g *a# *i'ia(ka# s"lama ?>&>< 1am+ K"m*ia# 'agia# ai(*i!a#gka# ."(laha#&laha# k" !"m.a! lai# *a#*isa(i#g


22/40

Seleni!m (Se)

S"l"#im a*alah 'aha# kimias"milogam2 S" *i alam !i*ak*i!"mka# *alam k"a*aa# '"'as

*a# m"miliki #omo( a!om :


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?+ E)"k !oksik

S" *alam 1mlah k",il m"(.aka# #s("s"#sial 'agi !'h2 !"!a.i *alam 1mlah '"sa('"(si)a! !oksik+ Toksisi!as S" *i!"#!ka# ol"h'"#!k s"#$a%a S"2 k"la(!a# S"2 1all(

.a.a(a#2 *a# 1"#is s"#$a%a S"Pa.a(a# l"%a! i#halasi m"#$"'a'ka# i(i!asi

ma!a2 ga#gga# sal(a# ."#,"(#aa#2 *a#

"*"ma .a(&.a(+ S"m"#!a(a i!2 .a.a(a#l"%a! ko#!ak kli! 1a(a#g !"(1a*i+ Biasa#$a i!

!"(1a*i .a*a ."k"(1a $a#g la#gs#gm"#gg#aka# s"#$a%a S"+ Pa.a(a# l"%a! kli!

'isa m"#$"'a'ka# kli! !"('aka(2 '"(,akm"(ah2 s"(!a ."m'"#gkaka#


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Toksisitas ak!t

Dosis !i#ggi S" s"'"sa( ? mg6ha(i 'isa m"#im'lka#!oksisi!as *"#ga# g"1ala m#!ah&m#!ah2 *ia("2 (am'!(o#!ok2 kk l".as2 *a# kli! lka+ Ko#smsi s.l"m"# S"*"#ga# *osis !i#ggi 'iasa#$a !"(1a*i .a*a ."#*"(i!aka#k"( ma.# #!k ."#,"gaha#+

Pa.a(a# ak! S" .a*a ma#sia '"(.a sali5asi '"(l"'iha#2'"('a 'a%a#g .!ih saa! '"(#a)as2 #a)as ."#*"k2 *ia("2s"l"#osis *"#ga# g"1ala !akika(*ia2 #as"a22 m#!ah2 saki!."(!2 ga#gga# )#gsi ha!i2 saki!6#$"(i o!o!2 ga#gga#i(i!a'ili!as2 m"#ggigil *a# !("mo(2 ko#g"s!i .a(&.a(2h"mo(agi *a# "*"ma2 ."('aha# kimia *a(ah $a#g

m"li.!i ."#i#gka!a# ka*a( H' *a# h"ma!ok(i!2 ko#g"s!iha!i2 ko#g"s!i *a# h"mo(agi gi#1al2 ga#gga# sis!"ms$a(a) .sa!2 m"#ga#!k2 ko#5lsi2 "*"ma .a(&.a(2'ahka# *a.a! m"#gaki'a!ka# k"ma!ia#+


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Toksisitas kronis

Toksisi!as k(o#is S" .a*a ma#sia !"(1a*i *i%ila$ah6*a"(ah *"#ga# ka*a( S" !i#ggi -s"l"#i)"(os/s"hi#gga 'aha# .a#ga# 1ga m"#ga#*#g ka*a( S"!i#ggi+ Toksisi!as k(o#is .a*a ma#sia m"##1kka# g"1alagigi .,a!2 (sak -'"(%a(#a2 "(osi2 g"s"(/2 *a# 'sk2k"k"(i#ga# kli!2 ga#gga# gas!(oi#!"s!i#al2 k"l"laha#2(am'! (o#!ok *a# kk l".as2 ak(o.aki -!"'al .a*a 1#g

1a(i/ 2 l"si .a*a kli! -k"m"(aha#2 ."m'"#gkaka#2'"(#a#a#ah2 ls"(asi/2 ga#gga# sis!"m s$a(a) *i!a#*ai.oli#"(i!is -a#"s!"sia ."(i)"(2ak(o.a(a!"sia2 saki! .a*aa#ggo!a "ks!("mi!as2 ma!i (asa2 ko#5lsi2 .a(alisis2

ga#gga# mo!o(ik2h"mi.l"gia/2 m"#gaki'a!ka# k".,a!a#-.allo(/2 li*ah !"(asa !"'al2 ga#gga# ala! ."#,"(#aa# *a#."(#a)asa#2 k"(saka# ha!i *a# "m."*2 a#"mia2 i(i!asimkosa2 *a# saki! .i#gga#g+


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Pencegahan %an penangg!langan toksisitas

U#!k m"#g(a#gi !oksisi!as S" .a*a h"%a# m"(m.! *i.a*a#g g"m'alaa#2 *ilakka# '"'"(a.a ,a(a s"'agai '"(ik! 3

M"#gk( ka*a( S" *alam !a#ah g#a m"#g"!ahi a*a#$ak"m#gki#a# !a#ama# !"(ko#!ami#asi S" *alam ka*a( !i#ggi+

M"maga(i lokasi6laha# $a#g !"(,"ma( S" s"hi#gga h"%a#!i*ak m"(m.! *i lokasi $a#g !"(,"ma( S" *alam ka*a(

!i#ggi+M"m'a!asi g(a0i#g ."(io* .a*a laha# $a#g m"miliki ka*a( S"

$a#g !i#ggi +

M"#(#ka# .H !a#ah s"hi#gga 'isa m"#g(a#gi k"!"(s"*iaa#S" 'agi !a#ama#+ M"#i#gka!ka# #s( o(ga#ik !a#ah 'isa

m"#(#ka# ka*a( S" .a*a !a#ama# ka("#a !"(1a*i."#gika!a# S" ol"h #s( o(ga#ik !a#ah+

M"m'"(ika# ha$ al)a)a $a#g m"#ga#*#g asam ami#o sl)(-sis!i#2 m"!io#i#/ 'isa m"#g(a#gi ."#ga(h S"2 m"#g(a#gia'so(.si S"2 *a# m"#i#gka!ka# "ksk("si S"+


27/40

T"m'aga -8/

K.(m a!a !"m'aga -8/ m"milikisis!"m k(is!al k'ik2 $a#g s",a(a 4sik'"(%a(#a k#i#g *a# a.a'ila *iliha!m"#gg#aka# mik(osko. aka# '"(%a(#a

.i#k k",okla!a# sam.ai k"a'a#+ 8!"(mask golo#ga# logam2 '"(%a(#am"(ah2 s"(!a m*ah '"('ah '"#!k+ Dialam2 8 'a#$ak *i!"mka# *alam

'"#!k .$(i!"2 F"&Sl)a!2 *a# s"(i#g'"(,am.( *"#ga# A#!imo#i -S'/2 m"(k(i-Hg/2 !im'al -P'/2 *a# a(s"# sl)a!


28/40

?+ E)"k !oksik

U#s( 8 'isa *i!"mka# .a*a '"('agai 1"#ismaka#a#2 ai(2 *a# *a(a s"hi#gga ma#sia 'isa!"(.a.a( 8 m"lali 1al( maka#a#2 mi#ma#2 *a#saa! '"(#a)as+ 8 m"(.aka# #s( $a#g *i'!hka# ma#sia *alam 1mlah k",il+ A.a'ila

1mlah 8 !"lah m"lam.ai 'a!as ama#2 aka#m#,l !oksisi!as+ Ma#sia 'iasa#$a !"(.a.a( 8m"lali !a#ah2 *"'2 maka#a#2 s"(!a mi#ma#$a#g !","ma( 8 $a#g '"(asal *a(i .i.a 'o,o(.a*a ."#am'a#ga# 8 a!a i#*s!(i $a#g

m"#ghasilka# lim'ah 8+ Ki(a&ki(a ;&== !o!ali#!ak" 8 '"(asal *a(i maka#a# *a# mi#ma#+S"!ia. ha(i2 ma#sia 'isa !"(.a.a( 8 $a#g a#!a(alai# '"(asal *a(i ."(ala!a# *a.( a!a.# koi#


29/40

Toksisitas kronis

Pa.a(a# 8 *alam %ak! lama 'isa m"#im'lka# g"1alas"."(!i 3

I(i!asi .a*a hi*#g2 !"#ggo(oka#2 ml! *a# ma!a+

M"#$"'a'ka# saki! k".ala2 saki! lam'#g2 k"hila#ga#k"s"im'a#ga#2 #as"a2 m#!ah2 *a# *ia("+ Pa.a(a# 8

*osis '"sa( *a.a! m"#$"'a'ka# k"(saka# ha!i2 gi#1al2'ahka# m"#$"'a'ka# k"ma!ia#+ B"lm a*a 'k!i ilmiah'ah%a 8 '"(si)a! ka(si#og"#ik+ Hasil ."#"li!ia#m"##1kka# 'ah%a lama .a.a(a# *a# !i#ggi#$a *osis8 'isa m"#(#ka# !i#gka! i#!"l"g"#sia a#ak&a#ak*alam masa ."(!m'ha#2 'a!k&'a!k2 *a# ."#*a(aha#hi*#g+ 8 1ga *a.a! m"#im'lka# al"(gi .a*a kli!+Pa.a(a# 8 '"(la#g 'isa m"#$"'a'ka# ."#"'ala# .a*akli! s"(!a m"#im'lka# %a(#a k"hi1aa# .a*a kli! *a#(am'! s"hi#gga m"#$"'a'ka# i(i!asi hi*#g+


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Toksisitas ak!t

G"1ala kli#is .a*a k"(a,#a# ak! 82 a#!a(a lai# kolika'*om"#2 m#!ah2 gas!(o"#!"(i!is *iik!i *ia("2 )"s"s2 *a#m#!aha# $a#g '"(%a(#a hi1a&k"'i(a#+ G"1ala lai# a*alahsho,k '"(a!2 sh !'h !(# s",a(a *(as!is2 *a# *"#$!1a#!#g $a#g m"#i#gka!+ P"#*"(i!a aka# m"#galami kola.s*a# k"ma!ia# s"!"lah >< 1am s"m"#1ak m#,l#$a g"1ala&

g"1ala !"(s"'!+ K"(a,#a# ak! m"#gaki'a!ka# ka*a( 8*a(ah m"#i#gka! '"'"(a.a 1am s"!"lah m"#,"(#a maka#a#$a#g m"#ga#*#g 8+ K"(a,#a# ak! ka("#a m"#,"(#a8 *alam 1mlah '"sa( '"(asal *a(i ga(am 8 *a# $a#g.ali#g s"(i#g '"(.a 8&sl)a!2 'ahka# 'isa m"#gaki'a!ka#

k"ma!ia#+ G"1ala k"(a,#a# ak! 8 a#!a(a lai# m#!aha#'"(%a(#a hi1a&k"'i(a#2 h"ma!"m"sis2 hi.o!"#si2 m"l"#a2koma2 *a# ."#$aki! k#i#g+ Hasil a!o.si m"##1kka#'ah%a k"(a,#a# ak! 8 m"#$"'a'ka# !"(1a*i#$a#"k(osis s"#!(ilo'la( h".a(+


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>+ Pencegahan %an penangg!langantoksisitas

B"('agai ,a(a #!k m"#g(a#gi .a.a(a#8 a*alah 3

M"#,,i !a#ga# *a# %a1ah s"'"lm maka#

M"#!.i !a#ah $a#g !"(ko#!ami#asi 8

m"#gg#aka# !a#ah $a#g '"'as 8 a!a.a5i#g s!o#"s+

M"m'"(sihka# (mah *a# s"gala ."(a'o!s",a(a (!i# *a(i *"' *a# '"('agai 1"#is

ko!o(a#+M"#,,i *a# m"#g.as 'ah a!a.#

sa$( $a#g h"#*ak *i ko#smsi+


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33/40

?+ E)"k !oksik

Tim'al -P'/ a*alah logam $a#g '"(si)a! !oksik!"(ha*a. ma#sia2 $a#g 'isa '"(asal *a(i!i#*aka# m"#go#smsi maka#a#2 mi#ma#2a!a m"lali i#halasi *a(i *a(a2 *"' $a#g!"(,"ma( P'2 ko#!ak l"%a! kli!2 ko#!ak l"%a!ma!a2 *a# l"%a! ."("#!"(al+ Logam P' !i*ak*i'!hk#a ol"h !'h ma#sia s"hi#gga 'ilamaka#a# *a# mi#ma# !"(,"ma( P'*iko#smsi2 maka !'h aka#

m"#g"la(ka##$a+ O(a#g *"%asa m"#ga'so(.siP' s"'"sa( &? *a(i k"s"l(ha# P' $a#g*i,"(#a2 s"*a#gka# a#ak&a#ak m"#ga'so(.si P'l"'ih '"sa(2 $ai!


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G"1ala *a# !a#*a&!a#*a kli#is aki'a! .a.a(a#P' s",a(a ak! 'isa m"#im'lka# '"'"(a.ag"1ala2 a#!a(a lai# 3

Ga#gga# gas!(oi#!"#s!i#al2 s"."(!i k(am ."(!2

kolik2 *a# 'iasa#$a *ia%ali *"#ga# s"m'"li!2mal2 m#!ah&m#!ah2 *a# saki! ."(! $a#gh"'a!+

Ga#gga# #"(ologi '"(.a "#s")alo.a!i s"."(!isaki! k".ala2 'i#g#g a!a .iki(a# ka,a2 s"(i#g

.i#gsa# *a# koma+Ga#gga# )#gsi gi#1al2 olig(ia2 *a# gagal

gi#1al $a#g ak! 'isa '"(k"m'a#g *"#ga#,".a!+


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>+ P"#a#ggla#ga#!oksisi!as

B"('agai .a$a m"#,"gah *a# m"#ghi#*a(i ")"k !oksik P' a#!a(a lai# 3M"lakka# !"s m"*is -P' *alam *a(ah/2 !"(!ama 'agi ."k"(1a $a#g'"(isiko !"(.a.a( P'+M"#ghi#*a(i ."#gg#aa# ."(ala!a#&."(ala!a# *a.( a!a !"m.a!maka#a#6mi#ma# $a#g m"#ga#*#g P' -k"(amik '"(glas(2%a*ah6kal"#g $a#g *i.a!(i a!a m"#ga#*#g ,a!/+P"ma#!aa# ka*a( P' *i*a(a *a# ka*a( P' *alam maka#a#6mi#ma#

s",a(a '"(k"si#am'#ga#+M"#,"gah a#ak m"#"la#6m"#1ila! mai#a# '"(,a! a!a '"('aha#m"#ga#*#g ,a!Ti*ak maka#2 !i*ak mi#m2 !i*ak m"(okok *i ka%asa# $a#g !"(,"ma( P'M"#$"*iaka# )asili!as (a#g maka# $a#g !"(.isah *a(i lokasi."#,"ma(a# P'

T"m.a! ."#$im.a#a# maka#a# a!a mi#ma# !"(!!. s"hi#gga !i*akko#!ak *"#ga# *"' a!a asa. P'M"#g(a#gi "misi gas 'a#g $a#g m"#ga#*#g P'2 'aik *a(i k"#*a(aa#'"(mo!o( ma.# i#*s!(i


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Ma#ga# -M#/

Ma#ga# -M#/ a*alah logam'"(%a(#a a'&a' k".!iha#2m"miliki si)a! mi(i. *"#ga# '"si

-F"/2 m"(.aka# logam k"(as2m*ah ("!ak2 s"(!a m*ah!"(oksi*asi


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?+ E)"k !oksik

M# *alam *osis !i#ggi '"(si)a! !oksik+ Pa.a(a#M# *alam *"' a!a asa. ma.# gas !i*ak'ol"h m"l"'ihi mg6m:ka("#a *alam %ak!si#gka! hal i! aka# m"#im'lka# !oksisi!as+

Hasil 1i ,o'a m"##1kka# 'ah%a .a.a(a#M# l"%a! i#halasi .a*a h"%a# 1i !iks 'isam"#gaki'a!ka# !oksisi!as .a*a sis!"m s$a(a).sa!+ Pa.a(a# ."( o(al M# m"##1kka#!oksisi!as $a#g ("#*ah *i'a#*i#gka#

mik(o#s( lai# s"hi#gga sa#ga! s"*iki!*ila.o(ka# kass !oksisi!as M# ."( o(al .a*ama#sia+


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Pa.a(a# *osis !i#ggi *alam %ak! si#gka!m"##1kka# g"1ala '"(.a k"g"mka#2."#ggm.ala# *a(ah2 ga#gga# kli!2ga#gga# sk"l"!o#2 m"#(##$a ka*a(kol"s!"(ol2 m"#gaki'a!ka# ,a,a! lahi(2."('aha# %a(#a (am'!2 ga#gga# sis!"ms$a(a)2 ga#gga# 1a#!#g2 ha!i *a# ."m'lh5askl"(2 m"#(##$a !"ka#a# *a(ah2m"#gaki'a!ka# ,a,a! .a*a )"!s2 k"(saka#

o!ak2 s"(!a i(i!asi ala! ."#,"(#aa#+ Pa.a(a# M#l"%a! kli! 'isa m"#gaki'a!ka# !("mo(2k"gagala# koo(*i#asi2 *a# *a.a!m"#gaki'a!ka# m#,l#$a !mo(


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>+ P"#a#ggla#ga#!oksisi!asP"m'"(ia# L&*o.a k".a*a ."#*"(i!a !oksisi!as

k(o#is M# *"#ga# g"1ala mi(i. .a(ki#so# l"'ih")"k!i) *i 'a#*i#gka# ."m'"(ia# L&*o.ak".a*a ."#*"(i!a .a(ki#so#+ B"(*asa(ka#

hasil ."#"li!ia#2 ."m'"(ia# L&*o.a .a*ah"%a# 1i $a#g *i '"(i M# s",a(a i#halasima.# i#!(a."(i!o#ial m"##1kka# hasil$a#g 'aik *a# *a.a! m"#g(a#gi g"1ala.a(ki#so#+ H"%a# 1i k"(a $a#g *i'"(i M#

s",a(a i#!(a."(i!o#ial2 lal *i'"(i *o.ami# *a#s"(o!o#i# $a#g m"##1kka# g"1ala'"(k(a#g#$a !oksisi!as M#+


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