1

Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñ-\pw ISp-]-«À CXn-lm-khpw þ kXyhpw anYybpw

{io. hn.-kn. {ioP³ Bcw`w Ipdn¨ Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñ-s\- -̧än-bpÅ ]pXnb kwhm-Z-km-²y-X-

IÄ¡v s{]m^. Sn.-_n. hnP-b-Ip-amcs\gp-̄ -̈ sâ (sabv 2) ISp-]-«À CXn-lmkw “Cu\mw-t]-

¨n¡v ac-̧ «n Iq«v” F¶ {]XoXn Df-hm-¡p-¶p. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp hmgv̄ -s -̧Sp¶ tIc-f-̄ nÂ, {ioi-¦-c\v NWvUm-e³ Kpcp-hmb `mc-X-̄ n \mbcpw \¼q-Xn-cnbpw ]Wn-¡cpw Fgp-̄ -̈ -·mcpw AssZz-X-ZÀi\w hmbv¯mcn sIm−v km£m-XvI-cn¨v {`m´m-e-b-sa¶v kzman hnth-Im-\-µ³ IÂ]n¨p \ÂInb ]Zhn \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ ImgvN k¼qÀ®-km-£-c-X¡v ]pXnb am\w \ÂIp-¶p. Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-·msc PmXn-bpsS apJ-Im-̧ -Wnbn¡W-sa¶v ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v \nÀº-Ô-ap-ÅXp t]msebmWv kmaq-ln-I-cw-Ks¯ {]Xn-[z-\n-IÄ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. {ioi-¦-cs\ \¼q-Xn-cn-bmbpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ Cug-h-\mbpw N«-¼n-kzm-ansb \mb-cmbpw \mw {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-t¼mÄ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Fgp-̄ -Ñ-s\¶ JymXn-bmÀ¶ t]cn\v Hcp PmXn-̈ ph A\p-̀ -h-s -̧SpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. C -̄cp-W-̄ n ISp-]«À CXn-lmkw \mw AÂ]w KmV-ambn Ah-tem-I\w sNt¿-−-Xp-−v. {i²n-¡-s -̧SmsX t]mb ISp-]-«nþenJnX§sf¸änbpÅ ]T\w Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-̧ än hfsc {]k-à-amb Fs´m-s¡tbm hkvXp-X-IÄ ]pd¯p sIm−p-h-cp¶p F¶ BwKy-t¯m-sS-bmWv teJ\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. XpS-¡-̄ nse Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w {i²n-̈ m tNmf-þ-]-Ãh tcJ-I-fn Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñsâ ]qÀÆn-I-cpsS Ombm-Nn{Xw Xs¶ e`yamsb¶pw

AXnsâ tIm¸n 1428 Â ae-¸p-dwþ\S-¡m-hnepw \qdm-−p-IÄ¡p tijw Xp©³]-d-¼nepw e`y-am-bXn\v A²ym-ß-cm-am-bWw Infn-̧ m-«nse X -̄tbm-sSm-̧ -apÅ Fgp-̄ -Ñsâ ]S-hp-ambn hfsc kmZr-iy-ap-Å-Xm-sW¶pw aäp-w B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn Øm]n-¡p¶pthm F¶v BÝ-cy-ap-f-hm-¡pw. s{]m^-. Fgp-̄ -̈ ³ ]d-bp¶ tNmf-þ-]-Ã-h-þ-I-Sp-]«n _mÔ-h-tc-J-IÄ¡v Xp©s -̄gp-̄ -Ñ-\p-

ambn bmsXmcp _Ôhpw CÃ. 1428  Xncp-\m-hm-bn ISp-]-«n-IÄ F¯n-sb-¶-Xn\v Xp©\p-ambn GsX-¦nepw _Ô-ap-Å-Xmbn Øm]n-¡p-hm³ s{]m^-kÀ¡v Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. tNmf-hw-im-h-en¡pw Ah-cpsS enJn-X-§Ä¡pw ISp-]-«-·m-cp-ambn _Ô-ap-−mImw. ]s£ Cu _Ô¯n\v Xp©-̄ m-Nm-cy-\p-amtbm, tIc-f-N-cn-{X-̄ nse JymXn-bmÀ¶ CXc Fgp-̄ -Ñ-·m-cp-amtbm bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-an-Ã. Ahn-b-ep-t]mse Hcp Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I-\hpw C. lÂSvkv apX tSm¡n-tbm-hnse Icm-jna hsc GXm\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS t]cpw D²-cn¨v \ÂIp¶ ISp-]« CXn-lm-k-hp-ambn Xp©s¯gp-̄ -Ñs\ _Ô-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ bmsXmcp sXfnhpw io. hnP-b-Ip-amÀ \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. ISepw IS-em-Snbpw t]mse hn`n-¶-amb c−p kwK-Xn-Isf \jvS-am-ImsX \n¡p¶ PmXy-̀ n-am\w \ndw-]-I-cp¶ ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS t\m¡n-b-Xn-ep-f-hmb Øe-þ-Im-e-þ-hn-{`m-́ n-bmWv t{]m -̂k-dn \ng-en-¡p-¶-Xv.

sshZn-Iw, Xm{´nIw F¶n-§s\ c−mbn \ne-\n¶ `mc-X-̄ nse A[ym-ßn-I-hn-Zym-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n sshZn-IimJ NmXpÀhÀ®yw ASn-Øm-\-ambpw (D-Zm: C¶pw ImWp-hm³ Ign-bp¶ Im©n-þ-irw-tK-cn-þ-]p-cn-þ-Zzm-cIm apX-emb im¦-c-]o-T-§-fpsS ]mc-¼-cyw) Xm{´n-Iþkn²-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-\mbn am{Xw I−v PmXn-þ-enw-K-hy-Xym-ktaXp-an-ÃmsX (DZm: {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-]-c-a-lw-kcpw Kpcp ss`chn tbmtK-iz-cnbpw) Kpcp-þ-in-jy-]-c-¼cIÄ¡v P·w \ÂIn. tXmSm-]p-cn-bpsS ]n¡me in£Ww D²-cn¨v {iocm-a-Ir-jvWs\ thZm-́ n-bm-¡p-¶-hÀ tXmSm-]pcn \mK-Xm-{´n-I-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n AssZz-Xm-\p-̀ hw ssIh-cn-̈ -bm-fm-sW¶ kXys¯ {_mÒ-Wy-¯n\p IqSp-X \ndw ]I-cm-\mbn kXys¯ ad¨p sh¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv. {ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ Ah-ti-jn-¸n¨ thZm´w I]-S-Zr-jvSm-́ -cq-V-amb Alw {_Òmkvan F¶ {]Ñ-¶-_u²þhmbv¯mcn ZÀi-\-am-Wv. XÀ¡-̄ n\p am{Xw DX-Ip¶ i¦-cmNmcy-cpsS _u²n-I-I-kÀ¯pIfpw XpSÀ¶p h¶ kKp-tWm]m-k\mþ-hym-Jym-\-§-fpw cmPm-¡-·msc Iq«p-]n-Sn¨v {_mÒWyw kn²-hn-Zym-]m-c-¼-cys¯ Nhp«n saXn-̈ -Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kzÀ¤-{]m-]vXn-sb¶ aqV-kz]v\w \ÂIn tlma-{In-b-I-fpsS amkva-cn-I-X-bn cmPm-¡-·m-scbpw I]-S-Zr-jvSm-́ -§-fn-

2

eqsS km[m-c-W-P-\-§-sfbpw hi-̄ m¡n XmWvU-h-am-Snb {_mÒ-Wy-̄ nsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-bn-cp¶p NmXpÀhÀWyw. \mK-£-{Xn-b-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n ]nd¶ Pn\-þ-a-lm-ho-c\pw _p²\pw {_mÒ-Wy-̄ nsâ apX-e-]n-Sp-̄ s¯ AXn-Po-hn¨ kn²-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ nsâ {]kn-²-cmb {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv. ssP\ZÀi-\w {Zmhn-U-P-\-X-Xn-bn Im«p-Xo-t]mse ]SÀ¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v N{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cy-sâbpw `{Z-_m-lp-hn-sâbpw Z£n-Wm-b\w sXfn-hm-Wv. _u²-ZÀi-\-̄ nsâ Z£n-Wm-Xy-im-J¡v sXfn-hmbn tIc-f-̄ nse ]Ån-¡m-hp-IÄ aXn-bm-Ipw. {_mÒ-W-cpsS BK-a-\-̄ n\p ap¼v PmXn-c-ln-X-amb ZÀi-\-]m-c-¼cyhpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§fpw ssIh¶ {Zmhn-U-P-\-X-bn PmXo-b-amb tNcn-Xn-cn-hp-IÄ F¶v? F§s\? Bcw-̀ n¨p? AbÂtZ-i-§fmb tNmf-þ-]mWvUycpsS t£{X-§-fn ]utcm-lnXyw C¶pw A{_m-Ò-WÀ \nÀºm[w XpS-cp-t¼mÄ tIc-f-̄ nse ]utcm-lnXyw \¼q-Xn-cn¡v Xosd-gp-Xs¸«Xv GXp kml-N-cy-̄ n-emWv? t£{Xm-cm-[-\bpw iniv\mZn hn{K-l-]q-P-Ifpw \njn-²-amb sshZnI {_mÒ-W³ ]qWq-en«v Aán-tlm{Xw DuXn-s¡-Sp¯n {Zmhn-Usâ enwK-þ-tbm-\n-I-fn ]qhpw shÅhpw NmÀ¯m³ XpS-§n-b-sX-§s\? I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bnse Ipam-cn¡pw sImSp-§-Ãq-cnse I®-In¡pw Xfn-̧ -d-¼nse iniv\-tZ-h\pw Ncn-{X-¯n-te¡v hfsc \o−p InS-¡p¶ AkvXn-Xzp-ap-−v þ lc-̧ -bnse DuÀ²z-tc-X-Êmb ]ip-]Xn hsc. tbmK-ZÀi-\hpw BkvXn-I, \mkvXnI kmwJy-ZÀi-\-§fpw ssP\-þ-_p-²-Im-e-§Ä¡v ap¼v Xs¶ \ne-hn-en-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v Ae-Ivkm-−-dpsS Imew apX-epÅ {Ko¡v tcJ-Ifpw D]-\n-j-¯p-¡-fnse emRvO-\-Ifpw aXn-bmb sXfnhp \ÂIp-¶p. `mc-X-̄ n \ne-\n¶ kn²-hn-Zym-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ nsâ ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n t\m¡n-bmÂ, {_mÒ-W-t\m, \mb-tcm, Cug-ht\m Ihn-Isf krjvSnt¨m? Nn -́Isc krjvSnt¨m? Cuhn[w [z\n DbÀ¯p¶ NÀ¨-IÄ tcmKm-Xp-c-amb at\m-hr-̄ n-I-fpsS {]I-S-\-amWv. \¼q-Xn-cnbpw \mbcpw Cug-h\pw Fgp-¯¨\pw þ Cu PmXn-t¡m-a-c-§-sfÃmw Xs¶ IogvPm-Xn-ItfmSv kmaq-ln-I-amb AI¨bpw ta[m-hn-Xzhpw ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw cl-ky-amb

“thfn¡pw thgvN”¡pw \á-amb Cc-«-̄ m v̧ kao-]-\-¯n-eqsS Ahkcw tXSn-b-h-cp-am-Wv. \¼q-Xn-cn-tb-¡mÄ Hcp ]Sntbm c−p ]Sntbm Xmsg-bm-b-Xp-sIm−v am{Xw BÀ¡pw hnip²n ssIh-cp-¶n-Ã. ssP\-þ-_p-²-]m-c-¼cyw hn«v tIc-f-¯nse Cug-hÀ {_mÒ-Wsâ I]-Sm-ssZzXw ssIs¡m-−-sX-́ n\v? ISp-]-«-cpsS CXn-lmkw cNn-¡p¶ s{]m^-kÀ tNmf-þ-]-Ã-h-cm-P-_m-Ôhw D²-cn¨v Xsâ PmXnbpsS taÂt¡mbva Øm]n-¡p-hm³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw Sn {ia-̄ nsâ ]Ým-̄ -e-¯n _u²-]m-c-¼-cys¯ {]iw-kn-¡p-I-bpw sN¿p¶p þ Cuhn-[-amb Cc-«-̄ m-̧ p-IÄ, {]kw-Khpw {]hÀ¯nbpw X½n-epÅ B\-hn-S-hmWv FÃm PoÀ®-X-I-fp-sSbpw aqe-Im-c-Ww. Fgp-¯nepw hmb-\-bn-ep-w sXmgn-enepw tZio-b-X-bnepsaÃmw k¦p-Nn-X-Xzhpw kzmÀ°-Xbpw ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp lw_Kv kaq-l-̄ nsâ apJ-ap-{Z-IÄ am[y-a-§-fn-ep-S-\ofw \ndªp \n¡p-¶p. Xp©s¯gp-̄ -Ñsâ PmXn {]k-à-am-Ip¶ Hcp \qX\kwhm-Z-̄ nsâ kml-N-cy-an-Xm-Wv.

ssP\-þ-_p² ]mc-¼-cy-§-sf-̧ än tIc-f-̄ n-en-cp-s¶-gp-Xp¶ ]e hnZzm-·mÀ¡pw B[p-\n-I-K-th-j-W-§-sf-¸än Ah-Km-ltam ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb Adn-hp-Itfm CÃ. Fs´m-s¡tbm Fgp-Xn-̄ Ån t\Snb tUmIvS-sdäv _ncp-Z-̄ nsâ ]n³_-e-̄ n _u²nIPoÀ®X _m[n¨ tIc-fw -ap¼msI Ncn-{X-Im-csâ thjw sI«n-bmSp¶ Ipsd s{]m^-k-d-·mÀ CS-Xp-þ-h-eXp Nn´m-K-Xn-I-tfmSv ASp¯pw AI¶pw Ah-k-c-hm-Z-]qÀÆw Ac§p XIÀ¡p-¶p. Xp©-s¯-gp-̄ -Ñs\ khÀ®þ\m-bÀ aqcm¨nbm¡p-¶-Xn\pw iq{Z-hn-¹-h-Im-cn-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw th− tIm¸p-I-sfms¡ Ch-cpsS ASp-¡-f-I-fn-ep-−v. PmXy-̀ n-am\w sXm«p-sX-dn-̈ n-«n-Ãm¯ Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñs\ At±-l-̄ nsâ IrXn-I-fn-seÃmw {]Xn-̂ -en¨p ImWm-sa-¦nepw Ah-bn-sems¡ Fgp-Xm-̧ pdw hmbn¨v PmXn-\nÀWbw F§s\ \S¯mw F¶-XmWv ae-bm-f-̄ n Gähpw {]k-à-am-Ip¶ B[p-\nI Kth-j-Ww.

PmXn-\m-a-enw-K-t`-Zm-Zn-IÄ¡-Xo-X-amb Hcp kaqlw {Zmhn-U-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xmbn Nn´n-¡p-hmt\m hniz-kn-¡p-hmt\m C¶v \ap¡v Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. Xan-g-I¯nsâ kn²-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n \n¶pw thÀ ]ncnªv i¦-cm-Nm-cy-sc¶ {]Ñ-¶-_p-²³ ]IÀ¶ I]-S-þ-Zr-jvSm-́ -þ-B-khw Alw {_Òmkvan F¶ hmbv¯m-cn-bnsemXp-¡nb A[ym-ßn-I-k-]-cy-bmWv Cu Zpc-h-Ø¡p Imc-Ww. Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñ\pw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn\pw Bßo-tbm-Xv¡Àjw e`yam-bXv tIc-f-¯n Xan-g-I-̄ nsâ kn²-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n \n¶msW¶ hkvXpX C -̄cp-W-̄ n kvac-Wo-bw.

3

Cu kn²-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n-te¡v At±-ls¯ \bn-¨Xv P·m-́ -c-ambpw ]mc-¼-cy-ambpw e`y-amb {iohn-tZym-]m-k-\-bpsS ]cn-W-Xn-bm-sW¶p Icp-Xp-hm³ [mcmfw Imc-W-§-fp-−v. Xp©-s -̄gp-

-̄ѳ imà-\-Ã, thZm-́ n-bm-Wv, A²ym-ß-cm-am-b-Whpw lcn-\m-a-IoÀ -̄\hpw thZm-́ -amWv Fs¶m-s¡-bpÅ A_-²-{]-kw-K-§Ä sIm«n-tLm-jn-¡-s -̧Sp¶ tIc-f kaql-̄ n At±lw {iohn-tZym-]m-k-I-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶v Øm]n-¡pI hfsc ITn-\-amb {]bXv\w Bh-iy-s -̧Sp¶ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. almImfyp-]m-k-I-\mb {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-s\bpw j×p-tJm-]m-k-I-\mb {io\m-cm-b-W-s\bpw Adn-bp¶ B[p-\n-I-k-aq-lw Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñs\ F´p-sIm−v {iohn-tZym-]m-k-I-\mbn Adn-bp-¶nÃ? {ioN-t{Im-]m-k-\-bpsS ss__n-fmb kuµ-cy-e-lcn {ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cy-Ir-X-sa¶v hniz-kn-¡p¶ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw thZm-́ n-I-fpÅ \m«n {iohn-Zym-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n IrX-l-kvX-\mbn Hmw lcnx{ioK-W-]-Xsb \ax F¶v {iohn-Zy-¡v \qX\ at{´m²mcWw \ÂInb Xp©s¯gp-̄ -Ñs\ ]WvUn-X-tI-k-cn-IÄ Adn-bmsX t]mb-sX v́?

Cu tNmZy-̄ n\v D¯cw hmb-\-¡mÀ kzbw tXtS-−-XmWv.

NWvUmen amXw-Kn-bpsS Xp©¯v ]d¼v

A²ym-ß-cm-am-b-Whpw tZho-am-lm-ßyhpw Infn-s¡m-©-em¡n kI-e-P-\-X-Xn¡pw enwK-þ-PmXn hyXym-k-an-ÃmsX ]IÀ¶p \ÂInb Xp©¯v ]d-¼n PmXn \ne-\n¡pI km[y-am-bn-cp-¶pthm? ae-bm-f-̀ mj A¼-s¯m-¶-£-cm-fn-bmbn ]nd¶p hoW, ]n¡m-e¯v Ducpw t]cpw \jvS-amb Cu Xd-hm-Snsâ ]mc-¼-cy-sa-́ mWv? DÅqcpw aäp Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw \S-̄ nb Dulm-t]m-l-§Ä¡-̧ pdw Xp©-̄ m-Nm-cy-s\-¸än At±-l-̄ nsâ IrXn-IÄ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶ntÃ? Fgp-̄ -Ñs\ Adn-b-W-sa-¦n Xp©¯v ]d-¼nsâ ]mc¼-cy-a-dn-b-Ww þ AXn\v Ime-̄ n\p aqIkm£n-bmbn C¶pw ImWp¶ Imªn-c-̄ n\p Xmsg AS-ªp-In-S-¡p¶ amXw-Kn-bpsS \S Xpd¶p t\mt¡−-Xp-−v. AsX, amXw-Kn-bpsS \S! Xp©¯v ]d-¼nse B amXw-Kn-bpsS X -̄bmWv Xp©-̄ m-cysâ Infn-s -̧®v þ HmwIm-c-]-RvP-c-ip-In. {ioiym-a-fm-\-h-c-Xv\-am-e-bn ImWp¶ amXw-Kn-bpsS IoÀ¯n þ

HmwIm-c-]-RvP-c-ipIow D]-\n-j-Zp-Zym-\-tI-fo-I-e-IWvTow BK-a-hn-]n-\-a-bqcow Bcymw A´Àhn-`m-htb Kucow

kvtXm{Xm-h-km\w ImWp¶ ^e-{ipXn Infn-̧ m-«ns\ A\-iz-c-am-¡nb Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñsâ Imcy-̄ n \qdp-i-X-am\w kXyw.

\h-c-Xv\-am-ey-ta-X-{Z-NnXw amXw-K-I-\y-Im-̀ -cWw bx ]TXn `àn-bpàx k `thXv hmKo-iz-c-Êm-£mXv

ae-bmfw I− hmKo-iz-c-·m-cn Fgp-̄ -Ñs\ t{ijvT-\m-¡n-bXv amXwKn Xs¶. Xp©³]-d-¼n-en¶v ASªp InS-¡p¶ Xncp-\-S-bn [ym\-\n-ao-e-\mb Fgp-̄ -Ñsâ a\-Ên-te¡v amXw-Kn-bpsS Infn tNt¡-dn-b-Xnsâ ^e-am-bmWv \qX\ ae-bmf¯nsâ ]nd-hn.

L\-iym-a-fmwKow ØnXmw cXv\-]otT ipI-tkym-ZnXw irWzXow cà-hkv{Xmw kpcm-]m-\-a¯mw ktcm-P-Øn-Xmw{Low `tP hÃIow hmZ-b´nw amXwKow

cà-h-kv{X-ap-Sp¯ Idp¼nsb, aZy-]n¨v atZm-·- -̄bmbn Infn-sam-gn-tI«v B\-µn-¡p-¶-hfpw hoW-hmbn¡p¶-h-fp-amb amXw-Knsb Rm³ `Pn-¡p-¶p.

Imfn-Zm-k-Ir-X-sa¶v Icp-X-s -̧Sp¶ iyma-fm-jvS-I-¯n ImWp¶ [ym\-tÇmIw Gsd {]kn²w:

amWn-Iy-ho-Wm-ap-]-em-f-b´ow aZm-ekmw aRvPpfhm-Kzn-emkmw amtl-{µ-\o-e-Zyp-X-n tIm-a-fmwKow amXw-K-I\ymw a\-km-kva-cman

4

iymaf Xs¶-bmWv amXw-Kn-sb¶v iyma-fm-Z-WvU-I-̄ n \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Xm{´n-I-hm-Ü-b-¯n amXwKn AÀ°-tZym-X-I-amb \mZsshJcnbmWv. aqem-[m-c-̄ n ]c-bmbn (ss -̀c-hn) DZn¨v ]iy-́ n (Xm-c)1, a[yam (N-WvUn) F¶n-§s\ aq¶p-L-«-§Ä IS¶v \memw L«-̄ n hnip-²n-bn sshJ-cn-bmbn ]nd-¡p¶ hmKvtZ-hn-bmWv amXw-Kn. D·m-Zn-\n-bmb buÆ-\-KÀhn-X-bmb Cu NWvUm-ensb D]m-kn-¡p-hm³ ss[cy-s -̧Sp-¶-hÀ hnc-f-am-Wv. Hmwlcnx{ioK-W-]-Xsb F¶ Fgp-̄ -Ñsâ hnh£ Cu sshJ-co-kz-cp-]-s -̄bmWv e£y-am-¡p-¶-Xv. KW-]-Xsb F¶Xv A¼-s¯m-¶-£-c-§-fm-bpÅ I¦m-f-am-en-\n-bpsS Ah-Xm-cs¯ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. ipI-hmWn tIÄ¡p¶ amXwKn a\p-jysâ ]cn-Wm-a-̄ nse Gähpw {it²b L«-§-fn-sem-¶mb `mj-bpsS DÛ-h-kq-NIw IqSn-bm-Wv. `mj-bpsS ]ndhn Adn-hp-Isf Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn \n¶pw ASp¯ Xe-ap-d-bn-te¡v ]I-cpI km[y-am-¡n. amXw-Kn-bpsS A\p-{K-l-¯m-emWv Úm\-hn-Úm-\-§-fpsS Kpcp-þ-injy ]c-¼c kwPm-X-am-b-Xv. a{ -́̄ nsâ AYhm a{´m-£-c-§-fpsS iàn-sb-bmWv amXwKnbpsS [ym\-tÇm-I-§-fn aZyw ]I-cp¶ atZm-·-̄ -X-bmbn hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Hmw = A + Da = Hm¦mcw AYhm \mZ-{_-Ò-am-Ip-¶p. A\mZn aqe-X¯zamb inhs\ (A-Im-cw) {]Im-in-̧ n-¡p¶ ]cm-i-àn-bpsS (D-a) A£-c-cq-]-amWv ]cm-hm-Iv. ]c-bpsS ]cn-W-Xn-bmbn ]iy-´nbpw (\m`n hsc) XpSÀ¶v Nn -̄hr-̄ n-bn a[y-abpw (A-\m-lXw apX hnip²n hsc) kwPm-X-am-Ip-¶p. hm¡pw AÀ°hpw hyXn-cn-à-am-Ip¶ Cu kn²-tem-I-¯n-emWv Xm{´n-I-amb Úm\-hn-Úm-\-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw ssIamäw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v {]mWs\ B{i-bn¨v IWvT-̄ n-eqsS apJ¯v sshJ-cn-bmbn amdp-¶p. Fgp-̄ -Ñ\p hÀ®-sa-¶m Cu sshJcn am{Xambn-cp-¶p.

Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñsâ IrXn-I-sfÃmw Xs¶ hÀ®hnthN\s¯ \ncm-I-cn¡p¶ Xm{´n-I-]-Y-¯nsâ hÀ®m-ß-I-amb {]I-S-\-§-fm-Wv. AsX, hÀ®m-ßIw þ I¦m-f-am-en-\n-bmb alm-Imfn AtLm-cn-bn \n¶p Xs¶ tI« \mZ-{_-Ò-kz-cq-]nWnbpsS hÀ®-\sb A´x-¡-c-W-̄ n-epÄs¡m−v AXns\ a\p-jy-\-·-¡mbn {]Im-in-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v NWvUm-en-bmbn, amXw-K-]p-{Xn-bmb amXw-Kn-bmbn Ah-X-cn-̈ p. ChnsS I¦m-f-am-en\n apWvU-am-e-b-Wnª alm-Im-fn-bmWv þ Cu apWvU-am-e-bmWv A¼-s¯m-¶-£-cm-fn-bmb a{ -́am-Xr-I, A£-c-cq-]w. kc-kzXn \Zn-bpsS Ic-bn-emWv sFXn-ly-§-f-\p-k-cn¨v amXw-Km-{i-aw. amXw-K-s\¶ t]cn\v B\-sb-¶À°-ap-−v. aqem-[m-c-̄ nse B\-bmWv Cu amXw-K-s\¶v AÂ]w Nn´n-̈ m t_m²y-s¸-Smw.

i_vZ-{_-Ò-kz-cq-]-kvXZv BZn-£m´w PKXv {]`px: A apX £ hsc kzc-hy-RvP-\-§Ä KpW-{Xb--þinh-i-àn-kz-cq-]-am-Wv. Cu hÀ®-§-fm-emWv tacp-hnsâ Xp©¯v kl{kmc]ßw \nÀ½n-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv2. CXn Gähpw D]-cn-bmbn {_Ò-c-{Ôhpw AXn hnkÀKhpw iwJn\n apX-emb tZhn-amcpw ØnXn sN¿p-¶p. Xp©w F¶ Xd-hm-Snsâ t]cn\p ]n¶n Xs¶ imà-hm-Ü-b-̄ nsâ kzm[o\w Cuhn[w \ap¡v ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. IZw-_-h\w3 tacp-Z-WvU-̄ nsâ Xp©-¯n-emIbm IZw-_-h-\-hn-lm-cn-Wn-bmb amXw-Kn-bpsS ]d-¼n\v Xp©¯v F¶ t]À \ÂI-

1 hyXy-kvX-amb hymJym-\-§Ä \ne-\n¡p-¶p. Xmcm AYhm \oe-k-c-kzXn ]cm-hmIvcq]n-Wn-bmbn Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.

2 AIm-cmZn £Im-cmss´x kv^pc-ZzÀ®-hn-Pm-cnXw XXvIÀ®n-Imbmw tZthio A -́cmßm XtXm Kpcp

(k-l-{km-c-s -̄ -̧än-bpÅ {]Xn-]m-Z-\w. Kpcp-hmWn amXw-Kn-bpsS A\p-{Klw sIm−v am{Xw km[y-am-Ip¶p. kc-kzXn {_ÒhmWn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ amXwKn ssIem-k-̄ nse ]c-a-Kp-cphmWn-bmb inh-Im-anbmWv)

3 IZw_w F¶m tPymXnx-im-kv{X-̄ n `qan-bpsS A¨p-X−pw tbmK-im-kv{X-̄ n tacp-Z-WvU-hp-am-Wv. A+£ AXm-bXv AþIp-e-in-h-X¯zw apX £ F¶ `qan hsc tbmK-i-cocw Ah-ew-_-ambn eLphymJym-\w \ÂImw. IZw-_-hr£w Cu ASn-Øm-\-̄ n tacp-Z-WvU-amWv þ Bdp-N-{I-§Ä AYhm ap«p-I-fn-embn aq¶v hÅn-I-fpw A¼-s¯m-¶neIfp-apÅ IÂ]hr£w.

5

s¸«p F¶p Nn´n-¡pI hfsc bpàn-k-l-am-Wv. NWvUm-en-bmb amXw-Kn-bpsS D]m-k-I-\m-b-Xn-\m Xp©-s¯-gp-̄ -ѳ NWvUm-e-\m-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xn-emWv Fgp-̄ -̈ t\m tNmf-]-Ã-h-kw-_-Ôntbm BsW¶v hf-s¨m-Sn¨p ]d-bp-¶-Xnepw Gsd bpànbpÅXv. hm{Kq-t]W {]kv^p-c-am-Im³ sh¼p¶ Nn -́bmWv amXw-Kn-bpsS {]Xy-£m-\p-̀ hw F¶v ]d-bmw. C¡m-cW¯memWv Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -ѳ Bß-X-̄ zs¯ {]Im-in-̧ n-¡p¶ Xsâ ZÀi-\-kw-{K-l-̄ n\v Nn´m-cXv\w F¶ t]cv \ÂIn-b-Xv.

Nn´n¡pw tXmdpw kmc-ap-−-Xn-\m-eXp aqew Nn´m-c-Xv\-sa¶p t]cn-Sp¶p `àn-tbmsS

Xmc-X-tay\ A{]-i-kvX-amWv Cu IrXn-sb-¦nepw Xp©-̄ m-Nm-cy-s\-¸än IqSp-X-e-dn-bp-hm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶-hÀ Ahiyw ]Tn-̈ n-cn-t¡− IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. hmNI IkÀ¯p-I-tfm, ZrjvSm-́ -§-fpsS t]am-cntbm IqSmsX Xsâ Adnhpw A\p- -̀hhpw tNÀ¯v aIÄ¡v Bß-X¯zw D]-tZ-in-¡p¶ Xp©-̄ m-Nm-cy³ CXn {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p.

imà]mc¼-cy-̄ n amXw-Kn-bpsS {]kàn

Infn-̧ m-s«¶ KoX-k-t¦X¯nsâ DÛhw Fhn-sS-bm-sW-¦nepw AXv kn²-hn-Zym-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n-em-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ iyma-fm-Z-WvI-̄ nse Xmsg \ÂIp¶ hcn-IÄ D]-I-cn-¡pw.

kÀÆ-hn-Zym-hn-ti-jm-ßIw NmSp-Km-Ym-k-ap-̈ m-cWw IWvT-aq-tem-Ã-k-ZzÀ®-cm-Pn-{Xbw tIma-f-iym-a-tfm-Zm-c-]-£-Zzbw XpWvU-tim-̀ m-Xn-Zq-cn- -̀hÂInw-ipIw Xw ipIw emf-b´o ]cn-{Io-U-tk,

ck-I-c-ambn kZmKoXmem]w sN¿p¶, Igp-̄ n aq¶p \nd-apÅ hc-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn tim`n-¡p-¶Xpw sNs´m-−nsb AXn-i-bn-¡p¶ Np−p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb kÀÆ-hnZymkzcq-]amb \nsâ ]¨-¡n-fnsb emfn¨p sIm−v \o hnt\m-Zn-¡p-¶p-shtÃm...

kÀÆ-XoÀ°m-ßn-tI, kÀÆ-a-{´m-ßn-tI, kÀÆ-b-{´m-ßn-tI, kÀÆ-i-àym-ßn-tI...-kÀÆ-i-_vZm-ßn-tI...-kÀÆcqt] PK-·m-Xr-tI...-F-¶n-§s\ t]mIp¶ amXwKnkvXpXnbn Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñsâ tZho-am-lm-ßy-̄ nse hÀ®-\-I-fpsS emRvO\ Zriy-am-Wv. apI-fn \ÂInb amXw-Kn-bpsS X¯¡v A©p-\n-d-am-Wv. aq¶v \ndw Igp-̄ nÂ, ]¨ DSepw Nnd-Ip-Ifpw Nph¶ Np−v C§s\ ]©-hÀ®-¡n-fn-bmb X -̄-bmWv Xp©¯v KoXw sNmÃn-s¡mSp -̄sX¶v tZho-am-lm-

ßy-̄ n hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−v. “tZhn-X·m-lm-ßys¯s¨mÃp-hm³ Infn-a-I-fm-thmfw hµy-·msc

hµn¨p sNmÃo-Sn-\mÄ” F¶ BZy A²ym-b-̄ nse {]tbmKhpw “A©p-\n-d-apÅ sIm©pw

samgn-bmsf s\©w sXfnªp \o sNmÃoSp tijhpw” F¶ \mema[ym-b-̄ nsâ XpS-¡hpw t\m¡n-bm Infn-bpsS cq]w t_m²y-am-Ipw.

Xm{´n-I-hm-Ü-b-̄ n Zi-a-lm-hn-Zy-I-fn-sem-¶mbn amXwKn ]cm-aÀin-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p.

Imfo Xmcm alm-hnZym tjmUio `ph-t\-izco ss`cho On¶-akvXm N hnZym [qam-hXo XYm _Kfm kn²-hnZym N amXwKo Ia-em-ßnIm GXm Zi-almhnZymx kn²-hnZymx {]IoÀ¯nXmx

CXmWv Gsd kzoIm-cy-ambn tXm¶nb Zi-a-lm-hn-Zy-I-fpsS hnh-c-Ww. \ncp-̄ -c-X-{´-̄ n kn²-hn-Zy¡v Imfo-Ipew {ioIpew F¶ c−v imJ-Ifpw {ioIp-e-̄ n\v hyXy-kvX-amb ]¯p alm-hn-Zy-IfpsS ]cm-aÀihpw ImWp-¶p.

kpµco ss`cho _mem _Kfm Ia-em]n N [qam-hXo N amXwKo kz]v\m-hXohnZym {]ntb a[p-aXo alm-hnZym {ioIpew ]cn-`m-jnXw

CtX IrXn-bn Xs¶ AjvSm-Z-i-a-lm-hn-Zy-I-fpsS hnh-c-Whpw e`y-am-Wv. {iohn-Zym-]-c-¼-cbn alm-tbm-Kn-\n-bmb {Xn]p-c-kp-µcn Zim-a-lm-hn-Zy-I-fn ImWp¶ alm-hn-Zym-þtjm-U-in-bm-Ip-¶p.

6

hyXy-kvX-cq-]-`mh-\ma§-fn Bcm-[n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p-sh-¦nepw aqe-cq-]-̄ n a·-Y-I-esb B{i-bn-¡p-¶ amÀ¤§fmWv tjmU-inbpw amXw-Knbpw. NWvUm-en, ]nimNn apX-emb t]cp-IÄ \ÂI-s¸«p ImWp-¶-Xn-\m kXz-Kp-W-{]-[m-\-aà amXw-Kn-sb¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. {Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-bpsS Bcm-[-Isc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw amXw-Knbpw iyma-fbpw {iohn-Zybpw Htc kpµ-cn-bpsS hyXykvX apJ§Ä Xs¶-sb¶v Nne IoÀ¯\-tÇm-I-§Ä kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p.

IpNm-©n-X-hn-]-©nImw IpSn-e-Ip-́ -fm-ew-IrXmw Ipti-i-b-hm-kn\ow IpSn-e-Nn-̄ -hn-tZz-jnWow aZm-cp-W-hn-tem-N\mw a\-kn-Pmcn kt½m-ln\ow aXw-K-IpeI\yImw a[p-c-`m-jn-Wo-am-{itb kvac{]Y-a-]p-jv]nWow cp[n-c-_n-µp-\o-emw-_cmw Krlo-X-a-[p-]m-{XnImw a[p-hn-LqÀ®-t\-{Xm-©emw L\-kvX-\-̀ -tcm-¶Xmw Kfn-X-Nq-fnImw iymafmw {Xntem-N-\-Ip-Spw-_n\ow {Xn]p-c-kp-µ-co-am-{itb

Z£n-W-̀ m-c-X-̄ n {]Nm-c-apÅ Cu IoÀ -̄\-§-fn ImWp¶ amXw-Kn\n hÀ®\If-\p-k-cn¨v Adp-]-̄ n-\m-ep-hn-Zy-I-fpsS A[n-tZ-h-X-bmb cmP-am-Xw-Kn-bm-Wv. Xma-c-̧ q-hn-\p-Ån (hnip-²n-N-{I-̄ n-se) Iµ-a-[y-{XntImW¯n IZw-_-]p-jv]-am-e-b-Wnªv cXv\-]o-tTm-]-hn-jvS-bm-bn-cn-¡p¶ alm-bu-Æ-\-KÀÆn-X-bmb ]Xn-\mdp hb-ÊpÅ NWvUm-en. hnbÀ¸p s]mSn-bp-¶Xn\m Xnf-§p-¶Xpw Nncn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb apJw, N{µ-I-e-sIm−pw s]m«p-sXm-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mepw Gsd at\m-l-cw. \o−apSnbpw aZy-e-lcn _m[n¨ I®p-I-fpw... ipIhpw imcnbpw kZm AI-¼-Snbpw....C§s\ t]mIp¶p cmP-hnZy-bpsS kÀÆm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn AÀ²-]-cym-¦m-k-\-̄ n-e-a-cp¶ cmPam-Xw-Kn-bpsS AwK-{]-XywK hÀ®-\.

aZy-]n¨v atZm-·-̄ -bm-Ip¶ amXw-Knsb `Pn¨v Ah-fpsS Infn-sb-s¡m−v IY-sbÃmw ]d-bn¨

imà-\mb Fgp-̄ -ѳ B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-fn-bpsS “Ago-t¡m-S³”]WvUnXk¦Â]-§-fp-ambn s]mcp-̄ -s -̧Sp-¶-bm-f-Ã. ]cm-]-cm-sb¶mcw-`n-¡p¶ IÀ®-]ÀÆ-̄ nse hcn-IÄ aZy-]n¨v ]mSn-b-Xm-sW¶ sFXn-lyw hfsc {]kn²w Xs¶. AXp-t]m-se, Fgp-̄ -Ñ\v sh«-̄ p-\m-Sp-ambn

D−m-bn-cp¶ {iohn-tZym-]m-k-I-s\¶ \ne-bn-epÅ _Ô-s¯-̧ än {io.-Ir-jvW³ \mbÀ (1981)4 {io. kn. cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ t\mh-en Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñsâ sh«-̄ p-\m-Sp-am-bpÅ _Ôw hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xn\p hfsc ap¼p Xs¶ kqNn-̧ n-̈ n-«p-−v.

amXw-Kn-bpsS Xm¯znI AkvXnXzw

ap -̧̄ n-ap-t¡mSn Poh-Pm-e-§Ä {]Ir-Xn-bn Cuim-hm-ky-anZw kÀÆw F¶ {]tLm-j-t¯msS {]]-©-þ-{]m-W-hr¯n sN¿p-¶p. {]Whw = Hmw = A + Da = inh-i-àym-ßI {]þ]©w AYhm AÀ²-\m-co-iz-c-\mb inh-X¯zw Cu Poh-hr-̄ n-¡-Sn-Øm-\-amb \mZ-{_-Ò-am-Wv. tNmZy-§-sfÃmw \ne-¡p¶ ]c-a-kzm-X-{´ym-h-Ø-bn Cu AssZz-X-Úm\-kz-cq]w B\-µ-e-l-cn-¡mbn {[pho-I-cn¨v {]IrXn kwPm-X-am-Ip-¶p. AÀ²-\m-cn-bpsS Cu ]cn-W-Xn-sb-̧ än kuµ-cy-e-l-cn-bnepw aäpw at\m-l-c-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\-§-fp-−v. alm-am-bm-̀ -K-hXn inh-þ-i-àn-kz-cq-]-̄ n BWpw s]®p-ambn hm\-c\pw \c\pw hsc \nc-h[n Pohn-IÄ¡v P·w \ÂInsb¦nepw ASn-Øm-\-ambn kw -̀hn¨ {[pho-I-c-Ww B\-µ-e-_v[n¡v XS-Ê-am-bn. s]®n \n¶pw s]®p am{Xw P\n-¡p¶ ambm-̀ -K-h-Xn-bpsS, AÀ²-\m-cn-bpsS, ]cm-[o-\Xbn inh³ ]ip-]-Xn-bmbn Imbm-tcm-lWw sNbvXp. Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-K-Xn-bn a\p-jysâ P·w ChnsS kw`-hn-¨p þ Nn´m-i-àn-bpÅ

Pohn, tlmtam tk]n-b³kv (Man the Wise). imà-hm-Ü-b-̄ n Cu ]cn-WXn Ah-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p-þ-Im-c-Ww, inh-i-àym-ß-I-amb {_ÒmWvUkz-cq-]-̄ n\v X¯p-ey-am-b, ]qÀ®-amb ]nWvUmWvUw krjvSn-bpsS A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. inh-i-àym-ßI \]pw-k-I-cq]w C§s\

4 {ioN-{Iw, sI. IrjvW³ \mbÀ, I®qÀ

7

kwPm-XambtXmsS {_Ò-Pn-Úmk Df-hm-bn, tbmK-im-kv{X-̄ n\p hgn sXfn-ªp. BZn-Kpcp a\p-jy-\n Bth-in¨p hm¡p-Ifpw AÀ°-§-fpw sIm−v imkv{X-§Ä¡v P·w \ÂIn a\p-jy-\n kz´w D×-bpsS clkyw tXSp¶ _u²n-I-{]-bm-W-̄ n\v XpS-¡-an-«p. tIZmcw apX ipNo{µw hscbpw tkma-\mYw apX inh-km-Kcw hscbpw sshZn-I-{_m-Ò-Wm C¶v AÀ¨n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ inh-enwKw ]nWvUmWvU {]Xn-_nw-_-amb tbm\n-bnse enwK-{]-Xn-jvT-bm-Wv. tbm\n AÀ²-\m-cnbpw enwKw tbmK-ZÀi\ X¯z-amb Cuiz-c-\p-am-Wv. tbmKw F¶ ]Z-̄ nsâ bYmÀ° hypXv]¯n tbm\n+enwKw F¶-Xm-Wv. alm-am-b-mkz-cq-]-¯n ]nd-¡p¶ Poh-\v, a\pjytbm\nbn Kpcphnsâ Imbm-tcm-l-W-amWv tbmKw. Nn´n-¡p¶ a\p-jy³ tbmK-̄ nsâ krjvSn-bm-Wv. tbmKw {]Ir-Xn-bn hnti-j-amb Adn-hn\p XpS¡w Ipdn-̈ -t¸mÄ alm-am-bm-kz-cq-]-̄ n {iohn-Zy {]I-S-am-bn. Kpcp-hnsâ Imbm-tcm-l-W-t¯msS PnÚm-kp-hmbn {]Ir-Xn-bn \n¶p thdn« kzXz-hp-ambn tNmZy-§-fp-bÀ¯n \S¶ _p²n-bpsS NWvU-{]-hmlw NWvUm-e\pw

A§-s\-bpÅ NWvUm-e³ D -̄c-§Ä¡mbn ‘kc-kz-Xn-‘bpsS Xoc¯v X]-Êp-sNbvXv A´Àap-J\mb-t¸mÄ aXw-K-ap-\n-bp-am-bn. Cu aXw-K-ap-\n¡v e`y-amb hc-{]-km-Z-̄ m {iohnZy amXw-Kn-bmbn P\n-̈ p.

sFXn-ly-§-f-\p-k-cn-̈ v, inh-\nµ sNbvX Z£{]Pm-]-Xn-bpsS -bm-K-̄ n\v ]pd-s¸-Sm-s\m-cp-s¼« kXnsb inh³ XS-ªp. tIm]n-jvT-bmb kXn `oI-c-cq]w [cn¨v inhs\ `b-s¸-Sp-̄ n. ]em-b\w sNbvX inh\v ]¯p-Zn¡pIfnepw tZhn-bpsS cq]w ImW-s¸-«p. A§s\ hS-¡p-]-Sn-ªmdv ImW-s¸« tZhn-bmWv ]¯v alm-hn-Zy-I-fn-sem-¶mb amXw-Kn-.

a[pc-bnse ao\m£n amXw-Kn-bm-sW¶v Icp-Xp-hm³ \ymb-ap-−v. IoÀ -̄\-§-fn ao\m-£nsb ap\n-kp-tX, iymamwt_, {iohntZy, i_vZ-{_-Ò-a-bo, hmÜ-bo... F¶n-§s\ hnti-jn-̧ n¨p ImWp-¶Xpw inh-kp-µ-tc-isâ ]mWvUy-_mem cmP-am-Xw-Kn-bmW¶ kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p.

Fgp-̄ -Ñ-·m-cpsS IY

s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-am-dnsâ tNmf-þ-]-Ã-h-]p-cmW¯n ISp-]-«À PmXy-̀ n-am\w Xp©-̄ m-Nm-cys\ A[x-Ir-X-\m-¡m³ \ÂIp¶ t{]c-W-b-ÃmsX asäm¶pw Xs¶ Zriy-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô-an-ÃmsX Fs´m-s¡tbm D]-\y-kn¨p Fgp-̄ -̈ ³ kamPw D]-k-am-P-]Xnsb¶ \ne-bn A_²\nK-a\§fpsS Hcp tLmj-bm{X Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Xp©-s¯-gp- -̄Ñ-\p-ambn bmsXmcp _Ôhpw ISp-]-«À PmXn Fgp-̄ -̈ -·mÀ¡n-sö hkvXpX B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ]T-\-§-fn-eqsS t_m²y-amb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. CâÀs\-äneqsS {]kn-²-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-I-Ä am{Xw aXn ISp-]-«À CXn-lmkw kwi-b-teiw IqSmsX XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶-Xn-\v. {]k-à-amb GXm\pw hnh-c-§Ä ChnsS kw{K-ln-¡p-¶p5.

1. Fgp-̄ -̈ -s\¶ PmXn-bpsS BhnÀ`mhw Xmc-X-tay\ kao-]-Im-e-kw- -̀h-am-sW¶v sk³kkv

tcJ-IÄ hyà-ambn sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. {InkvXp-hÀjw 1921 \p ap¼v Fgp-̄ -̈ -s\¶ PmXn D−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ISp-]-«-·m-cpsS \nth-Z-\s¯ XpSÀ¶v ISp-]-«-s\¶ PmXn\mas¯ Fgp-̄ -̈ -s\¶v amänb hkvXpX sIm¨n sk³kkv dnt¸mÀ«n \n¶pw hyà-am-Wv6.

2. 1921 se a{Zmkv sk³kkv dnt¸mÀ«n ISp-]-«-s\¶v Xs¶ tcJ-s -̧Sp¯n ImWp-¶p. 1931

se sIm¨n sk³kkv dnt¸mÀ¨n PmXn-bpsS t]cv amdn-bXv kw_-Ôn¨ {]kvXmhw ImWmw. Cu t]cp-amäw a{Zmkv Kh¬saâv AwKo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\m ae-_m-dn \S-̧ m-

5 Angelfire, Article on Tunjath Ezhuthachan's caste

6 Report on the Census of Cochin, 1921, Chapter XI, page 60: 'Consequent on the representations made by the

community, the term 'Eluthassan' has been substituted this time for 'Kaduppattan' of the last census, with the

approval of Government.' It is also stated that the status name Ezhuthachan (title) used by the learned members of

the community is being taken by (assume) all people of the community and the caste name Kaduppattan is being

discarded.

8

bn-Ã. C¡m-c-W-̄ m tIc-f-kw-Øm\w cq]w sIm− tijw 1958  kÀ¡m-cn\v ISp-]-«À¡pw (ae-_mÀ) Fgp- -̄̈ ³ (sIm¨n) kap-Zm-b-̄ n\pw ]nt¶m¡ B\p-Iqeyw \ÂInbXv shtÆsd JWvUn-I-I-fn-em-bm-Wv7.

3. {_mÒ-W-sc¶v Ah-Im-i-s -̧Sp¶ ISp-]-«À kap-Zm-b-̄ n iq{Z-s\¶v kzbw {]Jym-]n¨ Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -ѳ DÄs -̧Sp-¶-sX-§s\? F¶ adp-tNmZyw G©Â ^bÀ teJ-\-̄ n Zriy-am-b-Xn\v s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amÀ F´p adp-]-Sn-bmWv \ÂIpI?

4. ISp-I-kvtX-bmÂXyàx þ Cu Ien-kwJy F§s\ {In.-h. 1428 teXmIpw? Xp©s¯gp-¯Ñsâ Ime-̄ n\p ap¼v ISp-]-«À Xncp-\m-hm-bn-se-̄ n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\pw aäp IYm-I-Y-\-§Ä¡pw sXfn-sh´v?

5. hneyw temKsâ ae-_mÀ am\p-h-en Xp©-s¯-gp-̄ -ѳ \mbcmbn ]nd¶ Imcyw ]d-bp-¶p. _ÀW kmbvs]-gp-Xnb8 tI«p-tIÄhn am{X-amWv s{]m^. hnP-b-Ip-amÀ D²-cn¨p ImWp-¶Xv.

6. Fgp-̄ -̈ -s\¶ PmXn ]nd¡pw ap¼v Xs¶ Fgp-̄ -Ñ-s\¶ t]cn \mbcpw hmcycpw tat\m\pw Xc-I\pw [mcm-f-ambn tIc-f-̄ n Pohn-̈ n-cp-¶p9. Xp©-̄ m-Nm-cysâ {]kn-²-cmb injy-·mcn Icp-Wm-I-c-s\-gp-̄ -ѳ \mb-cpw, kqcy-\m-cm-b-W-s\-gp-¯-ѳ Xc-I-\pw, tKm]m-e-s\-gp-̄ -ѳ ta\-h\pw Bbn-cp-¶p. {]Nm-c-̄ n-epÅ CuhI hkvXp-X-Isf ISp-tImfw t]mepw ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-sX-bmWv Xp©³ ]d-¼ns\ ISp-]« CXn-lm-k-̄ nsâ `mK-am-¡m³ Cu ]pXnb kwhm-Z-̄ n-eqsS s{]^-k-dpsS {iaw.

]pXn-b-kw-hm-Z-̄ nsâ e£y-§Ä

amXr-̀ qan hmcn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]À kzbw tNmZn-t¡− Nne tNmZy-§-fn-hnsS Db-cp-¶p. AÀ°-]qÀ®-amb ]pXntbmcp kwhmZ¯n\p hgn sXfn-ªp-thm? AtXm, {io. {ioP\pw s{]m^.-hn-P-b-Ip-amdpw \nc-̄ nb Akw-_Ô ho£-W-§Ä¡v {]k-cWw \ÂIntbm? Xp©-s -̄gp-̄ -Ñ-s\-¸än Ah-tl-f-\-]-c-amb Hcp Ipdn-̧ n-eqsS thW-am-bn-cp-¶pthm ]pXnb kwhm-Z-̄ n\v km[y-X-IÄ tXtS-−n-bn-cp-¶Xv?

DS-b-\n-Ãm¯ hn{K-l-§sf BÀ¡pw X¨p-S-¡mw. Fgp-̄ -̈ ³ kamPw D]-Ip-e-]Xn {]Xn-I-cn-¨n«pw Xp©³]-d-¼n \n¶v {ioPsâ hnaÀi-\-̄ n\p t\tc {]XnIcWw H¶p-ap-−m-bn-Ã. Cuhn[w hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-amb ]mWvUn-Xy-{]-I-S-\-§Ä {io. a¶¯p ]ß-\m-̀ -s\-̧ -änbpw {io. Ipam-c-\m-im-s\- -̧änbpw Hs¡ D−m-Ip-¶Xv amXr-̀ qan hmcn-I-bpsS \qX-\-k-ao-]-\s¯ IqSp-X hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

sI. N{µ-lcnx

02 sabv 2010, chandra_hari18@yahoo.com

09428007935

7 Government Order (No. 1526.17.12.1958) and Gazette notifications (No. 50.23.12.1958), privileges and

reservations were given separately to both Ezhuthachan caste (Item 18), and Kaduppattan caste (Item 26).

8 "Eluttachchan lived in the 17th century; there is no reason for supposing that he was a Brahman father's

illegitimate son; he was certainly an Eluttachchan ( or schoolmaster ) by caste."

9 Othenan Ezhuthachan who established an Ezhuthu pallikkoodam for the first time in Narath, in 1800 A.D.,

belonged to the Nair caste. Berlin Kunjananthan Nair is the great grandson of Othenan Ezhuthachan.

(Mathrubhumi Weekly, February 22, 2004). Pothera Narayanan Nambiar is the nephew of the famous astrologer

late Pothera Krishnanezhuthachan, who was the writer of the historically important book Sooryasthuthi. Pothera

Ezhuthachan learnt Sanskrit and Astrology from the famous Astrologer Kandabath Sekharanezuthachan. The well

known astrologer V. P. K. Poduval is the son of the famous astrologer Karayil Kandambath Kunhambu

(Ramanezhuthachan).