rpp geografi kelas 10 - semester 1 [kurikulum 2013]

7/23/2019 RPP GEOGRAFI KELAS 10 - Semester 1 [Kurikulum 2013]

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H]_GH]I]C ?04:

PM_DLFHDR PMCOMIDKD_DL

_MLJDLD PMIDHZDLDDL PMCOMIDKD_DL

( _PP )

Cdtd Pmidkdrdl ; Fmefrdag

Prefrdc ; Gicu Pmlfmtdnudl Zesgdi (GPZ)

Zdtudl Pmlbgbghdl ; ZCD / CD

Hmids/Zmcmstmr ; ^ / 4



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)

Zdtudl Pmlbgbghdl ; ZCD

Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD


Hmids / Zmcmstmr ; ^ / 4

Repgh ; Pmlfmtdnudl Bdsdr Fmefrdag

Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 4

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg

4. Cmlfndydtg bdl cmlfdcdihdl dkdrdl dfdcd ydlf bgdlutlyd.

?. Cmlfmcodlfhdl pmrgidhu (kukur, bgsgpigl, tdlffulf kdwdo, pmbuig, sdltul,

rdcdn iglfhulfdl, fetelf reyelf, hmrkdsdcd, jgltd bdcdg, rmspelsga bdl

pre-dhtga) bdl cmlulkuhhdl sghdp smodfdg odfgdl bdrg seiusg dtds omrodfdg

pmrcdsdidndl odlfsd bdidc omrgltmrdhsg smjdrd mamhtga bmlfdl iglfhulfdl

sesgdi bdl didc smrtd bdidc cmlmcpdthdl bgrg smodfdg jmrcgldl odlfsd

bdidc pmrfduidl bulgd.

:. Cmcdndcg bdl cmlmrdphdl pmlfmtdnudl adhtudi, helsmptudi, presmburdi

bdidc gicu pmlfmtdnudl, tmhleiefg, smlg oubdyd, bdl nucdlgerd bmlfdl

wdwdsdl hmcdlusgddl, hmodlfsddl, hmlmfdrddl, bdl pmrdbdodl tmrhdgt

amlecmld bdl hmkdbgdl, smrtd cmlmrdphdl pmlfmtdnudl presmburdi pdbd

ogbdlf hdkgdl ydlf spmsgagh smsudg bmlfdl odhdt bdl cgldtlyd ultuh

cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.

2. Cmlfeidn, cmldidr bdl cmlydkg bdidc rdldn helhrmt bdl rdldn dostrdh

tmrhdgt bmlfdl pmlfmcodlfdl bdrg ydlf bgpmidkdrglyd bg smheidn smjdrd

cdlbgrg, bdl cdcpu cmlffuldhdl cmtebd smsudg hdgbdn hmgicudl.

GG. Hecpmtmlsg Bdsdr

4.4 Cmlfndydtg hmomrdbddl bgrglyd smodfdg cdhniuh Rundl ydlf bdpdt omraghgr

gicgdn bdl cdcpu cmlmigtg tmltdlf iglfhulfdllyd.

?.4 Cmlulkuhhdl pmrgidhu predhtga bdidc cmcpmidkdrg ndhmhdt gicu bdl pmrdl

fmefrdag ultuh bgtmrdphdl bdidc hmngbupdl smndrg-ndrg.

:.4 Cmcdndcg pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag bdl tmrdpdllyd bdidc hmngbupdl

smndrg-ndrg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

2.4 Cmlydkghdl jelten pmlmrdpdl pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag pdbd hmngbupdl

smndrg-ndrg bdidc omltuh tuigsdl.

GGG. Glbghdter Pmljdpdgdl Hecpmtmlsg

4.

Cmlulkuhhdl lgidg-lgidg syuhur pdbd jgptddl Rundl Wdlf Cdnd Msd omrupdpmlglffdidl gicu pmlfmtdnudl fmefrdag.

?. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp dhtga bdidc cmcpmidkdrg pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag.

:. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp pmbuig tmrndbdp pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag.

2. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp kukur bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-tufds bdrg pmcomidkdrdl

fmefrdag.

=. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp tdlffulf kdwdo bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-tufds bdrg

pmcomidkdrdl fmefrdag.

1. Cmlkmidshdl pmlfmrtgdl fmefrdag.

6. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg rudlf iglfhup pmlfmtdnudl fmefrdag.

>. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg eokmh stubg fmefrdag.

GQ. Rukudl Pmcomidkdrdl

Cmidiug bgshusg, cmlfdcdtg, bdl cmcodjd rmamrmlsg sgswd bdpdt;

4. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp pmbuig tmrndbdp pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag.


:. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp kukur bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-tufds bdrg pmcomidkdrdl

fmefrdag.

2. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp tdlffulf kdwdo bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-tufds bdrg


=. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl pmlmrdpdl pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag pdbd hmngbupdl

smndrg-ndrg.

1. Cmidperhdl pmlmrdpdl pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag bdidc hmngbupdl smndrg-

ndrg.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Pmlfmrtgdl fmefrdag

_udlf iglfhup pmlfmtdnudl fmefrdag

Eoymh stubg fmefrdag

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt

QGG. Pmlbmhdtdl, Ztrdtmfg bdl Cmtebm Pmcomidkdrdl

Pmlbmhdtdl ; Zjgmltgagj

Ztrdtmfg ; Rdihglf Ztgjh

Cmtebm ; Jmrdcdn, bgshusg, tdlyd kdwdo bdl pmlufdsdl



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

QGGG. Hmfgdtdl Pmcomidkdrdl

Hmfgdtdl Bmshrgpsg Diehdsg

Vdhtu

Pmcouhd Cmcomrghdl sdidc

Cmldlydhdl hmpdbd sgswd hmsgdpdl bdl hmlydcdldl

ultuh omidkdr

Cmldlydhdl hmndbgrdl sgswd

Cmcpmrsgidnhdl sdidn sdtu sgswd cmcgcpgl bed

Cmlydcpdghdl cdtmrg ydlf dhdl bgpmidkdrg

Cmlydcpdghdl tukudl pmcomidkdrdl cmidiug cmbgd

pewmr peglt

40 cmlgt

Gltg Furu cmcomrghdl pmrtdlyddl cmlfmldg pmlmigtgdl

fmefrdag smodfdg pmrtdlyddl pmcouhd ultuh

cmlfmtdnug smkdun cdld pmlfmtdnudl sgswd tmrndbdp

cdtmrg ydlf dhdl bgpmidkdrg

Furu cmldydlfhdl pegl-pegl cdtmrg pmlfmrtgdlfmferdag, rudlf iglfhup pmlfmtdnudl fmefrdag bdl

eoymh stubg fmefrdag

Furu cmlkmidshdl pegl-pegl cdtmrg ydlf bgtdydlfhdl

bmlfdl cmtebm jmrdcdn bdl sgswd cmlygcdh bmlfdl

cmlffuldhdl ouhu smodfdg rmamrmlsg tdcodndl, sgswd

bgpmrhmldlhdl ultuh cmcoudt jdtdtdl cmlfmldg

cdtmrg ydlf bgsdcpdghdl

Furu cmcpmrsgidnhdl sgswd omrtdlyd bdl

cmlfmcuhdhdl pmlbdpdt smtmidn cdtmrg bgsdcpdghdl

Furu cmcomrghdl hmpdbd sgswd idgl ultuh cmlkdwdopmrtdlyddl sgswd ydlf tmidn bgdkuhdl

Furu cmimlfhdpg bdl cmlfhidrgaghdsg kdwdodl sgswd

Furu cmcpmrsgidnhdl sgswd ultuh cmcpmidkdrg

hmcodig cdtmrg ydlf tmidn bgsdcpdghdl bdrg ouhu

sucomr bdl jdtdtdl

Furu cmlfdcogi smoudn telfhdt hmjgi dtdu stgjh (ogsd

bgfdltg bmlfdl spgbei pdpdl tuigs, oetei dgr cgluc, bdl

idgl smodfdglyd) bdl cmcomrghdl hmpdbd sdidn sdtu

sgswd

Furu cmlfdkuhdl sdtu pmrtdlyddl hmpdbd sgswd

pmlmrgcd stgjh bdl sgswd cmlkdwdo pmrtdlyddl

tmrsmout

Zmidlkutlyd sgswd cmcomrghdl stgjh tmrsmout hmpdbd

sgswd idgllyd ydlf bgd pgign bdl furu cmcomrghdl

pmrtdlyddl

Bmcghgdl smtmruslyd sdcpdg smodfgdl omsdr sgswd

cmlbdpdt odfgdl ultuh cmlkdwdo smtgdp pmrtdlyddl

furu

Furu cmcomrghdl imcodrdl sedi pdbd sgswd bdl sgswd

bgcgltd cmlfmrkdhdl sedi

440 cmlgt

Pmlutup

Zgswd bgodltu furu cmcoudt hmsgcpuidl cmlfmldgcdtmrg ydlf tmidn bgpmidkdrg

4= cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cmcomrgtdnuhdl hmpdbd sgswd cmlfmldg cdtmrg ydlf

dhdl bgpmidkdrg smidlkutlyd eimn sgswd

Cmlutup hmfgdtdl pmcomidkdrdl bmlfdl cmlfujdphdl

tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

G^. Pmlgidgdl Ndsgi Omidkdr

- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; Mssdy

^. Zucomr Omidkdr

Ouhu sucomr Fmefrdag ZCD hmids ^

Gltmrlmt

Mlsghiepmbgd Fmefrdag Pewmr peglt tmltdlf pmlfmrtgdl fmefrdag, rudlf iglfhup fmefrdag bdl eoymh

stubg fmefrdag

^G. Didt bdl Odndl Pmcomidkdrdl

Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

CDRM_G DKD_

G.

PMLFM_RGDL FMEF_DAGHdtd fmefrdag omrdsdi bdrg fme ydlf omrdrtg oucg bdl frdpngml ydlf omrdrtg

cmluigs dtdu cmlkmidshdl. Zmjdrd ucuc fmefrdag omrdrtg tuigsdl tmltdlf oucg. Fmefrdag

dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf iehdsg smrtd pmrsdcddl bdl pmrombddl (vdrgdsg)

hmrudlfdl dtds amlecmld agsgh bdl cdlusgd bg dtds pmrcuhddl oucg. Fmefrdag

cmcpmidkdrg smcud amlecmld ydlf tmrkdbg bg dtds pmrcuhddl oucg, odgh amlecmld agsgh

cdupul amlecmld sesgdi cdlusgd bg dtds pmrcuhddl oucg.

Fmefrdag kufd cmrupdhdl ldcd kubui ouhu omrsmkdrdn pdbd suokmh glg, ydlf

tmrhmldi dbdidn Fmefrdpngd tuigsdl Hidubges Pteimcdges (dodb hmbud).

Fmefrdag imogn bdrg smhmbdr hdrtefrdag, stubg tmltdlf pmtd. Fmefrdag tgbdh ndlyd

cmlkdwdo dpd bdl bgcdld bg dtds cuhd oucg, tdpg kufd cmlfdpd bg sgtu bdl tgbdh bg

tmcpdt idgllyd, hdbdlf bgdrtghdl bmlfdl "iehdsg pdbd rudlf." Fmefrdag cmcpmidkdrg ndi

glg, odgh ydlf bgsmodohdl eimn didc dtdu cdlusgd. Kufd cmcpmidkdrg dhgodt ydlf

bgsmodohdl bdrg pmrombddl ydlf tmrkdbg gtu.

Odlfsd Wuldlg Hule tmidn omrusdnd cmlbehucmltdsghdl omrodfdg cdjdc

hmtmrdlfdl ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl fmefrdag. Fmefrda pmrtdcd pdbd cdsd gtu dbdidn

Rndims (120‚=21 ZC). Gd tmidn cmlygouhhdl bgrg bmlfdl omrodfdg pmlmigtgdl bdl

cmlffdig glaercdsg fmefrdag bmlfdl cmidhuhdl pmrkdidldl hm omrodfdgtmcpdt.

Idlfhdn Rndims bgghutg eimn fmefrda Wuldlg idgllyd. Bg dltdrdlyd

dbdidn Nmrebetus (2>=‚2?= ZC) ydlf cmcoudt idperdl fmefrdag smhgtdr

wgidydn Rgcur Rmlfdn, Pnytnmds ydlf cmidhuhdl pmlfuhurdl kdrdh

Cdtdndrg tmrndbdp Oucg, bdl ydlf pdiglf amlecmldi dbdidn

Mrdtestnmlms (?61‚472 ZC), hdrmld cdcpu cmlfngtulf hmigiglf Oucg

ndlyd omrsmigsgn hurdlf bdrg 4% hmigiglf smomldrlyd.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-2

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-2

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Omomrdpd bmaglgsg fmefrdag cmlurut pdrd dnig;

Dnig Bmaglgsg Fmefrdag

Mrdtestnmlms Fmefrdag dbdidn pmluigsdl tmltdlf oucg bdl bmshrgpsglyd

Jidubgus Pteieceums Fmefrdag dbdidn sudtu pmlydkgdl cmidiug pmtd bdrg smodfgdl dtdu

smiurun pmrcuhddl oucg

Kdcms M. Prmstel Fmefrdag dbdidn glbuh bdrg smfdid gicu pmlfmtdnudl

Miswertn Nultglftel Fmefrdag smodfdg stubg tmltdlf amlecmld pmrcuhddl oucg omsmrtd

pmlbubuh ydlf cmlfnulglyd. Rmrbdpdt nuoulfdl tgcodi odigh dltdrd

fmkdid bdl sgadt-sgadt pmrcuhddl oucg bmlfdl pmlbubuhlyd.

Pdui Qgbdi bm id Oidjnm

Iglfhulfdl cmldwdrhdl smkucidn hmculfhgldl (pesgogigtgms)

hmpdbd cdlusgd ultuh ngbup bdl omrhmcodlf.

Ogltdrte Fmefrdag dbdidn gicu pmlfmtdnudl ydlf cmljmrgtdhdl bdl

cmlmrdlfhdl sgadt oucg, cmlfdldigsgs fmkdid didc bdl pmlbubuh,

cmcpmidkdrg jerdh ydlf hnds bdidc hmngbupdl, bdl omrusdnd

cmljdrg aulfsg ulsur-ulsur oucg.

Dimxdlbmr vel Nucoeibt Pdbd cuidlyd Nucoeibt dbdidn smerdlf dnig oetdlg. Gd tmrtdrgh

fmefrdag hmtghd gd cuidg cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf odtudl. Gd bgdhug

smodfdg pmimtdh bdsdr fmefrdag agsgh cebmrl. Gd cmlydtdhdl

fmefrdag gbmltgh dtdu smrupd bmlfdl fmefrdag agsgh. Gdcmlkmidshdl odfdgcdld hdgtdl Oucg bmlfdl Cdtdndrg bdl

pmrgidhu Oucg bdidc rudlf dlfhdsd, fmkdid judjd bdl ghigc bg

bulgd, tgpm-tgpm pmrcuhddl Oucg bdl presms tmrkdbglyd, smrtd

ndi-ndi ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl ngbresamr bdl ogesamr.

Bdibkemlg Fmefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmlfmcuhdhdl urdgdl tmltdlf oucg

bmlfdl smfmldp gsglyd ydgtu cdlusgd bgtdcodn bmlfdl bulgd nmwdl

bdl tucoun-tucoundl.

G Cdbm Zdlby Fmefrdag dbdidn gicu pmlfmtdnudl ydlf omrusdnd cmlmcuhdl bdlcmcdndcg pmrsdcddl bdl pmrombddl ydlf dbd bdidc rudlf cuhd

oucg.

Zmcgldr bdl Iehdhdryd

47>>, Zmcdrdlf

Fmefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg pmrsdcddl bdl pmrombddl

amlecmld didc bdl hmngbupdl bg cuhd oucg smrtd gltmrdhsg cdlusgd

bmlfdl iglfhulfdllyd bdidc heltmhs hmrudlfdl dtdu hmwgidydndl.

http://megi-rahman.blogspot.com/

http://megi-rahman.blogspot.com/



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

GG. _]DLF IGLFH]P PMLFMRDN]DL FMEF_DAG

Hdkgdl fmefrdag cmcusdthdl pmrndtgdl pdbd amlecmld fmesamr bdidc hdgtdl

nuoulfdl, pmrsmodrdl, gltmrdhsg hmrudlfdl, dtdu hmwgidydndl. Bmlfdl bmcghgdl adhtd

fmefrdag cmrupdhdl adhtd ydlf cmrukuh pdbd hdrdhtmr tmcpdt , hudltgtds dtdu hudigtds

amlecmld, smrtd fmkdid bg sudtu tmcpdt pdbd wdhtu tmrtmltu.Fmefrdag pdbd ucuclyd cmlfhdkg fmkdid dtdu amlecmld bg pmrcuhddl oucg

(fmesamr), ydlf tmrbgrg bdrg fmkdid didc (agsgh) bdl fmkdid cdlusgd (sesgdi). Bmlfdl

cmigndt amlecmld ydlf tmrkdbg, bdidc dldigsgs fmefrdag ndrus cdcpu cmlkdwdo

pmrtdlyddl wndt, wnmrm, wny, wnml, wne, bdl new .

Pmrtdlyddl Bmshrgpsg

Vndt Fmefrdag bdpdt cmlulkuhhdl amlecmld dtdu fmkdid ydlf tmrkdbg, odgh amlecmld

agsgh cdupul amlecmld sesgdi. Omrupd hmtdcpdhdl dtdu hmkdbgdl, presms

fmkdid, struhtur peid bdl aulfsg bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

Vnmrm Fmefrdag bdpdt cmlulkuhhdl rudlf dtdu tmcpdt tmrbdpdtlyd dtdu tmrkdbglyd

amlecmld tmrsmout. Omrupd sgtus (sgtm), imtdh (iehdsg), bdl pmrsmodrdl (spdtgdibgstrgoutgel) bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

Vny Fmefrdag bdpdt cmlulkuhhdl adhter pmlymodo cmidiug gltmrdhsg bdl gltmrmidsg

bdrg amlecmld tmrsmout.

Vnml Fmefrdag bdpdt cmlulkuhhdl hdpdl amlecmld tmrsmout tmrkdbg. Bdidc drtg

wdhtu idcpdu, smhdrdlf bdl ydlf dhdl bdtdlf.

Vne Fmefrdag bdpdt cmlulkuhhdl suokmh dtdu pmidhu pmlymodo tmrkdbglyd

amlecmld tmrsmout. Bdidc drtgdl eokmh pmlmigtgdl dtdu suokmh sudtu hmkdbgdl

bdl smhdigfus smodfdg suokmh ydlf omrtdlffulf kdwdo bdidc omltuh

smhmiecpeh cdlusgd.

New Fmefrdag bdpdt cmlkmidshdl presms tmrkdbglyd amlecmld tmrsmout. Wdgtu

pmlkmidsdl sudtu struhtur peid, aulfsg bdl presms fmkdid tmrndbdp cdsdidn ydlfomrwukub rucusdl.

Jelten pmlmrdpdl pmrtdlyddl pdbd hdsus odlkgr ydlf cmidlbd BHG Kdhdrtd tdnul

?006. Bdidc cmcdlbdlf pmrgstgwd glg fmefrdag dhdl cmlkdwdo;

Pmrtdlyddl Bmshrgpsg

Vndt Dpd ydlf tmrkdbg5 Odlkgr.

Vnmrm Bgcdld odlkgr tmrsmout tmrkdbg5 Bg BHG Kdhdrtd.

Vnml Hdpdl odlkgr gtu tmrkdbg5 Pdbd cusgc nukdl ouidl Amorudrg tdnul ?006.

Vny Cmlfdpd odlkgr tmrsmout bdpdttmrkdbg5

Hdrmld pmlfdrun jurdn nukdl ydlf tglffg bdlhelbgsg idndl ydlf bg Kdhdrtd ydlf subdn tgbdh

cdcpu cmlymrdp dgr nukdl bghdrmldhdl

pmcodlfuldl ydlf cmrusdh tdtdldl

mhesgstmc.

New Odfdgcdld odlkgr tmrsmout

omridlfsulf5Odlkgr tmrsmout cmidlbd =0% wgidydn BHG

Kdhdrtd bdl cmlymodohdl dhtgvgtds

pmrmhelecgdl cdsydrdhdt iucpun. Hmcdjmtdl

pdrdn kufd cmidlbd kdidl-kdidl pretehei bg Bhg

Kdhdrtd. _goudl rucdn wdrfd rusdh tmrmlbdc

odlkgr ydlf ndcpgr cmljdpdg : cmtmr.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Vne Zgdpd ydlf ndrus omrtdlffulf

kdwdo dtds amlecmld glg5Pmcmrgltdn smtmcpdt ndrus ogkdh bdidc

cmrmljdldhdl pmcodlfudl hetd bdl

cdsydrdhdt ndrus sdbdr dhdl iglfhulfdllyd

bmlfdl tgbdh cmcoudlf sdcpdn hm sdiurdl dgr

bdl sulfdg.

Dbdpul rudlf iglfhup fmefrdag smjdrd fdcoidlf pmrldn bgkmidshdl _nedb

Curpnmy bg bdidc ouhulyd ydlf bgomrg kubui ’Rnm Zjepm ea Fmefrdpny–. Zmtgbdhlyd dbd

: ndi ydlf bghmcuhdhdl Curpnmy smodfdg rudlf iglfhup Gicu Fmefrdag, dltdrd idgl;

d) Zmsmerdlf ydlf omidkdr fmefrdag dhdl aehus pdbd pmlymodrdl smrtd nuoulfdl

cdlusgd bg pmrcuhddl oucg. Ndi glg kufd tmrcdsuh aehus stubg pdbd dspmh

tmcpdt cdlusgd cmlmtdp bdl kufd jdrd cmrmhd bdidc cmlmtdp.

o) Fmefrdag omidkdr sedi nuoulfdl tgcodi odigh bg dltdrd cdlusgd bmlfdl didc

dtdu iglfhulfdl agsghlyd ydlf cmrupdhdl odfgdl bdrg pmcomidkdrdlhmdlmhdrdfdcdl wgidydn dtdu bdmrdn.

j) Fmefrdag smodfdg smoudn pmlmigtgdl bmlfdl hmrdlfhd rmfgeldi kufd dldigsd

wgidydn bmlfdl hdrdhtmrgstgh tmrtmltu.

Cmljmrcdtg rudlf iglfhup gicu fmefrdag ydlf bghmcuhdhdl eimn Curpnmy, bdpdt

bgsgcpuihdl odnwd jdhupdl fmefrdag tgbdh cmiuiu sedi agsgh tmtdpg kufd fmkdid cdlusgd

omsmrtd iglfhulfdl idgllyd ydlf dbd bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

_udlf iglfhup fmefrdag cmcodnds cmlfmldg tgfd ndi peheh, ydgtu;

Fmefrdag Agsgh

Fmefrdag agsgh cmcpmidkdrg fmkdid-fmkdid didc bg pmrcuhddl oucg ydlfcmigputg dtcesamr, igtesamr, ngbresamr, bdl ogesamr. Fmkdid-fmkdid didc tmrsmout

omrhdgtdl bmlfdl omltuh, rmigma, ghigc, bdl smfdid smsudtu tmltdlf oucg, smrtd

tmltdlf presms-presms agsgh ydlf tmrkdbg bg bdrdt, idut, bdl ubdrd ydlf

omrpmlfdrun pdbd hmidlfsulfdl ngbup cdlusgd.

Fmefrdag Zesgdi

Fmefrdag sesgdi cmcpmidkdrg smfdid dhtgvgtds hmngbupdl cdlusgd bg oucg bdl

gltmrdhsglyd bmlfdl iglfhulfdl, odgh bdidc iglfhulfdl sesgdi, mhelecg, cdupul

oubdyd. Bmlfdl bmcghgdl bdpdt bghdtdhdl odnwd fmefrdag sesgdi (fmefrdag

cdlusgd) cmcpmidkdrg bdcpdh dhtgvgtds cdlusgd tmrndbdp iglfhulfdl bdlbdcpdh iglfhulfdl tmrndbdp cdlusgd.

Fmefrdag _mfgeldi

Fmefrdag rmfgeldi cmcpmidkdrg tepgh dtdu odndsdl hnususlyd ydlf cmljdhup

sudtu bdmrdn dtdu wgidydn tmrtmltu. Fmefrdag rmfgeldi cmrupdhdl odndsdl ydlf

cmlymiurun, odgh bdrg dspmh agsgh dtdupul sesgdi smnglffd bgdlffdp smodfdge

omltuh tmrtglffg bdidc fmefrdag.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Jdodlf Gicu bdidc fmefrdag;

Gicu fmefrdag ouhdl cmrupdhdl gicu ydlf omrbgrg smlbgrg. Drtglyd hmomrdbddl

gicu fmerdag bgbuhulf eimn bgsgpigl-bgsgpigl gicu idgl ydlf dspmh pmlbuhulflyd omrsgadt

tgcodi odigh smjdrd gltmrldi.

(4)

Fmeiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf stuhtur idpgsdl huigt oucg,idpgsdl-idpgsdl odtudl ydlf dbd bg bdidc huigt oucg, pmruodndl-pmruodndl

omltuh pmrcuhddl oucg smrtd smkdrdn pmrhmcodlfdl oucg bdl cdhniuh

ngbup ydlf pmrldn ngbup odgh bg bdidc cdupul bg dtds pmrcuhddl oucg.

(?) Fmeagsghd dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf sgadt-sgadt agsghd oucg, smpmrtg

fdyd omrdt bdl fmkdid-fmkdid cdflmtgh.

(:) Cmtmereiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf amlecmld-amlecmld

dtcesamr, cgsdilyd ubdrd, judjd, sunu bdl dlfgl.

(2) Dstrelecg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf didc smcmstd dtdu kdfdb

rdyd bg iudr dtcesamr oucg smpmrtg ouidl, ogltdlf, pidlmt bdl fdidhsg.

(=) Fmeceraeiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg pmruodndl omltuh pdbd idpgsdl

huigt oucg dhgodt hmhudtdl ydlf omhmrkd bg bdidc bdl bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

(1) Ngbrefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf pmrdgrdl pdbd idpgsdl

pmrcuhddl oucg smpmrtg sulfdg, bdldu, dgr tdldn

(6) Ejmdlefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf idutdl bdl smfdid petmlsg

ydlf bgcgighglyd.

(>) Ogefmefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf hmngbupdl cdlusgd bdl

pmrhmcodlfdllyd bg cuhd oucg.

(7) Pdimelteiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf hmngbupdl cdlusgd bdl

pmrhmcodlfdllyd bg cuhd oucg pdbd cdsd purod ydlf tmrbdpdt bg odwdn

idpgsdl oucg.

(40) Dltrepefmefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg pmrsmodrdl odlfsd-odlfsd bg

cuhd oucg bgigndt bdrg subut fmefrdags. Eimn hdrmld gtu gicu glg bgsmout kufd

Mtlefmefrdag.

(44) Fmefrdag Cdtmcdtgh dbdidn gicu fmefrdag ydlf omrhmlddl bmlfdl pmrhgrddl

omltuh, uhurdl, igltdlf bdl oukur fmefrdag, cmrgbgdl, pdrdimi, smrtd iuds

pmrcuhddl oucg. Fmefrdag cdtmcdtgh bgsmout kufd smodfdg Fmefrdag Rmhlgh.

(4?) Fmefrdag _mfgeldi dbdidn jdodlf gicu fmefrdag ydlf cmcpmidkdrg sudtu

hdwdsdl tmrtmltu smjdrd hnusus, cgsdilyd fmefrdag Dsgd Rmlffdrd bdl

fmefrdag Rgcur Rmlfdn.

(4:) Fmefrdag Zmkdrdn dbdidn jdodlf gicu fmefrdag ydlf cmcpmidkdrg cdlusgd bdl

fmefrdag bdrg subut pdlbdlf fmefrdag.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

GGG. EOKMH ZR]BG FMEF_DAG

Eokmh stubg fmefrdag cmigputg ndi-ndi smodfdg omrghut;

d) Helbgsg bdl smfmldp presms ydlf omridlfsulf bg dtds pmrcuhddl oucg.

o) Pmlferfdlgsdsgdl wgidydn bdl rudlf bg cuhd oucg.

j)

Rdasgrdl tmrndbdp omltdlf didc bdl omltdlf sesgdi.b) Nuoulfdl cdlusgd bmlfdl iglfhulfdl ydlf omrombd-ombd, odgh ydlf

cmrupdhdl ndsgi oubdyd cdupul iglfhulfdl didcg.

m) Gltmrdhsg cdlusgd bmlfdl presms-presmsbg pmrcuhddl oucg.

Eokmh bdidc hdkgdl fmefrdag bdpdt bgombdhdl cmlkdbg bud cdjdc, ydgtu eokmh cdtmrgdi

bdl eokmh aercdi.

(4) Eokmh Cdtmrgdi

Eokmh cdtmrgdi fmefrdag dbdidn smfdid amlecmld ydlf tmrkdbg pdbd

pmrcuhddl oucg, odgh omrupd amlecmld agsgh cdupul amlecmld sesgdi.

Eokmh cdtmrgdi fmefrdag omrupd amlecmld fmesamr oucg, ydlf tmrbgrg bdrgdtcesamr, ngbresamr, igtnesamr‚pmbesamr, ogesamr bdl dltrepesamr.

Dtcesamr, ydgtu idpgsdl ubdrd ydlf cmlymigcutg pmrcuhddl oucg bdrg

Rrepesamr nglffd Mhsesamr.

Igtnesamr, ydgtu idpgsdl odtudl pmlyusul huigt oucg.

Ngbresamr, ydgtu idpgsdl dgr ydlf cmigputg pmrdgrdl bdrdt bdl idutdl.

Pmbesamr, ydgtu idpgsdl tdldn ydlf cmrupdhdl ndsgi pmidpuhdl bdrg

odtudl.

Ogesamr, ydgtu idpgsdl ydlf cmigputg hmsdtudl sgstmc dltdrd nmwdl,

tucoundl bdl cdlusgd. Dltrepesamr, ydgtu idpgsdl ydlf cmlgtghomrdthdl hmpdbd cdlusgd smrtd

dhtgvgtdslyd bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

Jelten eokmh cdtmrgdi fmefrdag dltdrd idgl dbdidn ghigc, kmlgs tdldn,

pmlffulddl idndl, hudigtds dgr, bgstrgousg nmwdl bdl tucoundl, cgfrdsg

pmlbubuh, ceogigtds pmlbubuh, smrtd struhtur hmrudlfdl hetd dtdu bmsd.

(?) Eokmh Aercdi

Eokmh aercdi fmefrdag dbdidn subut pdlbdlf, jdrd omraghgr, pmlbmhdtdl,

dtdu cmtebm ydlf bgfuldhdl bdidc cmlfdldigsgs eokmh cdtmrgdi. Eokmhaercdi glgidn ydlf cmcombdhdl fmerdag bmlfdl ogbdlf gicu idgllyd. Zmodfdg

jelten, eokmh cdtmrgdi fululf dpg bghdkg bdidc fmeiefg bdl fmefrdag. Hdkgdl

fmeiefg tmltdlf fululf dpg bdpdt cmlkmidshdl tmltdlf pmcomltuhdl,

hdrdhtmrgstgh, struhtur fululf, usgd, tgpm imtusdl ydlf bgndsgihdl, smrtd

omrodfdg presms fmeiefgs ydlf pmrldn tmrkdbg pdbd fululf tmrsmout. Bg idgl

pgndh, hdkgdl fmefrdag tmrndbdp fululf dpg bgidhuhdl omrbdsdrhdl

pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl, mheiefg bdl rmfgeldi. Ndsgi hdkgdllyd bdpdt omrupd

hdrdhtmrgstgh wgidydn rdwdl omljdld, pmrsmodrdl pmrcuhgcdl bdl

hdrdhtmrgstgh pmlbubuh, pmlffulddl idndl bdl kmlgs tdldn, nglffd iehdsg-

iehdsg sucomr pdlds oucg ydlf tmrbdpdt bg smhgtdr wgidydn fululf dpg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

MQDI]DZG

Kdwdoidn pmrtdlyddl bg odwdn glg bmlfdl tmpdt..

4. Kmidshdl cmlurut pmlbdpdt Dlbd dpd ydlf bgcdhsub bmlfdl fmefrdag.

?. Zmouthdl pmlfmrtgdl fmefrdag cmlurut G Cdbm Zdlby bdl Zmcieh GFG 47>>.

:. Kmidshdl tgfd jdodlf gicu bdidc fmefrdag.

2. Zmouthdl eokmh cdtmrgdi fmefrdag.

=. Dpd ydlf bgcdhsub bmlfdl Fmefrdag gs tnm cetnmr ea dii sjgmljm.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

H]LJG KDVDODL

4. Fmefrdag omrdsdi bdrg hdtd fme ydlf omrdrtg oucg bdl frdpngml ydlf omrdrtg

cmluigs dtdu cmlkmidshdl. Zmjdrd ucuc fmefrdag omrdrtg tuigsdl tmltdlf oucg.

Fmefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf iehdsg smrtd pmrsdcddl bdl

pmrombddl (vdrgdsg) hmrudlfdl dtds amlecmld agsgh bdl cdlusgd bg dtds

pmrcuhddl oucg. Fmefrdag cmcpmidkdrg smcud amlecmld ydlf tmrkdbg bg dtds

pmrcuhddl oucg, odgh amlecmld agsgh cdupul amlecmld sesgdi cdlusgd bg dtds

pmrcuhddl oucg.

?. Pmlfmrtgdl fmefrdag cmlurut;

- G Cdbm Zdlby ; Fmefrdag dbdidn gicu pmlfmtdnudl ydlf omrusdnd cmlmcuhdl

bdl cmcdndcg pmrsdcddl bdl pmrombddl ydlf dbd bdidcrudlf cuhd oucg.

- Zmcieh GFG 47>> ; Fmefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg pmrsdcddl bdl

pmrombddl amlecmld didc bdl hmngbupdl bg cuhd oucg smrtd

gltmrdhsg cdlusgd bmlfdl iglfhulfdllyd bdidc heltmhs

hmrudlfdl dtdu hmwgidydndl.

:. Jdodlf gicu fmefrdag;

Fmeiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf stuhtur idpgsdl huigt oucg dtdu

odtudl oucg

Fmeagsghd dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf amlecmld ydlf tmrkdbg pdbd

idpgsdl huigt oucg bgigndt bdrg sgadt-sgadt agsghd oucg.

Cmtmereiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf pmruodndl judjd bdl ghigc

ydlf tmrkdbg bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

Dstrelecg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf didc smcmstd dtdu kdfdb rdyd

bg iudr dtcesamr oucg.

Fmeceraeiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg pmruodndl omltuh pdbd idpgsdl

huigt oucg dhgodt hmhudtdl ydlf omhmrkd bg bdidc bdl bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

Ngbrefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf pmrdgrdl pdbd idpgsdl

pmrcuhddl oucg smpmrtg sulfdg, bdldu, dgr tdldn

Ejmdlefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf idutdl bdl smfdid petmlsg

ydlf bgcgighglyd.

Ogefmefrdag dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf hmngbupdl cdlusgd bdl


Pdimelteiefg dbdidn gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg tmltdlf hmngbupdl cdlusgd bdl




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

2. Eokmh cdtmrgdi fmefrdag;

- Dtcesamr ; eokmh fmefrdag omrupd idpgsdl ubdrd ydlf dbd bg oucg

- Ngbresamr ; eokmh fmefrdag omrupd idpgsdl dgr ydlf dbd bg oucg

- Igtesamr ; eokmh fmefrdag omrupd idpgsdl odtudl ydlf dbd bg oucg bdl

cmrupdhdl tmcpdt ngbup cdhniuh ngbup- Ogesamr ; eokmh fmefrdag omrupd idpgsdl hmngbupdl cdhniuh ngbup ydgtu

aierd bdl aduld

- Dltrepesamr; eokmh fmefrdag omrupd idpgsdl hmngbupdl cdlusgd

=. Fmefrdag gs tnm cetnmr ea dii sjgmljm cmrupdhdl sudtu pmlbdpdt tmltdlf hmbubuhdl

dtdu pmlfmrtgdl fmefrdag cmlurut Prmstel M. Kdcms. Prmstel cmlfulfhdphdl

odnwd fmefrdag cmrupdhdl glbuh bdrg gicu pmlfmtdnudl, hdrmld odlydh ogbdlf

gicu pmlfmtdnudl smidiu cuidg bdrg hmdbddl cuhd oucg ydlf hmcubgdl omrdign

pdbd stubglyd cdsglf-cdsglf.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl

_uorgh hmfgdtdl Bgshusg

Le. Ldcd Zgswd

D s p m h P m l f d c d t d l

Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;

Cdsglf-cdsglf heiec bggsg bmlfdl hrgtmrgd

2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg

D 3 >0 ‚ 400 ; Odgh Zmhdig

O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd

D s p m h P m l g i d g d l

Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; ?

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.





4.? Cmlfndydtg hmomrdbddl bgrglyd smodfdg cdhniuh Rundl ydlf bdpdt omraghgr





smndrg-ndrg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.





fmefrdag.



1. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg helsmp msmlsgdi fmefrdag.






fmefrdag.




smndrg-ndrg.


ndrg.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Helsmp msmlsgdi fmefrdag bdl jelten tmrdpdllyd

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Glqugry




Vdhtu

Pmcouhd

Cmcomrghdl sdidc Cmldlydhdl hmpdbd sgswd hmsgdpdl bdl hmlydcdldl

40 cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

ultuh omidkdr





pewmr peglt





Furu cmldydlfhdl pegl-pegl cdtmrg helsmp msmlsgdi

fmefrdag bdl jelten-jelten pmlmrdpdllyd




bgpmrhmldlhdl ultuh cmcoudt jdtdtdl cmlfmldgcdtmrg ydlf bgsdcpdghdl



Furu cmcomrghdl hmpdbd sgswd idgl ultuh cmlkdwdo

pmrtdlyddl sgswd ydlf tmidn bgdkuhdl


Furu cmcodfg sgswd cmlkdbg omomrdpd hmiecpeh ydlf

omdlffetdhdl 2 erdlf

Furu cmlufdshdl cdsglf-cdsglf hmiecpeh ultuh

cmlbgshusghdl helsmp msmlsgdi fmefrdag bdl jeltenpmlmrdpdllyd

Furu cmlfdwdsg bdl cmlfdrdnhdl presms omrkdidllyd

bgshusg

Cdsglf-cdsglf hmiecpeh cmcprmsmltdsghdl ndsgi

bgshusglyd cmidiug sdtu erdlf pmrwdhgidl hmiecpeh

Cdsglf-cdsglf hmiecpeh bgcgltd ultuh

cmlfucpuihdl ndsgi bgshusglyd omrupd idperdl

hmiecpeh

440 cmlgt

Pmlutup Zgswd bgodltu furu cmcoudt hmsgcpuidl cmlfmldg

cdtmrg ydlf tmidn bgpmidkdrg

Cmcomrgtdnuhdl hmpdbd sgswd cmlfmldg cdtmrg ydlfdhdl bgpmidkdrg smidlkutlyd eimn sgswd


tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; 4. Idperdl ndsgi bgshusg

?. Pgigndl Fdlbd



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Gltmrlmt

Mlsghiepmbgd Fmefrdag Pewmr peglt tmltdlf helsmp msmlsgdi fmefrdag bdl tmrdpdllyd


Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

CDRM_G DKD_

Helsmp bdsdr fmefrdag cmrupdhdl helsmp ydlf pdiglf pmltglf bdidccmlffdcodrhdl struhtur gicu dtdupul ndhghdt sudtu gicu. Bdidc usdnd

cmlfmcodlfhdl bdl cmlfmldihdl helsmp-helsmp bdsdr hmgicudl fmefrdag

bghmcodlfhdlidn smpuiun helsmp msmlsgdi fmefrdag ydgtu;

4) Iehdsg

Helsmp iehdsg dtdu imtdh cmrupdhdl helsmp utdcd ydlf smkdh dwdi

pmrtucoundl fmefrdag tmidn cmlkdbg jgrg hnusus gicu fmefrdag glg. Zmjdrd msmlsgdi,

iehdsg bdpdt bgombdhdl cmlkdbg bud, ydgtu iehdsg doseiut bdl iehdsg rmidtga. Hmbud

pmlfmrtgdl iehdsg gtu cmcgighg cdhld ydlf omrombd bdidc hdkgdl fmefrdag.

d) Iehdsg Doseiut

Iehdsg doseiut cmlulkuhhdl imtdh ydlf tmtdp tmrndbdp sgstmc frgb dtdu

herbgldt. ]ltuh pmlmltudl iehdsg doseiut bg cuhd oucg, bgpdhdg sgstmc

heerbgldt fdrgs igltdlf bdl fdrgs oukur ydlf tmidn bgsmpdhdtg omrsdcd.

Omsdrlyd bmrkdt bdpdt bgngtulf bdrg fdrgs mhudter bdl fdrgs cmrgbgdl ydlf

cmidiug hetd Frmmlwgjn (cmrgbgdl 0e) ultuh fdrgs oukur.

Pmlmltudl iehdsg doseiut bg cuhd oucg cmlffuldhdl pmlfmtdnudl

dstrelecg smnglffd imtdh doseiut bgsmout kufd smodfdg imtdh dstrelecgs.

Imtdh doseiut omsgadt cutidh bdl tgbdh omruodn, cmshgpul helbgsg

tmcpdt ydlf omrsdlfhutdl tmrndbdp helbgsg smhgtdrdlyd culfhgl

omruodn. Cgsdilyd, sudtu tgtgh dtdu tmcpdt bg oucg iehdsglyd omrdbd pdbd

6e?:‗ 4>– IZ ‚ 6e?:‗ 4>– IZ bdl 444e0?‗ 0:– OR ‚ 444e0?‗ ?>– OR. Rgbdh

dbd tmcpdt idgl bg cuhd oucg ydlf cmlulkuhhdl iehdsg ydlf sdcd

bmlfdl tmcpdt gtu. Iehdsg doseiut tgbdh dhdl omruodn smidcd heerbgldt

dtdu ydlf hgtd pdhdg cdsgn omrpdlfhdi pdbd fdrgs mhudter bdl cmrgbgdl.

o) Iehdsg _midtga

Iehdsg rmidtga imogn pmltglf bdl imogn odlydh bghdkg bdidc fmefrdag.

Iehdsg rmidtga bgsmout smodfdg imtdh fmefrdags. Drtg iehdsg glg omruodn-uodn

smsudg bmlfdl hmdbddl smhgtdrlyd. Jeltenlyd, Rdwdlfcdlfu omriehdsg

pdbd 6e?:‗ 4>– IZ ‚ 6e?:‗ 4>– IZ bdl 444e0?‗ 0:– OR ‚ 444e0?‗ ?>– OR.Iehdsg tmrsmout smhdrdlf omrupd Hmjdcdtdl Rdwdlfcdlfu. Rmcpdt glg

cmcpulydg drtg pmltglf odfg hmngbupdl tmrutdcd tmcpdt pdrgwgsdtd.

Dhdl tmtdpg, smdlbdglyd sudtu sddt bg iehdsg tmrsmout tgbdh bghmieid

bmlfdl odgh smnglffd cmrusdh iglfhulfdl bdmrdn Rdwdlfcdlfu cdhd

iehdsg tmrsmout tgbdh cmldrgh idfg ultuh bghulkulfg.

Iehdsg ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl hmdbddl smhgtdrlyd bdpdt cmcomrg drtg

ydlf sdlfdt cmlfultulfhdl dtdu cmrufghdl. Iehdsg bg bmhdt dtdu bg tmpg

kdidl rdyd bdpdt cmlkdbghdl ndrfd tdldn cmlkdbg sdlfdt cdndi hdrmld

bgsuhdg odlydh erdlf ultuh tmcpdt usdnd. Dhdl tmtdpg, odfg ydlf glfgl



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

hmtmldlfdl, iehdsg tmrsmout pmlun bmlfdl hmogsglfdl bdl peiusg

hmlbdrddl.

?) Kdrdh

Kdrdh smodfdg helsmp fmefrdag cmcpulydg drtg pmltglf odfg hmngbupdl sesgdi,mhelecg, dtdu pmrtdldndl. Kdrdh bdpdt cmrupdhdl adhter pmcodtds ydlf omrsgadt

didcg. Dhdl tmtdpg, smhdrdlf kdrdh omrsgadt rmidtga hdrmld smkdidl bmlfdl hmcdkudl

hmngbupdl bdl tmhleiefg.

Kdrdh omrhdgtdl mrdt bmlfdl drtg iehdsg bdl updyd pmcmlundl hmoutundl

peheh. Kdrdh tgbdh ndlyd bglydtdhdl bmlfdl uhurdl kdrdh iurus ydlf bguhur

bmlfdl pmtd, tmtdpg bdpdt puid bglydtdhdl smodfdg kdrdh tmcpun odgh ydlf

bghdgthdl bmlfdl wdhtu pmrkdidldl ydlf bgpmriuhdl cdupul sdtudl ogdyd

dlfhutdl.

Kdrdh smodfdg pmcgsdn dltdrd bud tmcpdt kufdd omruodn smkdidl bmlfdl

hmcdkudl sdrdld heculghdsg bdl sdrdld trdlspertdsg.

:) Hmtmrkdlfhdudl

Hmtmrkdlfhdudl tgbdh smidiu omrhdgtdl bmlfdl kdrdh, tmtdpg imogn omrhdgtdl

bmlfdl helbgsg cmbdl dtdu dbd tgbdhlyd sdrdld dlfhutdl dtdu heculghdsg ydlf

bdpdt bgpdhdg. Bmlfdl bmcghgdl, helsmp hmtmrkdlfhdudl tmrhdgt bmlfdl

hmcubdndl ultuh bgkdlfhdu. Hmcubdndl ultuh bgkdlfhdu bgtmltuhdl eimn

helbgsg cmbdl, prdsdrdld kdidl, bdl hmtmrsmbgddl dlfhutdl. Kdrdh omrpmlfdrun

kghd cmbdllyd suigt bgkdlfhdu.

Zudtu tmcpdt bghdtdhdl bdidc hmdbddl tmrdsglf dtdu tmrgseidsg kghd tmcpdt

gtu suhdr bgkdlfhdu bdrg tmcpdt idgllyd. _gltdlfdl cmbdl omrupd dbdlyd helbgsg

agsgh oucg, cgsdilyd pmfululfdl tglffg, nutdl imodt, rdwd-rdwd, dtdu furul pdsgr

ydlf iuds cmrupdhdl pmlymodo sudtu tmcpdt hurdlf bdpdt bgkdlfhdu bdrg tmcpdt-

tmcpdt idgl.

Jelten helsmp hmtmrkdlfhdudl ydgtu;

Ndrfd idndl bg pmrsgcpdlfdl imogn cdndi bdrg pdbd idndl bg bdidc fdlf

Odltudl omljdld suigt cmljdpdg iehdsg hdrmld cmbdl ydlf omrdt

Hmpuidudl Zmrgou ndlyd bdpdt bgktmcpun bmlfdl hdpdi bdrg pmidoundl

Cudrd Dlfhm

2) Ceraeiefg

Ceraeiefg cmlffdcodrhdl pmrwukubdl hmtdcpdhdl bdrdtdl cuhd oucg

smodfdg ndsgi pmlfdlhdtdl dtdu pmluruldl wgidydn bdl mresg smodfdg ndsgi hmrkd

tmldfd mlbefml bdl mhsefml. Ceraeiefg bdrdtdl omromltuh hmpuidudl, puidu,

bdtdrdl tglffg, bdtdrdl pdltdg, imcodn-imcodn, bdl bdtdrdl diuvgdi.

Ceraeiefg bdrdtdl cmrupdhdl pmrwukubdl wgidydn ydlf cubdn bgfuldhdl

smodfdg bdmrdn pmrcuhgcdl bdl usdnd pmrtdlgdl smrtd usdnd-usdnd

pmrmhelecgdl idgllyd. Pdbd pmtd pmrsmodrdl pmlbubuh bulgd, pmlbubuh ydlfpdbdt tmrpusdt bg imcodn-imcodn sulfdg omsdr bdl tdldn-tdldn bdtdr ydlf suour.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Vgidydn ydlf pmlun bmlfdl pmfululfdl tglffg dtdu imrmlf ydlf tmrkdi

cmcpulydg hmtmrkdlfhdudl ydlf sdlfdt tmrodtds.

Jelten helsmp ceraeiefg ydgtu;

Kdhdrtd cmrupdhdl bdtdrdl rmlbdn, Odlbulf bdtdrdl tglffg.

Pmrkdidldl Kdhdrtd hm Odlbulf cmimwdtg bdmrdn ydlf omrfmiecodlf(pmrouhgtdl).

Bdmrdn smidtdl B.G. Wefydhdrtd cmrupdhdl bdmrdn pmrouhgtdl hdpur (hdrst).

=) Dfiecmrdsg

Dfiecmrdsg cmrupdhdl hmjmlbmrulfdl pmrsmodrdl ydlf omrsgadt

cmlfmiecpeh pdbd sudtu wgidydn ydlf rmidtga smcpgt. Omltuh pmrsmodrdl gl

gpdiglf cmlfultulfhdl hdrmld hmkmlgsdl fmkdid dtdupul adhter-adhter ucuc ydlf

cmlfultulfhdl.

Pdbd cdsydrdhdt hetd, pmlbubuh jmlbmrulf tglffdi cmlfmiecpeh pdbd

tglfhdt smkmlgs. Cgsdilyd, bdmrdn tmcpdt tglffdi pdrd pmbdfdlf bmlfdl bdmrdn

pmrcuhgcdl hecpimhs Pmruclds ydlf hmodlydhdl omrpmlfnulg pmfdwdg lmfmrg.

Zmidgl gtu, dbd kufd bdmrdn pmrcuhgcdl hucun. Omrombd bmlfdl cdsydrdhdt

pmrhetddl, cdsydrdhdt pmbmsddl ydlf cdsgn dfrdrgs jmlbmrulf cmlfmiecpeh bg

tdldn bdtdr ydlf suour bdl cmcomltuh pmbmsddl. Cdhgl suour tdldn bdl iuds

bdtdrdllydd cdhd cdhgl omsdr bmsd bdl kucidn pmlbubuhlyd.

Jelten helsmp dfiecmrdsg ydgtu;

Pdsdr Zmlml, pdsdr cglffu, pdsdr rmoe cmrupdhdl pmlfmiecpehdl tmcpdt

omrkudidl omrbdsdrhdl ndrg pdsdrdl.

Hmfgdtdl glbustrg tmrpusdt bg hdwdsdl Kdodomhd, Puiefmodlf, dtdu

Rdlfmrdlf.

Bg pmrhetddl tmrkdbg pmcusdtdl pmlbubuh omrbdsdrhdl stdtus sesgdi bdl

mhelecg cmidiug hdwdsdl siuc drmd, cmlmlfdn hm dtds, bdl hdwdsdl migt.

1) Peid

Peid omrhdgtdl bmlfdl susuldl omltuh dtdu pmrsmodrdl amlecmld bdidc

rudlf bg cuhd oucg, odgh amlecmld ydlf omrsgadt didcg cdupul sesgdi oubdyd.

Fmferdag cmcpmidkdrg peid-peid omltuh bdl pmrsmodrdl amlecmld,

cmcdndcg cdhld dtdu drtgdl, smrtd omrupdyd ultuh cmcdladdthdllyd. Bg

hdwdsdl ydlf subdn cdku, erdlf cmcoudt tmrusdl-tmrusdl ultuh cmcdladdthdl

sulfdg-sulfdg ydlf dbd smodfdg sdrdld dlfhutdl dgr. Hdwdsdl glg bgodlful smjdrd

tmrmljdld smnglffd bdmrdn pmrcuhgcdl bg tdtd bmlfdl peid smbmcghgdl rupd

ultuh cmcubdnhdl smtgdp pmlbubuh cmljdpdg tukudllyd. Zmodighlyd, ogid

hdwdsdl bgodlful smjdrd tgbdh tmrmljdld cdhd hmdbddl dhdl smrod tmrdodtds bdl

ceogigtds pmlbubuh tmrndcodt.

Jelten helsmp peid ydgtu;

Pmcuhgcdl cmcdlkdlf bg smpdlkdlf kdidl rdyd pdlturd Kdwd

Pmcuhgcdl bg hetd omsdr smpmrtg Kdhdrtd bgodlful omrngcpgtdl



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Digrdl dgr sulfdg ydlf omromltuh subut sghu-sghu dbdidn digrdl sulfdg

rmjtdlfuidr

6) Lgidg Hmfulddl

Lgidg hmfulddl amlecmld bg pmrcuhddl oucg omrsgadt rmidtga, tgbdh sdcd odfgsmcud erdlf dtdu feielfdl pmlbubuh tmrtmltu. Bdmrdn pdltdg omrpdsgr ydlf

idlbdg bmlfdl pmrdgrdl kmrlgn omiuc tmltu cmcgighg lgidg hmfulddl odfg pmlbubuh

smtmcpdt. Ndi glg bgsmodohdl cmrmhd omrergmltdsg pdbd pmcdladdtdl sucomr-

sucomr bg bdrdtdl. Zmodighlyd, odfg cdsydrdhdt hetd ydlf ngbuplyd

omrhmjuhupdl bdl pmlbubuhlyd pdbdt, bdmrdn pdltdg tmrsmout dhdl cmcgighg lgidg

hmfulddl ydlf tglffg smodfdg tmcpdt rmhrmdsg bdl pdrgwgsdtd.

Jelten helsmp lgidg hmfulddl ydgtu;

Hdwdsdl pmrouhgtdl hdpur (hdrs) smpmrtg bg Velesdrg, Fuluf Hgbui cmcgighg

odlydh fed bdl sucomr cdtd dgr odwdn tdldn ydlf jejeh ultuh bgkdbghdl eokmh

wgsdtd didc.

Puidu Cdburd ydlf pdlds bdl tdldn ydlf tgbdh suour tgbdh jejeh smodfdg idnd

pmrtdlgdl, tmtdpg bdrg iehdsg fmefrdagslyd odlydh bgkdbghdl smodfdg hdwdsdl

tdcodh fdrdc.

>) Bgamrmlsgdi Drmd

Zmtgdp tmcpdt dtdu wgidydn tmrwukub smodfg ndsgi gltmfrdsg omrodfdg ulsur

dtdu amlecmld iglfhulfdl, odgh ydlf omrsgadt didc cduupul hmngbupdl. Gltmfrdsg

amlecmld cmlkdbghdl sudtu tmcpdt dtdu wgidydn cmcpulydg jerdh ulgh bdl

tmrsmlbgrg smodfdg sudtu rmfgel ydlf omrombd bmlfdl tmcpdt dtdu wgidydn idgllyd.

]lsur dtdu amlecmld iglfhulfdl ydlf omrsgadt bgldcgs dhdl omrgltmfrdsg

smnglffd cmlfndsgihdl hdrdhtmrgstgh ydlf omruodn bdrg wdhtu hm wdhtu. Vgidydn

pmbmsddl cmcpulydg jerdh hnds pmrsdwdndl. Hmngbupdl pmtdlg ydlf cdsgn

trdbgsgeldi smrtd omrodfdg cdjdc tdldcdl pmhdrdlfdl dhdl cmlulkuhhdl

pmrombddl bmlfdl drmdi pmrhetddl.

Amlecmld ydlf omrombd bdrg sdtu tmcpdt bmlfdl tmcpdt ydlf idgl, cgsdilyd

kdrdh ydlf bmhdt, smbdlf dkdun bdrg kdidl8 pmrucdndl ydlf pdbdt, smbdlf dtdu

kdrdlf8 ndrfd tdldn rucdn ydlf curdn, smbdlf dtdu cdndi8 pmlbdpdtdl pmlbubuh

ydlf tglffg, smbdlf, dtdu rmlbdnJelten helsmp bgamrmlsgdsg drmdi ydgtu;

Bg bmdrdn pdltdg pmlbubuh omrcdtd pmljdndrgdl smodfdg lmidydl,

smbdlfhdl bg pmfululfdl pmlbubuh omrcdtd pmljdndrgdl smodfdg pmtdlg.

Pdhdgdl bdrg odndl hdtul jejeh bgfuldhdl bg bdmrdn pdlds smpmrtg Kdhdrtd,

smbdlfhdl pdhdgdl bdrg odndl weii jejeh bg fuldhdl bg bdmrdn bglfgl.

Omltuh rucdn pmlbubuh dsig Zuidwmsg omromltuh pdlffulf, smbdlfhdl

omltuh rucdn pmlbubuh dsig Kdwd tgbdh omromltuh pdlffulf.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

7) Gltmrdhsg / Gltmrbmpmlbmlsg

Gltmrdhsg cmrupdhdl hmfgdtdl sdiglf cmcpmlfdrung bdyd, eokmh dtdu sdtu

tmcpdt bmlfdl tmcpdt idgllyd. Zmtgdp tmcpdt cmlfmcodlfhdl petmlsg sucomr

bdyd bdl hmoutundl ydlf tgbdh sdcd bmldfl tmcpdt idgl. Eimn hdrmld gtu smrglf

tmrkdbg gltmrdhsg dltdrd sdtu tmcpdt bmlfdl tmcpdt idgllyd.Bdmrdn pmbmsddl cmlfndsgihdl pdlfdl bdl prebuh-prebuh idgl ydlf

bgoutunhdl eimn pmlbubuh pmrhetddl. Zmodighlyd, hetd cmlfndsgihdl odrdlf

glbustrg, kdsd, bdl glaercdsg ydlf bgpmriuhdl eimn pmlbubuh hdwdsdl pmbmsddl.

Cdhd tmrkdbgidn gltmrdhsg omrupd pmlfdlfhutdl odrdlf ndsgi pmrtdlgdl bdrg bmsd

hm hetd bdl hetd cmlygdphdl trdlspertdsg, cmlfgrgchdl prebuh glbustrg, dtdu

odndl eidndl hm pmbmsddl.

Gltmrdhsg kufd tmrkdbg dltdrd hetd ydlf sdtu bmlfdl hetd ydlf idgl bdidc

omltuh pmrtuhdrdl odrdlf bdl kdsd smrtd pmrpglbdndl pmlbubuh. Gltmrdhsg

hmrudlfdl tmrkdbg dltdrd ulsur dtdu amlecmld smtmcpdt bmlfdl amlecmld didc

dtdupul hmngbupdl.

Jelten helsmp Gltmrdhsg/gltmrpmlbmlsg ydgtu

Bmsd smodfdg pmcdseh tmldfd hmrkd bdl hetd smodfdg pmcdseh odndl

prebuhsg ultuh bmsd.

Rdldcdl odwdlf tucoun suour bg Ormoms bgdlfhut hm Kdhdrtd ultuh

cmcmlung hmoutundl cdsydrdhdt hetd.

40) Hmtmrmhdgtdl _udlf

Hmtmrhdgtdl hmrudlfdl dtdu dsesgdsg hmrudlfdl cmlulkuhhdl bmrdkdt

hmtmrhdgtdl pmrsmodrdl sudtu amlecmld bmlfdl amlecmld ydlf idgl bg sudtu

tmcpdt dtdu rudlf. Hmtmrhdgtdl glg cmlydlfhut amlecmld didc cdupul amlecmld

sesgdi.

Jelten hmtmrhdgtdl hmrudlfdl dbdidn hmcgrglfdl imrmlf bmlfdl tmodi tdldn.

Cdhgl tmrkdi imrmlflyd, cdhgl tgpgs tdldnlyd. Ndi glg bgsmodohdl bg imrmlf tmrkdi,

mresg ydlf tmrkdbg imogn gltmlsga. [eld imrmlf tmrtmltu bmlfdl hmtmodidl hmtmodidl

tdldn tmrtmltu cmwukubhdl sudtu rmfgel tmrsmlbgrg.

Jelten idgl, tucounlyd didlf-didlf bg tdldn tmrouhd ydlf cmlbdpdt sgldr

cdtdndrg bdl tgbdh bgtdldcg. Omfgtu kufd tucounlyd iucut bg penel-penel dtdu

tmcpdt ydlf tmbun bdl imcodo.

Jelten helsmp hmtmrhdgtdl rudlf ydgtu;

Idiu-igltds bg Kdhdrtd smidiu cdjmt hdrmld dbdlyd ceogigtds pmlfidku

(pmhmrkd) ydlf rucdnlyd bg pglffgrdl Kdhdrtd (Oebmtdomh) tmtdpg omhmrkd bg

Kdhdrtd.

Hdout dsdp ydlf cmidlbd Zglfdpurd dbdidn ndsgi bdrg pmcodhdrdl idndl bg

_gdu, Pdimcodlf, bdl smhgtdrlyd ydlf tmrodwd dlfgl.

Fdyd ogjdyd Pdh _unut dsdi Cmbdl imogn tmfds, hmrds, bdl fdidh. Omrombd

bmlfdl fdyd ogjdrd Pdh Kehe dsdi Zeie ydlf imcdn imcout bdl sepdl.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Helsmp msmlsgdi dtdu helsmp bdsdr fmefrdag cmigputg;

Helsmp Hmtmrdlfdl

Iehdsg - Iehdsg doseiut, iehdsg ydlf tmtdp omrbdsdrhdl tgtgh

heerbgldt sudtu wgidydn.

-

Iehdsg rmidtga, iehdsg ydlf smsudg bmlfdl hmdbddlsmhgtdrlyd ogdsd bgsmout bmlfdl iehdsg fmefrdags.

Kdrdh Bdpdt bglydtdhdl smodfdg kdrdh tmcpun sudtu wgidydn ydlf

bdpdt bghdgthdl bmlfdl wdhtu pmrkdidldl cdupul ogdyd

pmrkdidldl.

Hmtmrkdlfhdudl Omrhdgtdl bmlfdl helbgsg cmbdl sudtu tmcpdt.

Ceraeiefg Omrhdgtdl bmlfdl omltuh cuhd oucg sudtu wgidydn.

Dfiecmrdsg Hmjmlbmrulfdl pmlfmiecpehhdl sudtu fmkdid ydlf tmrhdgt

bmlfdl dhtgvgtds cdlusgd.

Peid Omrhdgtdl bmlfdl susuldl, omltuh, dtdu pmrsmodrdl amlecmld

bdidc rudlf cuhd oucg, odgh amlecmld didcg cdupul

amlecmld sesgdi.Gltmrdhsg

(Gltmrbmpmbmlsg)

Pmrombddl dltdrd sudtu wgidydn cmlymodohdl dbdlyd

hmfgdtdl sdiglf cmcpmlfdrung bg dltdrd wgidydn tmrsmout bdl

cmlgcouihdl dbdlyd gltmrdhsg wgidydn.

Lgidg Hmfulddl Pmrombddl lgidg hmfulddl omrbdsdrhdl hmoutundl pmlbubuh

ydlf omrsdlfhutdl.

Bgamrmlsgdsg Drmd Amlecmld didcg dtdu cdlusgd ydlf omrombd cmlurut tmcpdt.

Hmtmrhdgtdl _udlf Hmtmrhdgtdl pmrsmodrdl sudtu amlecmld bmlfdl amlecmld

idgl bgsudtu tmcpdt dtdu rudlf.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

Pgigndl Fdlbd

Pgignidn sdtu kdwdodl ydlf pdiglf tmpdt.

4. Hmomrdbddl sudtu cdtd dgr pdlds, sucomr-sucomr fds bdl bdldu-bdldu vuihdlgh

dhtga, omrnuoulfdl bmlfdl dhtgvgtds vuihdlgh bg hdwdsdl tmrsmout.

Amlecmld glg smsudg bmlfdl helsmp fmefrdag, ydgtu ...

D. Helsmp gltmrbmpmbmlsg

O. Helsmp peid

J. Helsmp ceraeiefg

B. Helsmp hmtmrhdgtdl rudlf

M. Helsmp kdrdh

?.

Imtdh sudtu bdmrdn omrbdsdrhdl hmlydtddl ydlf dbd bg oucg gdidn ...

D. Imtdh dstrelecgs

O. Imtdh fmeiefgs

J. Imtdh fmefrdags

B. Imtdh sesgdi mhelecg

M. Imtdh peigtgh

:. Zudtu hmtmrfdltulfdl dltdrd sdtu tmcpdt bmlfdl tmcpdt idgl bgsmout helsmp…

D. Dfiecmrdsg

O.

Bmamrmlsdsg Drmdi

J. Hmtmrhdgtdl _udlfdl

B. Ceraeiefg

M. Gltmrdhsg bdl gltmrpmlbmlsg

2. ZCD tmrimtdh bg Kdidl Cdwdr Cmrdn. Dbdidn jelten helsmp…

D. Kdrdh

O. Iehdsg

J. Peid

B.

CeraeiefgM. Lgidg hmfulddl

=. Zudtu wgidydn omiuc tmltu cmlfultulfhdl odfg pmlbubuhlyd, ldcul omrcdladdt

odfg pmlbubuh bg iudr wgidydn tmrsmout. Helbgsg glg bdpdt bgpmidkdrg bmlfdl

cmlffuldhdl helsmp ...

D. Iehdsg

O. Kdrdh

J. Lgidg hmfulddl

B.

DfiecmrdsgM. Bgamrmlsgdsg drmd



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

1. Cdsydrdhdt feielfdl mhelecg cmlmlfdn hm dtds dhdl tglffdi/ cmlmtdp pdbd

pmrucdndl tmrtmltu (migt) cmrupdhdl jelten helsmp..

D. Bmshrgpsg

O.

CeraeiefgJ. Dfiecmrdsg

B. Kdrdh

M. Iehdsg

6. Jelten bdrg helsmp bgaamrmlsgdsg drmd dbdidn... .

D. Qmfmtdsg ydlf ngbup bg bdtdrdl rmlbdn omrombd bmlfdl vmfmtdsg ydlf ngbup bg

bdtdrdl tglffg

O. Hdout dsdp ydlf cmidlbd Zglfdpurd dbdidn ndsgi bdrg pmcodhdrdl idndl bg _gdu

J. Idiu igltds bg Kdhdrtd smidiu cdjmt hdrmld dbdlyd ceogigtds pmlfidku

B. Bg Kdhdrtd tmrbdpdt hdcpulf jgld, hdcpulf dcoel, bso

M. Kdhdrtd cmrupdhdl bdtdrdl rmlbdn

>. Imcodlf ‚ Jgdlkur bdpdt bgtmcpun bmlfdl dlfhutdl dltdr hetd smidcd ? kdc

cmrupdhdlpmlmrdpdl helsmp ....

D. ceraeiefg

O. peid

J. kdrdh

B. bgamrmlsgdi drmd

M.

hmtmrkdlfhdudl

7. Helsmp utdcd ultuh cmlfmtdnug amlecmld fmesamr dbdidn helsmp ....

D. kdrdh

O. iehdsg

J. ceraeiefg

B. dfiecmrdsg

M. peid

40.

Iehdsg ydlf cmlulkuhhdl imtdh ydlf tmtdp tmrndbdp sgstmc frgb dtdu heerbgldt

bgsmout imtdh ...

D. _midtga

O. Doseiut

J. Vgidydn

B. _mfgel

M. Zpdsgdi



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

44. Pmlbubuh bulgd jmlbmrulf cmlmcpdtg wgidydn-wgidydn ydlf odlydh cmcgighg

jdbdlfdl dgr bmlfdl tepefrdag ydlf bdtdr. Bdidc fmefrdag amlecmld tmrsmout smsudg

bmlfdl sdidn sdtu helsmp msmlsgdilyd, ydgtu ….

D. Kdrdh B. hmtmrkdlfhdudl

O.

Iehdsg M. dfiecmrdsgJ. cuitg fuld

4?. Bg Kdhdrtd hgtd cmlfmldi dbdlyd Hdcpulf Dcoel bdl Hdcpulf Cmidyu. Pmldcddl

wgidydn smcdjdc glg kufd tmrkdbg bg bdmrdn idgl. Kghd bgtmiusurg dsdi cudsdilyd

presms hmkdbgdl glg smsudg bmlfdl helsmp bdsdr fmefrdag, ydgtu ….

D. Hmtmrkdlfhdudl B. dfiecmrdsg

O. Lgidg hmfulddl M. bgaamrmlsgdsg drmd

J. Peid

4:. Pdbd tdnul ?001, bg Glbelmsdg tmrkdbg pmrgstgwd omljdld iucpur Idpglbe ydlf

cmlfdhgodthdl cdsydrdhdt bg smhgtdr bdmrdn tmrsmout cmlfdidcg hmrufgdl cdtmrgi

cdupul cergi. Presms hmkdbgdl omljdld tmrsmout bdpdt bgpdndcg cmidiug helsmp ….

D. Peid B. dfiecmrdsg

O. Lgidg M. ceraeiefg

J. Imtdh

42. Ndsgi pmrtdlgdl cmlfdidcg ndcodtdl bdidc pmlkudidl, cdhd pmrmljdlddl iehdsg

trdlscgfrdsg bgdlffdp hurdlf cmcpmrndtghdl helsmp fmefrdag ydlf omrhdgtdl

bmlfdl ….

D. Imtdh B. dfiecmrdsg

O. Iehdsg M. hmtmrkdlfhdudl

J. Zgtudsg

4=. Bg bdmrdn bglfgl erdlf jmlbmrulf omrpdhdgdl tmodi. Ndi glg omrhdgtdl bmlfdl

helsmp msmlsgdi fmefrdag ydgtu ….

D. Kdrdh B. dfiecmrdsg

O. Imtdh M. hmtmrkdlfhdudl

J.

Gltmrdhsg



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Huljg Kdwdodl

4.

B

?. J

:. M

2. O

=.

J

1. J

6. D

>. J

7.

O

40. O

44. M

4?. B

4:.

J

42. M

4=. O



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; :

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.





4.: Cmlfndydtg hmomrdbddl bgrglyd smodfdg cdhniuh Rundl ydlf bdpdt omraghgr





smndrg-ndrg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.





fmefrdag.



1. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg prglsgp fmferdag.

6. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdag.






fmefrdag.



=.

Cmlbmshrgpsghdl pmlmrdpdl pmlfmtdnudl bdsdr fmefrdag pdbd hmngbupdl

smndrg-ndrg.


ndrg.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Prglsgp fmefrdag bdl jelten tmrdpdllyd

Pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdag bdl jelten tmrdpdllyd

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Mxdcpim Lel Mxdcpim




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



Vdhtu



ultuh omidkdr




pewmr peglt

40 cmlgt





Furu cmldydlfhdl pegl-pegl cdtmrg prglsgp fmefrdag

bdl jelten pmlmrdpdllyd smrtd pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdagbdl jelten pmlmrdpdllyd





cdtmrg ydlf bgsdcpdghdl




pmrtdlyddl sgswd ydlf tmidn bgdkuhdl Furu cmimlfhdpg bdl cmlfhidrgaghdsg kdwdodl sgswd

Furu cmlygdphdl fdcodr-fdcodr ydlf cmrupdhdl

jelten amlecmld fmefrdag bdl cmldcpgihdllyd

(ogsd cmidiug cmbgd pewmr peglt dtdu prglt fdcodr bdl

bgtmcpmi bg pdpdl tuigs)

Furu cmcomrghdl hmsmcpdtdl hmpdbd sgswd ultuh

cmlfdldigsgs prglsgp bdl pmlbmhdtdl dpd ydlf ndrus

bgfuldhdl ultuh jelten amlecmld fmefrdag ydlf

bgtdcpgihdl

Furu cmcgltd omomrdpd sgswd ultuh cmlfmcuhdhdl

pmlbdpdtlyd cmlfmldg pmlmrdpdl prglsgp bdl dldigsgs

pmlbmhdtdl bdrg fdcodr ydlf bgtdcpgihdl

Furu cmcgltd sgswd ultuh cmluigshdl ndsgi dldigsgs

cdsglf-cdsglf sgswd bg hmrtds dtdu ouhu bdidc omltuh

urdgdl

440 cmlgt






tmrgcd hdsgn Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; Cmlkebenhdl

^.

Zucomr Omidkdr Ouhu sucomr Fmefrdag ZCD hmids ^

Gltmrlmt

Mlsghiepmbgd Fmefrdag

Pewmr peglt tmltdlf prglsgp fmefrdag bdl jelten tmrdpdllyd smrtd

pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdag bdl jelten pmlbmhdtdllyd


Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

CDRM_G DKD_

G.

P_GLZGP FMEF_DAGPrglsgp fmefrdag cmlkdbg bdsdr urdgdl, pmlfhdkgdl, pmlfulfhdpdl fmkdid bdl

cdsdidn fmefrdag. Hmtghd cmidhuhdl pmlbmhdtdl tmrndbdp eokmh ydlf bgpmidkdrg, prglsgp

fmefrdag ndrus smidiu bgfuldhdl. Zmjdrd tmergtgs, prglsgp-prglsgp fmefrdag tmrbgrg dtds

prglsgp pmrsmodrdl, gltmrmidsg, bmshrgpsg, bdl hereiefg dtdu hmrudlfdl.

Prglsgp-prglsgp fmefrdag;

(4) Prglsgp Pmlymodrdl (Bgstrgousg)

Prglsgp glg cmrupdhdl sudtu fmkdid ydlf tmrsmodr tgbdh cmrdtd bg pmrcuhddl

oucg ydlf cmigputg omltdlf didc, tucoundl, nmwdl, bdl cdlusgd. Zmjdrd didcgdn,

helbgsg agsgh dltdrwgidydn omrombd sdtu sdcd idgl. Pmrombddl smjdrd didcgdn kufd

bgghutg bmlfdl presms dtdu pmrhmcodlfdl smkdrdn ydlf omrombd. Pmrombddl helbgsg

agsgh didcgdn bdl presms pmrhmcodlfdl bg smtgdp wgidydn cmcodwd petmlsg bdl

sucomr bdyd ydlf omridgldl dltdrwgidydn.

Jelten prglsgp pmrsmodrdl;

Bdmrdn ydlf omrdbd bg bdmrdn vuihdl dhdl cmcpulydg petmlsg dtdu helbgsg

wgidydn smjdrd hmrudlfdl ydlf omrombd hdrmld omrdbd pdbd vuihdl tud bdl

vuihdl cubd.

Omomrdpd wgidydn ydlf bgidiug eimn smoudn sulfdg dhdl omrombd wgidydnlyd.

Cgsdilyd, wgidydn bdmrdn nuiu dhdl omrombd bmlfdl wgidydn bdmrdn ngigr.

Zudtu wgidydn cmrupdhdl bdmrdn furul ydlf cmcpulydg jdbdlfdl cglydh

oucg ydlf omrigcpdn ldcul wgidydn furul idgllyd tgbdh cmlfdlbulf

jdbdlfdl cglydh oucg.

Prglsgp glg cmcdlbdlf odnwd smtgdp fmkdid bdl adhtd bg pmrcuhddl oucg

tmrsmodr smjdrd tgbdh cmrdtd dltdrd sudtu wgidydn bmlfdl wgidydn idgllyd.

Pmrombddl helbgsg dltdrwgidydn glg smjdrd didcgdn cmlgcouihdl helsmp

gltmrbmpmbmlsg dltdrwgidydn. Ndi glg bgsmodohdl bdidc rmdigtds, oucg smodfdg tmcpdt

tglffdi cdlusgd smnglffd hmtmrfdltulfdl glg cmlkdbg smoudn amlecmld ydlf wdkdr.

(?) Prglsgp GltmrmidsgGltmrmidsg cmrupdhdl sudtu nuoulfdl sdiglf tmrhdgt bdidc rudlf dltdrd fmkdid

ydlf sdtu bmlfdl fmkdid ydlf idgl.

Jelten prglsgp gltmrmidsg;

Qmfmtdsg penel kdruc smkmlgs penel pglus bdpdt tucoun suour bg bdmrdn

bglfgl.

Rdldcdl pdbg dhdl tucoun odgh kghd bmlfdl helbgsg idndl tmrtmltu.

Mresg odlydh tmrkdbg pdbd idndl ydlf tmrouhd tdlpd pmlutup idndl, imrmlf

tmrkdi, bdl jurdn nukdl tglffg.

Hmidpdrdl bdl hmcgshgldl odlydh tmrkdbg bg bdmrdn bmlfdl idndl hmrglf, sunutglffg, dhsmsgogigtds rmlbdn, bdl pmlbgbghdl rmlbdn.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Jelten-jelten tmrsmout cmlulkuhhdl odnwd amlecmld bdl hmkdbgdl bdidc

rudlf dtdu wgidydn tmrtmltu tmrhdgt bmlfdl amlecmld idgllyd ydlf sdiglf

cmcpmlfdrung. Prglsgp glg cmlffdcodrhdl hmtmrhdgtdl dltdrd fmkdid sdtu bmlfdl

fmkdid idgllyd dtdu dltdrd adhter ydlf sdtu bmlfdl adhter ydlf idgllyd bdidc sudtu

rudlf tmrtmltu.

(:) Prglsgp Bmshrgpsg

Prglsgp bmshrgpsg cmrupdhdl pmlkmidsdl cmlfmldg fmkdid-fmkdid ydlf bgpmidkdrg.

Prglsgp bmhsrgpsg cmcomrghdl pmlkmidsdl dtdu pmlffdcodrdl imogn kdun tmltdlf

fmkdid dtdu cdsdidn ydlf bgsmigbghg.

Zudtu wgidydn bmlfdl petmlsg sucomr bdyd didc omrigcpdn tgbdh odlydh

omrcdladdt kghd omrodfdg glaercdsg bg wgidydn tmrsmout tgbdh bg bmshrgpsghdl smjdrd

kmids. Pmlbmshrgpsgdl smtgdp wgidydn cmlkdbg sdlfdt pmltglf dfdr smcud sucomr bdyd

ydlf dbd bdpdt bghmcodlfhdl. Drtglyd, fmefrdag ndrus cdcpu cmcomrghdl

bmshrgpsg hmrudlfdl smjdrd kmids odgh smjdrd smbmrndld cdupul sdcpdg tglfhdt

dldigsgs sgltmtgs hmrudlfdl.

Bmshrgpsg bdidc hdkgdl fmefrdag bgsdkghdl bmlfdl tuigsdl pmriu kufd bgimlfhdpg

bmlfdl pmtd, bgdfrdc, frdagh, tdomi, bdl fdcodr.

Rdomi

Rdomi cmlkdbg sdrdld odltu fmefrdag hdrmld cmcudt bdtd, odgh omrupd hdtd,

hdigcdt, dtdupul dlfhd tmltdlf amlecmld bg pmrcuhddl oucg. Bdtd tmrsmout

bgsusul smjdrd omrsgstmc (sgstmcdtgs), ydgtu urut hm odwdn dtdu hm sdcpglf

bdidc idkur bdl bmrmt tmrtmltu bdl bgomrg fdrgs pmcodtds smnglffd cubdn ultuh

bgsgcdh. Glaercdsg ydlf bgsusul bdidc tdomi bgsmsudghdl bmlfdl tmcd dtdu tepgh

ydlf bgsdcpdghdl, jeltenlyd omrghut glg.

- Rdomi Iuds Bdmrdn bdl Pmcodfgdl Bdmrdn Dbcglgstrdsg bg Glbelmsgd Rdnul

?000

- Rdomi Hmimcodpdl ]bdrd _dtd-_dtd Cmlurut Prevglsg bg Glbelmsgd Rdnul

?000

- Rdomi Pmlbubuh bdl Idku Pmrtucoundl Pmlbubuh Cmlurut Prevglsg bg

Glbelmsgd Rdnul ?000

- Rdomi _ucdn Zdhgt bdl Hdpdsgtds Rmcpdt Rgbur Cmlurut Prevglsg bg

Glbelmsgd Rdnul ?000

- Rdomi Prebuhsg Kdfulf Cmlurut Prevglsg bg Glbelmsgd Rdnul ?000

Bgdfrdc

Bgdfrdc tmrcdsuh sdrdld odltu fmefrdag ydlf bgfuldhdl ultuh cmlkmidshdl

amlecmld fmesamr bmlfdl cmiuhgshdl odfgdl-odfgdllyd bdl jdrd hmrkdlyd

smjdrd omrurutdl, ogdsd bgsmout bmlfdl bgdfrdc drus.

Frdagh

Frdagh tmrcdsuh sdrdld odltu fmefrdag ydlf cmlulkuhhdl ldgh bdl turul

dtdu pdsdlf surut sudtu fmkdid dtdu amlecmld tmrtmltu dltdrwdhtu bmlfdl

cmlffuldhdl fdrgs. Zmodfdg jelten dbdidn frdagh tmltdlf pmrtucoundlpmlbubuh bdrg tdnul 4770 sdcpdg bmlfdl tdnul ?000.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Pmtd

Pmtd tmrcdsuh sdrdld odltu fmefrdag hdrmld cmcudt omrcdjdc-cdjdc bdtd

bdrg pmrcuhddl oucg ydlf bdpdt bgglaercdsghdl. ]ltuh cmcubdnhdl

pmlydcpdgdl glaercdsg, pmtd bgoudt bmlfdl uhurdl, tmcd, bdl tepgh tmrtmltu,

dltdrd idgl smodfdg omrghut. - Pmtd Hmpdbdtdl Pmlbubuh Cmlurut Prevglsg bg Glbelmsgd Rdnul ?000

- Pmtd Rrdlspertdsg Idut bg Glbelmsgd

- Pmtd Kmlgs Rdldn bg Glbelmsgd

- Pmtd Fmeiefg bg Glbelmsgd

- Pmtd Eokmh Vgsdtd bg Glbelmsgd

(2) Prglsgp Hereiefg

Prglsgp hereiefg cmrupdhdl sudtu fmkdid, adhtd, dtdupul cdsdidn fmefrdag bg

sudtu tmcpdt. Rglkdudl bdrg prglsgp glg bgigndt bdrg smodrdl, gltmrmidsg, gltrdhsg, bdl

gltmfrdsglyd bdidc rudlf tmrtmltu. _udlf tmrsmout dhdl cmcomrghdl hdrdhtmrgstgh

tmrndbdp hmsdtudl fmkdid.

Pdbd prglsgp hereiefg fmkdid, adhtd bdl cdsdidn fmefrdag bgtglkdu

pmlymodrdllyd, gltmrmidsglyd bdl gltmrdhsglyd bdidc rudlf. Prglsgp glg cmrupdhdl

pmrpdbudl dltdrd prglsgp-prglsgp idgllyd.

Prglsgp hereiefg cmrupdhdl prglsgp pmltglf bdidc dldigsgs fmefrdag. Ndi glg

bgsmodohdl prglsgp glg cmrupdhdl peheh bdidc dldigsgs fmefrdag ydlf bghmldi

bmlfdl prglsgp rmfgel. _mfgel dbdidn smodfgdl hmjgi wgidydn bg pmrcuhddl oucg

ydlf cmcgighg hdrdhtmrgstgh tmrtmltu.

Bg bdidc prglsgp hereiefg smtgdp fmkdid dtdu amlecmld fmefrdag bghdkg bmlfdl

jdrd cmcdbuhdl prglsgp-prglsgp pmrsmodrdl, gltmrmidsg, bdl bmshrgpsg. Ndsgi

pmlfhdkgdl cmidiug prglsgp hereiefg cmlulkuhhdl dbdlyd pmrombddl-pmrombddl

fmkdid, amlecmld, bdl adhtd dltdrwgidydn. Eimn hdrmld gtu, dhdl cmcomrghdl jerdh

tmrtmltu smnglffd tdcpdh dbdlyd hmsdtudl fmkdid, hmsdtudl aulfsg, bdl hmsdtudl

omltuh.

GG. PMLBMHDRDL FMEF_DAG

Pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdag bdpdt bgdrtghdl smodfdg sudtu cmtebm dtdu jdrd (dldigsgs)

ultuh cmcdndcg omrodfdg fmkdid bdl amlecmld fmesamr, hnususlyd gltmrdhsg dltdrd

cdlusgd bdl iglfhulfdllyd. Pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdag cmlkdbg jgrg odfg hdkgdl fmefrdag bdl

cmcombdhdllyd bmlfdl hdkgdl gicu-icu ydlf idgl.

Hdkgdl fmefrdag tgbdh smidiu sdcd bdrg cdsd Wuldlg sdcpdg hglg. Pdlbdlfdl agisdsdt

sdlfdt cmcpmlfdrung pdrdbgfcd hmgicudl fmefrdag ydlf dhngrlyd omrpmlfdrun pdbd

cmtebeiefg hmgicudl fmefrdag. Bdidc fmefrdag tmrpdbu, pdrd dnig fmefrdag tgbdh

cmcaehushdl hdkgdllyd pdbd eokmh cdtmrgdi. Dhdl tmtdpg, imogn pdbd subut pdlbdlf

hmgicudllyd smnglffd cmrmhd tgbdh cmcombdhdl eokmhlyd dltdrmimcml agsgh bdl

lelagsgh. Dhgodtlyd, trdbgsg hdkgdl fmefrdag omrpusdt pdbd gicu hmoucgdl hnususlyd

pdbd hdrdhtmrgstgh agsgh pmrcuhddl oucg. Eimn hdrmld gtu, ultuh cmlmcuhdl cdsdidn



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

fmefrdag cebmrl hnususlyd fmferdag tmrpdbu bgfuldhdl tgfd pmlbmhdtdl, ydgtu

pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl, mheiefg, bdl hecpimhs wgidydn.

(4) Hmrudlfdl (Zpdsgdi)

Pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl dbdidn sudtu cmtebm dldigsgs ydlf cmlmhdlhdl

dldigsgslyd pdbd mhsgstmlsg rudlf ydlf omraulfsg ultuh cmlfdhecebdsg hmfgdtdlcdlusgd. Bdidc pmlfmrtgdl glg, smfdid smsudtu ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl smodrdl eokmh

bdidc rudlf bdpdt bgseretg bdrg omrodfdg uhurdl, dltdrd idgl peid, struhtur, presms,

dsesgdsg, bdl hmjmlbmrulfdl.

Pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl cmlfdldigsgs fmkdid dtdu amlecmld fmefrdags

omrbdsdrhdl pmlymodrdllyd bdidc rudlf. Cmlmhdlhdl mhsgstmlsg rudlf smodfdg

pmlmhdldl.

Bdidc cmlfhdkg amlecmld fmefrdag bdpdt cmlffuldhdl : suotepgh bdrg

pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl, ydgtu;

d) Pmlbmhdtdl Repgh

Pmlbmhdtdl glg bgfuldhdl ultuh cmlfhdkg cdsdidn/amlecmld fmefrdag

bdrg tepgh tmrtmltu ydlf cmlkdbg pusdt pmrndtgdl, cgsdilyd tmltdlf wdodn

pmlydhgt bg sudtu wgidydn bmlfdl jdrd cmlfhdkg;

- Pmlymodo wdodn pmlydhgt (cgsdi ; vgrus dtdu odhtmrg)

- Cmbgd pmlymodrdllyd

- Presms pmlymodrdl

- Gltmlsgtdslyd

- Gltmrmidsglyd bmlfdl fmkdid-fmkdid idgl bg smhgtdrlyd.

Bmlfdl pmlbmhdtdl tmrsmout dhdl bdpdt bgpmreimn fdcodrdl dwdi bdrg

wdodn pmlydhgt ydlf tmrkdbg.

o) Pmlbmhdtdl Dhtgvgtds

Pmlbmhdtdl glg cmlfhdkg amlecmld fmefrdag ydlf tmrkdbg bdrg omrodfdg

dhtgvgtds ydlf tmrkdbg. Cgsdilyd nuoulfdl cdtd pmljdndrgdl pmlbubuh bmlfdl

pmrsmodrdl bdl gltmrmidsglyd bmlfdl fmkdid-fmkdid fmesamr.

j) Pmlbmhdtdl _mfgeldi

Pmlbmhdtdl glg cmlfhdkg sudtu fmkdid fmefrdag bdl cmlmhdlhdl pdbd

rmfgel smodfdg rudlf tmcpdt fmkdid gtu tmrkdbg. _mfgel dbdidn sudtu wgidydn bg

pmrcuhddl oucg ydlf cmcgighg hdrdhtmrgstgh tmrtmltu ydlf hnds.

Jelten pmlffulddl pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl dbdidn pmrmljdlddl pmcouhddl

idndl ultuh bdmrdn pmrcuhgcdl ydlf odru. Bdtd-bdtd ydlf pmriu bghmtdnug ultuh

hmpmriudl tmrsmout tmrutdcd ydlf cmlydlfhut hmdbddl iehdsg, dltdrd idgl hmtglffgdl

tmcpdt, hmcgrglfdl imrmlf, kmlgs tdldn, bdl hmdbddl dgr tdldn. Ndi gtu hdrmld

hmdbddl agsgh iehdsg tmrsmout dhdl omrpmlfdrun tmrndbdp tglfhdt dbdptdsg cdlusgd

ydlf dhdl cmlmcpdtglyd.

(?) Hmiglfhulfdl (Mheiefg)

Pmlbmhdtdl mheiefg bdidc dldigsgs fmefrdag cmlmhdlhdl pdbd gltmrdhsg bdlgltmrbmpmlbmlsg dltdrcdlusgd bmlfdl iglfhulfdl ngbuplyd. Pmlbmhdtdl mheiefg



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

cmlfdldigsgs hmtmrhdgtdl dltdrd amlecmld fmesamr tmrtmltu bmlfdl vdrgdoim

iglfhulfdl. Omrpusdt pdbd gltmrmidsg hmngbupdl cdlusgd bmlfdl iglfhulfdl agsghlyd

ydlf cmcomltuh sgstmc hmrudlfdl dtdu mhesgstmc.

Iglfhulfdl fmefrdag pmlfmrtgdllyd sdcd bmlfdl iglfhulfdl ngbup. Gltmrdhsg

bdl gltmrbmpmbmlsg dbdidn aulfsg-aulfsg bdidc sgstmc smodfdg mhefmefrdag.Mhefmefrdg omrsgadt dltrepesmltrgs. Drtglyd, iglfhulfdl didc subdn tmrcdsuh bdidc

hmngbupdl cdlusgd, smodighlyd cdlusgd cmrupdhdl odfgdl bdrg iglfhulfdl ngbup.

Dltdr hecpelml sdiglf omrpmlfdrun smrtd cmcmlung pmrsydrdtdl hmsmsudgdl sudtu

hmngbupdl ydlf omridlfsulf smjdrd imstdrg bdl eptgcdi bg sudtu ndogtdt tmrtmltu.

Bdidc hdgtdllyd bmlfdl hdkgdl bdcpdh iglfhulfdl, helbgsg iglfhulfdl

bgmvdiudsg cmidiug pmlgidgdl (dldigsgs) bdcpdh iglfhulfdl dtdu stubg mvdiudsg

iglfhulfdl. Dpdogid subdn bgdcodlf odtds pmriu bghmtdnug tglbdhdl pmcuigndl bdl

rmljdld pmcdltdudl iglfhulfdl. ]pdyd imogn idlkut ultuh cmlfgltmrvmlsg didc

iglfhulfdl dbdidn bmlfdl cmcoudt pmrmljdlddl pmcdltdudl sucomr bdyd didc.

Pmcdltdudl glg omrtukudl dfdr sucomr bdyd didc bdpdt bgcdladdthdl smjdrd imstdrg,

eptgcdi, smrdsg, bdl smgcodlf.

Hmcdcpudl cdlusgd bdidc cmcdladdthdl iglfhulfdllyd ultuh omrodfdg

dhtgvgtds hmngbupdl cmrupdhdl jelten pmlbmhdtdl mheiefg. Cgsdilyd, cdlusgd ydlf

omrtmcpdt tglffdi bg pdltdg cmcgighg dhtgvgtds ydlf omrombd bmlfdl cdlusgd ydlf

tglffdi bg bdmrdn pmfululfdl.

(:) Hecpimhs Vgidydn

Pmlbmhdtdl hecpimhs wgidydn cmrupdhdl gltmfrdsg bdrg pmlbmhdtdl

hmrudlfdl bmlfdl pmlbmhdtdl mheiefg. Pmlbmhdtdl hecpimhs wgidydn cmlfdldigsgs

fmkdid dtdu amlecmld bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl dldigsgs hmrudlfdl bdl hmiglfhulfdl.

Pmrcdsdidndl ydlf tmrkdbg bgsudtu wgidydn tgbdh ndlyd cmigodthdl mimcml bg

wgidydn gtu, tmtdpg bmlfdl mimcml bg wgidydn idgl.

Pmlbmhdtdl glg cmlmhdlhdl pdbd hecpimhsgtds fmkdid bdrg mhsgstmlsg wgidydn.

Dldigsgs fmefrdag bdidc pmlbmhdtdl hecpimhs wgidydn cmcpmidkdrg amlecmld dtdu

hmkdbgdl omrbdsdrhdl nuoulfdl dspmh-dspmh sudtu wgidydn tmrtmltu ydlf omrhdgtdl

bmlfdl wgidydn idgllyd. Drtglyd, pmrcdsdidndl ydlf bghdkg bdidc pmlbmhdtdl

hecpimhs wgidydn dbdidn pmrcdsdidndl hmrudlfdl hecpimhs dltdrwgidydn ydlf

tgbdh bdpdt bgsmimsdghdl bmlfdl ndlyd pdbd sdtu rudlf wgidydn tmrtmltu. Jeltenlyd

dbdidn pmrcdsdidndl omljdld odlkgr.

]ltuh cmlfdtdsg cdsdidn odlkgr, tgbdh culfhgl ydlf bgdtdsg ndlyd bdmrdn ydlf

tmrhmld odlkgr sdkd. Cdsdidn odlkgr tgbdh dhdl smimsdg ogid ndlyd bdmrdn odlkgr ydlf

bgsmimsdghdl cdsdidnlyd. Ndi glg bgsmodohdl bdmrdn odlkgr tmrhdgt bmlfdl sgstmc BDZ

(Bdmrdn Digrdl Zulfdg). Kdbg, ultuh cmlfdtdsg pmrcdsdidndl odlkgr, sudtu sgstmc BDZ

ydlf cmljdhup odlydh wgidydn ndrus bgpmrndtghdl, ydgtu wgidydn odwdn (bdtdrdl

rmlbdn), wgidydn tmlfdn (ngigr), bdl wgidydn dtds (nuiu).



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

MQDI]DZG

Pgignidn kdwdodl ydlf tmpdt bdrg pmrlydtddl bgodwdn glg pdbd heiec.

4.

Pmlkmidsdl imogn kdun tmltdlf fmkdid-fmkdid ydlf bgsmigbghg dtdu bg pmidkdrg bgsmout

prglsgp ... .

?. Hmtmrhdgtdl dltdrd fmkdid sdtu bmlfdl fmkdid idgllyd bdidc sudtu rudlf tmrtmltu

cmrupdhdl prglsgp ... .

:. Fmkdid, adhtd bdl cdsdidn fmefrdag bgtglkdu pmlymodrdlyd, gltmrmidsglyd bdl

gltmrdhsglyd bdidc rudlf bgsmout smodfdg prglsgp ... .

2. Zmtgdp fmkdid bdl adhtd bg pmrcuhddl oucg tmrsmodr smjdrd tgbdh cmrdtd dltdrd

sudtu wgidydn bmlfdl wgidydn idgllyd cmrupdhdl prglsgp ... .

=. Pmlbubuh Puidu Kdwd imogn odlydh kghd bgodlbglfhdl bmlfdl pmlbubuh puidu

idgllyd bg Glbelmsgd. Amlecmld glg omrhdgtdl mrmdt bmlfdl prglsgp ... .1. Pmlmodlfdl nutdl smjdrd igdr bg omrodfdg tmcpdt bdpdt cmlymodohdl cdhgl

omrhurdlflyd bdmrdn rmsdpdl dgr bdl omrhurdlflyd bmogt dgr pdbd cusgc

hmcdrdu. Amlecmld glg smsudg bmlfdl prglsgp ... .

6. Pmlkmidsdl smodo-smodo gltmrdhsg bdl gltmrmidsg dltdr amlecmld dtdu fmkdid

fmefrdag cmlffuldhdl prglsgp ... .

>. Pdbd sudtu wgidydn pmfululfdl, dbd ydlf smodfgdl bgcdladdthdl ultuh hdwdsdl

oubg bdyd bdl dbdpuid ydlf smodfgdl bgcdladdthdl ultuh hdwdsdl iglbulf. Ndi

glg smsudg bmlfdl prglsgp ... .

7.

Glbelmsgd tmrodfg cmlkdbg tgfd bdmrdn wdhtu. Prglsgp fmefrdag ydlf smsudg bmlfdlamlecmld tmrsmout dbdidn prglsgp ... .

40. Qdrgdsg jurdn nukdl cmlfdhgodthdl pmrombddl kmlgs tdldcdl ydlf tucoun bg

smtgdp wgidydn. Prglsgp fmefrdag ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl amlecmld tmrsmout dbdidn

prglsgp ... .

44. Rgfd pmlbmhdtdl ydlf bgfuldhdl ultuh cmlfdldigsgs omrodfdg fmkdid bg

pmrcuhddl oucg ydgtu ... , ... , bdl ... .

4?. Cmlfdldigsgs hmtmrhdgtdl hmngbupdl cdlusgd bmlfdl iglfhulfdl agsghlyd ydlf

cmcomltuh sudtu sgstmc hmrudlfdl dtdu mhesgstmc cmlffuldhdl pmlbmhdtdl ... .

4:.

Cmlfdldigsgs fmkdid dtdu amlecmld fmefrdags omrbdsdrhdl pmlymodrdllyd bdidcrudlf cmlffuldhdl pmlbmhdtdl ... .

d. Hereiefg

o. Pmrsmodrdl

j. Bmshrgpsg

b. Gltmrmidsg

m. Hmrudlfdl

a. Hmiglfhulfdl

f. Hmwgidydndl (Hecpimhs Vgidydn)



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

42. Cmlfdldigsgs sudtu fmkdid bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl dldigsgs hmrudlfdl bdl

hmiglfhulfdl cmrupdhdl cmtebm pmlbmhdtdl ... .

4=. Hmdlmhdrdfdcdl cdtdpmljdndrgdl pmlbubuh bg bdmrdn bdtdrdl rmlbdn, pdltdg

cdupul bdmrdn pmfululfdl bdpdt bgdldigsgs bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl pmlbmhdtdl ...

.41. Pmcdldsdl fieodi dbdidn amlecmld fmesamr ydlf tmrkdbg smjdrd cmlymiurun bg

oucg. ]ltuh cmlfdldigsgs amlecmld tmrsmout cmlffuldhdl pmlbmhdtdl ... .

46. Pmlbmhdtdl ydlf cmlglkdu cdlusgd smodfdg sudtu suokmh pdbd hmsdtudl rudlf

dbdidn pmlbmhdtdl .... .

4>. Pmrmljdlddl pmcouhddl idndl bg sudtu wgidydn bdpdt bgdldigsd bmlfdl

cmlffuldhdl pmlbmhdtdl ... .

47. Jurdn nukdl ydlf tglffg bg Oeyeidig cmlymodohdl tmrkdbglyd pmrgstgwd tdldn

ielfser. ]ltuh cmlfdldigsgs amlecmld fmesamr tmrsmout cmlffuldhdl

pmlbmhdtdl ... .

?0. Pmcodidhdl igdr nutdl bg Rdcdl Ldsgeldi Fululf Imusmr tmidn cmlfdhgodthdl

odlkgr odlbdlf bdl tdldn ielfser ydlf cmlgcouihdl hmrusdhdl didc bdl

cmrufghdl hmngbupdl cdhniuh ngbup bg smhgtdrlyd, pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdag ultuh

cmcodnds amlecmld tmrsmout dbdidn pmlbmhdtdl ... .



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

H]LJG KDVDODL

4.

J?. B

:. D

2. O

=. O

1. B

6. J

>.

O7. D

40. O

44. M, A, bdl F

4?. A

4:. M

42. F

4=.

M41. A

46. A

4>. M

47. A

?0. F



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 2

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.










smndrg-ndrg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.





fmefrdag.



1. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg dspmh fmefrdag.






fmefrdag.




smndrg-ndrg.


ndrg.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Dspmh fmefrdag

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Rmodh Hdtd




Vdhtu

Pmcouhd

Cmcomrghdl sdidc Cmldlydhdl hmpdbd sgswd hmsgdpdl bdl hmlydcdldl

40 cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

ultuh omidkdr





pewmr peglt





Furu cmldydlfhdl pegl-pegl cdtmrg dspmh fmefrdag





cdtmrg ydlf bgsdcpdghdl Furu cmcpmrsgidnhdl sgswd omrtdlyd bdl





Furu cmcpmrsgidnhdl sgswd ultuh cmcodjd hmcodig

cdtmrg ydlf tmidn bgsdcpdghdl bdrg ouhu sucomr bdl

jdtdtdl

Furu cmlygdphdl hdrtu pmrtdlyddl

Furu cmcomrgtdnuhdl sgstmcdtghd pmrcdgldl Furu cmldwdrhdl hmpdbd sgswd ultuh cmlkdbg

pmcodjd pmrtdlyddl bdl cmcgcpgl omrkdidllyd

pmrcdgldl

Zgswd cmcodjdhdl pmrtdlyddl bdl sgswd idgl omrmout

ultuh cmlkdwdo pmrtdlyddl. Zgswd ydf omrndsgi

cmlkdwdo pmrtdlyddl dhdl cmlbdpdthdl lgidg 4 pegl.

Pmcmldlflyd dbdidn sgswd bmlfdl pegl tmrtglffg.

Furu omrtglbdh smodfdg pmlfdwds bdl pmlfdrdn

smidcd pmrcdgldl omrkdidl.

Furu cmcomrghdl rmwdrb hmpdbd sgswd pmcmldlf

Furu cmlfhelbgsghdl hmids hmcodig bdl cmcodfghdl

pmrtdlyddl hmpdbd sgswd

440 cmlgt






tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


- Rmhlgh ; Lel-Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; Pmlgidgdl sghdp

^.


Gltmrlmt

Mlsghiepmbgd Fmefrdag

Pewmr peglt tmltdlf dspmh-dspmh fmefrdag


Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

CDRM_G DKD_

DZPMH FMEF_DAG

Fmefrdag cmrupdhdl gicu ydlf cmcpmidkdrg pmrsdcddl bdl pmrombddl fmesamr

bmlfdl subut pdlbdlf hmrudlfdl, hmiglfhulfdl, bdl hecpimhs wgidydn. Dspmh ydlf

bgpmidkdrg cmigputg dspmh agsgh bdl dspmh cdlusgd.

(4) Dspmh Agsgh

Dspmh agsgh omrupd hmdbddl didc smjdrd lydtd bdl omrsgadt tgbdh bgldcgs. Dhdl

tmtdpg, hmdbddl didc glg cmlfdidcg pmruodndl wdidupul tgbdh smjmpdt pmruodndl

hmdbddl cdlusgd. Hmdbddl didc cmigputg iglfhulfdl didc bdl omltdlf didc. Pdbd

iglfhulfdl didc tmrjdhup ulsur presms bdl ulsur agsgh.

]lsur presms cmigputg presms mresg, smbgcmltdsg, sgrhuidsg dgr, fmkdid-fmkdidvuihdlgscm bdl idgl smodfdglyd.

]lsur agsgh tmrbgrg bdrg agsgh, tepeiefg, bdl ogetgh. ]lsur agsgh cmigputg ghigc,

dgr, bdl tdldn. ]lsur tepeiefg tmrbgrg bdrg iuds, imtdh, bdl omltuh. ]lsur

ogetgh cmigputg aierd, aduld bdl erfdlgscm.

(?) Dspmh Cdlusgd

Dspmh cdlusgd omrupd hmdbddl cdlusgd. Hdbddl cdlusgd cmlfdidcg

pmruodndl ydlf imogn jmpdt bdl bgldcgs. Hmdbddl cdlusgd cmigputg iglfhulfdl

sesgdi, omltdlf didc oubg bdydd, bdl cdsydrdhdt.Iglfhulfdl sesgdi omrupd adhter-adhter hmogdsddl, nuhuc, bdl hmpmrjdyddl.

Omltdlf didc oubg bdyd omrupd nutdl oudtdl, bdldu oudtdl, pmrhmouldl, bdl

pmrsdwdndl. Iglfhulfdl fmefrdag sdlfdt omrpmlfdrun tmrndbdp pmcusdtdl

pmlbubuh, smodrdl pmlbubuh, pmrgidhu bdl hmoubdyddl smrtd nuoulfdllyd bmlfdl

hmdbddl didc smhgtdrlyd.

Dspmh agsgh bdidc fmefrdag ndlyd cmcodnds ulsur-ulsur fmesamr ydlf omrsgadt

agsgh dltdrd idgl cmigputg tdldn, dgr, ghigc bmlfdl smfdid presms didcgdnlyd. Dspmh sesgdi

fmefrdag cmlfdcogi cdlusgd bmlfdl omrodfdg fmkdidlyd smodfdg eokmh stubg peheh,smpmrtg dspmh hmpmlbubuhdl, dspmh dhtgvgtds mhelecg, sesgdi, oubdyd, bdl peigtghlyd.

]ltuh cmcombdhdl hmbud dspmh tmrsmout, hdcu bdpdt cmigndt cmidiug fmkdid-

fmkdid fmesamr bdidc hmngbupdl smndrg-ndrg. Cgsdilyd, tmrkdbglyd pmruodndl cusgc,

fmcpd oucg, cmimtuslyd fululf omrdpg, peid pmlfdigrdl sulfdg, bdl idgl-idgl

cmrupdhdl dspmh agsgh fmefrdag. Zmbdlfhdl ydlf cmlfdlfhut dspmh cdlusgdlyd dltdrd

idgl, ceogigtds pmlbubuh, urodlgsdsg, cdsydrdhdt hetd bmlfdl hmfgdtdl glbustrg bdl

pmrbdfdlfdllyd, hmfgdtdl pmrtdlgdl bg bmsd, bdl idgl smodfdglyd.

Hmbud dspmh fmefrdag tmrsmout tgbdh bgodnds smlbgrg-smlbgrg, cmidglhdl sdiglf

omrnuoulfdl (hermidsg) cmcomltuh omrodfdg fmkdid bdl amlecmld bg pmrcuhddl oucg

ydlf tgbdh tmrimpds bdrg hmfgdtdl didc bdl cdlusgd smjdrd omrsdcd-sdcd smrtd sdiglf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

cmcpmlfdrung. Cgsdilyd, hmtmrsmbgddl dgr tdldn tmrfdltulf pdbd odlydh smbghgtlyd

pmrmsdpdl dgr hm bdidc tdldn. Ndi glg bgpmlfdrung eimn kmlgs odtudl bdl kmlgs

pmlutupdl idndl. Kmlgs pmlutupdl idndl sdlfdt tmrfdltulf pdbd dhtgvgtds cdlusgd

bdidc cmlfeidn idndl. Kghd idndl odlydh bgtutup eimn tmcoeh-tmcoeh hdrmld hmfgdtdl

glbustrg dtdu pmrcuhgcdl cdhd hmsmcpdtdl tdldn ultuh cmlymrdp dgr sdlfdt smbghgtbdl dhgodtlyd jdbdlfdl dgr tdldn dhdl omrhurdlf. Jelten idgl, hmfgdtdl pmrtdlgdl bg

bdtdrdl rmlbdn imogn cmlfdlbdihdl pmrtdlgdl sdwdn (idndl odsdn) hdrmld odlydh

tmrsmbgd dgr, smbdlfhdl bg pmfululfdl, pmlbubuh imogn odlydh cmlfusdndhdl

pmrhmouldl dtdu pmrtdlgdl idndl hmrglf hdrmld imogn cmlfdlbdihdl nukdl smodfdg

sucomr dgrlyd.

Fmefrdag bgombdhdl cmlkdbg bud, ydgtu fmefrdag agsgh bdl fmefrdag cdlusgd.

Fmefrdag agsgh cmcpmidkdrg cmlfmldg dspmh-dspmh agsgh smpmrtg rmigma oucg, struhtur

odtudl, dgr, judjd bdl ghigc, smrtd aierd bdl aduld. Fmefrdag cdlusgd cmcpmidkdrg dspmh-

dspmh sesgdi, dltdrd idgl peigtgh, mhelecg, sesgdi bdl oubdyd.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD



Repgh ; Idlfhdn Pmlmigtgdl Fmefrdag

Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; =

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.







4.? Cmlsyuhurg pmljgptddl oucg tmcpdt hmngbupdl smodfdg hdrulgd Rundl Wdlf

Cdnd Pmlfdsgn bmlfdl jdrd turut cmcmigndrdlyd.



?.? Cmlulkuhhdl pmrgidhu ydlf omrtdlffulf kdwdo smodfdg cdhniuh ydlf bdpdt

omraghgr gicgdn.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

:.? Cmlfdldigsgs idlfhdn-idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag tmrndbdp amlecmld

fmesamrd.

2.? Cmlydkghdl jelten pmlmrdpdl idlfhdn-idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag bdidc

omltuh idperdl eosmrvdsg idpdlfdl.


4. Cmlulkuhhdl lgidg-lgidg syuhur pdbd jgptddl Rundl WCM omrupd presms

pmljgptddl didc smcmstd

?. Cmlulkuhhdl pmrgidhu predhtga bdidc cmcpmidkdrg ndhmhdt gicu bdl pmrdl


:. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp omrpghgr gicgdn bdl pmbuig tmrndbdp hmimstdrgdl

iglfhulfdl smhgtdr

2. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp kukur bdl tdlffulf kdwdo bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-

tufds bdrg pmcomidkdrdl fmefrdag

=. Cdcpu omrpghgr smjdrd gicgdn bdl cmlmigtg tmltdlf helbgsg agsgh

iglfhulfdllyd

1. Cmcdndcg tmltdlf sgadt stubg fmefrdag

6. Cmcdndcg omrodfdg cdjdc pmlbmhdtdl dldigsgs stubg fmefrdag



4. Cmldldchdl pmcdndcdl sgswd tmltdlf ndhghdt gicu bdidc heltmhs

pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag.?. Cmcogld hmcdcpudl sgswd bdidc cmcdndcg bdl cmldldchdl hmpmbuigdl

tmrndbdp pmrcdsdidndl bdl pmcmjdndllyd cmidiug pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag.


fmefrdag

2. Cmlulkuhdl sghdp tdlffulf kdwdo bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-tufds bdrg

pmcomidkdrdl fmefrdag

=. Cmcogcoglf sgswd bdidc cmcdndcg tmltdlf sgadt stubg fmefrdag

1. Cmcogcoglf sgswd bdidc cmcdndcg omrodfdg cdjdc pmlbmhdtdl dldigsgs

stubg fmefrdag

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Zgadt stubg fmefrdag

Pmlbmhdtdl dldigsgs stubg fmefrdag

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt





_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Ztrdtmfg ; Jeepmrdtgvm slewodii tnrewglf




wdhtu

Pmlbdnuiudl Cmcomrghdl sdidc


ultuh omidkdr


Cmcpmrsgidhdl sdidn sdtu sgswd cmcgcpgl bed

Rdlyd kdwdo cdtmrg smomiuclyd cmlfmldg pmlfmtdnudl

bdsdr fmefrdag

Cmlydcpdghdl tukudl pmcomidkdrdl cmidiug pewmr

peglt

40 cmlgt

Gltg Cmldydlfhdl fdcodr amlecmld-amlecmld didc ydlf

omrnuoulfdl bmlfdl fmefrdag

Furu cmlkmidshdl cdtmrg cmlfmldg Idlfhdn Pmlmigtgdl

Fmefrdag smjdrd hmsmiurundl

Zgswd cmlbdpdthdl pmlkmidsdl tmltdlf presms

pmidhsdlddl cmtebm slewodii tnrewglf

Zgswd bgodfg hm bdidc 1 hmiecpeh ydlf omrdlffetdhdl

=-1 erdlf

Zmtmidn cmcomltu hmiecpeh, Furu cmcdlffgi cdsglf-

cdsglf hmtud hmiecpeh ultuh cmcomrghdl pmlkmidsdluidlf tmltdlf cdtmrg bdl cmlydkghdl sdtu cdhdidn

pmlmigtgdl tmltdlf ’Pmlfdrun Igcodn O: (OdndlOmrodndyd Bdl Omrdjul) Rmrndbdp Iglfhulfdl bdl

Jdrd Pmldlffuidlfdllyd–

Cdsglf-cdsglf hmtud hmiecpeh hmcodig hm

hmiecpehlyd cdsglf-cdsglf, hmcubgdl cmlkmidshdl

cdtmrg ydlf bgsdcpdghdl eimn furu hmpdbd tmcdllyd

Hmcubgdl cdsglf-cdsglf sgswd bgomrghdl sdtu imcodr

hmrtds hmrkd, ultuh cmluigshdl sdtu pmrtdlyddl dpd sdkd

ydlf cmlydlfhut cdtmrg ydlf subdn bgkmidshdl eimnhmtud hmiecpeh

Hmcubgdl hmrtds tmrsmout bgoudt smpmrtg oeid bdl

bgimcpdr bdrg sdtu sgswd hm sgswd ydlf idgl smidcd ´ 4=

cmlgt

Zmtmidn sgswd bdpdt sdtu oeid/sdtu pmrtdlyddl bgomrghdl

hmsmcpdtdl hmpdbd sgswd ultuh cmlkdwdo pmrtdlyddl

ydlf tmrtuigs bdidc hmrtds omromltuh oeid tmrsmout

smjdrd omrfdltgdl.

10 cmlgt

Pmlutup Hidrgaghdsg/hmsgcpuidl sgswd bgodltu eimn furu

cmlygcpuihdl cdtmrg cmlfmldg idlfhdn-idlfhdn bdidc

pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag

Mvdiudsg ultuh cmlfuhur hmtmrjdpdgdl tukudl

?0 cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


wdhtu

pmcomidkdrdl

Zgswd cmidhuhdl rmaimhsg tmltdlf pmidhsdlddl

pmcomidkdrdl

Zgswd cmcoudt tufds ultuh cmlfdldigsgs tmltdlf

pmlbmhdtdl stubg fmefrdag dpd sdkd ydlf dbd

omrbdsdrhdl cdhdidn pmlmigtgdl cmlfmldg ’PmlfdrunIgcodn O: (Odndl Omrodndyd Bdl Omrdjul) Rmrndbdp

Iglfhulfdl bdl Jdrd Pmldlffuidlfdllyd–.

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

-

Omltuh ; 4. Imcodr pmlfdcdtdl hmrkd hmiecpeh?. Zedi Mssdy

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf Zgadt stubg fmefrdag bdl pmlbmhdtdl dldigsgs stubg

fmefrdag

^G. Didt Omidkdr

Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

Zgadt Ztubg Fmefrdag

Cmlurut Qel _gtneaaml bdidc Fmefrdag ydlf bghdkg dbdidn omrupd stubg tmltdlf

fmkdid bdl sgadt-sgadt pmrcuhddl oucg smrtd pmlbubuhlyd ydlf bgsusul omrbdsdrhdlimtdhlyd, bdl cmljeod cmlkmidshdl nuoulfdl tgcodi odigh dltdrd fmkdid-fmkdid bdl

sgadt tmrsmout.

Idlfhdn-Idlfhdn Pmlmigtgdl Fmefrdag

Ndi-ndi ydlf ndrus bghudsdg eimn erdlf-erdlf ydlf omrhmjgcpulf bdidc

pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag dltdrd idgl eosmrvdsg idpdlfdl, cmcoudt bdl cmlffuldhdl

omrodfdg pmtd, cmlffuldhdl bdl cmlyusul sudtu behucmltdsg, cmlyusul bdl

cmcoudt cebmi, bdl idgl-idgllyd.

Idlfhdn-idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag pmidhsdlddllyd smodfdg omrghut ;

d. Pmrucusdl bdl pmrlydtddl cdsdidn pmlmigtgdl.

o. Pmrucusdl bdl tukudl pmlmigtgdl.

j. Pmlyusuldl ngpetmsgs pmlmigtgdl.

b. Pmlmltudl pepuidsg bdl pmldrghdl sdcpmi.

m. Rmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd.

a. Dldigsgs bdl gltmrprmtdsg bdtd.

f. Pmldrghdl hmsgcpuidl ndsgi pmlmigtgdl.

Pmlbmhdtdl Pmlmigtgdl Fmefrdag

Bdidc fmefrdag tmrpdbu, pdrd dnig fmefrdag tgbdh ndlyd cmcaehushdl

hdkgdllyd pdbd eokmh cdtmrgdi, tmtdpg imogn cmlmhdlhdl pdbd subut pdlbdlf

hmgicudllyd. Cmlurut Pmtmr Ndffmt ultuh cmlmcuhdl cdsdidn fmefrdag, cdhd

bgfuldhdl tgfd omltuh pmlbmhdtdl, ydgtu pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl, pmlbmhdtdl

mheiefg, bdl pmlbmhdtdl hecpimhs wgidydn.

4. Pmlbmhdtdl Hmrudlfdl

Amlecmld fmefrdag omrombd bdrg wgidydn ydlf sdtu bmlfdl wgidydn ydlf idgl bdl

cmcpulydg peid hmrudlfdl/spdsgdi tmrtmltu (spdtgdi strujturm). Rufds pdrd dnig

fmefrdag dbdidn cmlkdwdo pmrtdlyddl cmlfdpd peid hmrudlfdl bdrg amlecmld fmefrdag

tmrsmout

tmrstruhtur smpmrtg gtu, bdl odfdgcdld tmrkdbglyd (spdtgdi prejmss). Omrbdsdrhdl

pmrombddl

glg tgcoui gltmrdhsg dltdrwgidydn bdidc omltuh dbdlyd pmrfmrdhdl cdlusgd, odrdlf

bdl kdsd. Rmcd dldigsgs hmrudlfdl cmrupdhdl jgrg utdcd bdrg fmefrdag, smidgl gtu,

dldigsgs hmrudlfdl kufd pdiglf hudt hmcdcpudllyd ultuh cmidhuhdl pmrucusdl(fmlmrdigsdsg) bdidc rdlfhd cmlyusul tmerg. Cgsdi, jelten helhrmt pmlffulddl



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl ultuh cmlfhdkg dltdrd tglfhdt hmcgrglfdl imrmlf, kmlgs tdldn,

bdl vmfmtdsg bmlfdl tmrkdbglyd mresg.

?. Pmlbmhdtdl Mheiefg

Dldigsgs mheiefg cmcdlbdlf rdlfhdgdl amlecmld bdidc sdtu hmsdtudl rudlf.

Amlecmld fmefrdag cmcomltuh sudtu rdlfhdgdl ydlf sdiglf omrhdgtdl bg bdidc smoudn

sgstmc, bmlfdl cdlusgd smodfdg ulsur utdcdlyd. Cmcdlf omldr odnwd tdlpd cdlusgd

pul presms didc tmtdp omridlfsulf bdidc hmsmgcodlfdl ydlf smrdsg. Kustru

bmlfdl jdcpur tdlfdl cdlusgd cdhd hmsmgcodlfdl hdbdlf-hdbdlf cmlkdbg

tmrfdlffu bdl odnhdl sdcpdg hm tglfhdt ydlf cmlfhndwdtgrhdl. Rgbdh cmlfnmrdlhdl

odnwd odlydh bg dltdrd pdrd dnig fmefrdag cmcdsuhhdl dldigsgs mheiefg smodfdg sdidn

sdtu dldigsgs fmefrdag ydlf pmltglf bg sdcpglf dldigsgs fmefrdag idgllyd.

Dldigsgs mheiefg glg odlydh bgfuldhdl bdidc hmngbupdl cdlusgd, dltdrd idglultuh cmlfhdkg sghius ngbreiefg, sghius mresg, pmlfmieiddl BDZ, smrtd pmlfmieiddl

iglfhulfdl bdl sucomr bdyd. Hmimcdndl dldigsgs mheiefg tmrimtdh pdbd hmhudtdl

pmrucusdl ydlf imogn hmjgi bgodlbglf bmlfdl dldigsgs hmrudlfdl. Zmodfdg dhgodtlyd,

hmhudtdl ultuh cmcoudnhdl tmerg pul imogn hmjgi puid bdl hmulffuidllyd tmrimtdh

pdbd aehus ydlf imogn omsdr tmrndbdp cdsdidn iglfhulfdl.

Pdbd sddt glg, bdtd hmrudlfdl tmrsmbgd bdidc aercdt ZGF dtdu

aercdt-aercdt ydlf hecpdtgomi bmlfdl ZGF. ]ltuh ogbdlf/bgsgpigl gicu idgl ydlf

omrombd bdl cmlfndsgihdl omrodfdg bdtd spdsgdi, bdpdt bgprmsmltdsghdl ndsgindsgihmrkdlyd (eutput) bdidc omltuh ZGF. Dldigsgs hmrudlfdl bdpdt bgkdbghdl didt

heculghdsg dltdromrodfdg bgsgpigl gicu, smhdigfus cmrupdhdl sdrdld pmrtuhdrdl bdtd

ydlf mamhtga.

Mbg Prdndstd, ?00? ; > GlaeFme 40 Fmefrdag ZCD/CD Hmids ^ P_EB]JRGQGRW

:. Pmlbmhdtdl Hecpimhs Vgidydn

Dldigsgs hecpimhs wgidydn cmrupdhdl pmrpdbudl dltdrd dldigsgs hmrudlfdl

bdl dldigsgs mheiefg. Hmimcdndl dldigsgs hecpimhs wgidydn dbdidn hurdlf kmidslyd

struhtur smrtd aehus ydlf omrergmltdsg pdbd cdsdidn. Hmulffuidllyd tmrimtdh

pdbd aulfsglyd smodfdg sgltmsgs ydlf cmculfhglhdl pmcdndcdl smjdrd neigstgh

bdl hecprmnmlsga dtds wgidydn. Ndi glg sdlfdt bgpmriuhdl bg bdidc pmlfmieiddl

iglfhulfdl bdl sucomr bdyd. Pmlbmhdtdl hecpimhs wgidydn smodfdg sdidn sdtu

dldigsgs fmefrdag dltdrd idgl bghmcuhdhdl eimn Ndrtsnerlm (47:7), Iujhmrcdll (4712),

Oremh (471=), Cgtjnmii (4767), bdl Ndffmt (47>:).



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Rukudl pmcomidkdrdl Fmefrdag cmigputg tgfd dspmh, ydgtu pmlfmtdnudl,

hmtmrdcpgidl, bdl sghdp.

d. Pmlfmtdnudl

4) Cmlfmcodlfhdl helsmp bdsdr Fmefrdag ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl peid hmrudlfdl bdl

presms-presmslyd.?) Cmlfmcodlfhdl pmlfmtdnudl sucomr bdyd didc, pmiudlf, bdl hmtmrodtdsdllyd

ultuh bgcdladdthdl.

4) Cmlfmcodlfhdl helsmp bdsdr Fmefrdag ydlf omrnuoulfdl bmlfdliglfhulfdl

smhgtdr bdl wgidydn lmfdrd/bulgd.

o. Hmtmrdcpgidl

4) Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmtmrdcpgidl cmlfdcdtg iglfhulfdl agsgh, iglfhulfdl sesgdi, bdl

iglfhulfdl oglddl.

?) Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmtmrdcpgidl cmlfucpuihdl, cmljdtdt bdtd, bdl glaercdsg ydlf

omrhdgtdl bmlfdl dspmh-dspmh hmrudlfdl.

:) Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmtmrdcpgidl dldigsgs, sgltmsgs, hmjmlbmrulfdl, bdl ndsgi-ndsgi

bdrg gltmrdhsg omrodfdg fmkdid fmefrdags.

j. sghdp

4) cmlucounhdl hmsdbdrdl tmrndbdp pmruodndl amlecmld fmefrdag ydlf tmrkdbg bg

iglfhulfdl smhgtdr

?) cmlfmcodlfhdl sghdp cmiglbulfg bdl tdlffulf kdwdo tmrndbdp hudigtds

iglfhulfdl ngbup

:)

cmlfmcodlfhdl hmpmhddl tmrndbdp pmrcdsdidndl bdidc ndi pmcdladdtdl sucomr

bdyd

2) Cmlfmcodlfhdl sghdp teimrdlsg tmrndbdp pmrombddl sesgdi oubdyd

=) Cmwukubhdl rdsd jgltd tdldn dgr bdl pmrsdtudl odlfsd.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

Bgshusg

Dldigsgsidn tmltdlf pmlbmhdtdl stubg fmefrdag dpd sdkd ydlf dbd bgbdidccdhdidn pmlmigtgdl cmlfmldg ’Pmlfdrun Igcodn O: (Odndl Omrodndyd Bdl Omrdjul)

Rmrndbdp Iglfhulfdl bdl Jdrd Pmldlffuidlfdllyd–.

Jdtdtdl; Dldigsgs bghmtgh bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl nurua Rgcms Lmw _ecdl, 4?,

spdsg 4,=, prglt -eut hmrtds D2, cdhsgcdi 40 imcodr.

Zedi ]rdgdl

4. Odfdgcdldhdn sgadt stubg fefrdag gtu5

?. Zmouthdl idlfhdn-idlfhdn dpd sdkd ydlf cmstg bgidhuhdl bdidc pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag.

:. Zmouthdl jelten helhrmt pmlffulddl pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl ydlf hdigdl hmtdnug.

2. Zmouthdl bdl kmidshdl : dsmh ydlf tmrbddt bdidc pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag.

=. Jdrgidn omrgtd bdrg omrodfdg cmbgd cdssd tmltdlf jelten pmrgstgwd ydlf dbd

hdgtdllyd bmlfdl pmlbmhdtdl hmiglfhulfdl.

Huljg Kdwdodl

4. Cmlurut Qel _gtneaaml bdidc Fmefrdag ydlf bghdkg dbdidn omrupd stubg tmltdlf

fmkdid bdl sgadt-sgadt pmrcuhddl oucg smrtd pmlbubuhlyd ydlf bgsusul

omrbdsdrhdl imtdhlyd, bdl cmljeod cmlkmidshdl nuoulfdl tgcodi odigh dltdrd

fmkdid-fmkdid bdl sgadt tmrsmout

?. Idlfhdn-idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag pmidhsdlddllyd smodfdg omrghut ;

d. Pmrucusdl bdl pmrlydtddl cdsdidn pmlmigtgdl.

o. Pmrucusdl bdl tukudl pmlmigtgdl.

j. Pmlyusuldl ngpetmsgs pmlmigtgdl.

b. Pmlmltudl pepuidsg bdl pmldrghdl sdcpmi.

m. Rmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd.

a. Dldigsgs bdl gltmrprmtdsg bdtd.

f. Pmldrghdl hmsgcpuidl ndsgi pmlmigtgdl.

:. jelten helhrmt pmlffulddl pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl ultuh cmlfhdkg dltdrd tglfhdt

hmcgrglfdl imrmlf, kmlgs tdldn, bdl vmfmtdsg bmlfdl tmrkdbglyd mresg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

2. Rukudl pmcomidkdrdl Fmefrdag cmigputg tgfd dspmh, ydgtu pmlfmtdnudl,

hmtmrdcpgidl, bdl sghdp.

d. Pmlfmtdnudl

Cmlfmcodlfhdl helsmp bdsdr Fmefrdag ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl peidhmrudlfdl bdl presms-presmslyd.

Cmlfmcodlfhdl pmlfmtdnudl sucomr bdyd didc, pmiudlf, bdl

hmtmrodtdsdllyd ultuh bgcdladdthdl.

Cmlfmcodlfhdl helsmp bdsdr Fmefrdag ydlf omrnuoulfdl

bmlfdliglfhulfdl smhgtdr bdl wgidydn lmfdrd/bulgd.

o. Hmtmrdcpgidl

Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmtmrdcpgidl cmlfdcdtg iglfhulfdl agsgh, iglfhulfdl

sesgdi, bdl iglfhulfdl oglddl. Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmtmrdcpgidl cmlfucpuihdl, cmljdtdt bdtd, bdl

glaercdsg ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl dspmh-dspmh hmrudlfdl.

Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmtmrdcpgidl dldigsgs, sgltmsgs, hmjmlbmrulfdl, bdl ndsgi-

ndsgi bdrg gltmrdhsg omrodfdg fmkdid fmefrdags.

j. sghdp

cmlucounhdl hmsdbdrdl tmrndbdp pmruodndl amlecmld fmefrdag ydlf

tmrkdbg bg iglfhulfdl smhgtdr

cmlfmcodlfhdl sghdp cmiglbulfg bdl tdlffulf kdwdo tmrndbdp hudigtds

iglfhulfdl ngbup cmlfmcodlfhdl hmpmhddl tmrndbdp pmrcdsdidndl bdidc ndi pmcdladdtdl

sucomr bdyd

Cmlfmcodlfhdl sghdp teimrdlsg tmrndbdp pmrombddl sesgdi oubdyd

Cmwukubhdl rdsd jgltd tdldn dgr bdl pmrsdtudl odlfsd.

=. Pmlbmhdtdl fmefrdag bgombdhdl cmlkdbg tgfd, ydgtu pmlbmhdtdl hmrudlfdl,

hmiglfhulfdl bdl hecpimhs wgidydn. Pmlbmhdtdl tmrsmout bgfuldhdl smsudg bmlfdl

amlecmld ydlf bgpmidkdrg. Amlecmld ydlf tmrhdgt bdidc hdkgdl glg dbdidn omljdld

tdldn ielfser ydlf tmrkdbg bg Fululf Imusmr, Djmn. Rdldn ielfser ydlf tmrkdbgbgsmodohdl eimn hmrusdhdl nutdl dhgodt pmlmodlfdl igdr smnglffd nutdl cmlkdbg

fulbui. Nutdl tgbdh omraulfsg smodfdg bdmrdn rmsdpdl smnglffd cmcgju tmrkdbglyd

tdldn ielfser. Omljdld glg cmrupdhdl omljdld mheiefgs ydlf cmrusdh iglfhulfdl.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtg

hd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm

bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ; Cdsglf-cdsglf heiec bggsg bmlfdl hrgtmrgd

2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 1

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.












omraghgr gicgdn.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


fmesamrd.









iglfhulfdl smhgtdr


fmefrdag

=. Cdcpu cmlfdldigsgs bdl omrpghgr smjdrd gicgdn tmltdlf helbgsg agsgh

iglfhulfdllyd

1. Cmldldchdl pmcdndcdl sgswd tmltdlf pmrhmcodlfdl pmlfmtdnudl, gicu

bdidc heltmhsgtds cmtebeiefg pmlmigtgdl

6. cmcogcoglf sgswd ultuh cmcdndcg cdjdc-cdjdc tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl

bdtd fmefrdag


Cmidiug bgshusg, cmlfdcdtg, bdl cmcodjd rmamrmlsg sgswd bdpdt;4. Cmldldchdl pmcdndcdl sgswd tmltdlf ndhghdt gicu bdidc heltmhs

pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag.

?. Cmcogld hmcdcpudl sgswd bdidc cmcdndcg bdl cmldldchdl

hmpmbuigdl tmrndbdp pmrcdsdidndl bdl pmcmjdndllyd cmidiug pmlmigtgdl

fmefrdag.

:. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp kukur bdl tdlffulf kdwdo bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-


2. Cdcpu cmlfdldigsgs bdl omrpghgr smjdrd gicgdn bdidc cmlmigtg tmltdlf

helbgsg agsgh iglfhulfdllyd=. Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmcdcpudl sgswd bdidc cmlfdldigsgs bdtd odgh, fmkdid

didc bdl sejgdi smodfdg amlecmld fmefrdag bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl

pmlbmhdtdl ydlf tmpdt cmidiug pmrtgcodlfdl gicgdn.

1. cmcdndcg cdjdc-cdjdc tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd fmefrdag

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Cmtebm dldigsgs Fmefrdag

Rmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd fmefrdag



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt


Pmlbmhdtdl ; Zjgmltgagj Ztrdtmfg ; Jeepmrdtgvm tdiihglf stgjh




wdhtu



ultuh omidkdr

Cmldlydhdl hmndbgrdl sgswd Cmcpmrsgidhdl sdidn sdtu sgswd cmcgcpgl bed

Rdlyd kdwdo cdtmrg smomiuclyd cmlfmldg idlfdh-

idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag


peglt

40 cmlgt

Gltg Zgswd cmlbdpdthdl pmlkmidsdl tmltdlf presms

pmidhsdlddl cmtebm tdiihglf stgjh


=-1 erdlf (hmiecpeh hmcdrgl/dwdi)

Zmtmidn cmcomltu hmiecpeh, Furu cmlkmidshdl smbghgtcmlfmldg cdtmrg idlkutdl tmltdlf cmtebm bdl tmhlgh

pmlfucpuidl bdtd fmefrdag.

Hmcubgdl cdsglf-cdsglf hmiecpeh bgcgltd ultuh

cmlbgshusghdl cmlfmldg cmtebm bdl tmhlgh

pmlfucpuidl bdtd dpd ydlf bgfuldhdl bdrg cdhdidn

pmlmigtgdl tmltdlf ’Pmlfdrun Igcodn O: (OdndlOmrodndyd Bdl Omrdjul) Rmrndbdp Iglfhulfdl bdl

Jdrd Pmldlffuidlfdllyd–

Furu cmlfdcogi telfhdt bdl cmcomrghdl hmpdbd

hmiecpeh ydlf tmrpgign, smtmidn gtu furu cmcomrghdl

pmrtdlyddl bdl hmiecpeh ydlf cmcmfdlf telfhdttmrsmout ndrus cmlkdwdolyd, bmcghgdl smtmruslyd

sdcpdg smodfgdl omsdr sgswd cmlbdpdt odfgdl ultuh

cmlkdwdo smtgdp pmrtdlyddl bdrg furu smjdrd

omrfdltgdl

440

cmlgt

Pmlutup Furu cmlygcpuidhdl hmsmiurundl cdtmrg cmlfmldg

idlfhdn-idlfhdn bdidc pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag


pmcomidkdrdl

Zgswd cmidhuhdl rmaimhsg tmltdlf pmidhsdlddlpmcomidkdrdl

4= cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


wdhtu

Zgswd bgomrg tufds cmljdrg drtghmi bdl cmcoudt rmsucm

bdrg sudtu pmlmigtgdl ydlf omrsgadt hmiglfhulfdl

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; 4. Ndsgi bgshusg

?. Zedi Mssdy

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf Cmtebm dldigsgs Fmefrdag bdl Rmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd

fmefrdag

^G. Didt Omidkdr

Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

Rmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl Bdtd Fmefrdag

4.

Rmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl Bdtd Idlfsulf

Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhuhdl cmididug pmlfdcdtdl bdl

pmljdtdtdl fmkdid-fmkdid ydlfo tdcpdh pdbd eoymh pmlmigtgdl ydlf

pmidhsdlddllyd idlfsulf pdbd tmcpdt bgcdld sudtu pmrgstgwd, hmdbddl dtdu

sgtudsg ydlfo smbdlf tmrkdbg. Pmrgstgwd dtdu hmdbddl ydlf smbdlf tmrkdbg gtu

bdpdt bg oudt bdl bdpdt puid ydlf smomldrlyd. Zmbdlfhdl pmlfdcdtdl bdpdt

bgidhuhdl bmlfdl dtdu tdlpd odltudl didt.

?.

Eosmrvdsg Rgbdh Idlfsulf

Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhuhdl cmidiug pmlfdcdtdl bdl

pmljdtdtdl fmkdid-fmkdid ydlf tdcpdh pdbd eoymh pmlmigtgdl ydlf pmidhsdlddlyd

tgbdh idlfsulf bgtmcpdt dtdu pdbd sddt pmrgstgwd, hmdbddl dtdu sgtudsg gtu

tmrkdbg. Pmrgstgwd, hmdbddl dtdu sgtudsg gtu bdpdt ydlf smlfdkd bgoudt dtdu bdpdt

puid ydlf smomldrlyd. Zmbdlf pmlfdcdtdllyd bdpdt bgidhuhdl bmlfdl dtdu

tdlpd didt.

:.

Rmhlgh Hecelghdsg Idlfsulf

Cmrupdhdl Rmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl Bdtd ydlf cmlfndrushdl smerdlf pmlmigtg

cmlfdbdhdl heltdh idlfsulf smjdrd igsdl dtdu tdtdp cuhd (adjm te adjm) bmlfdl

sucomr bdtd, odgh bd8idc sgtudsg ydlf smomldrlyd cdupul bdidc sgtudsg ydlf

smlfdkd bg oudt ultuh hmpmriudl tmrsmout.

2. Rmhlgh Hecelghdsg Rgbdh Idlfsulf

Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhuhdl bmlfdl cmlfdbdhdl

nuoulfdl tgbdh idlfsulf dtdu bmlfdl pmrdltdrddl didt, odgh omrupd didt ydlf

subdn tmrsmbgd cdupul didt hnusus ydlf bg oudt ultuh hmpmriudl gtu.

=. Rmhlgh Pmlfuhurdl

Cmrupdhdl Rmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydslf omrsgadt hudltgtdtga ultuh

cmlfmtdnug tglfhdt dtdu bmrdkdt dspmh tmrtmltu bg odlbglfhdl bmlfdl lercd

tmrtmltu puid smodfdg sdtudl uhur ydlf rmimvdl. Cgsdilyd omrdt bmlfdl frdc,

els, heigfrdc. Pdlkdlf bmlfdl cc, jc, c, nc, hc bdl idgl-idgl.

http://geoenviron.blogspot.com/2011/05/teknik-pengumpulan-data.html

http://geoenviron.blogspot.com/2011/05/teknik-pengumpulan-data.html



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

1. Rmhlgh Ztubg Behucmltmr/ Ogoigefrdpngs

Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhudhdl bmlfdl hdtdfergsdsg bdl

hidsgaghdsg odndl-odndl tmrtuigs ydlf omrnuoulfdl bmlfdl cdsdidn pmlmigtgdl,

odgh bdrg sucomr behucml cdupul ouhu- ouhu, Herdl, cdkdidn bdl idgl-idgl.

Pmlffulddl tmhlgh-tmhlgh bg dtds sdlfdt tmrfdltulf pdbd didt ydlf bg

pmrfuldhdl, wdidupul smtgdpd tmhlgh tmrbdpdt kufd hrgtmrgd ydlf omrsgadt ucuc. ]ltuh

gtu smomiuc cmlfmcuhdhdl tmltdlf jdrd pmlffulddlyd, bg odwdn glg dhdl

cmlfmcuhdhdl omomrdpd kmlgs didt ydlf rmimvdl bmlfdl smtgdp tmhlgh tmrsmout;

]ltuh tmhlgh eosmrvdsg idlfsulf bdl tgbdh idlfsulf bdpdt bgfuldhdl didt

pmlfucpui bdtd smodfdg omrghut ;

d) Jdtdtdl dlmhbet ( dlmjbetdi rmjerb).

o) Jdtdtdl omrhdid (gljgbmltdi rmjerb).

j) Bdatdr jmh (jnmh igst).

b) Zhdid lgidg (rdtglf shdid).

m) Pmrdidtdlc cmhdlgs (cmjndlgjdi bmvgjms).

]ltuh Rmhlgh hecelghdsg bgfuldhdl didt omrupd gltmrvmw dtdu wdwdljdrd.

]ltuh Rmhlgh heculghdsg tgbdh idlfsulf bgpmrfuldhdl didt omrupd humsgelmr dtdu

dlfhmt.

]ltuh tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd bg pmrfuldhdl omrodfdg kmlgs didt pmlfucpuidl

bdtd dltdrd idgl;

d) Rgcodlfdl

o) Fmids uhur

j) Rnmrcecmtmr dtdu odrecmtmr

b) Omrodfdg kmlgs tmst

m) Bdl idgl-idgl

]ltuh tmhlgh stubg behucmltmr bdpdt bgpmrfuldhdl didt pmlfucpui bdtd omrupd

fdcodr dtdu jdtdtdl‚jdtdtdl hnusus ydlf bgngcpul cmlurut hidsgaghdsg pmrcdsdidndl

cdsglf-cdsglf. Bg bdidc smtgdp jdtdtdl tgbdh ndlyd bgjdtdt cdtmrglyd , dhdl tmtdpg kufd

bgjdltuchdl sucomrlyd imlfhdp bmlfdl odo bdl ndidcdl smrtd bdrg cdld sucomr gtu

bgpmreimn



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

Zedi Mssdy

4.

Zmouthdl bdl kmidshdl cdjdc-cdjdc Rmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd fmefrdag !

?. Kmlgs didt dpd sdkd ydlf bgfuldhdl bdidc tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd 5

:. Zmouthdl didt pmlfucpui bdtdbdpdt bgfuldhdl ultuh tmhlgh eosmrvdsg idlfsulf

bdl tgbdh idlfsulf !

Huljg Kdwdodl

4. Cdjdc-cdjdc tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd fmefrdag

¤ Rmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl Bdtd Idlfsulf

¤ Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhuhdl cmididug pmlfdcdtdl

bdl pmljdtdtdl fmkdid-fmkdid ydlfo tdcpdh pdbd eoymh pmlmigtgdl ydlf

pmidhsdlddllyd idlfsulf pdbd tmcpdt bgcdld sudtu pmrgstgwd, hmdbddl

dtdu sgtudsg ydlfo smbdlf tmrkdbg. Pmrgstgwd dtdu hmdbddl ydlf smbdlf

tmrkdbg gtu bdpdt bg oudt bdl bdpdt puid ydlf smomldrlyd. Zmbdlfhdl

pmlfdcdtdl bdpdt bgidhuhdl bmlfdl dtdu tdlpd odltudl didt.

¤ Eosmrvdsg Rgbdh Idlfsulf

Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhuhdl cmidiug pmlfdcdtdl

bdl pmljdtdtdl fmkdid-fmkdid ydlf tdcpdh pdbd eoymh pmlmigtgdl ydlf

pmidhsdlddlyd tgbdh idlfsulf bgtmcpdt dtdu pdbd sddt pmrgstgwd, hmdbddl

dtdu sgtudsg gtu tmrkdbg. Pmrgstgwd, hmdbddl dtdu sgtudsg gtu bdpdt ydlf smlfdkd

bgoudt dtdu bdpdt puid ydlf smomldrlyd. Zmbdlf pmlfdcdtdllyd bdpdt

bgidhuhdl bmlfdl dtdu tdlpd didt.

¤ Rmhlgh Hecelghdsg Idlfsulf

Cmrupdhdl Rmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl Bdtd ydlf cmlfndrushdl smerdlf pmlmigtg

cmlfdbdhdl heltdh idlfsulf smjdrd igsdl dtdu tdtdp cuhd (adjm te adjm)

bmlfdl sucomr bdtd, odgh bd8idc sgtudsg ydlf smomldrlyd cdupul bdidc

sgtudsg ydlf smlfdkd bg oudt ultuh hmpmriudl tmrsmout.

¤ Rmhlgh Hecelghdsg Rgbdh Idlfsulf

Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhuhdl bmlfdl cmlfdbdhdl

nuoulfdl tgbdh idlfsulf dtdu bmlfdl pmrdltdrddl didt, odgh omrupd didt

ydlf subdn tmrsmbgd cdupul didt hnusus ydlf bg oudt ultuh hmpmriudl gtu.

¤ Rmhlgh Pmlfuhurdl

Cmrupdhdl Rmhlgh Pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydslf omrsgadt hudltgtdtga ultuh

cmlfmtdnug tglfhdt dtdu bmrdkdt dspmh tmrtmltu bg odlbglfhdl bmlfdl lercd



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

tmrtmltu puid smodfdg sdtudl uhur ydlf rmimvdl. Cgsdilyd omrdt bmlfdl frdc,

els, heigfrdc. Pdlkdlf bmlfdl cc, jc, c, nc, hc bdl idgl-idgl.

¤ Rmhlgh Ztubg Behucmltmr/ Ogoigefrdpngs

Cmrupdhdl tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd ydlf bgidhudhdl bmlfdl hdtdfergsdsg

bdl hidsgaghdsg odndl-odndl tmrtuigs ydlf omrnuoulfdl bmlfdl cdsdidnpmlmigtgdl, odgh bdrg sucomr behucml cdupul ouhu- ouhu, Herdl, cdkdidn

bdl idgl-idgl.

?. ]ltuh tmhlgh pmlfucpuidl bdtd bg pmrfuldhdl omrodfdg kmlgs didt pmlfucpuidl

bdtd dltdrd idgl;

d) Rgcodlfdl

o) Fmids uhur

j) Rnmrcecmtmr dtdu odrecmtmr

b) Omrodfdg kmlgs tmst

m) Bdl idgl-idgl

:. ]ltuh tmhlgh eosmrvdsg idlfsulf bdl tgbdh idlfsulf bdpdt bgfuldhdl didt

pmlfucpui bdtd smodfdg omrghut ;

d) Jdtdtdl dlmhbet ( dlmjbetdi rmjerb)

o) Jdtdtdl omrhdid (gljgbmltdi rmjerb)

j) Bdatdr jmh (jnmh igst)

b) Zhdid lgidg (rdtglf shdid)

m) Pmrdidtdlc cmhdlgs (cmjndlgjdi bmvgjms)



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg mt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl Prmsmltdsg

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 6

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.












omraghgr gicgdn.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


fmesamrd.









iglfhulfdl smhgtdr


fmefrdag

=. Cdcpu cmlfdldigsgs bdl omrpghgr smjdrd gicgdn cmlfmldg bdtd-bdtd

fmefrdag

1. Cmlmrdphdl idlfhdn-idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag bdidc omltuh idperdl

eosmrvdsg idpdlfdl




pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag.?. Cmcogld hmcdcpudl sgswd bdidc cmcdndcg bdl cmldldchdl

hmpmbuigdl tmrndbdp pmrcdsdidndl bdl pmcmjdndllyd cmidiug pmlmigtgdl

fmefrdag.



2. cmcdndcg cdjdc-cdjdc tmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd fmefrdag

=. Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmcdcpudl sgswd bdidc cmlfdldigsgs bdtd odgh, fmkdid

didc bdl sejgdi smodfdg amlecmld fmefrdag bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl

pmlbmhdtdl ydlf tmpdt cmidiug pmrtgcodlfdl gicgdn.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Rmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd fmefrdag

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



Ztrdtmfg ; Jeepmrdtgvm tdiihglf stgjh




wdhtu



ultuh omidkdr

Cmldlydhdl hmndbgrdl sgswd Cmcpmrsgidhdl sdidn sdtu sgswd cmcgcpgl bed

Rdlyd kdwdo cdtmrg smomiuclyd cmlfmldg Rmhlgh

pmlfucpuidl bdtd fmefrdag


peglt

40 cmlgt


pmidhsdlddl cmtebm tdiihglf stgjh



Zmtmidn cmcomltu hmiecpeh, Furu cmlkmidshdl smbghgtcmlfmldg cdtmrg idlkutdl tmltdlf tmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd

fmefrdag.

Hmcubgdl cdsglf-cdsglf hmiecpeh bgcgltd ultuh

cmlbgshusghdl bdl cmidhuhdl hmfgdtdl dldigsgs bdtd

bdrg cdhdidn pmlmigtgdl tmltdlf ’Pmlfdrun Igcodn O:(Odndl Omrodndyd Bdl Omrdjul) Rmrndbdp Iglfhulfdl

bdl Jdrd Pmldlffuidlfdllyd–


hmiecpeh ydlf tmrpgign, smtmidn gtu furu cmcomrghdl

pmrtdlyddl bdl hmiecpeh ydlf cmcmfdlf telfhdt

tmrsmout ndrus cmlkdwdolyd, bmcghgdl smtmruslydsdcpdg smodfgdl omsdr sgswd cmlbdpdt odfgdl ultuh

cmlkdwdo smtgdp pmrtdlyddl bdrg furu smjdrd

omrfdltgdl

440

cmlgt


cmlygcpuihdl tmltdlf pmltglflyd pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag

ydlf bgidhuhdl bmlfdl idlfhdn-idlfhdn ydlf sgstmcdtgs


pmcomidkdrdl

Zgswd cmidhuhdl rmaimhsg tmltdlf pmidhsdlddlpmcomidkdrdl

4= cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


wdhtu

smjdrd hmiecpeh, pmsmrtd bgbgh bgomrg tufds cmljeod

cmidhuhdl pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag smjdrd smbmrndld bmlfdl

idlfhdn-idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl ydlf omldr

(bghucpuihdl cglffu ydlf dhdl bdtdlf)

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; 4. Ndsgi bgshusg

?. Zedi Mssdy

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf Rmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd fmefrdag

^G. Didt Omidkdr

Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

Pmlfmrtgdl Dldigsgs Bdtd

Bdidc pmlmigtgdl hudltgtdtga, dldigsgs bdtd cmrupdhdl hmfgdtdl smtmidn bdtd bdrgsmiurun rmspelbml dtdu sucomr bdtd idgl tmrhucpui. Hmfgdtdl bdidc dldigsgs bdtd

dbdidn ; cmlfmiecpehhdl bdtd omrbdsdrhdl vdrgdoim bdl kmlgs rmspelbml, cmltdouidsg

bdtd omrbdsdrhdl vdrgdomi bdrg smiurun rmspelbml, cmlydkghdl bdtd tgdp vdrgdomi ydlf

bgtmigtg, cmidhuhdl pmrngtulfdl ultuh cmlkdwdo rucusdl cdsdidn, bdl cmidhuhdl

pmrngtulfdl ultuh cmlfukg ngpetmsgs ydlf tmidn bgdkuhdl. ]ltuh pmlmigtgdl ydlf tgbdh

cmrucushdl ngpetmsgs, idlfhdn tmrdhngr tgbdh bgidhuhdl.

Rmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd bdidc pmlmigtgdl hudltgtdtga cmlffuldhdl stdtgstgh. Rmrbdpdt

omomrdpd bud cdjdc stdtgstgh ydlf bgfuldhdl ultuh dldigsgs bdtd bdidc pmlmigtgdl,

ydgtu stdtgstgh bmshrgptga bdl stdtgstgh glamrmlsgdi . Ztdtgstgh glamrmlsgdi cmigputg stdtgstgh pdrdcmtrgs bdl stdtgstgh lelpdrdcmtrgs.

Jelten Dldigsgs Bdtd

d. Kubui ;–Pmlfdrun Hmcmcpudl Hmrkd bdl Cetgvdsg Hmrkd Hdrydwdl tmrndbdp

Prebuhtgvgtd Hmrkd bg PR. Cgtrd _dkd.

o. Bgdsucsghdl pmlmigtgdl cmlffuldhdl sdcpmi, ydlf bgdcogi smjdrd strdgkgmb

rdlbec sdcpiglf. Zmcud glstrucmlt pmlmigtgdl cmlffuldhdl shdid gltmrvdi,

smnglffd bdtd ydlf bgbdpdt dbdidn bdtd gltmrvdi bdl stdtgstgj ydlf bgfuldhdl

dbdidn pdrdcmtrgs.

j. _ucusdl cdsidn, ngpetmsgs bdl tmhlgh stdtgstgj ydlf bgfuldhdl ultuh cmlfukg

ngepetmsgs pdbd kubui pmlmigtgdl ’Pmlfdrun Hmcdcpudl bdl Cetegvdsg Hmrkd

tmrndbdp Prebuhtgvgtds Hmrkd

^4 3 hmcdcpudl hdrydwdl

^? 3 cetgvdsg hmrkd

W 3 prebuhtgvgtds hmrkd



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

Bgshusg

Zmjdrd hmiecpeh, oudtidn sudtu pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag smjdrd smbmrndld bmlfdl

idlfhdn-idlfhdn pmlmigtgdl ydlf omldr

Jdtdtdl;

Cdhdidn bghmtgh bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl nurua Rgcms Lmw _ecdl, 4?, spdsg

4,=, prglt -eut hmrtds D2, cglgcdi 40 imcodr.

Zedi ]rdgdl

4. Odfdgcdldhdn hmfgdtdl bdidc tmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd !

?. Rmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd dpd ydlf bgfuldhdl bdidc pmlmigtgdl hudltgtdtga 5

Huljg kdwdodl

4.

Hmfgdtdl bdidc dldigsgs bdtd dbdidn ; cmlfmiecpehhdl bdtd omrbdsdrhdl vdrgdoim

bdl kmlgs rmspelbml, cmltdouidsg bdtd omrbdsdrhdl vdrgdomi bdrg smiurun

rmspelbml, cmlydkghdl bdtd tgdp vdrgdomi ydlf bgtmigtg, cmidhuhdl pmrngtulfdl

ultuh cmlkdwdo rucusdl cdsdidn, bdl cmidhuhdl pmrngtulfdl ultuh cmlfukg

ngpetmsgs ydlf tmidn bgdkuhdl. ]ltuh pmlmigtgdl ydlf tgbdh cmrucushdl ngpetmsgs,

idlfhdn tmrdhngr tgbdh bgidhuhdl.

?. Rmhlgh dldigsgs bdtd bdidc pmlmigtgdl hudltgtdtga cmlffuldhdl stdtgstgh. Rmrbdpdt

omomrdpd bud cdjdc stdtgstgh ydlf bgfuldhdl ultuh dldigsgs bdtd bdidc pmlmigtgdl,

ydgtu stdtgstgh bmshrgptga bdl stdtgstgh glamrmlsgdi . Ztdtgstgh glamrmlsgdi cmigputg

stdtgstgh pdrdcmtrgs bdl stdtgstgh lelpdrdcmtrgs.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg mt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl Prmsmltdsg

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; >

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.












omraghgr gicgdn.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


fmesamrd.









iglfhulfdl smhgtdr


fmefrdag

=. Cdcpu cmidperhdl ndsgi pmlmigtgdl fmefrdaglyd bdidc aeruc bgshusg hmids

1. Cdcpu cmlmiddndl ldshdn idperdl pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag bdidc omltuh ldrdsg

ydlf bgsdkghdl bdidc bgshusg hmids




pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag.

?.

Cmcogld hmcdcpudl sgswd bdidc cmcdndcg bdl cmldldchdlhmpmbuigdl tmrndbdp pmrcdsdidndl bdl pmcmjdndllyd cmidiug pmlmigtgdl

fmefrdag.



2. Cmlfmcodlfhdl hmcdcpudl sgswd bdidc cmidperhdl ndsgi pmlmigtgdl

fmefrdaglyd bdidc aeruc bgshusg hmids

=. Zgswd cdcpu cmlmiddndl ldshdn idperdl pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag bdidc omltuh

ldrdsg ydlf bgsdkghdl bdidc bgshusg hmids

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Puoighdsg ndsgi pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Jeepmrdtgvm slewodii tnrewglf




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



wdhtu

Pmlbdnuiudl

Cmcomrghdl sdidc


ultuh omidkdr


Cmcpmrsgidhdl sdidn sdtu sgswd cmcgcpgl bed

Rdlyd kdwdo cdtmrg smomiuclyd cmlfmldg Rmhlgh

dldigsgs bdtd fmefrdag


peglt

40 cmlgt


pmidhsdlddl cmtebm slewodii tnrewglf Zgswd bgodfg hm bdidc 1 hmiecpeh ydlf omrdlffetdhdl


Zmtmidn cmcomltu hmiecpeh, Furu cmlkmidshdl smbghgt

cmlfmldg odfdgcdld jdrd cmcpuoighdsghdl ndsgi

pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag bmlfdl omldr


hmiecpeh ydlf tmrpgign, smtmidn gtu hmiecpeh ydlf

cmcmfdlf telfhdt tmrsmout bgcgltd ultuh cmidperhdl

ndsgi pmlmigtgdl fmefrdaglyd bdidc aeruc bgshusg hmids,

bmcghgdl smtmruslyd sdcpdg smodfgdl omsdr sgswdcmlbdpdt odfgdl ultuh cmlkdwdo smtgdp pmrtdlyddl

bdrg furu smjdrd omrfdltgdl

440

cmlgt


cmlygcpuihdl tmltdlf pmltglflyd pmlmigtgdl fmefrdag

ydlf bgidhuhdl bmlfdl idlfhdn-idlfhdn ydlf sgstmcdtgs


pmcomidkdrdl

Zgswd cmidhuhdl rmaimhsg tmltdlf pmidhsdlddl

pmcomidkdrdl

Pmsmrtd bgbgh bgcgltd ultuh cmcoudt sdtu oudn drtghmi

dtdu rglfhdsdl idperdl ndsgi pmlmigtgdl ydlf bgpuoighdsg

cmidiug cdkdidn bglbglf dtdu bgulffdn bg cmbgd gltmrlmt

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; 4. Ndsgi Bgshusg (omltuh drtghmi)



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf puoighdsg ndsgi pmlmigtgdl

^G.

Didt Omidkdr Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

BgshusgPmsmrtd bgbgh bgcgltd ultuh cmcoudt sdtu oudn drtghmi dtdu rglfhdsdl idperdl ndsgi

pmlmigtgdl ydlf bgpuoighdsg cmidiug cdkdidn bglbglf dtdu bgulffdn bg cmbgd gltmrlmt

Jdtdtdl;

Drtghmi bghmtgh bmlfdl cmlffuldhdl nurua Rgcms Lmw _ecdl, 4?, spdsg 4,=,

prglt -eut hmrtds D2



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtg

hd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm

bdl

pmldcpg

idl


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD



Repgh ; Cmlfmldi Oucg

Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 7

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.







4.: Cmlfndydtg kdtg bgrg cdlusgd smodfdg dfmlt ea jndlfms bg oucg bmlfdl jdrd

cmldtd iglfhulfdl ydlf odgh fuld cmcmlung hmsmkdntmrddl idngr odtngl.

?.: Cmlulkuhhdl pmrgidhu rmspelsga bdl omrtdlffulf kdwdo tmrndbdp cdsdidn

ydlf bgtgcouihdl eimn bgldcghd fmesamrd.

:.: Cmlfdldigsgs bgldcghd pidlmt oucg smodfdg rudlf hmngbupdl.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

2.: Cmlfeidn glaercdsg bgldcghd pidlmt oucg smodfdg rudlf hmngbupdl bdl

cmlydkghdllyd bdidc omltuh ldrdsg bdl fdcodr giustrdsg.

GGG.

Glbghdter Pmljdpdgdl Hecpmtmlsg4. Cmlulkuhhdl lgidg-lgidg syuhur pdbd jgptddl Rundl Wdlf Cdnd Pmlfdsgn

omrupd pmljgptddl oucg bmlfdl jdrd turut cmcmigndrdlyd.

?. Cmlulkuhhdl lgidg-lgidg kdtg bgrg cdlusgd smodfdg dfmlt ea jndlfms bg oucg

bmlfdl jdrd cmldtd iglfhulfdl ydlf odgh fuld cmcmlung hmsmkdntmrddl

idngr odtngl.

:. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp rmspelsga bdl omrtdlffulf kdwdo tmrndbdp cdsdidn

ydlf bgtgcouihdl eimn bgldcghd fmesamr.

2. Cmlkmidshdl tmerg pmljgptddl oucg.



6. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp rmspelsga bdl tdlffulf kdwdo tmrndbdp cdsdidn ydlf

bgtgcouihdl eimn bgldcghd fmesamr.

>. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp pmbuig tmrndbdp oucg bmlfdl jdrd cmldtd iglfhulfdl

ydlf odgh ultuh hmsmkdntmrddl idngr bdl odtngl.


fmefrdag.40. Cmlulkuhdl sghdp tdlffulf kdwdo bdidc cmlfmrkdhdl tufds-tufds bdrg


44. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl tmerg pmljgptddl pidlmt oucg smodfdg rudlf hmngbupdl.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Rmerg pmljgptddl pidlmt oucg

Presms tmromltuhlyd oucg

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Glqugry




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



Vdhtu



ultuh omidkdr





pewmr peglt

40 cmlgt

Gltg Cmldydlfhdl peglt-peglt cdtmrg cmlfmldg bgldcghd

pidlmt oucg

Cmlydcpdghdl cdtmrg cmlfmldg bgldcghd pidlmt oucg

smjdrd sglfhdt

Cmldydlfhdl vgbme-vgbme cmlfmldg tmerg presmstmrjgptdlyd oucg

Furu cmcodfg sgswd bdidc omomrdpd hmiecpeh, smtgdp

hmiecpeh tmrbgrg bdrg 2 erdlf sgswd

Furu cmlufdshdl sgswd cmcoudt tdomi pmrodlbglfdl

tmerg pmljgptddl oucg, bdl sgcpuihdl tmerg cdld ydlf

pdiglf tmpdt cmlurut hmiecpeh cmlfmldg presms

tmrjgptdlyd oucg bdrg vgbme ydlf tmidn bgtdydlfhdl

Pmrwdhgidl cdsglf-cdsglf hmiecpeh cmcdpdrhdl

ndsgi bgshusg ydlf tmidn bgoudtlyd, bdl hmiecpeh idgl

cmldlffdpglyd Furu cmlfhelagrcdsg bdrg dpd ydlf tmidn bgoudt eimn

sgswd

440 cmlgt






tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; 4. Idperdl ndsgi bgshusg

?. Pgigndl Fdlbd

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Qgbme bdl Pewmrpeglt pmljgptddl oucg

Gltmrlmt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

^G. Cmbgd/ Didt Omidkdr

Pdpdl tuigs

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

Rmerg Pmljgptddl Oucg

Pdbd dwdi pmcomltuhdllyd, smiurun odfgdl pidlmt oucg rmidtga bglfgl.

Hmcubgdl pdbd presms smidlkutlyd sunu oucg smcdhgl cmlglfhdt nglffd cmljdpdg

sunu smpmrtg sddt glg.

Adhter-adhter ydlf cmlymodohdl ldghlyd sunu oucg, dbdidn soo;

4. Dhrmsg (djjrmtgel)

Wdgtu ldghlyd sunu oucg dhgodt tucouhdl omlbd-omlbd dlfhdsd dtdu

cmtmer ydlf cmlfnukdlg oucg. Mlmrfg bdrg omlbd-omlbd tmrsmout omruodn

cmlkdbg pdlds.

?. Hecprmsg (jecprmssgel)

Wdgtu smcdhgl cmcdbdtlyd oucg hdrmld dbdlyd fdyd frdvgtdsg. Odfgdl

bdidc oucg cmlmrgcd tmhdldl ydlf imogn omsdr bgodlbglfhdl odfgdl iudrlyd,

smnglffd pdbd odfgdl bdidc oucg sunulyd imogn pdlds. Rglffglyd sunu bg odfgdl

bdidc oucg (gltg oucg) cmlfdhgodthdl ulsur omsg pdbd oucg cmlkdbg jdgr,

smnglffd gltg oucg cmrupdhdl jdgrdl.

:. Bgsgltmfrdsg

Wdgtu pmlfurdgdl ulsur-ulsur rdbgedhtga smpmrtg urdlguc, tnerguc, bdl

http://onrongmarokinarisal.blogspot.com/2011/10/proses-terbentuknya-bumi.html

http://osean025.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/formation-of-earth.jpg



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

petdsguc.

Dbd tgfd tdndp bdidc presms pmcomltuhdl oucg, ydgtu;

4. Dwdilyd, oucg cdsgn cmrupdhdl pidlmt necefmlybdl omiuc cmlfdidcg

pmridpgsdl dtdu pmrombddl ulsur.

?.

Pmcomltuhdl pmridpgsdl struhtur oucg ydlf bgdwdig bmlfdl tmrkdbglydbgamrmlsgdsg. Cdtmrgdi omsg ydlf omrdt kmlgslyd imogn omsdr dhdl tmlffmidc,

smbdlfhdl ydlf omrdt kmlgslyd imogn rglfdl dhdl omrfmrdh hm pmrcuhddl.

:. Oucg tmrodfg cmlkdbg igcd idpgsdl (zeld), ydgtu gltg bdidc, gltg iudr, cdltmi

bdidc, cdltmi iudr, bdl hmrdh oucg.

Presms Rmromltuhlyd Oucg Cmlurut _gttcdll (4710)

Oucg cuidg tmromltuh hmtghd outgr-outgr bmou bdidc jdhrdc dwdl bgsmhgtdr

cdtdndrg sdiglf cmlbmhdt. Pdrtghmi-pdrtghmi glg cmlffucpdi cmlkdbg odbdl ydlf

imogn omsdr. Hmcubgdl odbdl odbdl gtu omrtucouhdl bdl cmcomltuh omlbd-

omlbd omruhurdl pidlmt.

Zgsd-sgsd bdrg dwdl dsig omrkdtundl. Mlmrfg bdrg odndl ydlf kdtun glg omrsdcd

bmlfdl pmcdldsdl ydlf tmrkdbg dhgodt pmidpuhdl rdbgedhtga cmlymodohdl

cmimimnlyd oucg.

Dhgodt pmimimndl glg, odndl-odndl ydlf cdcpdt tmrutdcd omsg tmlffmidc hm

pusdt pidlmt bdl cmlkdbg gltglyd. Zmiurun pmrcuhddl tmrtutup eimn idutdl

odtudl ydlf cmimimn. Odndl-odndl ydlf imogn rglfdl smpmrtg udp dgr bdlhdroelbgehsgbd omrdign hmiudr bdl cmcomltuh dtcesamr purod.

Dtcesamr tmromltuh bdrg pmcdldsdl bdrg bdidc oucg ydlf cmcomltuh udp dgr

bdl fds-fds idgllyd.

Igcpdndl dgr bdrg odbdg gtu cmlydtu bgtmcpdt ydlf rmlbdn cmlfgsg jmhulfdl-

jmhulfdl smnglffd tmrkdbg sdcubmrd. Hdroelbgehsgbd bdrg ubdrd cuidg idrut

bdidc fmldlfdl dgr smnglffd pidlmt glg cdhgl cmlkdbg bglfgl.

Dwdilyd idut omiuc tmrdsd dsgl, nukdl ydlf tmrus cmlmrus cmidruthdl fdrdc

bdrg tdldn bdl odtudl bdl bgdigrhdl eimn sulfdg nglffd hm idut.

Hgrd-hgrd ?,= cgiydr tdnul ydlf idiu, smoudn hmngbupdl bg oucg ydlf ogru tmidnculjui.

http://onrongmarokinarisal.blogspot.com/2011/10/proses-terbentuknya-bumi.html



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

D. Pgigndl Fdlbd


4. Dhrmsg cmrupdhdl sdidn sdtu adhter ydlf cmlymodohdl ldghlyd sunu oucg

dhgodt ... .

d. Presms pmlfudpdl oucg

o. Nukdl ydlf tmrkdbg pdbd dwdi pmcomltuhdl oucg

j. Zdpudl dlfgl cdtdndrg

b.

Rmromltuhlyd dtcesamr purod

m. Rucouhdl omlbd-omlbd dlfhdsd dtdu cmtmer ydlf cmlfnukdlg oucg

?. Rdndp dwdi pmcomltuhdl oucg dbdidn ... .

d. Oucg cdsgn omrupd pidlmt necefml

o. Cdtmrgdi omsg tmlffmidc cmluku pusdt oucg

j. Pmcodfgdl idpgsdl oucg

b. Pmcomltuhdl dtcesamr purod

m. Pmcomltuhdl sdcubmrd

:. Pdbd presms dwdi pmcomltuhdl oucg, odndl ydlf cdcpdt bdl tmlffmidc

cmlkdbg gltg oucg dbdidn ... .

d. Rmcodfd

o. Omsg

j. Lghmi

b. Diuculguc

m. Pidtgld

2.

Pmlymodo utdcd dgr idut dsgl pdbd presms dwdi pmcomltuhdl oucg dbdidn ... .d. Rucouhdl cmtmer bmlfdl oucg

o. Pmidpuhdl rdbgedhtga ydlf cmlymodohdl pmimimndl oucg

j. Dbdlyd sdpudl dlfgl cdtdndrg

b. Nukdl ydlf tmrkdbg smidcd omrtdnul-tdnul cmidruthdl hdlbulfdl cglmrdi

pdbd odtudl bg pmrcuhddl oucg

m. Dbdlyd dtcesamr purod

=. Rmerg presms tmromltuhlyd oucg bghmcuhdhdl eimn ... .

d.

Prmstel M. Kdcmso. Gcdllumi Hndlt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

j. _gttcdl

b. Ztrdoe

m. Mrdstnestmlms

O. Mssdy

Kdwdoidn pmrtdlyddl omrghut glg bmlfdl tmpdt bdl kmids.

4. Kmidshdl presms tmromltuhlyd oucg cmlurut sdidn sdtu dnig.

?. Zmouthdl adhter-adhter ydlf cmlymodohdl sunu oucg ldgh pdbd sddt presms

tmromltuhlyd.

:. Kmidshdl : tdndp bdidc presms pmcomltuhdl oucg.

2. Odfdgcdldhdn idut bdl sdcubmrd tmromltuh bg oucg5

=. Odfdgcdldhdn dtcesamr tmromltuh bg oucg5



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Huljg Kdwdodl D. Pgigndl Fdlbd

4. M

?. D

:. O

2. B

=. J

O. Mssdy

4.

Rmromltuhlyd oucg cmlurut _gttcdl;

Oucg cuidg tmromltuh hmtghd outgr-outgr bmou bdidc jdhrdc dwdl bgsmhgtdr

cdtdndrg sdiglf cmlbmhdt. Pdrtghmi-pdrtghmi glg cmlffucpdi cmlkdbg odbdl

ydlf imogn omsdr. Hmcubgdl odbdl odbdl gtu omrtucouhdl bdl cmcomltuh

omlbd-omlbd omruhurdl pidlmt.

Zgsd-sgsd bdrg dwdl dsig omrkdtundl. Mlmrfg bdrg odndl ydlf kdtun glg omrsdcd

bmlfdl pmcdldsdl ydlf tmrkdbg dhgodt pmidpuhdl rdbgedhtga cmlymodohdl

cmimimnlyd oucg.

Dhgodt pmimimndl glg, odndl-odndl ydlf cdcpdt tmrutdcd omsg tmlffmidc hm

pusdt pidlmt bdl cmlkdbg gltglyd. Zmiurun pmrcuhddl tmrtutup eimn idutdl

odtudl ydlf cmimimn. Odndl-odndl ydlf imogn rglfdl smpmrtg udp dgr bdl

hdroelbgehsgbd omrdign hmiudr bdl cmcomltuh dtcesamr purod.

Dtcesamr tmromltuh bdrg pmcdldsdl bdrg bdidc oucg ydlf cmcomltuh udp

dgr bdl fds-fds idgllyd.

?. Dhrmsg (djjrmtgel), Hecprmsg (jecprmssgel), Bgsgltmfrdsg

:. : tdndp presms pmcomltuhhdl oucg;

Dwdilyd, oucg cdsgn cmrupdhdl pidlmt necefmlybdl omiuc cmlfdidcg

pmridpgsdl dtdu pmrombddl ulsur.

Pmcomltuhdl pmridpgsdl struhtur oucg ydlf bgdwdig bmlfdl tmrkdbglyd

bgamrmlsgdsg. Cdtmrgdi omsg ydlf omrdt kmlgslyd imogn omsdr dhdl tmlffmidc,

smbdlfhdl ydlf omrdt kmlgslyd imogn rglfdl dhdl omrfmrdh hm pmrcuhddl.

Oucg tmrodfg cmlkdbg igcd idpgsdl (zeld), ydgtu gltg bdidc, gltg iudr, cdltmi

bdidc, cdltmi iudr, bdl hmrdh oucg.

2. Idut bdl sdcubmrd tmromltuh bg oucg dwdilyd hdrmld dbdlyd jmhulfdl-

jmhulfdl bg oucg dhgodt presms pmcomltuhhdllyd smtmidn gtu dtcesamr

cmlfdidcg pmcdldsdl bdrg bdidc oucg ydlf cmcomltuh udp dgr bdl fds-fds

idgllyd, igcpdndl dgr bdrg odbdg gtu cmlydtu bgtmcpdt ydlf rmlbdn cmlfgsg

jmhulfdl-jmhulfdl smnglffd tmrkdbg sdcubmrd. Hdroelbgehsgbd bdrg ubdrdcuidg idrut bdidc fmldlfdl dgr smnglffd pidlmt glg cdhgl cmlkdbg bglfgl.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

=. Dtcesamr tmromltuh bdrg pmcdldsdl bdrg bdidc oucg ydlf cmcomltuh udp dgr

bdl fds-fds idgllyd. Zmiurun pmrcuhddl tmrtutup eimn idutdl odtudl ydlf

cmimimn. Odndl-odndl ydlf imogn rglfdl smpmrtg udp dgr bdl hdroelbgehsgbd

omrdign hmiudr bdl cmcomltuh dtcesamr purod

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucid

n

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-

heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrf

dg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf ∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtg

hd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm

bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 40

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.














_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.

Cmlulkuhhdl lgidg-lgidg syuhur pdbd jgptddl Rundl Wdlf Cdnd Pmlfdsgn




idngr odtngl.



2. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl fmrdh retdsg oucg

=. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl fmrdh rmveiusg oucg.

1.

Cmlfdldigsgs dhgodt bdrg fmrdh retdsg bdl rmveiusg oucg.





?. Cmlulkuhhdl sghdp pmbuig tmrndbdp oucg bmlfdl jdrd cmldtd iglfhulfdl



fmefrdag.



=. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl fmrdh retdsg oucg.

1. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl fmrdh rmveiusg oucg.

6. Cmlfdldigsgs dhgodt bdrg fmrdh retdsg bdl rmveiusg oucg bdl dhgodtlyd

tmrndbdp hmngbupdl bg oucg.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Fmrdh retdsg bdl rmveiusg oucg

Dhgodt bdrg pmrfmrdhdl oucg

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ;Bmcelstrdtgel




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



Vdhtu



ultuh omidkdr





pewmr peglt

40 cmlgt

Gltg Cmldydlfhdl peglt-peglt cdtmrg cmlfmldg fmrdh

retdsg bdl rmveiusg oucg

Cmlydcpdghdl cdtmrg cmlfmldg fmrdh retdsg bdl

rmveiusg oucg smjdrd sglfhdt

Furu cmlygdphdl didt-didt ultuh bmcelstrdsg, smpmrtgfieom bdl smltmr

Furu cmlulkuh omomrdpd sgswd ultuh cmcpmrdfdhdl

fmrdh retdsg bdl rmveiusg oucg

Furu cmcomrghdl pmlkmidsdl bdrg dpd ydlf sgswd

tmrsmout tdcpgihdl

Furu omrtdlyd hmpdbd omomrdpd sgswd dhgodt bdrg

fmrdh retdsg bdl rmveiusg oucg

Furu cmlkmidshdl bdcpdh bdrg fmrdh retdsg bdl

rmveiusg oucg tmrndbdp hmngbupdl bg oucg

Furu cmcomrghdl omomrdpd sedi smtmidn cmlkmidshdlsmcud cdtmrg hmpdbd sgswd

440 cmlgt






tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; Pgigndl fdlbd

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Gltmrlmt

Pewmr peglt tmltdlf retdsg bdl rmveiusg oucg



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

^G. Cmbgd/Didt Omidkdr

Pdpdl tuigs

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

4. _etdsg Oucg

• _etdsg Oucg dbdidn pmrputdrdl Oucg pdbd pereslyd (sucou)

• Drdn retdsg odrdt hm tgcur.

• Pesgsg peres Oucg glg tgbdh tmfdh iurus cmidglhdl cgrglf cmcomltuh subut

11,=° tmrndbdp ogbdlf mhigptghd (fdrgs mbdr oucg) bdl cgrglf ?:,=° tmrndbdp

pereslyd.

• Hdid retdsg Oucg glg dbdidn ?: kdc =1 cmlgt 2 bmtgh (sdtu ndrg), bgfmldphdl

cmlkdbg ?2 kdc dhgodtlyd culjui tdnul hdogsdt (tdnul ydlf ndogs bgodfg 2)

•

Rdnul hdogsdt culjui 2 tdnul smhdig bmlfdl omrtdcodnlyd sdtu ndrg pdbd ouidlAmorudrg (tdlffdi ?7)

Dhgodt _etdsg Oucg;

4. Pmrfdltgdl sgdlf bdl cdidc

?. Pmrombddl wdhtu bgoucg ydlf fdrgs oukurlydomrombd

Omrbdsdrhdl FCR (Frmmlwngjn Cmrgbgdl Rgcm) 4=° oukur cmcgighg

pmrombddl 4 kdc.

Glbelmsgd tmrimtdh pdbd fdrgs oukur 7=°OR- 424°OR, glg omrdrtg

pdlkdlf fdrgs oukur Glbelmsgd dbdidn 21° ydgtu bdrg 424°-7=°321°,

kghd 4kdc3 4=°, cdhd Glbelmsgd tmrbdpdt : bdmrdn wdhtu bdrg

21°;4=°3:.

VGO, VGRD bdl VGR bmlfdl pmrombddl 4 kdc tgdp bdmrdn wdhtu.

:. Fmrdh smcu ndrgdl cdtdndrg

Fmrdh retdsg oucg ; odrdt hm tgcur

Dhgodtlyd smeidn-eidn cdtdndrg tmrogt bdrg tgcur hm odrdt.

Cdtdndrg tgbdh omrfmrdh hdrmld pusdt bdrg tdtd suryd (nmigesmltrgs)



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

2. Omltuh oucg cmlffmimcoulf pdbd hdtuigsgwd bdl pmpdt pdbd hutuolyd

=. Pmruodndl drdn dlfgl bg hdtuigstgwd

?. _mveiusg Oucg

Pmrgebm rmveiusg dbdidn wdhtu ydlf bgpmriuhdl pidlmt cmlfgtdrg cdtdndrg sdtu

hdig putdrdl.

_mveiusg oucg dbdidn pmrmbdrdl oucg cmlfmigiglfg cdtdndrg ydlf cmcmriuhdl

wdhtu smidcd sdtu tdnul.

Oucg omrsdcd sdtmigtlyd ydgtu ouidl omrsdcd-sdcd cmlfmigiglfg cdtdndrg.

Dhgodt _mveiusg Oucg;

4. Rmrkdbglyd pmrfdltgdl cusgc bg oucg

?. Rmrigndtlyd rdsg ogltdlf ydlf omrombd tgdp ouidl

:. Rmrkdbg pmrombddl idcdlyd wdhtu sgdlf bdl cdidc

2. Fmrdh smcu tdnuldl cdtdndrg

Dhgodt rmveiusg oucg, smeidn-eidn cdtdndrg omrfmrdh smpmrtg bg odwdn glg;



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

D. Pgigndl Fdlbd


4. Omrbdsdrhdl fdrgs oukur, Glbelmsgd bgodfg cmlkdbg ... bdmrdn wdhtu.

d. 4

o. ?

j. :

b. 2

m. =

?. Zmtgdp 4=e oukur pdbd oucg cmcgighg pmrombddl wdhtu ... .

d. :0 cmlgt

o.

4 kdc

j. 2 cmlgt

b. ?= cmlgt

m. 4,= kdc

:. Ogbdlf erogt oucg bgsmout ... .

d. Mhudter

o. Mhigptghd

j. Peres

b.

Frdvgtdsg

m. Oeid oucg

2. Pesgsg oucg cgrglf ... tmrndbdp ogbdlf mhigptghd.

d. 4=e

o. :0,=e

j. 2=e

b. 11,=e

m. 6=,=e

=. Bgdltdrd tdnul bg odwdn glg ydlf cmrupdhdl tdnul hdogsdt dbdidn ... .

d. 477>

o. ?000

j. ?006

b. ?007

m. ?04:

1. Idcd wdhtu oucg ultuh omretdsg smtgdp ndrglyd dbdidn ... .

d.

?: kdc =1 cmlgt 2 bmtgho. ?: kdc 20 cmlgt > bmtgh



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

j. ?: kdc 4= cmlgt 40 bmtgh

b. ?2 kdc 40 cmlgt 2 bmtgh

m. ?2 kdc = cmlgt 4= bmtgh

6.

_etdsg oucg dbdidn pmrputdrdl oucg pdbd pereslyd. Zdidn sdtu dhgodt bdrg dbdlydretdsg oucg dbdidn ... .

d. Pmrfdltgdl cusgc

o. Pdrdidhs ogltdlf

j. Pmrmbdrdl smcu tdnuldl cdtdndrg

b. Pmrombddl idcdlyd wdhtu sgdlf bdl cdidc

m. Pmrfdltgdl sgdlf bdl cdidc

>. Drdn retdsg oucg dbdididn ... .

d. ]tdrd ‚ Zmidtdl

o. Zmidtdl ‚ ]tdrd

j. Rgcur ‚ Odrdt

b. Odrdt ‚ Rgcur

m. Odrdt ‚ ]tdrd

7. Pdbd tdlffdi ?: Zmptmcomr omidndl oucg smidtdl cmlfdidcg cusgc smcg, cdhd

omidndl oucg utdrd cmlfdidcg cusgc ... .

d. Zmcg

o. Fufur

j.

Bglfgl

b. Pdlds

m. Hmcdrdu

40. Pmrfdltgdl cusgc bg Mrepd tmrutdcd bgsmodohdl eimn ... .

d. _mveiusg oucg

o. _etdsg oucg

j. _etdsg ouidl

b. _mveiusg ouidl

m.

_etdsg cdtdndrg

44. _mveiusg oucg dbdidn pmrmbdrdl oucg cmlfmigiglfg cdtdndrg ydlf cmcmriuhdl

wdhtu smidcd sdtu tdnul. Dhgodt bdrg rmveiusg oucg dbdidn ... .

d. Pmrombddl wdhtu

o. Pmrmbdrdl smcu omlbd-omlbd idlfgt

j. Pmlygcpdlfdl drdn dlfgl

b. Pmrombddl idcdlyd wdhtu sgdlf bdl cdidc

m. Pmrfdltgdl sgdlf bdl cdidc



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

4?. Cdtdndrg tmrogt bdrg tgcur bdl tmlffmidc bg odrdt. Cmrupdhdl fmrdh smcu ndrgdl

cdtdndrg dhgodt ... .

d. Frdvgtdsg cdtdndrg

o. _mveiusg oucg

j.

_etdsg oucgb. Fdyd smltrgaufdi

m. _etdsg ouidl

4:. Fmrdh smcu tdnuldl cdtdndrg pdbd tdlffdi ?4 Cdrmt bg omidndl oucg utdrd

cmlfdidcg cusgc smcg bdl bg omidndl oucg smidtdl cmlfdidcg cusgc ... .

d. Bglfgl

o. Pdlds

j. Zdiku

b. Fufur

m. Nukdl

42. Pdbd tdlffdi ?4 Kulg hmtghd omidndl oucg utdrd omrfmrdh jelbelf hm drdn

cdtdndrg cdhd cuidg tmrkdbg cusgc ... .

d. Bglfgl

o. Pdlds

j. Zdiku

b. Fufur

m. Nukdl

4=. Dlffdpdl ydlf cmlydtdhdl odnwd cdtdndrg smodfdg pusdt didc smcmstd bgsmout

bmlfdl ... .

d. Dltrepesmltrgs

o. Fmesmltrgs

j. Fdidhsgesmltrgs

b. Nmigesmltrgs

m. Mtlesmltrgs

O. Mssdy

Kdwdoidn pmrtdlyddl omrghut glg bmlfdl tmpdt bdl kmids.

4. Kmidshdl dhgodt bdrg retdsg oucg.

?. Kmidshdl pmlfdrun dhgodt bdrg oucg cmlfmigiglfg cdtdndrg.

:. Dpd pmlfdrunlyd kghd oucg tgbdh cgrglf ?:,= bmrdkdt tmrndbdp pereslyd5

2. Fdcodrhdl fmrdh smcu tdnuldl cdtdndrg.

=. Kmidshdl pmlfdrun fmrdh smcu tdnuldl cdtdndrg tmrndbdp pmrfdltgdl cusgc

pdbd oucg odfgdl utdrd bdl smidtdl.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Huljg Kdwdodl

D. Pgigndl Fdlbd

4. J

?.

O:. O

2. B

=. O

1. D

6.

M>. B

7. O

40. D

44. B

4?.

J4:. B

42. O

4=. B

O. Mssdy

4. Dhgodt bdrg retdsg oucg;

Pmrfdltgdl sgdlf bdl cdidc

Pmrombddl wdhtu bgoucg ydlf fdrgs oukurlydomrombd

Fmrdh smcu ndrgdl cdtdndrg

Omltuh oucg cmlffmimcoulf pdbd hdtuigsgwd bdl pmpdt pdbd hutuolyd

?.

Dhgodt bdrg oucg cmlfmigiglfg cdtdndrg (rmveiusg oucg); Rmrkdbglyd pmrfdltgdl cusgc bg oucg

Rmrigndtlyd rdsg ogltdlf ydlf omrombd tgdp ouidl

Rmrkdbg pmrombddl idcdlyd wdhtu sgdlf bdl cdidc

Fmrdh smcu tdnuldl cdtdndrg

:. Kghd oucg tmfdh pdbd pereslyd (tgbdh cgrglf) cdhd ydlf dhdl tmrkdbg dbdidn

cusgc-cusgc ndcpgr imlydp, hdrmld erogt oucg bg smhmigiglf cdtdndrg ouhdl

iglfhdrdl smcpurld, ndi gtu cmcoudt sunu dhdl turul smbghgt sddt oucg omrdbd

pdbd kdrdh tmrkdun bdrg cdtdndrg hmcubgdl dhdl cmlfndlfdt pdbd kdrdh

tmrbmhdt bmlfdl cdtdndrg bdl cusgc ydlf smhdrdlf dbd bg oucg tgbdh dhdl

tmrkdbg kghd oucg tgbdh cgrglf pesgsglyd.2.

=.

Rdlffdi Omidndl oucg Cusgc

?4 Cdrmt ]tdrd

Zmcg

Zmidtdl Fufur

?4 Kulg ]tdrd Pdlds

Zmidtdl Bglfgl

?: Zmptmcomr ]tdrd Fufur

Zmidtdl Zmcg

?? Bmsmcomr

]tdrd Bglfgl

Zmidtdl Pdlds



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 44

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.














_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.





idngr odtngl.



2. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg hdrdhtmrgstgh idpgsdl oucg.








fmefrdag.



=. Cmlfgbmltgaghdsg hdrdhtmrgstgh idpgsdl oucg.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Hdrdhtmrgstgh idpgsdl oucg

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Rdihglf Ztgjh




Vdhtu


Cmldlydhdl hmpdbd sgswd hmsgdpdl bdl hmlydcdldlultuh omidkdr

40 cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD





pewmr peglt

Gltg

Furu cmcomrghdl pmrtdlyddl cmlfmldg cdtmrg

smomiuclyd smodfdg pmrtdlyddl pmcouhd ultuh



Furu cmldydlfhdl pegl-pegl cdtmrg hdrdhtmrgstgh

idpgsdl oucg





cdtmrg ydlf bgsdcpdghdl Furu cmcpmrsgidnhdl sgswd omrtdlyd bdl





Furu cmcpmrsgidnhdl sgswd ultuh cmcpmidkdrg

hmcodig cdtmrg ydlf tmidn bgsdcpdghdl bdrg ouhu

sucomr bdl jdtdtdl

Furu cmlfdcogi smoudn telfhdt hmjgi dtdu stgjh (ogsd

bgfdltg bmlfdl spgbei pdpdl tuigs, oetei dgr cgluc, bdlidgl smodfdglyd) bdl cmcomrghdl hmpdbd sdidn sdtu

sgswd

Furu cmlfdkuhdl sdtu pmrtdlyddl hmpdbd sgswd

pmlmrgcd stgjh bdl sgswd cmlkdwdo pmrtdlyddl

tmrsmout

Zmidlkutlyd sgswd cmcomrghdl stgjh tmrsmout hmpdbd

sgswd idgllyd ydlf bgd pgign bdl furu cmcomrghdl

pmrtdlyddl

Bmcghgdl smtmruslyd sdcpdg smodfgdl omsdr sgswd

cmlbdpdt odfgdl ultuh cmlkdwdo smtgdp pmrtdlyddl

furu Furu cmcomrghdl imcodrdl sedi pdbd sgswd bdl sgswd

bgcgltd cmlfmrkdhdl sedi

440 cmlgt






tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; Zedi cmlkebenhdl

^.


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf hdrdhtmrgstgh idpgsdl oucg

Fdcodr-fdcodr struhtur idpgsdl oucg


Pdpdl tuigs

Zpgbei

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

Ztruhtur Idpgsdl Oucg

Hmdbddl bdidc oucg smidcd glg ndlyd bghmcuhdhdl omrbdsdrhdl ngpetmsgs-

ngpetmsgs. Pmlymigbghdl tmltdlf gsg oucg smomldrlyd ndlyd cmigputg bdmrdn bmlfdl

hmbdidcdl tgbdh imogn bdrg bdidclyd tmrewelfdl tmcpdt pmlfmoerdl dtdu hmbdidcdl

sulfdg odwdn tdldn.

Zmjdrd struhtur oucg bgodfg cmlkdbg : idpgsdl utdcd, ydgtu hmrdh oucg (jrusn),

smigcut (cdltim), bdl gltg (jerm). Ztruhtur oucg smpmrtg gtu cgrgp bmlfdl tmiur, ydgtu

jdlfhdlflyd smodfdg hmrdh, putgnlyd smodfdg smigcut, bdl hulglflyd smodfdg gltg oucg.

4. Hmrdh Oucg (Jrust)

Hmrdh oucg cmrupdhdl idpgsdl huigt oucg pdiglf iudr (pmrcuhddl oucg).

Hmrdh oucg tmrbgrg bdrg bud kmlgs, ydgtu hmrdh omlud bdl hmrdh sdcubrd. Idpgsdl

hmrdh oucg tmodilyd cmljdpdg 60 hc bdl tmrsusul dtds odtudl-odtudl odsd bdl

cdsdc. Ldcul, tmodi idpgsdl glg omrombd dltdrd bg bdrdt bdl bg bdsdr idut. Bg bdrdttmodi idpgsdl hmrdh oucg cmljdpdg ?0-60 hc, smbdlfhdl bg bdsdr idut cmljdpdg

http://tambangunp.blogspot.com/2013/05/komposisi-dan-lapisan-bumi-struktur.html

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http://tambangunp.blogspot.com/2013/05/komposisi-dan-lapisan-bumi-struktur.html



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

smhgtdr 40-4? hc. Idpgsdl glg cmlkdbg tmcpdt tglffdi odfg smiurun cdhniuh ngbup.

Zunu bg odfgdl odwdn hmrdh oucg cmljdpdg 4.400°J.

Hmrdh oucg cmrupdhdl odfgdl tmriudr idpgsdl oucg bdl cmcgighg hmtmodidl =-

>0 hc. Hmrdh bmlfdl cdltmi bgodtdsg eimn Cenerevgvgj Bgsjeltglugty. Hmrdh oucg

becgldl tmrsusul eimn amibsadr bdl cglmrdi sgighdt idgllyd. Hmrdh oucg bgombdhdl

cmlkdbg bud kmlgs ydgtu ;

Hmrdh sdcubrd, tmrsusul eimn cglmrdi ydlf hdyd dhdl Zg, Am, Cf ydlf bgsmout

sgcd. Hmtmodidl hmrdh sdcubrd omrhgsdr dltdrd =-4= hc bmlfdl omrdt kmlgs

rdtd-rdtd : fc/jj. Hmrdh sdcubrd ogdsdlyd bgsmout idpgsdl odsditgs hdrmld

odtudl pmlyusullyd tmrutdcd omrhecpesgsg odsdit.

Hmrdh omlud, tmrsusul eimn cglmrdi ydlf hdyd dhdl Zg bdl Di, eimn hdrmldlyd bg

smout sgdi. Hmtmodidl hmrdh omlud omrhgsdr dltdrd :0->0 hc rdtd-rdtd := hc

bmlfdl omrdt kmlgs rdtd-rdtd smhgtdr ?,>= fc/jj. Hmrdh omlud ogdsdlyd bgsmout

smodfdg idpgsdl frdlgtgs hdrmld odtudl pmlyusulyd tmrutdcd tmrbgrg bdrg

odtudl ydlf omrhecpesgsg frdlgt.

Bgsdcpglf pmrombddl hmtmodidl bdl omrdt kmlgs, ucur hmrdh omlud ogdsdlyd

imogn tud bdrg hmrdh sdcubrd. Odtudl hmrdh omlud ydlf bghmtdnug smhgtdr ?00 kutd

tdnul. ]cur glg sdlfdt cubd ogid bgodlbglfhdl bmlfdl hmrdh omlud ydlf tmrtud

ydgtu smhgtdr :>00 kutd tdnul.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vNQGUve7NXQ/UYnW4oE0oyI/AAAAAAAAAag/xV1UELuNFYo/s1600/bumi4.png



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

?. Zmigcut Oucg (Cdltim)

Zmigcut dtdu smiuoulf oucg cmrupdhdl idpgsdl ydlf imtdhlyd bg odwdn

idpgsdl hmrdh oucg. Zmsudg bmlfdl ldcdlyd, idpgsdl glg omraulfsg ultuh cmiglbulfg

odfgdl bdidc oucg. Zmigcut oucg tmodilyd cmljdpdg ?.700 hc bdl cmrupdhdlidpgsdl odtudl ydlf pdbdt ydlf cmlfdlbulf sgighdt bdl cdflmsguc. Zunu bg odfgdl

odwdn smigcut cmljdpdg :.000°J, tmtdpg tmhdldldllyd omiuc cmcpmlfdrung

hmpdbdtdl odtudl.

Gltg oucg bgoulfhus eimn cdltmi ydlf omrhecpesgsg hdyd cdflmsguc. Gltg bdl

cdltmi bgodtdsg eimn Futmlomrf Bgsjeltglugty. Cdltmi oucg tmrodfg cmlkdbg bud ydgtu

cdltmi dtds ydlf omrsgadt pidstgs sdcpdg smcgpidstgs cmcgighg hmbdidcdl sdcpdg 200

hc. Cdltmi odwdn omrsgadt pdbdt bdl cmcgighg hmbdidcdl sdcpdg ?700 hc.

Cdltmi dtds odfgdl dtds ydlf cmlfdidsg hmrdh omrsgadt pdbdt bdl omrsdcd

bmlfdl hmrdh cmcomltuh sdtu hmsdtudl ydlf bgldcdhdl igtesamr. Cdltmi dtds odfgdl

odwdn ydlf omrsgadt pidstgs dtdu smcgpidstgs bgsmout smodfg dstnmlesamr.

Zmigcut oucg bgodfg cmlkdbg : odfgdl, ydgtu igtesamr, dstmlesamr, bdl cmsesamr.

d. Igtesamr cmrupdhdl idpgsdl tmriudr bdrg smigcut oucg bdl tmrsusul dtds cdtmrg-

cdtmrg pdbdt tmrutdcd odtudl. Idpgsdl igtesamr tmodilyd cmljdpdg =0-400 hc.

Omrsdcd-sdcd bmlfdl hmrdh oucg, hmbud idpgsdl glg bgsmout imcpmlf igtesamr.

Igtesamr tmrsusul dtds bud idpgsdl utdcd, ydgtu idpgsdl sgdi (sgigsguc bdl

diucglguc) smrtd idpgsdl sgcd (sgigsguc bdl cdflmsguc).

4) Idpgsdl sgdi dbdidn idpgsdl igtesamr ydlf tmrsusul dtds iefdc sgigsguc bdl

diuculguc. Zmlydwd bdrg hmbud iefdc tmrsmout dbdidn ZgE? bdl Di?E:.

Odtudl ydlf tmrbdpdt bdidc idpgsdl sgdi dltdrd idgl odtudl smbgcml,

frdlgt, dlbmsgt, bdl cmtdcera.

?) Idpgsdl sgcd dbdidn idpgsdl igtesamr ydlf tmrsusul dtds iefdc sgigsguc bdl

cdflmsguc. Zmlydwd bdrg hmbud iefdc tmrsrsmout dbdidn ZgE? bdl CfE.

Omrdt kmlgs idpgsdl sgcd imogn omsdr kghd bgodlbglfhdl bmlfdl omrdt kmlgs

idpgsdl sgdi. Ndi gtu hdrmld idpgsdl sgcd cmlfdlbulf omsg bdl cdflmsguc.

o. Dstmlesamr cmrupdhdl idpgsdl ydlf tmrimtdh bg odwdn idpgsdl igtesamr. Idpgsdl

ydlf tmodilyd 400-200 hc glg bgbufd smodfdg tmcpdt aercdsg cdfcd (cdfcd

glbuh).

j. Cmsesamr cmrpdhdl idpgsdl ydlf tmrimtdh bg odwdn idpgsdl dstmlesamr. Idpgsdl

glg tmodilyd ?.200-?.600 hc bdl tmrsusul bdrg jdcpurdl odtudl odsd bdl omsg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

:. Gltg Oucg (Jerm)

Bgpusdt oucg tmrbdpdt gltg ydlf omrhmbdidcdl ?700-1:64 hc. Rmrodfg

cmlkdbg bud cdjdc ydgtu gltg iudr bdl gltg bdidc. Gltg iudr omrupd zdt jdgr ydlf

cmcgighg hmbdidcdl ?700-=400 hc bdl gltg bdidc omrupd zdt pdbdt ydlfomrhmbdidcdl =400-1:64 hc. Gltg iudr bdl gltg bdidc bgpgsdnhdl eimn Imncdl

Bgsjeltglugty.

Bdrg bdtd Fmeagsghd cdtmrgdi gltg oucg cmcgighg omrdt kmlgs ydlf sdcd bmlfdl

omrdt kmlgs cmtmergt iefdc ydlf tmrbgrg bdrg omsg bdl lghmi. Dtds bdsdr glg pdrd dnig

pmrjdyd odnwd gltg oucg tmrsusul eimn smlydwd omsg bdl lghmi.

Gltg oucg cmrupdhdl idpgsdl pdiglf bdidc bdrg struhtur oucg. Idpgsdl gltg

bgombdhdl cmlkdbg ?, ydgtu idpgsdl gltg iudr (eutmr jerm) bdl gltg bdidc (gllmr jerm).

d. Gltg iudr tmodilyd smhgtdr ?.000 hc bdl tmrbgrg dtds omsg jdgr ydlf sunulyd

cmljdpdg ?.?00 °J.

o. Gltg bdidc cmrupdhdl pusdt oucg omromltuh oeid bmlfdl bgdcmtmr smhgtdr

?.600 hc. Gltg bdidc glg tmrbgrg bdrg lghmi bdl omsg (LgAm) ydlf sunulyd

cmljdpdg 2=00 bmrdkdt jmijgus



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

ZEDI CMLKEBENHDL

4. Zmjdrd struhtur oucg bgodfg cmlkdbg : idpgsdl utdcd, ydgtu ...,

..., bdl ... .

?. Hmrdh oucg cmrupdhdl odfgdl tmriudr idpgsdl oucg bdl

cmcgighg hmtmodidl dltdrd ... .

:. Rmrsusul eimn cglmrdi ydlf hdyd dhdl Zg, Am, Cf ydlf bgsmout

ZgCd, cmrupdhdl idpgsdl pdbd ....

2. Rmrsusul eimn cglmrdi ydlf hdyd dhdl Zg bdl Di, cdhd bgsmout

ZgDi, cmrupdhdl idpgsdl pdbd ....

=. Zunu bg odwdn idpgsdl smigcut oucg cmljdpdg ....

1. Cmrupdhdl idpgsdl ydlf tmrimtdh bg odwdn idpgsdl igtesamr

ydlf omrsgadt pidstgs ....

6.

Idpgsdl glg tmodilyd ?.200-?.600 hc bdl tmrsusul bdrg

jdcpurdl odtudl odsd bdl omsg dbdidn ....

>. Bgpusdt oucg tmrbdpdt gltg ydlf omrhmbdidcdl ....

7. Idpgsdl oucg ydlf tmrbgrg bdrg lghmi bdl omsg (LgAm) pdbdt

dbdidn ....

40. Pdbd idpgsdl gltg bdidc oucg, sunulyd cmljdpdg ....

d. Hmrdh sdcubmrd

o. Cdltim

j. :000°J

b. Dstmlesamr

m. Jrusn

a. Gltg bdidc

f. Gltg (jerm)

n. =->0 hc

g. Hmrdh omlud

k. Gltg iudr

h. Cmsesamr

i. ?700-1:64 hc

c. ??00°J



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Huljg Kdwdodl

ZEDI CMLKEBENHDL

4. o. Cdltim, m. Jrusn bdl f. Gltg (Jerm)

?. n. =->0 hc

:. d. Hmrdh sdcubmrd

2. g. Hmrdh omlud

=. j. :000°J

1. b. Dstmlesamr

6. h. Cmsesamr

>. i. ?700-1:64 hc

7. a. Gltg bdidc

40. c. ??00°J



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 4?

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.














_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.





idngr odtngl.



2. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl pmrhmcodlfdl omltuh cuhd oucg

=. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl pmrfmsmrdl omlud.








fmefrdag.



=. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl pmrhmcodlfdl omltuh cuhd oucg

1. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl pmrfmsmrdl omlud.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Rmerg pmcomltuhdl huigt oucg

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Glqugry




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



Vdhtu



ultuh omidkdr





pewmr peglt

40 cmlgt

Gltg Cmldydlfhdl peglt-peglt cdtmrg cmlfmldg cdtmrg

smomiuclyd, smodfdg pmcouhd cdtmrg odru bdl

cmlfglfdt cdtmrg smomiuclyd

Cmlydcpdghdl cdtmrg cmlfmldg pmrhmcodlfdl

omltuh cuhd oucg bdl tmerg pmruodndl huigt oucg Cmldydlfhdl vgbme-vgbme cmlfmldg tmerg pmruodndl

huigt oucg

Furu cmcodfg sgswd bdic omomrdpd hmiecpeh, sdtu

hmiecpeh tmrbgrg bdrg 2 erdlf

Furu cmlufdshdl sgswd cmljdrg fdcodr pmruodndl

huigt oucg bg Djmn smomiuc tmrkdbglyd fmcpd bdl

smtmidn tmrkdbg fmcpd, smrtd dldigsgs fdcodr tmrsmout

Bghucpuihdl omrupd smoudn pdppmr ultuh pmrtmcudl

smidlkutlyd

440 cmlgt

Pmlutup

Zgswd bgodltu furu cmcoudt hmsgcpuidl cmlfmldgcdtmrg ydlf tmidn bgpmidkdrg




tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; Idperdl ndsgi bgshusg

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf tmerg pmrhmcodlfdl cuhd oucg

Gltmrlmt


Pdpdl tuigs

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

Rmerg Pmrhmcodlfdl Cuhd Oucg

4. Rmerg pmlfdpulfdl omlud (Jeltglmltdi brgat tnmery)

Rmerg pmlfdpulfdl omlud bghmcuhdhdl eimn Diarmb Vmfmlmr pdbd 474?. Gd

cmlydtdhdl odnwd pdbd dwdilyd bg oucg ndlyd dbd sdtu omlud cdnd omsdr ydlf

bgsmout Pdlfmd. Cmlurutlyd omlud tmrsmout hmcubgdl tmrpmjdn-pmjdn bdl tmrus

omrfmrdh cmidiug bdsdr idut. Fmrdhdl retdsg oucg ydlf smltrgpufdi, cmlfdhgodthdl

pmjdndl omlud tmrsmout omrfmrdh hm drdn odrdt cmluku mqudter. Rmerg glg bgbuhulf

eimn ouhtg-ouhtg omrupd hmsdcddl fdrgs pdltdg Darghd odfgdl odrdt bmlfdl Dcmrghd

Zmidtdl odfgdl tgcur, smrtd dbdlyd hmsdcddl odtudl bdl aesgi pdbd hmbud bdmrdn

tmrsmout.

?.

Rmerg helvmhsg (Jelvmjtgel tnmery) Cmlurut tmerg helvmhsg ydlf bghmcuhdhdl eimn Drtnur Neicms bdl Ndrry N.

Nmss bdl bghmcodlfhdl imogn idlkut eimn _eomrt Bgmsz, cmlydtdhdl odnwd bg

bdidc oucg ydlf cdsgn bdidc hmdbddl pdlds bdl omrpgkdr tmrkdbg drus helvmhsg hm

drdn idpgsdl huigt oucg ydlf omrdbd bg dtdslyd, smnglffd hmtghd drus helvmhsg ydlf

cmcodwd cdtmrg omrupd idvd sdcpdg hm pmrcuhddl oucg bg cgb ejmdlgj rgbfm

(pulffulf tmlfdn sdcubmrd), idvd tmrsmout dhdl cmcomhu cmcomltuh idpgsdl

huigt oucg ydlf odru cmlffmsmr bdl cmlffdltghdl huigt oucg ydlf imogn tud.

Ouhtg hmomldrdl tmerg helvmhsg dbdidn tmrbdpdtlyd tdlffui bdsdr sdcubmrd

(Cgb Ejmdlgj _gbfm), smpmrtg Cgb Dtidltgj _gbfm bdl Pdsgagj-Dtidltgj _gbfm. Ouhtgidgllyd bgbdsdrhdl pdbd pmlmigtgdl ucur bdsdr idut ydlf cmcouhtghdl odnwd

smcdhgl kdun bdrg pulffulf tmlfdn sdcubmrd, ucur odtudl smcdhgl tud. Drtglyd

tmrbdpdt fmrdhdl ydlf omrdsdi bdrg Cgb Ejmdlgj _gbfm hm drdn omridwdldl ydlf

bgsmodohdl eimn dbdlyd drus helvmhsg bdrg idpgsdl bg odwdn huigt oucg.

:. Rmerg imcpmlf tmhtelgh (Pidtm Rmjtelgj tnmery)

Rmerg imcpmlf tmhtelgh bghmcuhdhdl eimn Reze Vgise. Omrbdsdrhdl tmerg glg,

huigt oucg dtdu igtesamr tmrbgrg dtds omomrdpd imcpmlf tmhtelgh ydlf omrdbd bg dtds

idpgsdl dstmlesamr, Imcpmlf-imcpmlf tmhtelgh pmcomltuh huigt oucg smidiuomrfmrdh hdrmld pmlfdrun drus helvmhsg ydlf tmrkdbg pdbd idpgsdl dstmlesamr ydlf

omrdbd bg odwdn imcpmlf tmhtelgh huigt oucg.

Igtesamr smodfdg idpgsdl pdiglf iudr bdrg odbdl oucg, odfdghdl huigt drg pdbd

huigt cdlusgd bdl cmrupdhdl idpgsdl hmrdh oucg ydlf tgpgs. Prglsgp tmerg tmhtelgh

imcpmlf dbdidn huigt oucg tmrbgrg dtds imcpmlf-imcpmlf ydlf hdhu bmlfdl omltuh

tgbdh omrdturdl. Bgldcdhdl imcpmlf hdrmld odfgdl igtesamr cmcpulydg uhurdl

ydlf omsdr bg hmbud bgcmlsg nergzeltdi (pdlkdlf bdl imodr), tmtdpg omruhurdl hmjgi

pdbd drdn vmrtghdi (hmtmodidl). Odlbglfhdl bmlfdl bdul cmkd, bdul pgltu, dtdu

idltdg bg hmids hdigdl! Imcpmlf glg tmrbgrg dtds imcpmlf omlud (tmodi smhgtdr 20 hc)

bdl imcpmlf sdcubmrd (tmodi smhgtdr 40 hc). Hmbud imcpmlf tmrsmout omrdbd bg



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

dtds idpgsdl dstmlesamr bmlfdl hmjmpdtdl rdtd-rdtd 40 jc/tdnul dtdu 400 hc/40

kutd tdnul.

Dstmlesamr cmrupdhdl sudtu idpgsdl ydlf jdgr (hmltdi) bdl sdlfdt pdlds.

Pdldslyd jdgrdl dstmlesamr smldltgdsd cmcomrghdl hmhudtdl omsdr bdrg bdidc

oucg ultuh cmlffmrdhhdl imcpmlf-imcpmlf smjdrd tgbdh omrdturdl. Hmhudtdl glgbgldcdhdl tmldfd mlbefml ydlf tmidn cmlfndsgihdl omrodfdg omltuh bg

pmrcuhddl oucg. Bg oucg glg igtesamr tmrpmjdn-pmjdn cmlkdbg smhgtdr 4? imcpmlf.

Imcpmlf-imcpmlf tmrsmout smidiu omrfmrdh bdl cmlbmsdh sdtu sdcd idgl.

Imcpmlf tmhtelgh odfgdl dtds bgsmout imcpmlf sdcubmrd, smbdlfhdl imcpmlf

tmhtelgh pdbd odfgdl dtds tmrbdpdt cdsd heltglml bgsmout imcpmlf omlud. Hmbud

imcpmlf glg cmcgighg sgadt ydlf omrombd. Dpdogid bud imcpmlf ydlf omrombd sgadt

tmrsmout sdiglf cmlbmhdt, ucuclyd imcpmlf sdcubmrd dhdl bgtmhuh hm odwdn

imcpmlf omlud nglffd kdun hm bdidc idpgsdl dstmlesamr. Omrtmculyd dltdrd bud

imcpmlf smpmrtg glg bgldcdhdl fmrdhdl omrtucouhdl (suobujtgel), smbdlfhdl

bdmrdn ydlf cmlkdbg tmcpdt tucouhdl imcpmlf-imcpmlf bgsmout suobujtgel zelm.

Zmtgdp fmrdhdl imcpmlf ydlf omrombd tmrsmout, dhdl cmcpmlfdrung fmkdid bdl

amlecmld didc bg dtds pmrcuhddl oucg. Zmjdrd imlfhdp, prglsgp pmrfmrdhdl

imcpmlf-imcpmlf tmhtelgh dbdidn smodfdg omrghut;

d. Helvmrfmlsg

Helvmrfmlsg, ydgtu fmrdhdl sdiglf omrtucouhdl dltdrimcpmlf tmhtelgh.

Rucouhdl dltdrimcpmlf tmhtelgh bdpdt omrupd tucouhdl dltdrd imcpmlf

omlud bmlfdl omlud dtdu dltdrd imcpmlf omlud bmlfdl imcpmlf bdsdr

sdcubmrd. [elm dtdu tmcpdt tmrkdbglyd tucouhdl dltdrd imcpmlf tmhtelgh

omlud bmlfdl omlud bgsmout [elm Helvmrfml. Jeltenlyd tucouhdl dltdrd

imcpmlf Glbgd bmlfdl imcpmlf Omlud Murdsgd ydlf cmlfndsgihdl tmromltuhlyd

pmfululfdl igpdtdl cubd Ngcdidyd ydlf cmrupdhdl pmfululfdl tmrtglffg bg

bulgd bmlfdl puljdh tmrtglffglyd, ydgtu Ceult Mvmrmst. Jelten idgllyd,

tucouhdl imcpmlf Gtdigd bmlfdl Omlud Mrepd ydlf cmlfndsgihdl tmromltuhlyd

Pmfululfdl Dipml.

[elm omrupd kdiur tucouhdl dltdrimcpmlf omlud bmlfdl imcpmlf bdsdr

sdcubmrd, bgsmout [elm Zuobuhsg dtdu zelm tulkdc, jeltenlyd tucouhdl

dltdrd imcpmlf omlud Dcmrghd bmlfdl imcpmlf bdsdr Zdcubmrd Pdsgagh ydlf

cmlfndsgihdl tmromltuhlyd Pmfululfdl _ejhy bdl Pmfululfdl Dlbms.

Amlecdld ydlf bgndsgihdllyd;

4) imcpmlf sdcubmrd cmlfnukdc hm odwdn imcpmlf omlud8

?) tmromltuh pdiulf idut bg tmcpdt tucouhdl tmrsmout8

:)pmcomlfhdhdl tmpg imcpmlf omlud ydlf cmrupdhdl bmrmtdl

pmfululfdl8

2) tmrbdpdt dhtgvgtds vuihdlgscm, gltrusg bdl mhstrusg8

=) bdmrdn ngpesmltrd fmcpd bdlfhdi bdl bdidc8

1) pmlfndljurdl imcpmlf dhgodt pmrfmsmhdl imcpmlf86) tgcouldl smbgcml jdcpurdl dtdu cmidlfm.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Jelten;Pmfululfdl bg pdltdg odrdt Dcmrghd, bmrmtdl Puidu Zucdtmrd,

Kdwd bdl Lusd Rmlffdrd, cmrupdhdl dhgodt pmcomlfhdhdl imcpmlf

omlud. Omrculjuidl puljdh fululfdpg bdl tmrkdbg fmcpd bg smpdlkdlf

puidu bdl pmfululfdl tmrsmout. Glfdtidn odndyd fmcpd ydlfcmlgcouihdl Rsuldcg bg Djmn bdl Zucdtmrd ]tdrd pdbd dhngr Bmsmcomr

?002, fmcpd tmrsmout tgcoui dhgodt dbdlyd tucouhdl dltdrd imcpmlf

sdcubmrd Dustrdigd tmrndbdp imcpmlf omlud Dsgd.

o. Bgvmrfmlsg

Bgvmrfmlsg ydgtu fmrdhdl sdiglf cmlkdun dltdrimcpmlf tmhtelgh

jeltenlyd fmrdhdl sdiglf cmlkdun dltdrd imcpmlf Darghd bmlfdl Dcmrghd

odfgdl smidtdl. [elm omrupd kdiur tmcpdt omrpgsdnlyd imcpmlf-imcpmlf

tmhtelgh bgsmout [elm Bgvmrfml (zelm smodr pgsdn). Amlecmld ydlf tmrkdbg,

smodfdg omrghut;

4) Pmrmlffdlfdl imcpmlf ydlf bgsmrtdg pmrtucouhdl hmbud tmpglyd.

?) Pmcomltuhdl tdlffui bdsdr sdcubmrd (cmb ejmdl rgbfm) bg smpdlkdlf

tmcpdt pmrmlffdlfdl imcpmlf-imcpmlf tmrsmout.

:)Dhtgvgtds vuihdlgscm idut bdidc ydlf cmlfndsgihdl idvd odsd

omrstruhtur odltdi (idvd odltdi) bdl ndcpdrdl imimrdl idvd mljmr, bdl

2) Dhtgvgtds fmcpd.

Jelten;

Bg Idutdl Dtidltgh, tdlffui bdsdr sdcubmrd cmcdlkdlf bdrg bmhdt Hutuo

]tdrd sdcpdg cmlbmhdtg Hutuo Zmidtdl. Jmidn glg cmlkdbghdl omlud

Dcmrghd omrfmrdh sdiglf cmlkdun bmlfdl omlud Mrepd bdl Darghd.

j. Zmsdr cmlbdtdr

Zmsdr cmlbdtdr (Rrdlsaerc), ydgtu fmrdhdl sdiglf omrfmsmhdl

(omridwdldl drdn) dltdrimcpmlf tmhtelgh. Jeltenlyd, fmsmhdl dltdrd imcpmlf

Zdcubmrd Pdsgagh bmlfdl imcpmlf bdrdtdl Dcmrghd ]tdrd ydlf cmlfdhgodthdl

tmromltuhlyd Zmsdr Zdl Dlbrmds ydlf cmcomltdlf smpdlkdlf hurdlf imogn

4.?00 hc bdrg Zdl Ardljgsje bg utdrd sdcpdg Ies Dlfmims bg smidtdl Dcmrghd

Zmrghdt. [elm omrupd kdiur tmcpdt omrfmsmhdl imcpmlf-imcpmlf tmhtelgh

bgsmout [elm Zmsdr Cmlbdtdr ([elm Rrdlsaerc). Omltuhdl didc ydlf bgndsgihdl

dltdrd idgl pdtdndl dtdu smsdr cmlbdtdr. Fmrdh pdtdndl dtdu smsdr glg bdpdt

cmlgcouihdl fmcpd oucg. Jelten; Zmsdr Zdc Dlbrmds bg Jdigaerlgd.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

D. Pgigndl Fdlbd

Pgignidn kdwdodl ydlf pdiglf tmpdt.

Pmrndtghdl fdcodr bg odwdn glg ultuh cmlkdwdo pmrtdlyddl 4-:.

4. Fdcodr bg dtds cmrupdhdl pmlffdcodrdl tmltdlf Rmerg Dpulfdl Omlud. Rmerg

Dpulfdl Omlud bghmcuhdhdl eimn ... .

d. Ndrry N. Nmss

o. Kdcms Bdld

j. _eomrt Pdrhmr

b.

Diarmb I. Vdfmlmr

m. Mbwdrb Zumss

?. Jghdi odhdi bdrdtdl Dcmrghd Zmidtdl pdbd fdcodr bgtulkuhdl eimn lecer ... .

d. G b. GQ

o. GG m. Q

j. GGG

:. Jghdi odhdi bdrdtdl Darghd bdl Glbgd pdbd fdcodr bgtulkuhdl eimn lecer ... .

d.

G bdl GQ b. GG bdl Q

o. G bdl GGG m. GGG bdl GQ

j. GG bdl GQ

2. Cmlurut Vdfmlmr bdnuiu omlud ydlf smhdrdlf glg cmrupdhdl omlud tulffdi ydlf

bghmldi bmlfdl ldcd ...

d. Imcpmlf

o. Pdlfmd

j. Idurdsgd

b.

Omludm. Felbwdld

=. Rmerg Imcpmlf Rmhtelgh bghmcuhdhdl eimn ... .

d. Drtnur Neicms

o. Ndrry N. Nmss

j. Diarmb Vmfmlmr

b. _eomrt Bgmsz

m. Reze Vgise



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

1. Rmerg ydlf cmlydtdhdl odnwd oucg hgtd susut bdl cmlfmrut hdrmld pmlbglfgldl

smnglffd tmrkdbg imcodn-imcodn dbdidn ... .

d. Heltrdhsg

o. Lmouid

j.

Rmhtelgh Imcpmlfb. Dpulfdl Omlud

m. Ogf-Odlf

6. Fmrdhdl imcpmlf tmhtelgh smpmrtg pdbd fdcodr omrghut glg bgldcdhdl ...

d. Helvmrfml

o. Bgvmrfml

j. Zmsdr

b. Pmrfmsmrdl

m. Pdtdndl

>. Fdcodr bgodwdn glg cmrupdhdl drdn pmrfmrdhdl imcpmlf tmhtelgh ydlf sdiglf

omrfmsmhdl (omridwdldl drdn) dltdr imcpmlf tmhtelgh ydlf bgsmout ...

d. Pdlfmd

o. Bgvmrfmlsg

j. Helvmrfmlsg

b. Zmsdr cmlbdtdr

m. Dpulfdl omlud

7. Rmromltuhlyd pdiulf idut dbdidn sdidn sdtu dhgodt bdrg fmrdhdl ... .

d. Bgvmrfml

o. Zmsdr

j. Helvmrfmlsg

b. Dpulfdl omlud

m. Pdtdndl

40. Pdtdndl Zmcdlfhe bg Idcpulf bdl Pmfululfdl Ouhgt Odrgsdl bg Puidu Zucdtmrd

cmrupdhdl omltuhdl oucg dhgodt bdrg fmrdhdl ... .

d. Helvmrfml

o. Bgvmrfml

j. Dpulfdl Omlud

b. Pdlfmd

m. Zmsdr cmlbdtdr



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Huljg Kdwdodl

D. Pgigndl Fdlbd

4. B

?. J

:. D

2. O

=. O

1. D

6. D

>. B

7. J

40. M



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtghd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 4:

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.














_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.





idngr odtngl.



2. Cmlbmshrgpsghdl pmrhmcodlfdl omltuh cuhd oucg

=. Cmlkmidshdl hdid fmeiefg bdl smkdrdn hmngbupdl bg cuhd oucg.








fmefrdag.



=. Cmlkmidshdl hdid fmeiefg bdl smkdrdn hmngbupdl bg cuhd oucg.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Hdid fmeiefg

Zmkdrdn hmngbupdl bg oucg

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Glqugry




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



Vdhtu



ultuh omidkdr





pewmr peglt

40 cmlgt




Cmlydcpdghdl cdtmrg cmlfmldg hdid fmeiefg bdl

smkdrdn hmngbupdl bg cuhd oucg. Furu cmldcpgihdl fdcodr bdl tdomi ydlf

omrnuoulfdl bmlfdl wdhtu fmeiefg

Zgswd cmrulbglfhdl dldigsgs cmlfmldg fdcodr bdl

tdomi tmrsmout smjdrd omrpdsdlfdl bmlfdl tmcdl

smodlfhulyd

Furu cmlulkuh omomrdpd sgswd ultuh cmlkmidshdl

fdcodr bdl tdomi wdhtu fmeiefg tmrsmout

Furu cmlfhelagrcdsg bdrg dldigsgs omomrdpd sgswd

cmlfmldg tdomi bdl fdcodr wdhtu fmeiefg ydlf tmidn

bgoudt eimn sgswd

440 cmlgt






tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt

G^. Pmlgidgdl Ndsgi Omidkdr- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

- Omltuh ; Idperdl ndsgi bgshusg

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf hdid fmeiefg bdl smkdrdn hmngbupdl bg oucg

Gltmrlmt

Fdcodr wdhtu fmeiefg



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


Pdpdl tuigs

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

HDID FMEIEFG BDL ZMKD_DN HMNGB]PDL BG O]CG

Vdhtu cmrupdhdl odfgdl ydlf tgbdh tmrpgsdnhdl bdrg hmngbupdl cdlusgdsmndrg-ndrg. Jdtdtdl wdhtu ogdsdlyd bgsgcpdl bdidc sudtu pmldlffdidl (hdimlbmr)

ydlf pmlfuhurdllyd bgbdsdrhdl dtds pmrmbdrdl oucg bg didc smcmstd. Zmhdig oucg

omrputdr pdbd sucoulyd (sdtu hdig retdsg) bghmldi bmlfdl sdtu ndrg, bdl smtgdp

smhdig oucg cmlfmigiglfg Cdtdndrg bghmldi bmlfdl sdtu tdnul.Zdcd ndilyd bmlfdl

pmrngtulfdl wdhtu bdidc hmngbupdl cdlusgd, cdhd bdidc cmcpmidkdrg smkdrdn

oucg kufd bgpdhdg sudtu kmlgs pmldlffdidl, ydlf bghmldi bmlfdl ldcd ’Zhdid Vdhtu

Fmeiefg–.

Rmrbdpdt ? shdid wdhtu ydlf bgpdhdg ultuh cmlfuhur bdl cmlmltuhdlucur Oucg. Pmrtdcd, dbdidn Zhdid Vdhtu _midtga, ydgtu shdid wdhtu ydlf bgtmltuhdl

omrbdsdrhdl urutdl pmridpgsdl odtudl-odtudl, smrtd mveiusg hmngbupdl erfdlgscm

bgcdsd ydlf idiu. Hmbud dbdidn Zhdid Vdhtu Doseiut (_dbgecmtrgh), ydgtu sudtu

shdid wdhtu fmeiefg ydlf bgtmltuhdl omrbdsdrhdl pmidrghdl rdbgedhtga bdrg ulsur-

ulsur hgcgd ydlf tmrhdlbulf bdidc omodtudl. Zhdid _midtga tmromltuh dtds bdsdr

pmrgstgwd-pmrgstgwd ydlf tmrkdbg bdidc pmrhmcodlfdl gicu fmeiefg gtu smlbgrg,

smbdlfhdl Zhdid Doseiut (_dbgecmtrgh) omrhmcodlf omidhdlfdl bdl omrdsdi bdrg

gicu pmlfmtdnudl agsghd ydlf bgtmrdphdl ultuh cmlkdwdo pmrcdsdidndl

pmrcdsdidndl ydlf tgcoui bdidc ogbdlf fmeiefg.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

4. Mrd / Cdsd Drhmezeghuc (2,= ‚ ?,= cgiydr tdnul idiu)

Cdsd Drhmezeghuc (Drhmdl) cmrupdhdl cdsd

dwdi pmcomltuhdl odtudl hmrdh oucg ydlf

hmcubgdl omrhmcodlf cmlkdbg preteheltglml.Cdsd glg cmrupdhdl dwdi tmromltuhlyd

Dtcesamr, smrtd dwdi culjui

hmngbupdl prgcgtga bg bdidc sdcubmrd ydlf

omrupd cghre-erfdlgscm (odhtmrg bdl

fdlffdlf).

?. Mrd / Cdsd Pretmrezeghuc (?,= cgiydr ‚ ==0 kutd tdnul idiu)

Pretmrezeghuc drtglyd Cdsd

Hmngbupdl Dwdi. Pdbd cdsd glg, hmngbupdl

cuidg omrhmcodlf bdrg erfdlgscm omrsmi

tulffdi cmlkdbg erfdlgscm omrsmi odlydh

( muhdryetms bdl prehdryetms ).

Muhdryetms glg ydlf ldltglyd dhdl cmlkdbg

tucoundl bdlPrehdryetms ldltglyd dhdl

cmlkdbg ogldtdlf.

Cmlkmidlf dhngr cdsd glg, erfdlgscm

cmlkdbg imogn hecpimhs.Kmlgs glvmrtmordtd omrtuoun iuldh smpmrtg uour-uour, jdjglf

bdl herdi cuidg culjui bg idut-idut bdlfhdi, ydlf ouhtg-ouhtglyd bgkucpdg

smodfdg aesgi smkdtg pmrtdcd. Cdsd Drhmezeghuc bdl Pretmrezeghuc omrsdcd-sdcd

bghmldi smodfdg zdcdl Prd-Hdcorguc.

:. Mrd / Cdsd Pdimezeghuc (=70 - ?=0 kutd tdnul idiu)

Bg cdsd glgidn hmngbupdl-hmngbupdl ydlf omrdfdc cuidg tmromltuh.Cdsd glg

pul tmrodfg cmlkdbg 6 suo zdcdl, ydgtu ;

D. [dcdl Hdcorguc (=70-=00 kutd tdnul idiu)

Hdcorguc omrdsdi bdrg hdtd ’Jdcorgd–, ldcd idtgl ultuh bdmrdn Vdims bg

Glffrgs, bgcdld odtudl omrucur hdcorguc pmrtdcd hdig bgpmidkdrg.Odlydh

nmwdl glvmrtmordtd cuidg culjui pdbd zdcdl Hdcorguc. Ndcpgr smiurun

hmngbupdl omrdbd bg idutdl. Nmwdl zdcdl glg cmcpulydg hmrdlfhd iudr bdl

jdlfhdlf smodfdg pmiglbulf. Aesgi ydlf ucuc bgkucpdg bdl pmlymodrdllyd

iuds dbdidn; Difd, Jdjglf, Herdi, Ceiushd, Mhglebmrcdtd, Ordhgepebd bdl

Drtrepebd (Rrgieogt). Zmoudn bdrdtdl ydlf bgsmout Felbwdld (Pdlfmd)

cmrupdhdl jghdi odhdi omlud Dltdrtghd, Darghd, Glbgd, Dustrdigd, smodfgdl Dsgd

bdl Dcmrghd Zmidtdl. Zmbdlfhdl Mrepd, Dcmrghd ]tdrd, bdl Rdldn Ngkdu(frmmlidlb) cdsgn omrupd omlud-omlud hmjgi ydlf tmrpgsdn.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

O. [dcdl Erbevgsguc (=00 ‚ 220 kutd tdnul idiu)

[dcdl Erbevgsguc bgjgrghdl eimn culjuilyd ghdl tdlpd rdndlf (nmwdl

omrtuidlf omidhdlf pdiglf tud) bdl omomrdpd nmwdl omrtuidlf omidhdlf ydlf

culjui pmrtdcd hdig smpmrtg Rmtrdherdi, Frdpteigt, Mhglegb (Idlbdh Idut),

Dstmregb (Ogltdlf Idut), Hrglegb (Igig Idut) bdl Oryezeld. Herdi bdl Difdomrhmcodlf cmcomltuh hdrdlf, bgcdld Rrgieogt bdl Ordhgepebd cuidg

cmljdrg cdlfsd.

J. [dcdl Zgiur (220 ‚ 240 kutd tdnul idiu)

[dcdl Zgiur cmrupdhdl wdhtu pmrdigndl hmngbupdl bdrg dgr hm

bdrdt.Rucoundl bdrdt cuidg culjui pmrtdcd hdiglyd tmrcdsuh Ptmrgbeagtd

(tucoundl pdhu). Zmbdlfhdl Hdidkmlfhglf rdhsdsd (Muryptmrgb) ngbup

omrouru bg bdidc idut. Ghdl omrdndlf cuidg culjui pdbd zdcdl glg bdl

odlydh ghdl cmcpulydg pmrgsdg tuidlf smodfdg pmiglbulf.Zmidcd zdcdl

Zgiur, bmrmtdl pmfululfdl cuidg tmromltuh cmigltdsg Zhdlbgldvgd, Zhetidlbgd

bdl pdltdg Dcmrghd ]tdrd.

B. [dcdl Bmvel (240-:10 kutd tdnul idiu)

[dcdl Bmvel cmrupdhdl zdcdl pmrhmcodlfdl omsdr-omsdrdl kmlgs ghdl

bdl tucoundl bdrdt. Ghdl omrdndlf bdl ghdl ngu smcdhgl dhtga smodfdg

pmcdlfsd bg bdidc idutdl. Nmwdl Dcagog omrhmcodlf bdl omrdlkdh cmluku

bdrdtdl. Rucoundl bdrdt smcdhgl ucuc bdl culjui smrdlffd ultuh

pmrtdcd hdiglyd.

M. [dcdl Hdroel (:10 ‚ ?70 kutd tdnul idiu)

_mptgigd culjui pmrtdcd hdiglyd bdl bdpdt cmimtdhhdl tmiurlyd bg iudr dgr.

Zmrdlffd rdhsdsd culjui bdl dcagog cmlglfhdt bdidc kucidnlyd.Penel

pmrtdcd culjui, kdcur hido, tucoundl amrc bdl pdhu mher hubd tucoun bg

rdwd-rdwd. Pdbd zdcdl glg, omlud-omlud bg cuhd oucg cmlydtu cmcomltuh

sdtu cdsd bdrdtdl ydlf bgsmout Pdlfmd, bdl cmlfdidcg pmruodndl

iglfhulfdl ultuh omrodfdg omltuh hmngbupdl.

A. [dcdl Pmrc (?70 - ?=0 kutd tdnul idiu)

’Pmrc– dbdidn ldcd smoudn prepglsg tud bg bmhdt pmfululfdl ]rdi, _usgd.

Pdbd [dcdl glg, kucidn rmptgigd cmlglfhdt bdl smrdlffd cebmrl

culjui.Omfgtu kufd tucoundl helgamr bdl frghfe prgcgtga. Nmwdl Dcagog

cmlkdbg hurdlf omfgtu omrpmrdl. [dcdlPmrc bgdhngrg bmlfdl hmpuldndl

nmwdl idut pmrtdcd bdidc shdid omsdr, smpmrtg Rrgoeigt, bdl Herdi.

2. Mrd / Cdsd Cmsezeghuc (?=0 - 1= kutd tdnul idiu)

Cdsd glgidn ydlf bgsmout cdsd pmrtmlfdndl. Cdsd Cmsezeghuc tmrodfg dtds :

suo zdcdl, ydgtu;

D. [dcdl Rrgds (?=0-?40 kutd tdnul idiu)

Bglesdurus bdl rmptgigd idut omruhurdl omsdr cuidg culjui pmrtdcd hdiglyd

smidcd zdcdl glg. _mptgigd ydlf cmlymrupdg cdcdigd pmcdhdl bdfglf ydlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

bgsmout Jylebelt cuidg omrhmcodlf. Cdcdigd pmrtdcd pul cuidg culjui

pdbd zdcdl glg.

O. [dcdl Kurd (?40-420 kutd tdnul idiu)

Pdbd zdcdl glg _mptgigd cmlglfhdt kucidnlyd. Bglesdurus (_mptgi _dhsdsd)

cmlfudsdg bdrdtdl. Gjntgyesdurus omrouru bg bdidc idutdlbdl Ptmresdurus cmrdkdg dlfhdsd. Odlydh bglesdurus tucoun bdidc uhurdl

ydlf iudr ogdsd. Ourulf smkdtg pmrtdcd ( Drjnmeptmryd) omrmveiusg bdl odlydh

kmlgs oudyd omrhmcodlf.

J. [dcdl Hdpur (420-1= kutd tdnul idiu)

Odlydh Bglesdurus rdhsdsd bdl _mptgigd tmrodlf ngbup pdbd zdcdl glg. Pdbd

dhngr zdcdl glg Bglesdurus, Gjntgyesdurus, Ptmresdurus, Pimsgesdurus, smrtd

omrodfdg cdjdc Bglesdurus idgllyd puldn, dhgodt dbdlyd Zmimhsg Didc, dtdu

ydlf imogn bghmldi bmlfdl "Nukdl Cmtmer". [dcdl glg dbdidn zdcdl dhngr

bdrg hmngbupdl pdrd rmptgigd rdhsdsd.

=. Mrd / Cdsd Hmlezeghuc (1= kutd tdnul idiu - smhdrdlf)

Cdsd Hmlezeghuc omrdrtg Cdsd Hmngbupdl Odru.Glgidn cdsd ydlf tmrus omridlkut

nglffd smhdrdlf.Cdsd glg bgodfg hmbdidc ? suo zdcdl, ydgtu;

D. [dcdl Rmrsgmr (1= ‚ 4,6 kutd tdnul idiu)

Pdbd zdcdl Rmrsgmr tmrkdbg pmrhmcodlfdl kmlgs hmngbupdl smpmrtg

omrmveiusglyd omrodfdg cdjdc cdcdigd.Zmbdlfhdl aduld idut smpmrt ghdl,

ceiushd bdl mjnglebmrcdtd sdlfdt cgrgp bmlfdl aduld idut ydlf ngbup

smhdrdlf. Rucoundl omroulfd pdbd zdcdl Rmrsgmr tmrus omrmveiusg

cmlfndsgihdl odlydh vdrgdsg tucoundl, smpmrtg smcdh omiuhdr, tucoundl

cmrdcodt bdl rucput. Pdbd zdcdl Rmrsgmr ‚ Hudrtmr, pmculjuidl bdl

hmpuldndl nmwdl bdl tucoundl (Zmimhsg Didc bdl Mveiusg) sdiglf omrfdltg

smgrglf bmlfdl pmruodndl judjd smjdrd fieodi.

O. [dcdl Hudrtmr (4,6 kutd tdnul idiu ‚ smhdrdlf)

[dcdl Hudrtmr tmrbgrg bdrg hdid Pigstesml bdl Hdid Neiesml. Hdid Pigstesml

cuidg smhgtdr 4,6 kutd tdnul ydlf idiu bdl omrdhngr pdbd 40.000 tdnul ydlf

idiu. Hmcubgdl bgghutg eimn Hdid Neiesml ydlf omridlfsulf sdcpdg

smhdrdlf.Pdbd Hdid Pigstesml tmrkdbg = hdig zdcdl ms (zdcdl fidsgdi). Cdlusgd

purod kdwd (Nece mrmjtus) culjui pdbd Hdid Pigstesml. Cdlusgd Cebmrl

ydlf cmcpulydg pmrdbdodl odru culjui pdbd Hdid Neiesml. Aierd bdl aduld

ydlf ngbup pdbd Hdid Pigstesml sdlfdt cgrgp bmlfdl aierd bdl aduld ydlf

ngbup smhdrdlf.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

D. Pgigndl Fdlbd

Pgignidn kdwdodl ydlf pdiglf tmpdt.

4.

Cdsd prehdcoguc, tmrodfg cmlkdbg bud pmrgebm ydgtu ... .d. Hdcorguc bdl Erbevgsuc

o. Zmiur bdl Bmvel

j. Rrgds bdl Kurd

b. Drhmezeghuc bdl Pretezeghuc

m. Hwdrtmr bdl Rmrsgmr

?. Hdid wdhtu fmeiefg, bgcdld pdbd cdsd gtu dwdi cuidg tmrkdbglyd pmrhmcodlfdl

ngbresamr bdl dtcesamr dbdidn pdbd sddt zdcdl... .

d. Drhmezeghuc

o.

Pretezeghuc

j. Hdcorguc

b. Erbevgsuc

m. Pmrcm

:. [dcdl tmrtud bdidc smkdrdn tmromltuhlyd oucg dbdidn ...

d. Zgiur

o. Bmvel

j. Hdcorguc

b.

Drhmzeghuc

m. Pretmrezeghuc

2. Hmpuldndl bglesdurus bdl smodfgdl omsdr rmptgi tmrkdbg pdbd ...

d. Dhngr Kurd

o. Dwdi Hdpur

j. Dhngr Hdpur

b. Dwdi Rmrsgmr

m. Dhngr Rmrsgmr

=. Cdlusgd purod pmrtdcd hdig culjui pdbd hdid ... .

d. Neiesml

o. Pmrc

j. Bmvel

b. Hdroel

m. Pimgstesml

1. Pmrndtghdl pmrlydtddl omrghut.

4.

Rmrbgrg bdrg hdid Pigstesml bdl Hdid Neiesml ?. Pdbd Hdid Pigstesml tmrkdbg = hdig zdcdl ms (zdcdl fidsgdi)



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

:. Cdlusgd Cebmrl ydlf cmcpulydg pmrdbdodl odru culjui pdbd Hdid Neiesml

Omrbdsdrhdl pmrlydtddl bg dtds cmrupdhdl jgrg-jgrg bdrg cdsd ... .

d. Prehdcoguc

o. Pdimezeghuc

j.

Cmsezeghucb. Lmezeghuc

m. Hmlezeghuc

6. [dcdl bgcdld rmptgigd culjui ultuh pmrtdcd hdiglyd bdl bdpdt cmimtdhhdl

tmiurlyd bg iudr dgr bgsmout ...

d. Hdroel

o. Bmvel

j. Erbevgsguc

b. Drhmzeghuc

m. Pretmrezeghuc

Pmrndtghdl pmrgebm bg odwdn glg. ]ltuh cmlfmrkdhdl le. > bdl 7.

4. Drhmzeghuc

?. Hdcorguc

:. Kurd

2. Erbevgsuc

=. Zmiur

1. Hdpur

>. Pmrgebm bg zdcdl cmsezeghuc bgtulkuhhdl pdbd lecmr ... .

d. 4, ? bdl :

o. ?, 2, bdl =

j. : bdl 1

b. ? bdl :

m. 2 bdl 1

7. Pmrgebm bg zdcdl pdimezeghuc bgtulkuhhdl pdbd lecmr ... .

d.

4, ? bdl :

o. ?, 2, bdl =

j. : bdl 1

b. ? bdl :

m. 2 bdl 1

40. Nmwdl-nmwdl omrmveiusg bgtdlbdg bmlfdl culjuilyd prgcdtd, nmwdl pmcdhdl

rucput, ourulf, bdl smodfgdl rmptgi, jgrg-jgrg smpmrtg gtu tmrkdbg pdbd pmrgebm ... .

d. Rmrsgmr

o.

Hwdrtmrj. Hdpur

b. Hdroel

m.

Zmiur



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Huljg Kdwdodl

D. Pgigndl Fdlbd

4. B

?. O

:. B

2. J

=. M

1.

M

6. D

>. J

7. O

40. D



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucid

n

Zher

Lgid

gHmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-

heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimr

dlsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrf

dg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtg

hd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm

bdl

pmldcpg

idl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD


(_PP)


Ldcd Zmheidn ; ZCD




Pmrtmcudl Hm- ; 42

G. Hecpmtmlsg Gltg













cmcmjdnhdl cdsdidn.














_PP Fmefrdag ZCD




4.





idngr odtngl.



2. Cmlfdldigsgs hmidydhdl pidlmt oucg smodfdg tmcpdt hmngbupdl.








fmefrdag.



=. Cmlfdldigsgs hmidydhdl pidlmt oucg smodfdg tmcpdt hmngbupdl.

Q. Cdtmrg Dkdr

Pidlmt oucg smodfdg tmcpdt hmngbupdl

QG. Diehdsg Vdhtu

: x 2= cmlgt



Ztrdtmfg ; Glqugry




_PP Fmefrdag ZCD



Vdhtu



ultuh omidkdr





pewmr peglt

40 cmlgt




Cmlydcpdghdl cdtmrg hmidydhdl pidlmt oucg smodfdg

tmcpdt hmngbupdl Zgswd bgodfg cmlkdbg omomrdpd hmiecpeh ydlf tmrbgrg

bdrg 2 erdlf bg tgdp hmiecpehlyd

Furu cmcomrghdl tufds dhgr bg cdtmrg glg, ydlf dhdl

bghmrkdhdl eimn sgswd omrupd; 4.) dldigsgs cmlfmldg

adhter-adhter ydlf cmlymodohdl oucg smodfdg tmcpdt

hmngbupdl, bgigndt bdrg presms dwdi tmrjgptdlyd oucg

nglffd smhdrdlf, bdl ?.) dldigsgs hmngbupdl oucg

omomrdpd tdnul cmlbdtdlf smcdhgl idydh bgnulg dtdu

tgbdh omrghdl didsdl bgnuoulfhdl bmlfdl fmkdid-fmkdid

fmesamr ydlf tmrkdbg Pmrwdhgidl cdsglf-cdsglf hmiecpeh cmcdpdrhdl

ndsgi bgshusg ydlf bgoudtlyd, bdl hmiecpeh idgl

cmldlffdpglyd

Furu cmlfhelagrcdsg bdrg bgshusg ydlf tmidn

bgpdpdrhdl eimn sgswd

Ndsgi dhngr bgshusg bgoudt cmlkdbg smoudn drtghmi ydlf

cmldrgh, ndsgi tmrodgh dhdl bgpdkdlf bg cdbglf smheidn

bghucpui pdbd pmrtmcudl cglffu bmpdl

440 cmlgt






tmrgcd hdsgn

Cmlfujdphdl sdidc

4= cmlgt


- Rmhlgh ; Rmrtuigs

-

Omltuh ; Idperdl ndsgi bgshusg



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

^. Zucomr Omidkdr


Pewmr peglt tmltdlf hmidydhdl pidlmt oucg smodfdg tmcpdt hmngbupdl

Gltmrlmt


Pdpdl tuigs

IJB & Idptep



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Cdtmrg Dkdr

Hmidydhdl Pidlmt Oucg Zmodfdg Rmcpdt Hmngbupdl

Zdidn sdtu tmcudl cutdhngr bg bulgd sdgls ydlf cmlkdbg oudn ogogr bg hdidlfdl

gicuwdl dbdidn dpd ydlf bgsmout prglsgp dltrepgs.Prglsgp glg cmlfulfhdphdl odnwd

smtgdp bmtdgi ydlf tmrbdpdt bg didc smcmstd tmidn bgrdljdlf bmlfdl hmtmpdtdl ydlf

smcpurld ultuh cmculfhglhdl cdlusgd ngbup. Jelten hmjgi bdrg prglsgp dltrepgs glg

bdpdt hgtd tmcuhdl pdbd adhtd-adhtd ydlf omrhdgtdl bmlfdl hmomrdbddl oucg. Bdidc

ndi glg, smerdlf dstrelec dcmrghd Nufn _ess bdidc ouhulyd ydlf omrkubui 'Rnm

Aglfmrprglt ea Feb, _mjmlt Zjgmltgagj Bgsjevmrgms _mvmdi Rnm ]lcgstdhdoim Gbmltgtgy ea

Rnm Jrmdter' tmidn cmcoudt bdatdrlyd smlbgrg smodfdg omrghut.

4. Kdrdh oucg bmlfdl cdtdndrg

Kdrdh cdtdndrg hm oucg dbdidn 427.117.000 hgiecmtmr (dtdu 7:.000.000 cgi).

Kdrdh glg bghmldi smodfdg sdtudl dstrelecg bdl ogdsd bgouidthdl (ultuh

pmlymbmrndlddl ngtulfdl) cmlkdbg 42> kutd hc.

Bgodlbglfhdl bmlfdl oucg, bgdcmtmr cdtdndrg hgrd-hgrd 44? hdiglyd. Fdyd tdrgh

cdtdndrg hgrd-hgrd :0 hdig fdyd tdrgh oucg. Zgldr cdtdndrg cmlmcpun cdsd >

cmlgt ultuh sdcpdg hm oucg.

Kghd imogn kdun; Pidlmt oucg dhdl tmridiu bglfgl odfg sghius dgr ydlf stdogi.

Kghd imogn bmhdt; Pidlmt oucg dhdl tmridiu pdlds odfg sghius dgr ydlf stdogi

?. Frdvgtdsg bg pmrcuhddl oucg

Frdvgtdsg pmrcuhddl bdrg smoudn eoymh dstrelecg (pidlmt, ogltdlf, bii) dbdidn

pmrjmpdtdl frdvgtdsg ydlf omridhu pdbd pmrcuhddl eoymh tmrsmout. Frdvgtdsg

pmrcuhddl omrfdltulf pdbd cdssd bdl rdbgus eoymh tmrsmout. Zmrglfhdig

frdvgtdsg pmrcuhddl bglydtdhdl smodfdg rdsge bmlfdl hmtmltudl ydlf omridhu bg

oucg.

Kghd imogn hudt; Dtcesamr oucg dhdl cmldndl tmridiu odlydh fds omrdjul

(dcelgdh bdl cmtndld)

Kghd imogn imcdn; Dtcesamr oucg dhdl tmridiu tgpgs hdrmld odlydh

hmngidlfdl ubdrd

:. Pmrgebm retdsg oucg

_etdsg oucg cmrukuh pdbd fmrdhdl omrputdr pidlmt oucg pdbd sucoulyd bdl

fmrdhdl bg erogtlyd cmlfmigiglfg cdtdndrg.

Kghd imogn idcd; Pmrombddl sunu pdbd sgdlf bdl cdidc ndrg tmridiu omsdr

Kghd imogn jmpdt; Hmjmpdtdl dlfgl pdbd dtcesamr tmridiu tglffg

2. Diombe

Diombe cmrupdhdl smoudn omsdrdl ydlf cmlffdcodrhdl pmrodlbglfdl dltdrd

sgldr cdtdndrg ydlf tgod bg pmrcuhddl oucg bdl ydlf bgpdltuihdl hmcodig hm

dlfhdsd bmlfdl tmrkdbg pmruodndl pdlkdlf fmiecodlf (eutfeglf ielfwdvm



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

rdbgdtgel). Pmrombddl pdlkdlf fmiecodlf dltdrd ydlf bdtdlf bdl ydlf

bgpdltuihdl bdpdt bghdgthdl bmlfdl smomrdpd omsdr mlmrfg cdtdndrg ydlf

bgsmrdp eimn pmrcuhddl oucg.

Kghd imogn omsdr; [dcdl ms tdh tmrhmlbdig dhdl tmrkdbg

Kghd imogn hmjgi; Mamh rucdn hdjd tdh tmrhmlbdig dhdl tmrkdbg.=. Dhtgvgtds fmcpd

Fmcpd oucg dbdidn fmtdrdl dtdu fuljdlfdl ydlf tmrkdbg bg pmrcuhddl oucg.

Fmcpd oucg ogdsd bgsmodohdl eimn pmrfmrdhdl hmrdh oucg (imcpmlf oucg).

Hdtd fmcpd oucg kufd bgfuldhdl ultuh cmlulkuhhdl bdmrdn dsdi tmrkdbglyd

hmkdbgdl fmcpd oucg tmrsmout.Oucg hgtd wdidupul pdbdt, smidiu omrfmrdh, bdl

fmcpd oucg tmrkdbg dpdogid tmhdldl ydlf tmrkdbg hdrmld pmrfmrdhdl gtu subdn

tmridiu omsdr ultuh bdpdt bgtdndl.

Kghd imogn omsdr; Rmridiu odlydh cdhniuh ngbup ogldsd

Kghd imogn hmjgi; Odndl cdhdldl bdsdr idut tgbdh dhdl bgbdur uidlf hmbdrdtdl cmidiug pmlfdlfhdtdl tmhtelgh

1. Hmtmodidl hmrdh oucg

Hmrdh oucg dbdidn idpgsdl tmriudr oucg ydlf tmrodfg cmlkdbg ? hdtmferg, ydgtu

hmrdh sdcubrd bdl hmrdh omlud. Hmrdh sdcubrd cmcpulydg hmtmodidl smhgtdr

=-40 hc, smbdlfhdl hmrdh omlud cmcpulydg hmtmodidl smhgtdr ?0-60

hc.Pmlyusul hmrdh sdcubrd ydlf utdcd dbdidn odtudl odsdit, smbdlfhdl

odtudl pmlyusul hmrdh omlud ydlf utdcd dbdidn frdlgt, ydlf tgbdh smpdbdt

odtudl odsdit. Hmrdh oucg bdl smodfgdl cdltmi oucg cmcomltuh idpgsdl igtesamr

bmlfdl hmtmodidl tetdi hurdlf imogn >0 hc.

Kghd imogn tmodi; Rmridiu odlydh ehsgfml omrpgbdn bdrg dtcesamr hm hmrdh

oucg

Kghd imogn tgpgs; Dhtgvgtds tmhtelgh bdl vuihdlgh dhdl tmridiu omsdr

6. Cmbdl cdflmt oucg

Cdflmtesamr oucg dbdidn sudtu bdmrdn bg dlfhdsd ydlf omltuhlyd bgtmltuhdl

eimn iudslyd cmbdl cdflmt gltmrldi oucg, pidscd dlfgl cdtdndrg, bdl cmbdl

cdflmt dltdrpidlmt. Bg cdflmtesamr, jdcpurdl gel-gel bdl mimhtrel-mimhtrel

omods odgh bdrg dlfgl cdtdndrg cdupul gelesagr oucg bgodtdsg eimn fdyd cdflmt

bdl igstrgh ydlf imogn hudt bdrgpdbd frdvgtdsg bdl tucouhdl.

Kghd imogn hudt; Odbdg mimhtrecdflmtgh dhdl tmridiu cmrusdh

Kghd imogn imcdn; Hurdlflyd pmriglbulfdl bdrg rdbgdsg omrodndyd ydlf

omrdsdi bdrg iudr dlfhdsd

>. Gltmrdhsg frdvgtdsg bmlfdl ouidl

Ouidl ydlf bgtdrgh eimn fdyd frdvgtdsg oucg tgbdh kdtun hm oucg bgsmodohdl eimn

fdyd smltrgaufdi ydlf tgcoui bdrg erogt ouidl cmlfmigiglfg oucg.Omsdrlyd fdyd

smltrgaufdi ouidl dbdidn smbghgt imogn omsdr bdrg fdyd tdrgh cmldrgh dltdrd

frdvgtdsg oucg bdl ouidl. Ndi glg cmlymodohdl ouidl smcdhgl cmlkdun bdrg

oucg bmlfdl hmjmpdtdl smhgtdr :,>jc/tdnul.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Kghd imogn omsdr; Mamh pdsdlf surut pdbd idut, dtcesamr bdl pmrgebm retdsg

smcdhgl cmrusdh

Kghd imogn hmjgi; Pmruodndl tgbdh idlfsulf pdbd erogt cmlymodohdl

hmtgbdhstdogidl ghigc

7.

Hdbdr hdroelbgehsgbd bdl udp dgr bdidc dtcesamrDtcesamr oucg tmrbgrg dtds lgtrefml (6>.46%) bdl ehsgfml (?0.76%), bmlfdl

smbghgt drfel (0.7%), hdroelbgehsgbd (vdrgdomi, tmtdpg smhgtdr 0.0:=6%), udp dgr,

bdl fds idgllyd.Dtcesamr cmiglbulfg hmngbupdl bg oucg bmlfdl cmlymrdp

rdbgdsg sgldr uitrdvgeimt bdrg cdtdndrg bdl cmlfurdlfg sunu mhstrmc bg dltdrd

sgdlf bdl cdidc.6=% bdrg dtcesamr dbd bdidc 44 hc bdrg pmrcuhddl pidlmt.

Dtcesamr tgbdh cmcpulydg odtds ydlf idlfsulf tdpdt omrodtdsdl, tmtdpg dfdh

cmlgpgs idcodt idul bmlfdl cmldcodn hmtglffgdl, tgbdh dbd odtds pdstg dltdrd

dtcesamr bdl dlfhdsd iudr.

Kghd imogn omsdr; Mamh rucdn hdjd tdh tmrhmlbdig dhdl tmrkdbg Kghd imogn hmjgi; Mamh rucdn hdjd tgbdh cmcdbdg

40. Hdbdr ezel bdidc dtcesamr

Ezel tmrbgrg bdrg : ceimhui ehsgfml bdl dcdt omrodndyd pdbd hmsmndtdl

cdlusgd. Zmjdrd didcgdn, ezel bgndsgihdl cmidiug pmrjdcpurdl jdndyd

uitrdvgeimt bmlfdl dtcesamr oucg bdl cmcomltuh sudtu idpgsdl ezel pdbd

hmtglffgdl =0 hgiecmtmr.Ezel tmrtucpu bg odwdn strdtesamr bg dltdrd 4= bdl :0

hc bg dtds pmrcuhddl oucg ydlf bghmldi smodfdg 'idpgsdl ezel'. Ezel bgndsgihdl

bmlfdl pmiodfdg pmrsmlydwddl hgcgd, tmtdpg cmhdlgscm utdcd pmlfndsgidl bdl

pmrpglbdndl bdidc dtcesamr dbdidn pmlymrdpdl tmldfd sgldr uitrdvgeimt (uv)

bdrg cdtdndrg.

Kghd imogn omsdr; Zunu pmrcuhddl oucg tmridiu rmlbdn

Kghd imogn hmjgi; Zunu pmrcuhddl oucg tmridiu tglffg, tmridiu odlydh

rdbgdsg uitrdvgeimt

Bdatdr bg dtds ndlydidn smbghgt jelten bdrg smhgdl odlydhlyd bdtd ydlf

cmigcpdn tmltdlf dbdlyd prglsgp dltrepgs.Ldcul, ydlf smbghgt glgpul juhup ultuh

cmlfndljurhdl cgtes ydlf bgpmrjdyd pdrd gicudl cdtmrgdigs, ydgtu odnwd hmomrdbddl

oucg omsmrtd hmngbupdl ydlf tmrbdpdt pdbdlyd tmrkdbg smjdrd hmomtuidl cmidiug

smrdlfhdgdl pmrgstgwd djdh tdlpd pmrmljdlddl. Zgdpdpul ydlf cmcpmidkdrg bdtd-bdtdglg tgbdh dhdl fdfdi ultuh sdcpdg pdbd hmsgcpuidl odnwd oucg glg cmrupdhdl tmcpdt

ydlf tmidn bgrdljdlf bmlfdl tglfhdt hmrucgtdl ydlf tdh tmrodydlfhdl bdl bmlfdl

hmsmsudgdl ydlf smcpurld bmcg hmomridlfsulfdl hmngbupdl bg bdidclyd.



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Mvdiudsg

Bgshusghdlidn omrsdcd tmcdl smhmiecpehcu cmlfdpd oucg idydh cmlkdbg

tmcpdt hmngbupdl cdhniuh ngbup5 Omrghdlidn pmlkdodrdl hdigdl bdidc smoudn drtghmi

bmlfdl hmtmltudl smodfdg omrghut ;

Drtghmi cdhsgcdi = imcodr

Drtghmi omrgsg bmshrgpsg cmlfmldg cmlfdpd oucg idydh cmlkdbg tmcpdt hmngbupdl

cdhniuh ngbup

Ruigsdl drtghmi aelt 4?, Rgcms Lmw _ecdl, hmrtds D2



_PP Fmefrdag ZCD

Imcodr Pmlgidgdl


Le. Ldcd Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgidg Hmt.Hmrkd

sdcd

Cmlf-heculghd

sghdl pml-

bdpdt

Reimrd

lsg

Hmdhtg

adl

Cmlfndrfdg

pmlbdpdt

tmcdl

Hmtmrdlfdl Zher ;


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

Hrgtmrgd Lgidg


O 3 60 ‚ 67 ; Odgh

J 3 10 ‚ 17 ; Juhup

B 3 ‷ 10 ; Hurdlf



Imcodr Pmlfdcdtdl

_uorgh Pmlgidgdl

Le.Ldcd

Zgswd


Kucidn

Zher

Lgi

dg

Hmt

.

Hecu

lg

hdsg

Zgstmcdtg

hd

pmlydc

Pdgdl

Vd

wd

sdl

Hmomr

dlgdl

Dltusg

ds

Fmsturm

bdl

pmldcpg

idl


2 3 Odgh Zmhdig

: 3 Odgh

? 3 Juhup

4 3 Hurdlf

∔ Zher pmreimndl

Lgidg 3 ^ 400

Zher Cdhsgcdi (?0)

rpp geografi kelas 10 - semester 1 [kurikulum 2013]

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