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AmVaamîQ>-r` ZmU{oZYr AmoU BVa YZr gñWm Am_Mr e{d½`mMr PmS>{


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AmOMr [oaoñWVr [mhyZ _cm _mÂ`m EH$m OwÝ`m AZw dmMr AmR>dU{V{. _r àemgH$r` g{d{V AgVmZm _mÂ`m hmVmImcr EH$ MVwW© l{UrMm

H$m_Jma hm{Vm. H$m_ MmJc{ H$am`Mm. BVa H$mhr dmB©Q> ì`gZ{ ZmhrV.dmJUwH$rZ{ gwOZ. Ë`mÀ`mV \$º• EH$ Xm{f hm{Vm. Xa eoZdmar _hmcú_rcmOmD•Z Km{S>çmÀ`m e ©Vrda [¡g{ cmdë`mI{arO Ë`mcm amhdV Zg{. Ë`mMrImÌr hm{Vr H$r, oH$Vrhr H$m]mS>H$îQ> H{•c{ Var Ë`mMr [oaoñWVr gwYmaUmaZmhr. Km{S>çmÀ`m e ©Vrda EImX{d{i{g MmJc{ [¡g{ cmJc{ VaM H$mhr AmemAmh{. Ë`mMr ]m`H$m{ o]Mmar _m{c_Owar H$ê•Z ggma Mmcdr. Km{S>çmdacmdÊ`mH$oaVm Vm{ oVM{hr [¡g{ H$mT>yZ K{B©. CgZdmar H$ar. ]m{cm`cm Jm{S>Agë`m_wi{ Ë`mcm CgZ{ [¡g{ o_iVhr ghO. AJXr ""]wH$r''gwÕm Ë`mM{


ImV{ Mmcy R>{drV. Ë`mMr ]m`H$m{ o]Mmar gJiçm X{U{XmamH$S>{ OmD•ZodZdUr H$ar H$r _mÂ`m Zdè`mcm Zd{ H$O© X{D• ZH$m AmoU OwZ{ H$O© [aVo_iÊ`mgmR>r VJmXm cmdm. oVM{ H¥•Ë` Vg{ [VrX«m{hr, [U hiyhiy Ë`m_wi{oVÀ`m Zdè`mcm H$O© o_im`M{ Wm]yZ J{c{. gwX¡dmZ{ Vm{ H$mhr [¡g{o_idÊ`mgmR>r dmB©Q> _mJm©cm cmJcm Zmhr AmoU Ë`mMr [oaoñWVrWm{S>r\$ma gwYmacr. _cm e·`Vm AgVr Va _rhr AmVaamîQ>-r` ZmU{ oZYrAmoU BVa YZH$m|Zm OmD•Z hmV Om{S>yZ odZVr H{•cr AgVr H$r Zd{ H$O©X{D• ZH$m AmoU OwÝ`m H$OmªMm VJmXm cmdm. åhUO{ ]mS>JwimM{ AW©H$maUAm[m{Am[ g[{c. AmoU CË[mXH$mMr emZ dmT>{c. [U Ag{ H$mhr hm{UmaZmhr. ""BoS>`m'' dmë`mZm H$Om©Mr oOVH$r Amdí`H$Vm Amh{, oVVH$rMYZH$m|Zm ^maVmVrc ""Z{hê•dmXr'' ì`dñWm Oê•arMr Amh{. Ë`m AdñW{V]Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm Ë`mMm AmJ«h H$mhr, X{emÀ`m ohVmÀ`mVi_ir[m{Q>r Amh{ Ag{ Zmhr. [U EdT>{ Z¸•r H$r e{d½`mM{ PmS> Vm{S>m`M{H$m_ Hw$Umcm Var H$amd{ cmJUma Amh{.

(21 Owc¡ 1991)


2. ]iramÁ`mMr oXem

AmoW©H$ AmOma oH$Vr c[odUma?H$m{Umhr gw]wÕ _mUgmg Jm|YimV Q>mH$rc Ag{ Xm{Z [añ[aodam{Yr

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EImXm H$maImZm C^m amohcm AmoU Amg_VmV Oam [¡gm I{iycmJcm H$r [ohë`mXm OmJm{OmJ Xmê•Mr XwH$mZ{ oXgy cmJVmV, hmV^ÅrMrMcVr hm{V{. EH$ ]H$mcr[Um V`ma hm{Vm{. Á`m àX{emV oñÌ`m AJXr AYmaPmë`mdagwÕm o]ZYmñV, _m{H$i{[U{ o\$ê• eH$V AgV V{W{ gÜ`mH$miPmë`mZVa, AYma [S>ë`mda Ë`mZm Kam]mh{a [S>U{gwÕm _m{R>{ Xwam[mñV hm{D•ZOmV{. Ka V{ e{V AmoU e{V V{ Ka Ag{ Hw$[U Ë`mÀ`m hmcMmctda [S>V{.[Om]gma»`m amÁ`mV Va oñÌ`mMr Hw$M]Um `mhyZhr AoYH$ hm{V{. BVaamÁ`mVrc e{V_Oya V{W{ _w]cH$ o_iy cmJc{ AmoU AgwaojVV{M{ dmVmdaUdmT>c{ Vg{ oñÌ`mZm e{Vmda OmÊ`mMrgwÕm e·`Vm H$_r hm{D• cmJcr. Ë`mKamVM ]oXñV Pmë`m. oZXmZ _m{H$içm hd{V H$m_ H$aÊ`mM{ ñdmVÍ` OmD•ZAYmè`m KamV gdmªH$oaVm am{Q>çm ]ZodÊ`mM{ H$m_ Ë`mÀ`m H$[mir Amc{.

`ÌmMr _XV o_iy cmJcr åhUO{ AmUIrhr _m{R>m odoMÌ àH$maKS>Vm{. S>m{·`mda ^mar [mQ>r K{D•Z ]mOmamV Om`M{ Agc{ H$r V{ H$m_ ]mB©M{,[U _mcH$mZ{ Q>-°·Q>a K{Vcm H$r _mc ^ac{cm Q>-°·Q>a ]mOmamV S>m¡cmV K{D•ZOmÊ`mM{ H$m_ [wéfmM{. AdOS> AS>oH$Î`mZ{ H$S>ã`mMr Hw$År H$am`M{ H$m_]mB©M{, [U Hw$År `Ì Amc{ Va Ë`mMr ]Q>U{ Xm]m`M{ H$m_ [wéfmH$S>{ OmV{.

]oiamÁ`mH$S>{ dmQ>Mmc H$aVmZm Am[U Am[ë`mM [mdcmImcr]oiamOmcm [wÝhm EH$Xm Zì`mZ{ VwS>dV Zmhr Zm `mMr XjVm K{U{ Amdí`H$Amh{. AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$am`M{ Va Amh{. H$maImZXmar dmT>dm`Mr Amh{,Am¡Úm{oJH$aU H$am`M{ Amh{, e{Vrdarc _mUg{ o]Jae{Vr H$m_mH$S>{ Ý`m`Mr


Amh{V. [U h{ gJi{ H$m_ J^m©À`m dmT>rgmaI{ Amh{. Ë`mV oKgmS>KmB©cmOmJm Zmhr. H$m{Ur J ©H$mc AmIyS> H$am`Mm à`ËZ H$ê• cmJcm Va Ë`mV\$º• J^m©Mm OrdM Ym{·`mV {Vm{. ]oiamÁ`mVcr gd© ì`dñWmoZgJ©oZ`_mZ{ AmoU ghO[U{ ]hê•Z Amcr [mohO{. [ohë`m [mdgmZVagJi{ Amg_V ohad{Jma oXgy cmJV{ VgmM hm M_ËH$ma KS>yZ {D• eH$Vm{.ñdmWm©[m{Q>r H$mhr ^mZJS>r _S>itZr H$mhr T>dimT>di H{•cr Zmhr Va h{hm{Uma Amh{. hm M_ËH$ma "`mMr X{hr, `mMr S>m{im' [mhmÊ`mM{ ^m½`Am[ë`mcm cm^Uma Amh{ – Am[U R>adc{ Va.

(21 Am°·Q>m{]a 1991)


3. IVmÀ`m AZwXmZmM{ ahñ`

amgmòZH$ IVmdarc AZwXmZ{ ]X H$ê•Z IVmÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT>H$aÊ`mV `mdr Aer MMm© ]è`mM H$mim[mgyZ dmadma H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amh{.1981 gmcm[mgyZ IVmÀ`m qH$_Vr oñWa amohë`m AgyZ Xaå`mZÀ`mH$mimV IVmMm dm[a _mÌ Xwß[Q>rhyZ OmñV dmT>yZ gÜ`m Vm{ 120 cmIQ>Zm[ ªV [m{hm{Mcm Amh{; AmoU IV AZwXmZmMm ]m{Om 500 H$m{Q>ré[`mdê•Z 4500 H$m{Q>r é[`m[ ªV [m{hm{Mcm Amh{. Ë`m_wi{ IVAZwXmZ{ ]XH$aÊ`mg]Yr AmJ«hr MM{©cm eaU OmÊ`mgmaIrM [oaoñWVr Amh{.IVmdarc AZwXmZ{ aÔ Pmcr åhUO{ Ë`m_wi{ IVmÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> hm{Ê`mMrAmdí`H$Vm Zmhr [U `m Jm{îQ>rH$S>{ _mÌ g[yU© Xwc©j H{•c{ OmV{.

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AmoW©H$ H$maUmZr Zmhr. IVmMm CË[mXZIM© hm H$maImZmoZhm` _m{R>çmà_mUmda d{Jd{Jim AgVm{. H$maU ohem{] H$aVmZm H$maImÝ`mM{ d`, H$ƒm_mc d `Ìgm_wJ«rÀ`m H$maImÝ`mÀ`m oR>H$mUm[ ªV dmhVwH$rMm IM©,H$maImÝ`mMr H$m ©j_Vm `m gJiçm ]m]tMm d{Jd{Jim odMma H{•cm OmVm{.H$ÀÀ`m_mcmÀ`m qH$_Vr gmVË`mZ{ dmT>VM Amh{V AmoU AZwXmZmÀ`m 66Q>·H{• dmT>r_wi{ gmhoOH$[U{ AVJ©V KQ>H$mÀ`m IMm©V dmT> hm{V{, Á`mMm_m{R>m ohñgm H$amÀ`m ê•[mZ{ [wÝhm gaH$maO_m hm{Vm{.

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{D•Z R>{[cr Amh{ H$r h{ Mmcy R>{dm`M{ åhQ>c{ Va IVH$maImÝ`mZmOdiOdi 7000 H$m{Q>r é[`mM{ AZwXmZ Úmd{ cmJ{c AmoU J_V AerAmh{ H$r gaH$maZ{ Oa e{Vrcm cmJUma{ gJi{À`m gJi{ IV [aX{emVyZAm`mV H{•c{ AmoU e{VH$è`mZm Mmcy qH$_VrV odH$c{ Va `m ì`dñW{VgaH$mada [S>Umam ]m{Om \$º• 3000 H$m{Q>r é[`mMm Ag{c!!

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– IV H$maImÝ`mÀ`m OmJm amOH$r` gm{ tZr R>aV AgVmV.IVCË[mXZmgmR>r cmJUmè`m gm_wJ«rMr qH$_V gd© H$maImÝ`mgmR>r gmaIrMR>{dmdr (dmhVwH$rMm IM© Ë`mV Yê• Z {).

– AZwXmZmMr a¸•_ H$maImÝ`mÀ`m AmoW©H$ CcmT>mcrer g]oYVAgmdr AmoU {Ë`m [mM dfmªV H«•_mH«•_mZ{ H$_r H$arV Vr eyÝ`mdaAmUmdr.


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[wT>{, cmoOadmÊ`m _mKmarM{ o]Jwc dmOodVmM IVAZwXmZmg]YrAW©_Í`mZr Ama^r K{Vc{ë`m yo_H{•_wi{ Ë`mMm Om{ H$mhr X]X]m oZ_m©UPmcm hm{Vm Ë`mVcr hdm oZKyZ J{cr. Ë`mZr Am[ë`m AXmO[ÌH$r àñVmdmV]Xc H$ê•Z IVmÀ`m qH$_VrV Or 40 Q>··`mMr dmT> gwModcr hm{Vr Vr 30Q>··`m[ ªV Imcr AmUcr AmoU `m dmT>rVyZhr Aë[ yYmaH$ d chmZe{VH$è`mZm g[yU© gyQ> X{Ê`mMr Km{fUm H{•cr. Ë`m_wi{ oZ_m©U Pmc{ë`m Xwh{arqH$_Vì`dñW{_wi{ Va Jm|Yi AmUIrZM dmT>Uma Amh{ AmoU g_ñ`mAoYH$ o]H$Q> hm{Uma Amh{. amgm`oZH$ IVmÀ`m qH$_Vodf`H$ Ym{aUmg]Yrlr. Or. ìhr. H{•. amd `mÀ`m AÜ`jV{Imcr Z{_c{ë`m VÁk-go_VrZ{ VaIVmÀ`m Xwh{ar qH$_V[ÕVrÀ`m odam{YmVrc Am[c{ _V ñ[îQ>[U{ Zm|Xodc{c{Amh{. 9 H$m{Q>r O_rZ-ImV{Xmam[¡H$r gw_ma{ 76 Q>·H{• ImV{XmamMrO_rZYmaUm 2 h{·Q>a[{jm H$_r Amh{. `m gw_ma{ 7 H$m{Q>r ImV{XmamZm XrS>cmI g{dmH{•X«m_m\$©V gdcVrÀ`m XamVrc IVmM{ odVaU ImÌrera[U{ H$aU{h{ ^a_gmR> IoM©H$ Va Amh{M [U àemgH$r`X¥îQ>çm OdiOdi Ae·`


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`m gd© AZwXmZ[wamUmVyZ, e{Vrj{Ìmg]Yr odMma H$am`Mm åhQ>c{åhUO{ Am[ë`m H¥•ofàYmZ ^maV X{emÀ`m odÛmZ AW©_Í`mÀ`mgwÕm ]wÕrMmH$gm Jm|Yi CS>Vm{ h{M oXgyZ {V{. amgm`oZH$ IVmÀ`m g_ñ {g]YmVrcoZU© hm H{•di AZwXmZ aÔ H$aÊ`mgX^m©VM K{Ê`mE{dOr AmYr emñÌewÕgdªH$f H¥•ofZrVr R>adyZ Ë`mAVJ©V `m g_ñ {da Vm{S>Jm H$mT>cm [mohO{.

(_yi BJ«Ordê•Z AZwdmoXV)(21 Am°JñQ> 1991)


4. ]woÕg[X{À`m MmÀ`mMm H$mJmdm

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Ia{ åhUO{, `m gJiçm Amj{[mV H$mhrhr VÏ` Zmhr. gH$oaVo]`mUr e{VH$è`mZr dm[ac{cr Amh{V. Ë`mM{ \$m`X{ Vm{Q>{ Ë`mZm MmJc{_mhrV Amh{V. Xwgè`m o[T>rM{ gH$oaV dmU dm[aë`m_wi{ o[H$mÀ`mCË[mXZmV AmoU JwUdÎm{Vhr \$aH$ [S>Vm{ h{ Ë`mZm MmJc{ R>mD•H$ Amh{.H$m[gmMm ÜmmJm `m{½` JwUdÎm{Mm hdm Ag{c Va 468 dmUmMr \{•acmJdS>H$ê• Z { Ag{ [Om]amd H¥•ofodÚm[rR>gwÕm gmJV{. Ë`mV e{VH$è`mMm\$m`Xm Amh{ AmoU e{VrCÚm{JmMm \$m`Xm Amh{ h{ e{VH$ar MmJc{ OmUVm{.JwUdÎmm oQ>H$odÊ`mgmR>r Aem oe\$maer _mZÊ`mV Ë`mcm H$mhr AS>MUdmQ>Uma Zmhr. `m[wT>{ OmD•Z, Xwgè`m o[T>rM{ o]`mU{ dm[ê• Z { Ag{ ]ÜmZHw$Ur KmVc{ Va Ë`mVhr e{VH$è`mcm H$mhr _m{R>r AS>MU dmQ>Uma Zmhr.

dZñ[VrodûdmVrc ododÜmVm H$_r hm{U{ qH$dm g[wîQ>mV {U{ h{ EHy$U[¥Ïdrdarc Ordg¥îQ>rH$oaVm Ümm{·`mM{ Amh{. ododÜmVm oQ>H$odÊ`mH$oaVm O{H$mhr à`ËZ H$amd`mM{ V{ gd© g_mOmZ{ H{•c{ [mohO{, e{VrCÚm{Jmda [m{Q>^aUmè`m e{VH$è`mMrM H{•di, Vr O]m]Xmar hm{D• eH$V Zmhr.e{VH$ar \w$H$Q>{ ZmhrV

[aH$r` VÌkmZmMr VñH$ar H$aUmè`mZr AmO[ ªV e{VH$è`mZm H$mhrcm^ o_idyZ oXc{cm Zmhr AmoU J{ë`m Vrg dfmªV e{VrMm Om{ odH$mgPmcm, oZXmZ Or CË[mXZdmT> Pmcr Ë`mM{ l{ [aX{er gem{ÜmZmcm AmoUemñÌkmZm Amh{. [aX{emVrc AÚ`mdV gem{ÜmZ ^maVr` e{VH$è`mZm [¡g{Q>mHy$Z dm[am`cm, VmVS>rZ{ dm[am`cm o_imc{ Var Ë`mM{ g_mÜmmZ Amh{.qH$]hwZm, [aX{er emñÌkmÀ`m H$îQ>mMm \w$H$Q> \$m`Xm ¿`mdm hr e{VH$è`mMr


àd¥ÎmrM Zmhr. VÌkmZmÀ`m j{ÌmV qhXwñWmZ e{H$S>m{ df{© _mJ{ Amh{. H{•didrg dfmªÀ`m AdÜmrV [aX{er VÌkmZ, `Ìgm_wJ«r, Am¡fÜm{ odZmIM©dm[am`cm o_imcr Va [aX{er emñÌkmodf`r gd©gm_mÝ` OZmÀ`m _ZmVH¥•VkVm^mdM Ag{c."grVme{Vr'Vrc gem{YZmcmhr gajU

`m [crH$S>{ OmD•Z gem{ÜmZ hr EH$V\$r© dmhVyH$ Amh{ Aere{VH$è`mMr ^mdZm Zmhr. [aX{er gem{ÜmZ ^maVmV {B©c Ë`mà_mU{M^maVmVrc em{Üm [aX{emV OmVrc Agm e{VH$è`mMm AmË_odûdmg Amh{. h{gem{ÜmZ gem{ÜmZemi{V hm{Uma Zmhr, H¥•ofodÚm[rR>mV hm{Uma Zmhr, ^maVr`CÚm{OH$ Va Ë`m oXe{Z{ à`ËZhr H$aUma ZmhrV; [U ^maVr` e{VH$argem{ÜmZmV [wT>mH$ma K{D• eH$Vm{. _hmamîQ>-mVrc X«mj e{VH$è`mZr `mMmg‚mS> [wamdm [wT>{ R>{dcm Amh{. V{ìhm ]m¡oÕH$g[X{Mm h¸• åhUO{ H{•di ]m{OmZgyZ V{ AmO Zm CÚm \$m`ÚmM{ H$c_hr R>a{c, Agm e{VH$è`mMm odûdmgAmh{. `m ]m]VrV Ë`mMr [oaoñWVr BoS>`mVrc [a ¥V ]woÕOrdt[{jm \$mad{Jir Amh{.

[U, gJiçmV _hÎdmMm _wÔm d{JimM Amh{. gyú_ oOdmUy AmoUg]oÜmV emñÌm_ÜmyZ e{VrÀ`m Zì`m àJVrMm añVm OmVm{ hr H$ë[ZmeH$mñ[X Amh{. emñÌkmZr ZdrZ ZdrZ VÌmZr, ZdrZ ZdrZ dmU{ V`maH{•cr åhUO{ Vr ñdrH$maÊ`m[crH$S>{ e{VH$è`mZm JË`VaM amhmUma Zmhr hrH$ë[Zmhr «m_H$ Amh{. e{Vr H$maImZXmar [ÕVrZ{ H$aÊ`mMr [moûM_mË`AmoU g_mOdmXr X{emVrc H$ë[Zm oXdg|oXdg AZmH$f©H$ hm{V Amh{.Ë`mE{dOr, oZIi odkmZmda AmÜmmac{cr ZdrZ e{Vr hiy hiy AHw$aV Amh{.Aem e{VrÀ`m CË[mXZmcm EH$ d{Jir AmoU oH$\$m`Vera ]mOma[{R> V`mahm{V Amh{. "grVme{Vr' hm `m oXe{Z{ gwê• H{•cm EH$ à`m{J Amh{.e{VH$ar Iwë`m AW©ì`dñW{À`m ñdmJVmg g‚m

e{VH$è`mZm ]mJwc]wdm XmIdyZ ]woÕg[X{Mr VñH$ar H$aÊ`mMmH$m ©H«•_ MmcodU{ `m[wT>{ e·` hm{Uma Zmhr. e{VH$ar Xm{Ýhr hmV C^mê•ZZì`m Iwë`m AW©ì`dñW{M{ ñdmJV H$am`cm ogÕ Pmcm Amh{. `m Iwë`mì`dñW{V H$miçm BJ«OmZr AmO[ ªV dm[ac{cr gd© eñÌ{ _m{S>yZ [S>Uma


Amh{. Ë`mV Am`mVoZ`m©Vrda ]ÜmZ{ ZgVrc. ^mS>dc Iwc{ I{i{c AmoUIè`mIwè`m ]woÕ_VmÀ`m ]woÕg[X{da S>mH$m KmcÊ`mMr gÜmrhr Hw$Umcmo_iUma Zmhr.AmVm R>JoJar MmcUma Zmhr

Zì`m ^Jì`m "ñdX{er'M{ [wañH$V{© Iwë`m ì`m[mamda ]ÜmZ{ AmUy[mhmVmV; [U, ]m¡oÕH$ g[X{À`m Mm{ar-VñH$arda _mÌ H$m{UVmhr AS>Wim

{Vm H$m_m Z { Ag{ JwaH$mdyZ gmJVmV. 1968 gmcr gd© yam{[mV A_{oaH$ZVÌkmZmM{ aJrV XyaXe©ZgM {V hm{V{. Aemhr d{ir \«•mÝg_Ü { aJrV Q>rìhrAmcm Va Vm{ \«•|M VÌkmZmZ{M {B©c Agm AmJ«h \«•|M amîQ>-Ü`j OZac XJm°c `mZr Ümacm. `m AmJ«hm_mJ{ EH$ ñdX{eà{_ AmoU ñdX{eoZîR>m hm{Vr.^Jì`m ñdX{er_mJ{{ AmoU S>H{•c àñVmdmÀ`m odam{ÜmH$m_Ü { ñdX{eà{_ Zmhr,ñdX{oe`mÀ`m ì`m[H$ AmoW©H$ ohVg]ÜmmMr qMVmhr Zmhr; Ë`mM{ CoÔîQ>Amh{, BoS>`mVrc H$miçm BJ«OmÀ`m R>JoJarM{ g_W©Z.

(21 Am°JñQ> 1992)


5. Z{hê•ZrVr odéÕ Iwcr AW©ì`dñWm AmoU e{VH$ar AmXm{cZ

H$m{UË`m Am`mVrcm odam{Y\«•mÝg_Ü { EH$Xm ]r\$ (Jm{_mg) _hmJ Pmë`mZ{ d B½cS>_ÜmyZ ]r\$

ñdñV oH$_VrZ{ Am`mV H{•c{ V{ìhm V{Ïmrc ím{VH$è`mÀ`m _ZmV MrS> CË[ÝÝmPmcr. B½cS>_Ümrc ím{VH$ar Am[ë`m hmVmVrc ]mOma[{R> ohgH$mdyZ K{Vmh{VåhUyZ Ë`mZr B½cS>hyZ Amc{ë`m ]r\$À`m Q>-H$ \«•mÝgÀ`m añË`mda Ë`mMrQ>m`g²© [·Ma H$ê•Z ]X H$ê•Z Q>mH$ë`m d Ë`mVrc Jm{_mg gS>y oXc{.[aX{ímmVyZ {Umam Jhy Ïmm]odÊ`mgmR>r \«•mÝgÀ`m ím{VH$è`mBVH$r AoVa{H$r

yo_H$mgwÕm Amåhr K{V Zmhr Amhm{V. Oa H$m Amåhmcm ha^è`mMr S>mi]Zdm`cm oH$cm{cm 12 é. IM© {V Ag{c AmoU Am°ñQ>-{oc`mM{ ím{VH$ar OaH$m Vr S>mi 7/8 é[`m_Ü { Amåhmcm [wadV AgVrc Va Ë`mMr Am`mVPmcr [mohO{, H$maU Ë`mV ^maVmÀ`m J«mhH$mM H$ë`mU Amh{. Amåhmcm OaH$m S>mi ZrQ> o[H$odVm {V Zg{c, H$mhr H$m H$maUmZ{ Agm{, Va _J S>mir-E{dOr Amåhr Xwga H$mhr Var o[H$dy. åhUO{, Xwgè`m X{ímm[{úmm H$_r IMm©Vo[H$dyZ H$_r oH$_VrV odHy$ ímHy$ Ag [rH$ K{D• AmoU S>mi o[H$dU ]XH$ê•. Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{Mm AÏm©M _wir Agm Amh{. Am`mVrcm odam{ÜmH$aVmZm Am[U S>mirÀ`m Am`mVrodf`r H$mhr ]m{cV Zmhr, Ë`mM H$maUAg Amh{ H$r Amåhr ^mH$ar o[R>c ImUma{, S>miam{Q>r ImUma{ [UAm_À`mH$aVm S>mi o[H$odÊ`mM H$m_ [«m_w»`mZ Am°ñQ>-{oc`m_Ü {M hm{V.ZwH$V{M Am°ñQ>-{oc`mÀ`m amOXyVmZr oX„r_Ü { _m{R>m g_ma^ KS>dyZ AmUcm.ha^è`mÀ`m S>mirgmR>r, "h{S>c{' hm [«ogÕ oH«•H{•oQ>Aa hm{D•Z J{cm Ë`mÀ`mZmdmZ{ EH$ ha^è`mMr OmV Ë`mZr ohXwñÏmmZmH$oaVm _wÔm_ V`ma H{•cr. AmoUVr S>mi oVÏm{ ]ZdyZ ohXwñÏmmZmV oZ`m©V H$aÊ`mMr Ë`mMr V`mar PmcrAmh{. Vwåhr Amåhr O{ o[R>c ImVm{ V{ [«m_w»`mZ{ Am°ñQ>-{oc`mVë`m S>mirMMAmh{. J{ë`m dfr©hr V{M hm{V, Ë`mÀ`m J{ë`m dfr©hr V{M hm{V. V{ìhm AímmVèh{À`m Am`mVrcm odam{Üm H$aÊ`mH$oaVm ím{VH$ar gKQ>Zm C^r Zmhr.

Amåhr H$m{UË`m Am`mVrcm odam{Üm H$aVm{? JìhmÀ`m Am`mVrcm.X{ímmVrc oH$_V R>adVmZm gaH$maZ{ Xa o¹•Q>ccm 280 é[ { R>adcr. Iwë`m


]mOmamV Ë`mMr oH$_V VrZím{ gmS>{VrZím{ é[ { Amh{. [U, [aX{ímmVyZ Ia{XrH$aVmZm A_{oaH$Z ím{VH$è`mcm oXc{cr g]ogS>r cúmmV K{D•ZgwÕm Xao¹•Q>ccm 580 é[ { X{D•Z Jhy Ia{Xr H{•cm OmV Ag{c Va h{ MwH$rM{ Amh{.H$maU h{ Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{À`m VÎdmÀ`m odéÕ Amh{. A_{oaH{•Z Oa AgR>adc H$r ohXwñÏmmZM{ ím{VH$ar 280 é[`mV Jhy odH$VmV Va Amåhr Ë`mZmXrS>ím{ é[`mV [mohO{ oVVH$m Jhy o[H$dyZ X{Vm{, Va Amåhr Ë`mM ñdmJVH$ê•. H$maU, `m X{ímmVë`m Jar]mM Ë`mV H$ë`mU hm{B©c. Vwåhr Jhyo[H$dm`cm cmJm Amåhr JìhmE{dOr Ðmúm o[H$dy. Bòm`cÀ`m ím{VH$è`mMCXmhaU AgM Amh{. V{ gÍmr o[H$dVmV, Ðmúm o[H$dVmV, \$i\$imdio[H$dVmV, gJi H$mhr o[H$dVmV [U Jhy o[H$drV ZmhrV. Ë`mM åhUUAg H$r Amåhr Ðmúm o[H$dy, gÍmr o[H$dy AmoU oZ`m©V H$ê•Z Amc{ë`m[¡ímmVyZ Jhy odH$V K{D•Z ImD•. V{ Amåhmcm OmñV [adS>V. Ia gmJm`MVa ohXwñÏmmZmVë`m Oo_ZrM{ O{ VwH$S>{ Pmc{V V{ [mhmVm AJXr[Om]_Ü {gwÕm ÜmmÝ` o[H$dU{ ì`dhm © Zmhr. V{ìhm ohXwñÏmmZcm Hw$UrAm_À`m[{úmm H$_r ^mdmZ{ ÜmmÝ` odH$m`cm V`ma Agcm Va Amåhr Ë`mMmodam{Üm H$aUma Zmhr.

Amåhr 1980 gmcm[mgyZ h{ _mS>V Amcm{ Amhm{V. _r Ë`md{irA_{oaH{•VyZ Am`mV hm{Umè`m Jìhmcm odam{Üm H$arV hm{Vm{, [moH$ñVmZmVyZ

{Umè`m H$[mímrcm odam{Üm H$arV hm{Vm{. H$m H$arV hm{Vm{? ""grAm`E åhUO{A_{oaH$m, Am[cm ímÍmy Ag{ _mZVm Zm? _J Am_À`m [Om]_Ümë`m X{ím^º•ím{VH$è`mZr, Á`mZr [moH$ñVmZm[mgyZ cT>mB©V X{ím VrZVrZXm dmMdcm Ë`mZro[H$odc{ë`m Jìhmcm oOVH$m ^md X{Vm Ë`mÀ`m Xw[Q>rhyZhr OmñV ^md `mímÍmyÀ`m Jìhmcm H$m X{Vm? [moH$ñVmZ Am_Mm ímÍmy Zm? _J odX^m©À`mím{VH$è`mÀ`m H$[mímrcm oOVH$m ^md X{Vm Ë`mÀ`m Xwß[Q> ^md Vwåhr ímÍmyÀ`mH$[mímrcm H$m X{Vm? Oa H$m Vm{ Am[ë`m[{úmm ñdñV ^mdmZ{ Úm`cm V`maAg{c Va _r Ë`mcm Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{À`m VÎdkmZmVyZ odam{Üm H$aUma Zmhr.Vwåhr `m X{ímmVë`m ím{VH$è`mÀ`m H$mVS>rÀ`m aJmM{ åhUyZ Ë`mZr o[H$odc{cm_hmJ _mc Imdm Ag{ _r H$Ümr åhUUma Zmhr.'' Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{Mm hm EH$AÏm© ñ[îQ> Agmdm åhUyZ hm _wÔm _r {Ïm{ _mS>cm.


e{VH$è`mM{ o_Ì H$m{U? eÌy H$m{U?Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{À`m ì`dñÏm{V ím{VH$è`mM{ o_Ím H$m{U? ì`m[mar h{

ímVH$è`mM{ o_Ím H$r ímÍmy? `mhr odf`mda ím{VH$ar gKQ>Z{Z{ 80 gmcm[mgyZoZoíÀmV yo_H$m K{Vc{cr Amh{. Ë`md{ir gJi{ S>md{ cm{H$ åhUV AgV H$r,"ím{VH$è`mcm ^md o_iV Zmhr `mM H$maU ì`m[mar. ím{VH$è`mcm ^mdo_iV Zmhr, J«mhH$mcm \$ma oH$_V _m{Omdr cmJV{ `mM H$maU, ì`m[marXm{KmZmhr cwQ>Vm{.' S>mì`mMr hr yo_H$m Agcr Var 80 gmcm[mgyZ Amåhrh{ ñ[îQ> H{•c{c Amh{ H$r, ì`m[mar hm ím{Vr_mcmcm ^md Z o_iÊ`mM H$maUZmhr. ím{VH$ar gKQ>Z{À`m odMmagaUrV ì`m[mar hm Hw$R> ímÍmy ZìhVmM.AmO[ ªVMr ím{VH$ar AmXm{cZmMr gd© [«H$mímZ V[mgyZ [mohcr Va h{ cúmmV

{B©c. EdT>M Zìh{ Va, ím{Vr_mcmcm ^md o_imë`mda ím{VH$è`mÀ`m hmVmVH«•`ímº•r {V{ AmoU odH$mgmÀ`m MH«•mcm JVr o_iV{, ì`m[mè`mMm \$m`Xmhm{Vm{ h{ OmUyZ Jmdm{JmdM{ ì`m[mar ím{VH$ar AmXm{cZmÀ`m ]mOyZ{ C { ahmVmVh{ Amåhr AZw dc Amh{.

[ydr© _cm AZ{H$Xm cm{H$mZr åhQ>c Amh{ H$r, "Vwåhr ím{VH$è`mMr ]mOy_mS>Vm [U Ë`mM]am{]a BVamM{hr [«íZ _mS>md{V. N>m{Q>çm CÚm{OH$mMr \$madmB©Q> oñÏmVr Amh{, H$maImZXmamMrhr _m{R>r AS>MU Amh{, EH$ H$maImZmH$mT>m`Mm Pmcm Va oX„rcm oH$Vr OUmg_m{a OmD•Z ZmH$ Kmgm`cmcmJVmV.' AJXr AcrH$S>{ AcrH$S>{, ímVZwamd oH$cm{©ñH$amgmaIm _Zwî`åhUmcm H$r, ""Iwcr ]mOma[{R>, Iwcr ]mOma [{R> Agm ímmgZmZ{ S>mJm{amo[Q>m`cm gwédmV H{•cr Amh{; [U Ë`mMr Iwcr ]mOma[{R> åhUO{ H$m` Amh{?[ydr© Amåhmcm H$maImZm H$mT>VmZm [Mdrg oR>H$mUr OmD•Z AO© H$am`cmcmJV hm{V{, Ë`mÀ`m E{dOr AmVm ]mdrg oR>H$mUr AO© H$am`cm cmJVmV.EdT>mM \$aH$ Pmcm.'' 80 gmcr gJiçm cm{H$mZm _r åhUV hm{Vm{ H$r,""_cm _mÝ` Amh{ H$r Vw_Mmhr cT>m ìhm`cm [mohO{. _mUgmcm ñdVÍmìhm`M Ag{c Va Ë`mMm cT>m \$ma ì`m[H$ Amh{. [U _mPr ÜmmaUm AímrAmh{ H$r ñdmVÍ`mMm hm cT>m cT>dm`M H$m_ AmO ím{VH$ar H$aUma Amh{.Vwåhr H$aUma Zmhr. H$maU "BoS>`m'Vcm Vwåhmcm Om{ H$mhr Wm{S>m\$ma _ocXmo_iVm{ Ë`mÀ`m _m{hmZ{ Vwåhr "BoS>`m' H$S>{ PwH$c{c{ amhmUma AmhmV.


Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{H$oaVm cT>m cT>odÊ`mMr H$iH$i, ohVg]Üm hmím{VH$è`mH$S>{ AgVm{. åhUyZ _r ím{VH$è`mcm `m ñdmVÍ`cT>çmMm g¡oZH$_mZVm{.'' Ë`m_wi{ H$maImZXma H$m` oH$dm N>m{Q>{ CÚm{OH$ H$m`, Ë`md{ir `mcT>çmM{ g¡oZH$ hm{D• ímH$V ZìhV{.

Xwgar EH$ _hÎdmMr Jm{îQ> g_mOmcm oH$_mZ ímmgZ Agmd. oOVH$ímmgZ OmñV oVVH$m «îQ>mMma OmñV. Power corrupts, absolute power

corrupts absolutely h{ VÎdkmZ ímhamVë`m cm{H$mZr _mS>c [U Ë`mMrIar Am{iI hr ím{VH$è`mZmM hm{V{. H$ímr? ím{VH$ar `m VÎdkmZmÀ`m ÜmJrVhm{a[iV Amc{ Amh{V. AmoW©H$ XwadñW{V R>{dë`m J{c{ë`m e{VH$è`mcmgmV]mamÀ`m CVmè`m[mgyZ V{ ]±H{•M{ H$O© o_iodÊ`m[ ªV, CgmÀ`mVm{S>r[mgyZ V{ o]cmMr a¸•_ hmVmV o_i{[ ªV Aímm AZ{H$ [«gJr `mímmgZmÀ`m «îQ>mMmamZ{ [yU© ZmJdyZ Q>mH$c{. gaH$mar [H$S> H$_r ìhmdrAmoU ñdVÍm[U{ OJm`cm o_imd `mÀ`m_Ü { ì`m[mar hmM ím{VH$è`mMmIam [mR>ramIm Amh{. 84 gmcr odûdZmÏm [«Vm[ ogJmZr amOrd JmÜmtÀ`mZ{V¥ËdmImcr EH$m Vèh{Z{ Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{À`m ì`dñÏm{cm gwédmV H{•cr.Ë`md{ir Amåhr Ë`mZm gmoJVc{ H$r, "hr Iwcr ì`dñÏmm H$maImZXmam[wT>{H$ímmcm Q>mH$Vm`? JmT>dm[wT>{ Jyi Q>mHy$Z \$m`Xm H$m`? Á`mH$maImZXmam[wT>{ Vwåhr hm Jyi R>{dVm AmhmV Ë`mZm Ë`mMr Md Zmhr; Ë`mZmcm`gÝg-[a_rQ> ì`dñÏm{VyZ o_iUmè`m \$m`ÚmMr \$º• Md Amh{. Iwë`m]mOa[{R>{[«_mU{ Oa H$m CË[mXH$mcm [«m{ËgmhZ oXc, CÎm{OZ oXc Va Vm{H$m` M_ËH$ma H$ê•Z XmIdVm{ h{ [hm`M Ag{c Va V{ ím{VH$è`mcm X{D•Z[mhm AmoU VrZ dfmªV X{ímmV M_ËH$ma hm{Vm{ oH$dm Zmhr V{ [hm.'

h{ Amåhr [ohë`m[mgyZ _mS>c. Ë`m]am{]a h{hr åhQ>c hm{V H$r,""AmO ì`m[mar Am_À`m ]mOyZ{ C { amhmVrc Ag oXgV Zmhr åhUyZ _rím{VH$è`mÀ`m [m{Q>r Z OÝ_c{cm, oñdËPcªS>hyZ Amc{cm ím{VH$è`mÀ`m ]mOyZ{C^m amohcm{. `mM H$maU hr Or H«•mVr ìhm`Mr Amh{ `m H«•mVrMm [«U{Vmím{VH$arM Agy ímH$Vm{ `mMr _cm ImÍmr Amh{.''ì`m[H$ cT>çmMr Amdí`H$Vm

AmoU 1990 gmcr ím{VH$è`mZr Om{ cT>m EH$Q>çmZ{ cT>dm`Mm Vm{


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Amh{. Ë`mMr _mS>Ur ]am{]a hm{Vr, Ë`mM ocImU ]am{]a hm{V, Ë`mMmH$m ©H«•_ ]am{]a hm{Vm, Ë`mM VÎdkmZ ]am{]a hm{V [U Ë`mÀ`mg_m{aAS>Ïmim hm{Vm Vm{ Z{hê•KamÊ`mÀ`m ^º•rMm AmoU Ë`mVyZ oZ_m©U Pmc{ë`mcm`g{Ýg²[a_rQ> Z{hê•Ümm{aUmMm. Ë`m_wi{ Vm{ [« m{J \$gcm. `m OwÝ`m[« m{JmMm [wañH$ma H$am`Mm Agcm Va H$am oH$dm ZH$m H$ê•, [UCÚm{OH$mZm Am[cr _mJUr [wT>{ _mS>Ê`mMr gÜmr o_imc{cr Amh{. AmoUhr Oa gÜmr gmÜmcr J{cr Va _J ím{VH$è`mMr ]Xc{cr Or yo_H$m Amh{oVMm gÝ_mZ Pmcm Ag hm{B©c. Amåhr BVH{• oXdg S>mì`mÀ`m ]am{]a OmVhm{Vm{. H$maU V{ cT>m`cm V`ma hm{V{. ì`m[mar cT>m`cm V`ma ZìhV{. AmoUcm{H$mZm Amåhr Ë`md{ir H$m` åhUV hm{Vm{? ím{VH$ar AmoU _Oya `mVH$m` \$aH$ Amh{? ím{VH$è`mH$S>{ \$º• O_rZ Amh{ EdT>M H$r Zmhr? [U,Amåhmcm d{VZgwÕm [wag o_iV Zmhr.e{VH$ar : ñdoZ wº• CÚm{OH$

ím{Jmd[mgyZ Amåhr hr yo_H$m gm{S>yZ X{Vm{ Amhm{V. ím{Jmd[mgyZím{VH$ar hm CÚm{OH$ Amh{, ñdoZ wº• (Self employeed). Ë`mMr oZoûMV[JmamMr _mJUr Zmhr. Va, ñ[Ümm© H$ê•Z, ]mOmamV CVê•Z ñdVÍm[U{úmUmúmUmZ{, H$UmH$UmZ{ OJÊ`mMr BÀN>m Agc{cm Agm hm CÚm{OH$ím{VH$ar Amh{. Ag{ O{ O{ CÚm{OH$ AgVrc V{ V{ Am_M{ o_Ím Amh{V. AmoUgH$mir 10 dmOë`m[mgyZ 5 dmO{[ ªV Q>{]cm[mímr ]gyZ Mm¡Xm H$[ Mhmo[D•Z EH$ VmaI{cm [Jma o_imcm [mohO{, Ë`mZVa _hmJmB© Îmm o_imcm[mohO{, Xa gwÅr_Ü { Kar oH$dm Q>-r[cm Om`cm [«dmg^Îmm o_imcm [mohO{AmoU oZd¥Îm Pmë`mZVa [{ÝímZ o_im`cm [mohO{ Ag åhUUmam _Zwî`Am_MmM Zìh{ Va X{ímmMm ímÍmy Amh{. hr yo_H$m _mS>Ê`mM Z{V¥Ëd Vwåhrím{VH$ar H$m ©H$V{© K{V Agmc Va ím{VH$ar AmXm{cZmMr yo_H$m Vwåhr Iè`mAÏmm©Z{ ]OmdVm AmhmV Ag åhUVm {B©c.

Zmhr Va H$m` hm{B©c? S>m°Z o¹•½Pm{Q> gmaI oH$dm E{oVhmogH$]hwê$ß`mgmaI hm{B©c. OwZr BoVhmgmVcr [wñVH$ dmMm`Mr oH$dmoímdmOrdaMr [wñVH$ dmMm`Mr AmoU ímm¡ © JmOdm`cm oZKm`M åhUO{oímdmOrgmaI oMcIV AmoU oOa{Q>m{[ KmcyZ Km{S>çmdê•Z oZKm`M AmoU


g_Om`M H$r AmVm Am[U BoVhmg KS>dVm{. oímdmOr Xm{Z d{im Ë`mMd{ímmV H$Ümr [¥Ïdrda {V Zmhr. [«Ë {H$ d{ir {Vm{, Ë`md{ir Ë`mMm d{ím ZdmAgVm{. `m Zì`m d{ímm_Ü { `m`Mr Oa H$m Vw_Mr V`mar Agcr Vaím{VH$ar gKQ>Z{Mr yo_H$m Vwåhr [ma [mS>y ímH$mc.AmXm{cZ H$emgmR>r

Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{À`m [wañH$mamMr _mS>Ur H$arV AgVmZmM ím{VH$argKQ>Zm AmXm{cZmË_H$ H$m ©H«•_mM{ Xm{Z oZU© K{V Amh{. [U, h{ oZU© `m

yo_H{•ímr odgJV ZmhrV h{ ñ[îQ> H$aU{ Amdí`H$ Amh{.Á`m cm{H$mZr ím{VH$ar AmXm{cZmcm Z{h_r odam{Üm H{•cm, Á`m cm{H$mZr

ím{VH$ar AmXm{cZmMm Û{f H{•cm, Á`m cm{H$mZr Eg². Ama. [r. cmdm`ac{gdê•Z AmXm{cH$ ím{VH$è`mÀ`m hmcMmctMr _mohVr [wadcr Vr_S>ir AmVm P|S>{ K{D•Z IV ^mddmT> aÔ PmcrM [mohO{, odO{Mr XadmT> ]XPmcrM [mohO{ Aímm Km{fUm X{VmV. EdT>M Zìh{ Va, ím{VH$è`mM{ Z{V{ ímaXOm{ímr Hw$R>{ J{c{ Amh{V Aímr ^mfU X{V Amh{V. hr _S>ir H$m{U Amh{V? hr_S>ir [«m_w»`mZ{ H$m±J«{g_Ümcr Amh{V. H$m{Ê`m EH$m H¥•of CË[ÝÝm ]mOmago_VrM{ AÜ`úm, \$cmÊ`m Ia{Xr odH«•r gKmM{ AÜ`úm hr gJir _S>irAmVm ]mh{a [S>cr Amh{V. H$maU, _Z_m{hZogJmZm Oar g_Oc Zmhr H$r hmím{VH$è`mMm Mm[ Ë`mZm Hw$R> ]gVm{ Amh{, Var `m _S>itZm hm Mm[H$im`cm cmJcm Amh{. Z{hê•ì`dñÏm{_Ü { ím{Vr_mcmcm ^md ZgVmZmgwÕmÁ`m [wT>mè`mZr Am[c ^c H$ê•Z K{Vc Ë`m [wT>mè`mZm AmVm ^c H$ê•ZK{Vm {U ím·` amohc Zmhr. `m Xw:ImZ Vr _S>ir Am{aS>m`cm cmJcrAmh{V. hr JmdJÝÝmm H¥•ofCË[ÝÝm ]mOma go_Vr AmoU Ia{Xr odH«•rgKmMr_mUg Am{aS>m`cm cmJcr Amh{V H$maU, Iwë`m ]mOma[{R>{Mm Mm[ Ë`mZm]gm`cm cmJcm Amh{. [adm [V[«ÜmmZmZm ím{VH$è`mM EH$ oímîQ>_S>i

{Q>m`cm J{c hm{V. Ë`mVë`m cm{H$mMr ZmdgwÕm `mAmÜmr H$Ümr E{H$m`cmo_imcr ZìhVr. [U, [V[«ÜmmZmZr Ë`mZm {Q> oXcr, _wcmIVrM X¥î`Q>{ocoìhOZda VrZVrZXm XmIdc. AmoU da [«Ë {H$mcm Xm{Z hOma é[`mMrXoúmUm X{D•Z Ë`mZm [V[«ÜmmZmZr [mR>odc. `mM H$maU Ag H$rím{VH$è`mÀ`m ZmdmZ{ EH$ [`m© r ímº•r C^r H$aÊ`mMm [« ËZ hm{D• cmJcm


Amh{. Og, Om°O© \$ZmªoS>g AmVm ím{V_OwamÀ`m H$idiçmZ ]m{cy cmJc{Amh{V Vg ím{VH$è`mMm H$Ümrhr H$idim Zgc{cr _S>ir hr AmVm AímmVèh{M{ [«íZ K{D•Z CR>yZ C { amhm`cm cmJc{cr Amh{V.

Am[U AmVm ]m{cm`cm [mohO{ H$r, IVmMm ^md dmT>cm h{ Ia VaMmJc Pmc. _r Ë`mÀ`m[wT> OmD•Z Aghr åhUVm{ H$r J{ë`md{ir VrgM Q>¸•{dmT>cm, `md{ir AmUIr Vrg Q>¸•{ dmT>m`cm [mohO{ hm{Vm. [U, Am[U]m{cV H$mhr Zmhr. \$º• c{I ocohVm{. [ÍmH$mamZmgwÕm Am[cr yo_H$mH$iV Zmhr. [U Amåhr `m odf`mda ]m{cV Zmhr åhUyZ Am_M AoñVËdMZmhr Agm Hw$UmMm J¡ag_O hm{D• Z {. åhUyZ, AmXm{cZ H$am`MrAmdí`H$Vm Amh{. åhUyZ V{ H$am`M. X{ímmV JìhmM CË[mXZ _w]cH$ Pmc{h{ _cmhr _mhrV Amh{. [U, `Xm Jhy AmUVrc. [wT>À`m dfr JhyAmUm`cm [¡g{ H$m{R>yZ AmUVrc? [wT>À`m dfr© gaH$ma H$m|S>rV gm[S>{cMZm? [U, ím{VH$ar gKQ>Z{Z{ Jhy CVaodUmè`m ]XamÀ`m ZmH{•]XrMm AmoU_Í`mZm Jmd]XrMm H$m ©H«•_ Om{ Omhra H{•cm Amh{ Ë`mV gyQ>-g]ogS>rMmímm{Üm K{Ê`mè`m ím{VH$è`mMr Zmhr, Va Iwë`m ì`dñÏm{_Ü { _Zwî` åhUyZgÝ_mZmZ{ OJy BoÀN>Umè`m CÚm{OH$ ím{VH$è`mMr gKQ>Zm H$m` _mJV{ h{ñ[îQ> hm{Ê`mH$oaVm Am[ë`mcm hr AmXm{cZ K{U Amdí`H$ Amh{.

Jmd]XrMm H$m ©H«•_ Va gm{[mM Amh{. _Í`mcm P|S>{ XmIdm`cmím{VH$ar AmZXmZ{ V`ma hm{Vrc. AmoU ZmH{•]Xr_mJMr yo_H$me{VH$è`mÀ`m [wT>{ _mS>m, V{ JìhmMm XmUm ]XamV CVê• X{Uma ZmhrV.

(21 Am°·Q>m{]a 1992)


6. S>H{•c, CÚ_r ím{VH$ar AmoU ]mS>Jyi o]Ja ím{VH$ar

gd©Xya ]oXñV ì`dñWmIwë`m AÏm©ì`dñÏm{H$S>{ X{ím Mmccm Amh{ H$r Zmhr V{ Og Am[U

[mhmVm{ VgM Am[ë`mcm OJ Iwë`m AÏm©ì`dñÏm{H$S>{ Mmcc` H$r Zmhr h{[mohc{ [mohO{.

Z{hê•ì`dñÏm{Z{ X{ímmM{ N>m{Q>{ N>m{Q>{ H$ß[{ Mmirg[ÝÝmmg dfmª[ydr© H{•c{.gJiçm OJmM{ H$ß[{ [ohë`m _hm wÕm[mgyZ [S>c{c{ Amh{V. [«Ë {H$ X{ímmZ{ Iwcmì`m[ma H$am`À`m E{dOr Am[m[ë`m X{ímmVë`m cm{H$mM gaúmU H$aÊ`mH$oaVmAm`mVrda oZ]ªÜm Kmcm`M{ AmoU oZ`m©VrZm CÎm{OZ Úm`M Aímm Vèh{Mr Ümm{aUAmIë`m_wi{ J{ë`m [ÝÝmmg dfmª_Ü { Iwcm ì`m[ma, Iwcr AÏm©ì`dñÏmm oH$dm]iramÁ` ZmdmMr Jm{îQ> gJiçm OJmVM g[yZ J{cr. Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZVahr VrHw$R>{ ZìhVr. O{ìhm g wº• amîQ>-gK ( wZm{) V`ma Pmcm Ë`md{ir EH$ H$ë[Zm Aímrhm{Vr H$r AmVm wÕ g[c, _J [ÝÝmmg dfmª[ydr© OJmV Ogm Iwcm ì`m[ma Mmcyhm{Vm Vgm [wÝhm EH$Xm gwê• ìhmdm. Aímr AZ{H$ X{ímmMr BÀN>m hm{Vr. yZm{À`mñÏmm[Z{À`m d{ir Iar H$ë[Zm Aímr hm{Vr H$r AmVaamîQ>-r` ì`m[ma gK ZmdmMrEH$ _m{R>r gñÏmm ñÏmm[mdr AmoU Ë`mZ{ gJiçm OJm_Ü { Iwcm ì`m[ma Mmc{cAímr ì`dñÏmm H$amdr. International Trade Organisation Ag Ë`m gñÏm{MZmd R>{dm`M hm{V, [U Ë`m gñÏm{M ]mag ìhm`À`m AmÜmrM Vr _¥V Pmcr.H$m{UË`mhr X{ímmMr Iwë`m ì`m[mamH$S>{ OmÊ`mMr oZXmZ Ë`md{ir Var _Z:oñÏmVrZìhVr. Á`m Ë`m X{ímm_Ü { cm{H$mZm gaH$maH$S>yZ gaúmU K{D•Z Am[cmH$m_ÜmXm, ì`dgm` MmcodÊ`mMr gd` Pmc{cr hm{Vr. AmO ohXwñÏmmZmVc{H$maImZXma Og, Amåhmcm Agc{c gaúmU Vwåhr H$_r H$ê• ZH$m åhUVmV,\«•mÝg_Ümc{ ím{VH$argwÕm AmO AgM åhUVmV VgM Ë`md{ir Á`mZm Á`mZmgaúmUmMr gd` Pmc{cr hm{Vr V{ H$mhr gaúmU gm{S>yZ Úm`cm V`ma ZìhV{. V{ìhm,Aímm [«H$maMm Iwcm ì`m[ma OJm_Ü { cdH$a gwê• hm{B©c Ag H$mhr dmQ>V ZìhV._J, g wº• amîQ>-gKmM H$m_M _wir Ag R>ac H$r oOÏm{ g_Pm{Vm hm{Ê`mMrím·`Vm ZgV{ oVÏm{ gd© g]oÜmV cm{H$mZm ]m{cdm`M{, Ë`mMr _ZÜmaUr H$ê•ZEH$Ím ]gdm`M AmoU O{ ]m{cm`cm V`ma ZmhrV Ë`mZm EH$_{H$mímr ]m{cm`cm


cmdyZ H$mhrVar Vh KS>dyZ AmUm`Mm.]oXñVmÀ`m dmQ>mKmQ>r

J{cr Mmirg[M{Mmirg df{© GATTÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ, Iwcm ì`m[ma Mmcyìhmdm `m H$oaVm Aímm Vèh{Mr ]m{cUr Mmcy hm{Vr. \$mag `ím H$mhr Ë`mcm AmcZmhr. 1986 gmcm[mgyZ Cé½d{ ZmdmÀ`m XoúmU A_{oaH{•Vë`m X{ímm_Ü { [wÝhmEH$Xm ]m{cUr Mmcy Pmcr. ghmì`mXm ]m{cUr Mmcy Pmcr. AmoU hrdmQ>mKmQ>rMr ghmdr \{•ar J{cr gmV df{© Mmcy Amh{. m dmQ>mKmQ>r_Ü { gmÜmmaUV:H$m` hm{V? `m dmQ>mKmQ>t_Ü { EH$ím{ AmR> X{ímmM{ [«oVoZÜmr AgVmV. V{ ]m{cVmV,gmV d{Jd{Jiçm ^mfm_Ü {, Ë`mMr ^mfmVa H$ê•Z EH$_{H$mZm gmJmdr cmJVmV.[«Ë {H$OU ^mfUmÀ`m gwê•dmVrcm gJiçm OJm_Ü { Iwcr AÏm©ì`dñÏmm V`maìhm`cm [mohO{, Aímm Vèh{À`m Iwë`m AÏm©ì`dñÏm{cm Am_À`m X{ímmMm [moR>]m,Ë`mH$oaVm H$m` dmQ>{c V{ [« ËZ H$am`cm Amåhr V`ma Amhm{V dJ¡a{ dJ¡a{]m{cVmV. AmoU ZVa "[U....' Ag åhUyZ Am[m[ë`m X{ímmÀ`m Á`m H$mhrAS>MUr Amh{V Ë`m gmJm`cm gwédmV H$aVmV. ohXwñÏmmZgmaIm X{ím AgåhUVm{ H$r, ""Iwcr AÏm©ì`dñÏmm `m`cm [mohO{ h{ Amåhmcm _mÝ` Amh{. [U,Jar] X{ím O{ ñdV:Mm odH$mg H$ê• [mhmVmV Ë`mÀ`m gmd© m¡_ h¸•mcm H$mhr ]mÜmm

{Uma Zmhr Aímr ì`dñÏmm [mohO{.'' åhUO{ Iwcr AÏm©ì`dñÏmm åhUm [U Ë`mZmdmImcr g[yU© ]oXñV ì`dñÏmm Mmcy R>{dÊ`mMr _w m Amåhmcm Úm. [«Ë {H$X{ímmcm Ag dmQ>V H$r gJiçm X{ímm_Ü { EH$ Vh Va ìhmdm [U Ë`m VhmZ{Am[ë`m X{ímm_Ü { Or [oaoñÏmVr Amh{ Vr gJiçmZr _mÝ` H$amdr. Og, g_mZZmJar H$m`Úm]Ôc Am[ë`m X{ímmVrc gd© Ümo_© mZm dmQ>V H$r Am[ë`mÜm_m©Vrc H$m`Xm hm gJiçmZm cmJy Pmcm Va Vm{ g_mZ ZmJar H$m`Xm, Vg `mOmJoVH$ Vhmg]Ümr gd© X{ímmMr yo_H$m Amh{. Am_À`m X{ímmVrc Amh{ Vr[oaoñÏmVr gJiçmZr _mÝ` H$amdr Agm 108 OUmZr hÅ Ümacm Va ím{dQ>rVS>Om{S> ìhm`Mr H$ímr? _J, g wº• amîQ>- gKmV EH$ [ÕV Aímr Amh{ H$rcm{H$mZm ]m{c]m{c ]m{cy X{VmV. gJiçmM ]m{cyZ Pmc H$r oVÏmcm Om{ _m{R>m ]m]yåhUO{ g{H«•{Q>ar OZac, Ë`mcm gmJVmV, gd©gmÜmmaU[U{ gdmªZm _mÝ` hm{B©cAgm H$mhr Var EH$ _gwXm V`ma H$am - Vm{ cm{H$m[wT>{ R>{dy. H$gm H$m` oXgVm{ ]Ky.AmoU Oa cm{H$ AJXrM E{H$m`cm V`ma Zgc{ Va _J Vm{ _gyXm cm{H$mg_m{a


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O[mZM CXmahU BÏmhr oJadÊ`mgmaI Amh{. Ë`mZm Oa dmQ>cAm[U VÍmkmZmV BVam[{úmm _mJ{ [S>Vm{ Amhm{V Va V{ Am[ë`m odÚmÏ`mªZmoímúmUmgmR>r [aX{ímmV [mR>dVmV AmoU oímHy$Z Amc{ë`mÀ`m _XVrZ{ Am[cVÍmkmZ odH$ogV H$aVmV. Amdí`H$ Ag{c Va [mJwiJmS>çmMr _XV K{VmV,[U Oê•ar g[cr H$r [mJwiJmS>m Q>mHy$Z X{D•Z Am[ë`m [m`mda dmQ>Mmcgwê• H$aVmV.

[mJwiJmS>çmMr gd` Pmc{ë`m _wcmcm VmË[waV{ A[JËd Amc{c{ AgV{V{ Kmcdm`M{ Ag{c Va [mJwiJmS>m H$mT>yZ ¿`mdm cmJVm{. Ë`mM[«_mU{ 1970À`m BoS>`Z [{Q>Q> A°·Q>_wi{ ohXwñÏmmZmVrc gímm{ÜmZúm{Ímmcm Aímm[mJwiJmS>çmMr gd` Pmcr. `m H$m`Úmg \$m`Xm Pmcm H$m Vm{Q>m? `mH$m`ÚmMm Am¡fÜm CË[mXZ CÚm{Jmcm \$m`Xm Pmcm Ag _m{R>çm Ao^_mZmZgmoJVc OmV. AmoU S>H{•codam{Ümr O{ H$mhr dmXi CR>c Amh{ Ë`mÀ`m_mJ{[«m_w»`mZ{ `m Am¡fÜm oZ_m©Ë`mMm hmV Amh{. 1970 [ ªV ohXwñÏmmZmV V`mahm{Umar Am¡fÜm OJmVrc gdmªV _hmJ Am¡fÜm Agm`Mr. [U 1970 Mm [{Q>Q>


H$m`Xm Pmë`m[mgyZ Vr ñdñV Pmcr AmoU AmVm[ ªV X{ímmVrc Am¡fÜmCË[mXZmV Xhm[Q> dmT> Pmcr. `mM EH$_{d H$maU åhUO{ 1970 À`m H$m`ÚmZ{OJmVrc Am¡fÜmmg]Ümr gímm{ÜmZmMr Mm{ar H$am`cm [admZJr o_imcr. `mAm¡fÜmmgmR>r cmJUmè`m gímm{ÜmZmMm IM© dmMë`m_wi{ Amåhr OJmVrc BVaX{ímm[{úmm ñdñV Am¡fÜm{ oZ_m©U H$ê• ímH$Vm{. hr Mm{ar AmO[ ªV Mmccr, AmVmMmcUma Zmhr H$maU Aímm[«H$maMr Ümm{aU oVgè`m OJmVrc X{ím Á`m Xm{Z_hmímº•tÀ`m ^mS>UmMm cm^ K{D•Z H$aV hm{V{ Ë`mVrc g_mOdmXr gm_«mÁ`AmVm cm{[ [mdc{ Amh{. aoím`m ]m¡oÕH$g[Xm h¸• dJ¡a{ H$mhr _mZV ZìhVmË`m_wi{ Ë`mÀ`m_mJ{ ]m¡oÕH$g[X{À`m Mm{amZm c[Vm {V hm{V{. AmVm VrM OmJmZîQ> Pmcr, AmVm Mm{ar ím·` Zmhr. H$maU aoím`mÀ`m [VZm]am{]a A_{oaH{•Z{]m¡oÕH$ g[X{À`m Mm{arodê•Õ _m{hr_ CKS>cr. Mm{amÀ`m `mXrV Xm{Z Zmd_hÎdmMr :– EH$ MrZ AmoU Xwga BoS>`m.

Am¡fÜm CË[mXZmV Mm{ar_wi{ \$m`Xm Pmcm Ag dmQ>V, [U, [aX{ímmVrcMm{ê•Z AmUc{ë`m gímm{ÜmZmMr gd` Pmë`mZ{, BÏm Agc{ë`m dZñ[Vt[mgyZ OrAm¡fÜm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r gímm{ÜmZ hm{D• ímH$c AgV V{ J{ë`m 23 dfmªV PmcZmhr. hm Vm{Q>m Pmcm Ag åhUm`M Zmhr H$m?

yam{[mVyZ XyÜm[mdS>a AmoU cm{Ur AmUë`mZ Ogm X{ímmVrc XyÜmCË[mXH$mMm ì`dgm` ]wS>Vm{ Vg [aX{ímmVyZ gímm{ÜmZ AmUë`mZ{hr ñÏmmoZH$gímm{ÜmZ ]wS>V hm gímm{ÜmZmÀ`m Mm{arMm Vm{Q>mM Amh{.

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ím{Vr úm{ÍmmÀ`m ]m]VrV Var Am_À`mH$S>{ H$mhr gímm{ÜmZ Pmc Amh{ H$m?_{o·gH$m{_Ü { JìhmÀ`m OmVr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. g wº• amîQ>-gKmZ{

Ë`m V`ma H{•ë`m. Ë`m gímm{ÜmZm_wi{ AmO Am[U oOdV Amhm{V. [U Eadrím{Vrúm{ÍmmÀ`m ]m]VrV "[{Q>Q>' K{Ê`mgmaI H$mhr gímm{ÜmZ AOyZ Pmc ZìhV.

[U AmVm odkmZm_Ü { EH$ ZdrZ XmcZ CKS>c Amh{. AmoUAmO[ ªVM gímm{ÜmZ h{ [XmÏm© odkmZ ímmñÍm, agm`Z ímmñÍm Aímm ímmñÍmm_Ü {hm{V. AmVm [«m_w»`mZ{, AË`mÜmwoZH$ gímm{ÜmZ h{ OrdímmñÍmm_Ü { gwê• Pmc Amh{.oOZ{oQ>H$ BoOoZAoaJ oH$dm OrZ Q>{·Zm°cm°Or. h{ VÍmkmZ BVH$ o·cîQ>, BVH$


ZmOwH$, BVH$ H$R>rU Amh{ H$r _Zwî`[«mUr Aímm Vèh{M VÍmkmZ hmVmiy cmJcmAmh{ hr _m{R>r AX² yV Jm{îQ> Amh{. `m VÍmkmZmZ [wT>{_mJ{ [mohO{ Vgm gOrd V`mahm{U ím·` Amh{. AOyZ [«mUr V`ma Pmc{cm Zmhr [U Jhy, ha^am BË`mXr V`maPmcm Amh{. V{ìhm gímm{ÜmZmMr [wT>Mr oXímm åhUO{ oOZ{oQ>H$ BoOoZAoaJZ{ V`maH{•c{c o]`mU. h{ \$ma IoM©H$ Amh{, gm{[ Zmhr.

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MJi H$aUmè`m, Z{hê•ì`dñW{da [m{gc{ë`m ]mS>JwimZr S>H{•c àñVmdmVrcì`m[mag]Yr ]m¡oÕH$ g[Xm h¸•m]m]VÀ`m àñVmdmda JXmam{i Mmcy H{•cm Amh{.

S>H{•c àñVmdmZm odam{Üm H$aÊ`mH$oaVm ]m¡oÕH$ g[X{À`m h¸•mMm àíZ_m{R>çm ohararZ{ _mS>cm OmV Amh{. `m odf`mdarc S>H{•c _gwÚmVrc àñVmd_mZc{ Va

(1) [{Q>Q> h¸• AÝZ, agm`Z{, Am¡fÜm{, AmoU gyú_oOdmUyemñÌ `mZmhrcmJy H$amd{ cmJ{c,

(2) [{Q>§Q> gajUmMr _wXV gd© ]m]VrV drg dfmªMr H$amdr cmJ{c.`m VaVwXr cmJy H$aÊ`mH$oaVm ^maVmgma»`m X{emZm 2003 gmcm[ ªV

gdcV oXcr OmB©c.MmÀ`mÀ`m odam{YmMr Vèhm

h{ àñVmd åhUO{ [aH$r` gem{ÜmZmÀ`m Mm{aQ>çm Am`mVrda MJiH$aUmè`m ^maVr` ]woÕOrdr AmoU CÚm{OH$ `mÀ`m _wimdaM Kmd. h{ àñVmd_mÝ` hm{D• Z {V åhUyZ Ë`mZr oOdmMm AmH$mV Mmcdcm Amh{. [U, `m _yR>^acm{H$mM{ E{H$Uma H$m{U? åhUyZ, Á`mMr gJir h`mV gd©gm_mÝ` ^maVr`mZmAmoU e{VH$è`mZm cwQ>Ê`mV J{cr Vr hr _S>ir AmVm e{VH$è`mMr ghmZw yVrg[mXÊ`mV JwVcr Amh{V. ^maVr` e{VH$è`mcm Zì`m gem{ÜmZmM{ _hmJS>{ [{Q>Q>o]`mU{ odH$V K{U{ ^mJ [S>{c H$maU ]mOmamV Xwga{ H$mhr o]`mU{ o_iUmaMZmhr, o]`mÊ`mÀ`m dmUmVyZ Zì`m dfm©H$oaVm o]`mU{ oe„H$ R>{dÊ`mMr ]Xr

{B©c, [{Q>Q> h¸•mMm ^J hm{Vm{ Amh{ qH$dm H$m` h{ ]KÊ`mH$oaVm Jmdm{Jmd]hwamîQ>-r` H$[Ý`mÀ`m h{amÀ`m Q>m{içm o\$ê• cmJVrc AmoU dZñ[Vrg¥îQ>rVrcgJir ododÜmVmM ZîQ> hm{D•Z OmB©c; oedm`, `m [{Q>Q> h¸•m_wi{ ^maVmVrc


gem{ÜmZ R>ß[ hm{D•Z OmB©c Ag{ ]mJwc]wdm e{VH$è`mZm XmIodÊ`mMm à`ËZ hm{VAmh{.Ia{ H$m` V{ e{VH$ar OmUVm{

Ia{ åhUO{, `m gJiçm Amj{[mV H$mhrhr VÏ` Zmhr. gH$oaV o]`mUre{VH$è`mZr dm[ac{cr Amh{V. Ë`mM{ \$m`X{ Vm{Q>{ Ë`mZm MmJc{ _mhrV Amh{V.Xwgè`m o[T>rM{ gH$oaV dmU dm[aë`m_wi{ o[H$mÀ`m CË[mXZmV AmoUJwUdÎm{Vhr \$aH$ [S>Vm{ h{ Ë`mZm MmJc{ R>mD•H$ Amh{. H$m[gmMm ÜmmJm `m{½`JwUdÎm{Mm hdm Ag{c Va 468 dmUmMr \{•acmJdS> H$ê• Z { Ag{ [Om]amdH¥•ofodÚm[rR>gwÕm gmJV{. Ë`mV e{VH$è`mMm \$m`Xm Amh{ AmoU e{VrCÚm{JmMm\$m`Xm Amh{ h{ e{VH$ar MmJc{ OmUVm{. JwUdÎmm oQ>H$odÊ`mgmR>r Aem oe\$maer_mZÊ`mV Ë`mcm H$mhr AS>MU dmQ>Uma Zmhr. `m[wT>{ OmD•Z, Xwgè`m o[T>rM{o]`mU{ dm[ê• Z { Ag{ ]ÜmZ Hw$Ur KmVc{ Va Ë`mVhr e{VH$è`mcm H$mhr _m{R>rAS>MU dmQ>Uma Zmhr.

dZñ[VrodûdmVrc ododÜmVm H$_r hm{U{ qH$dm g[wîQ>mV {U{ h{ EHy$U[¥Ïdrdarc Ordg¥îQ>rH$oaVm Ümm{·`mM{ Amh{. ododÜmVm oQ>H$odÊ`mH$oaVm O{H$mhr à`ËZ H$amd`mM{ V{ gd© g_mOmZ{ H{•c{ [mohO{, e{VrCÚm{Jmda [m{Q> aUmè`me{VH$è`mMrM H{•di, Vr O]m]Xmar hm{D• eH$V Zmhr.e{VH$ar \w$H$Q>{ ZmhrV

[aH$r` VÌkmZmMr VñH$ar H$aUmè`mZr AmO[ ªV e{VH$è`mZm H$mhrcm^ o_idyZ oXc{cm Zmhr AmoU J{ë`m Vrg dfmªV e{VrMm Om{ odH$mg Pmcm,oZXmZ Or CË[mXZdmT> Pmcr Ë`mM{ l{ [aX{er gem{ÜmZmcm AmoU eñÌkmZmAmh{. [aX{emVrc AÚ`mdV gem{ÜmZ ^maVr` e{VH$è`mZm [¡g{ Q>mHy$Zdm[am`cm, VmVS>rZ{ dm[am`cm o_imc{ Var Ë`mM{ g_mÜmmZ Amh{. qH$]hwZm,[aX{er emñÌkmÀ`m H$îQ>mMm \w$H$Q> \$m`Xm ¿`mdm hr e{VH$è`mMr àd¥ÎmrM Zmhr.VÌkmZmÀ`m j{ÌmV qhXwñWmZ e{H$S>m{ df{© _mJ{ Amh{. H{•di drg dfmªÀ`mAdÜmrV [aX{er VÌkmZ, `Ìgm_wJ«r, Am¡fÜm{ odZmIM© dm[am`cm o_imcr Va[aX{er emñÌkmodf`r gd©gm_mÝ` OZmÀ`m _ZmV H¥•VkVm^mdM Ag{c.

(21 _mM© 1993)


7. S>H{•c : e{VH$è`mMm X¥oîQ>H$m{Z - ^maVr` d \«•|M

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ì`m[mamV OmñVrVOmñV gh^mJ Agc{c{ AmoU OmñVrVOmñVhñVúm{[ H$aUma{ X{e V{M V{ Amh{V. A_{oaH$m, O[mZ AmoU wam{[. Ë`mZrgøm H{•ë`m åhUO{ hÎmr J{cm, e{[yQ> amohc{ Aer oñÏmVr hm{Uma.Am°ñQ>-{oc`m, AO{ªoQ>Zm `mgmaI{ e{Vr_mcmMr oZ`m©V _m{R>çm [«_mUmda H$aUma{[aVw e{VH$è`mZm _m\$H$ [«_mUmV, åhUO{ 10 V{ 20 Q>¸•{M g]ogS>r X{Uma{X{e S>H{•c [«ñVmdmda ghr H$aÊ`mgmR>r [ohë`m[mgyZM V`ma Pmc{c{ Amh{V.amhVm amohc{ ohXwñÏmmZgmaI{ X{e; Ia{ åhQ>c{ Va, ghr H$aÊ`mdmMyZ Ë`mZmH$mhr JË`Va Zmhr.

H$amamcm _mÝ`Vm X{Ê`mMm e{dQ>Mm oXdg Ogm Odi {V Amh{ Vg{^maVmgma»`m X{emVrc S>H{•codam{Yr cm°]rMm Ord _m{R>m Km`Hw$Vrcm AmcmAmh{. Am¡fY{, agm`Z{ `m úm{ÌmVrc gem{YZmMr [{Q>Q>{ Am{cmS>yZ Mm{arH$aÊ`mMr AmO[ ªV o_imc{cr _w m g[wîQ>mV Amcr Va Am[c{ H$g{ hm{B©c,`m oMV{Z{ ì`mHy$i Pmc{c{ Am¡fYmM{ H$maImZXma "Am[c{ ohV åhUO{MamîQ>-mM{ ohV' Ag{ _m{R>çm VmdmVmdmZ{ Am{aS>yZ gmJV Amh{V. S>H{•c[«ñVmdmM{ g_Ïm©Z H$aUmè`m e{VH$ar gKQ>Z{da hr gJir _S>ir Vmi_{igm{S>yZ VwQ>yZ [S>cr Amh{. S>H{•c [«ñVmdmMm Aúmae: JYhr Z K{Vc{c{ Ë`mdaVwQ>yZ [S>c{ Amh{V. S>H{•c åhUO{ e{VH$è`mMm odZme, S>H{•c åhUO{ X{emMmodZme, S>H{•c åhUO{ ]«÷mgwa Agc{ _Ïmi{ MhyH$S>{ PiH$V Amh{V.


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8. VrZ Vm|S>mM{ AXmO[ÌH$

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XyaXe©ZÀ`m [«gmam_wi{ AXmO[ÌH$ gmXa H$aÊ`mMm oXdg åhUO{amÁ`H$Ë`m© [úmmcm e^a{H$ H$m{Q>r é[`mMr \w$H$Q> [«ogÕr. Aer gwdU©gYrH$m{UVmhr _wËgÔr gÎmmYmar H$m åhUyZ J_md{c? 28 \{•]«wdmarcm gmXaH$am`À`m AXmO[ÌH$mV H$R>m{a Agm H$m{UVmhr oZU© Omhra H$aU{ åhUO{


Am[ë`mM hmVmZ{ Am[ë`mM [m`mda Ym|S>m [mS>yZ K{U{. XyaXe©da gm]U,gwJYr V{c{, gm|X © [«gmYZ{ `mM{ OmohamVXma dm[aVmV Vr gd© Hw$ecVmdm[ê•Z AÏm©_Ìr Am[cm _mc odH$m`cm C { amhVmV. odH«•rMm _mcAXmO[ÌH$ Zmhr, AmoÏm©H$ Ym{aUhr Zmhr, Ë`mZm odH$m`Mm Amh{ [úm AmoU[úmmMm "Ïmm{a' Z{Vm.

AXmO[ÌH$mÀ`m ew moXZmÀ`m AmYr gJir XwîQ>, H$R>m{a AmoU ZrMH$_{© CaHy$Z J°g, [{Q>-m{c, H$m{igm, AÝZYmÝ` Aem dñVyÀ`m [«emogV oH$_VrdmT>dyZ Q>mH$m`À`m; a{ëd{, Q>[mc BË`mXtM{ Xa MT>dyZ Úm`M{ AmoU \{•]«wdmar_ohÝ`mÀ`m e{dQ>À`m oXder gwhmñ` _wÐ{Z{ Jm{S>Jm{S> AXmO[ÌH$ gmXaH$am`M{ hr [ÕV oXdg|oXdg AoYH$moYH$ ê•T> hm{V OmUma Amh{.VwQ>rMm ^ñ_mgwa

`XmM{ AXmO[ÌH$ V`ma H$aVmZm AÏm©_Í`mg_m{a gdmªV J^ra [«íZhm{Vm Vm{ AXmO[ÌH$r AmoU odÎmr` VwQ>rMm. AXmO[ÌH$mAmYr [«emogVoH$_Vr dmT>dyZ odÎmr` dfm©À`m e{dQ>À`m Xm{Z _ohÝ`mV Mma[mM hOma H$m{Q>ré[`mMr H$_mB© H{•cr Var VwQ>rMm AmH$S>m AmQ>m{·`mV Amcm Zmhr. 36 hOmaH$m{Q>r é[`mMr odÎmr` VyQ> {B©c Agm J{ë`m dfr©Mm AXmO hm{Vm. [«Ë`úmmVhr VyQ> 56 hOma H$m{Q>tMr oZKmcr. emgZmM{ AXmO[ÌH$r oZ`m{OZ BVH{•Ji]Q> Ag{c `mMr emgZmÀ`m gdm©oYH$ H$R>m{a Q>rH$mH$mamZmX{Irc H$ë[ZmH$aVm Amcr Zmhr. VyQ> ^ê•Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r CË[ÝZ dmT>dU{ AmoU/oH$dmIM© H$_r H$aU{ `m[crH$S>{ oVgam [`m© AgyM eH$V Zmhr._Z_m{hZmM{ _m{hH$ ê•[

28 \{•]«wdmarÀ`m ew oXZr A_Jc Ag{ H$mhr ]m{cm`M{ Zmhr h{ [¸•{R>ac{ Agë`m_wi{ H$amV dmT> H$aU{ g^dM ZìhV{. H$aàUmcrV odÎm_Í`mZrH$[mV H{•cr, EdT>{M Zìh{ Va H$aàUmcr gm{[r AmoU gwQ>gwQ>rV Agmdr,

«îQ>mMmamcm \$magm dmd X{Umar Zgmdr Aem X¥îQ>rZ{ H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`mgwYmaUm gwMdë`m Amh{V. S>m°. _Z_m{hZ ogJmM{ AÏm©emñÌmM{ ì`oº•_ËdAXmO[ÌH$mVrc øm AÜ`m`mVM H$m` V{ oXgV{. [oa[yU©V{cm g¡ÕmoVH$odam{Y H$aUmè`m AÏm©_Í`mZr gmhoOH$M `m gwYmamMr JVr _m{R>r _X R>{dcr.Q>-H$ MmcH$mH$oaVm EH$ d¡H$oë[H$ H$a[ÕVr gwMdÊ`mV Amcr Amh{.


_mcH$rÀ`m [«Ë {H$ Q>-H$_mJ{ H$amMr a¸•_ R>ac{cr. Vr R>adÊ`mgmR>r H$mhrohe{] X{Ê`mMr JaO Zmhr. Aer [ÕV ]hwV{H$ úm{ÌmV ghO cmJy H$aVmAmcr AgVr. H$adgwcrMm IM© H$_r Pmcm AgVm, CË[ÝZ dmT>c{ AgV{.Agcr [oa[yU©Vm AÏm©emñÌr _Z_m{hZogJmZm éM{c, [U [wT>mar _Z_m{hZogJmZm [MUmar Zmhr.[wT>mè`mZm hdr CYi[År

H$amM{ Xa dmT>dVm {V ZmhrV AmoU Ë`m]am{]a gaH$mar IM© AmoUCYi_mYir Ïmm]dVm {V Zmhr. Zm{H$aXmamda Xm{ZV¥Vr`me AXmO[ÌH$IM©c{ OmV{. `mVrc [«Ë {H$ Zm{H$aXma CÚm{OH$mÀ`m _mJm©Vrc AS>ga AgVm{.Iwë`m ì`dñÏm{M{ oS>_S>r_ dmOc{ Var J{ë`m dfr© H{•ÐemgZmV 40 hOmaZdrZ Zm{H$è`m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmoU _Í`mÀ`m [Jma^Î`mdarc IM©Mm¡[Q>rZ{ dmT>cm. Varhr `m gJiçm Zm{H$aehmMm _hmJmB© Î`mMm EH$ hßVmam{H$Ê`mMr gaH$maMr VmH$X Zmhr.

H$ë`mUH$mar H$m ©H«•_ am]dÊ`mM{ Iyihr Ïmm]dVm {V Zmhr. J{ë`m15 Am°JñQ> am{Or [VàYmZmZr cmc oH$ëë`mÀ`m VQ>mdê•Z Omhra H{•c{ë`mH$ë`mUH$mar H$m ©H«•_m]m]V Ë`mZr odÎm_Í`mer g„m_gcVX{Irc H{•crZìhVr.

_J VyQ> KQ>dm`Mr H$er? gmY{ gm{[{ CÎma. gaH$mar IMm©cm H$mÌrcmdm`Mr Zmhr Ag{ R>ac{ H$r VyQ> KQ>dÊ`mMm H$m{UVmhr àm_moUH$ _mJ©amhmV Zmhr. `m odf`mda ]m{cVmZm AÏm©_Ìr [¸•{ amOH$maUr ]Zc{.AÏm©emñÌmM{ gma{ ogÕmV, kmZ AmoU AZw d Ë`mZr ]mOycm R>{dc{. H$amM{Xa H$_r H{•c{ Var H$amM{ CË[ÝZ dmT>Uma Amh{, H$maU H$aì`dñÏmm H$m ©j_hm{Uma Amh{ AmoU H$amVrc gwQ>t_wi{ CË[mXZmV Aer H$mhr ^a[{Q> dmT>hm{Uma Amh{ H$r gaH$mar oVOm{arV CË[ÝZmMm _hm[ya {Uma Amh{ AmoU [wT>rcdfr© AXmO[ÌH$r AmoU odÎmr` VyQ> Iy[M H$_r hm{B©c Aer McmIrMr^mfm dm[ê•Z odÎm_Í`mZr Am[cr gwQ>H$m H$ê•Z K{Vcr Amh{.CË[mXZ H$m dmT>md{?

J{ë`m dfr©Mm AZw d gmJVm{ H$r H$amMm ^ma H$_r H{•ë`mZ{ CË[ÝZdmT>V{ `m H$ë[Z{V H$mhr VÏ` Zmhr. gr_mewëH$ AmoU BVa H$amMm ^ma H$_r


H{•ë`m_wi{ X{emVrc CË[mXZ dmT>{c `m AmemdmXmcmhr H$mhr AmYma Zmhr.gaH$mar Zm{H$aemhr Mmcy Amh{, cm`g|g-[ao_Q> amÁ` Mmcy Amh{ Vm{[ ªVX{emV AmoÏm©H$ M¡VÝ` oZ_m©U hm{B©c Aer Amem H$am`cm ZH$m{. ]±H$m,od_m, dhmVyH$ `m gJiçm ì`dñÏmm gaH$maÀ`m hmVr Amh{V Vm{[ ªVH$m ©úm_ CÚm{OH$X{Irc EH$ aoV_mÌ [wT>{ hmcy eH$V ZmhrV. H{•di H$am_Ü {gyQ> o_imcr åhUO{ ^maVr` H$maImZXma AmVaamîQ>-r` ]mOma[{R>{V ñ[Ym©H$ê•Z C { amhy eH$Vrc hr H$ë[Zmhr MwH$rMr Amh{. Iwë`m AÏm©ì`dñÏm{À`m[«{aUmZm [«oVgmX X{Ê`mMr VmH$X [«m_w»`mZ{ e{Vrúm{ÌmV Amh{ [U Ë`m úm{ÌmVVa Iwc{[UmM{ dma{ o\$aHy$ åhUyZ Úm`M{ Zmhr Agm gaH$mar oZíÀm` Amh{.

[wT>ë`mdfr©Mr VyQ> `Xm[{úmm H$_r AgÊ`mMr e·`Vm AmO Var H$mhroXgV Zmhr.e{Vrcm Iwc{ dma{ ZH$m{?

`XmÀ`m AXmO[ÌH$mM{ gd© gì`m[gì` Aem Vèh{Z{ [ma [S>c{ H$rX{emV OUy e{Vr ZmdmMr Jm{îQ>M Zmhr, Agcr Var oVcm Iwc{[UmMr JaOZmhr. IVmdarc g]ogS>r J{ë`mdfr© 4000 H$m{Q>r é[`m[ ªV H$_r H$aÊ`mVAmcr hm{Vr. Ë`mM [mVirda Vr amhrc. e{VH$è`mZm X{emVJ©V dmhVwH$rM{ñdmVÍ` AmoU oZ`m©VrMr _m{H$irH$ X{Ê`mMr ^mfm odÎm_Í`mZr dm[acr [UH$mhr R>m{g H$m ©H«•_ gwMdcm Zmhr. e{Vrúm{Ìmcm H$O© [wadR>m ìhmdm `mH$oaVmZm]mS>©, J«m_rU úm{Ìr` ]±H$m AmoU ghH$mar gñÏmm `mZm ^mS>dc [wadR>mH$aÊ`mH$oaVm 300 H$m{Q>rÀ`m Amg[mg VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amh{ Vr ImgZ{hê• O_mÝ`mer OwiUmar Amh{. e{Vr [adS>Umar Zg{c Va Ë`mgmR>rH$O©[wadR>m H$aÊ`mMm AmJ«h odÎmr` gñÏmmZm H$aU{ h{ _wimVM Iwë`mì`dñÏm{er gwgJV Zmhr. J«m_rU ]±H$mZm ^mS>dc [wadÊ`mE{dOr e{Vr_Ü {Iwc{[Um AmUÊ`mgmR>r odÎm_Í`mZr [mdc{ CMccr AgVr Va J«m_rU úm{ÌmVH$O©[wadR>m ìhmdm `mgmR>r H¥•oÌ_ AmQ>mo[Q>m H$aÊ`mMr JaOM [S>cr ZgVr.

odÎm_Í`mZr ""CÚmM{ CÚm [mhVm {B©c, AmO Va AS>MUrVyZgwQ>cm{.'' Aem ohe{]mZ{ odÎmr` VwQ>rÀ`m [«íZmda Vm{S>Jm H$mT>Ê`mM{ [wT>{T>H$cc{ Amh{, [U VwQ>rM{ h{ yV Ag{ g[Uma{ Zmhr. _Z_m{hZ qgJmZm oH$dmË`mÀ`m ZVa {Umè`m AÏm©_Í`mZm AmoU H$m±J«{gI{arO BVa [úm gÎm{da Amcm


Va Ë`mÀ`m odÎm_Í`mZmhr `m yVmdaMm _Ì em{YyZ H$mT>mdmM cmJ{c.hmVMcmIrZ{ hm [«íZ gwQ>Umam Zmhr.AZ{H$ M{ha{ AZ{H$ gm|J{

AXmO[ÌH$mM{ EH$ odH«•mi Vm|S> [«emgH$r` oH$_VrÀ`m dmT>rÀ`mê•[mZ{ AXmO[ÌH$mAmYrM oXgc{ hm{V{. AXmO[ÌH$mÀ`m oXder Ë`mMrAmUIr Xm{Z Vm|S>{ oXgcr. EH$ AÏm©emñÌk S>m°. _Z_m{hZ ogJmM{ AmoU Xwga{Zì`mZ{ [wT>mar ]Zc{ë`m, Zì`m _w„mÀ`m CËgmhmZ{ ]mJ X{Umè`m, H$m±J«{gM{odÎm_Ìr _Z_m{hZ ogJ `mM{. oH$dm EH$ Vm|S> AmOÀ`m _Z_m{hZ qgJmM{Amh{. Xwga{ Vm|S> H$mcÀ`m. AmUIr EH$ e·`Vm Aer – EH$ Vm|S> AmOÀ`m_Z_m{hZ ogJmM{ Va Xwga{ Vm|S> H$m±J«{g [úm Z{V{ [r. ìhr. Zaqghamd `mM{.

(½`mZ]m Ý yO goìh©g)


9. Iwcr ì`dñWm AmoU g[

Q>[mc d Vma H$_©Mmè`mZr ZwH$VmM g[ H{•cm AmoU gaH$macmZ_odc{. od_m H$_©Mmar AmVm g[mda CVaV Amh{V. _hmamîQ>- amÁ` emgZmM{H$_©Mmarhr cdH$aM g[mda OmVrc AmoU [JmadmT>, ]m{Zg, h¸•mÀ`mgwÅçm BË`mXr BË`mXr Á`m H$mhr _mJÊ`m AgVrc Ë`m [XamV [mS>yZ K{Vrc.

gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`mM{ g[ `eñdr hm{VmV. `mCcQ>, ImOJr j{ÌmVrcH{•di g[M Zìh{ Va gd© H$m_Jma MidiM H$mhrer WS>mdcr Amh{.ImOJr j{ÌmVrc CÚm{JÜmÚmZm e{dQ>r, O_m AmoU IM© `mMm _{i KmcU{Amdí`H$ Amh{. _OwardaMm IM© dmT>cm AmoU Ë`m_mZmZ{ ]mOmamV o_iH$Vhm{Ê`mMr e·`Vm Zgcr Va CÚm{OH$mZm Zm{Q>m N>m[yZ d{i oZ^mdyZ Z{Ê`mMrH$mhr e·`Vm ZgV{. H$maImZm ]X H$aU{, Zm{H$aH$[mV H$aU{ qH$dm H$ÌmQ>r_Oya cmdyZ IM© H$_r H$aU{ AmoU CË[mXH$Vm dmT>odU{ Agm H$mhrVar _mJ©Ë`mZm H$mT>mdmM cmJVm{. H$m_Jma Z{Ë`mZr g[ [wH$macm åhUO{H$maImZXmamZm AmVm Xw:I hm{V Zmhr; qMVm dmQ>V Zmhr. S>m°. XÎmm gm_V`mZr H$m[S>oJaUr H$m_JmamMm g[ gwê• H{•cm V{ìhm _mcH$ AmoUì`dñWm[H$ Xm{KmZrhr AmZXm{Ëgd gmOam H{•cm.

^mS>dcemhr ì`dñW{À`m AmoU H$maImZXmarÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`mH$mimV ]mOma[{R>m Cä`m amohc{ë`mM ZìhË`m, Zdm H$maImZXmar _mcñdñVmV ñdñV odH$Ê`mgmR>r H$maImZXmamMm IQ>mQ>m{[ MmcV Ag{, Ë`mH$mimV Zm__mÌ d{VZmda _OwamZm am]odc{ OmB©. AJXr Xhm]mam dfm©Mr_wc{hr oJaÊ`mV, ImUtV Amam{½`mg ]mÜmH$ Aem [oaoñWVrV oXdgmcm]mam]mam Vmg H$m_ H$arV. d{VZ AJXr VwQ>[wO{ – Mma V{ ghm AmU{ am{O,O{dUmMr gm{ Zmhr, Am¡fÜmmMr ì`dñWm Zmhr, gwÅr åhUyZ Zmhr; _JåhmVma[UmgmR>r oZd¥Îmrd{VZ dJ¡a{ XyaM amohc{. Aem "Zmhr a{' AdñW{VrcH$m_JmamZr oZH$amM{ hË`ma åhUyZ g[mM{ gmÜmZ dm[ac{. H$m_Jma gKQ>Zm_O]yV hm{V J{ë`m. g[mÀ`m H$mimV C[mg_ma, [m{ocgmMm cmR>rh„m,Jm{ir]ma, ^mS>m{Ìr JwS>mM{ AË`mMma `m gdmªZm g_W©[U{ Vm|S> X{V Ajae:aº•, Km_ AmoU Aly `mMr qH$_V X{D•Z H$m_JmamZr Am[cr AmoW©H$ oñWVr


gwÜmmê•Z K{Vcr.g_mOdmXmÀ`m H$mimV H$m_Jma oVVH{• em{ofV AmoU H$maImZXma,

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g_mOdmXmÀ`m ZmdmImcr H$maImZXmamZm gajU X{Ê`mV Amc{AmoU Ë`m]am{]a ^maVmVrc J«mhH$mZm _Zgm{º• cwQ>Ê`mMm [admZm X{Ê`mVAmcm. BVa X{emÀ`m VwcZ{Z{ JMmi _mc oH$Ë {H$ [Q> AoÜmH$ qH$_VrZ{ K{U{^maVr` J«mhH$mg A[oahm © Pmc{. \$m`ÚmMr Q>·H{•dmar H$S>mS>cr. `mMm\$m`Xm "Ama. O{. _{hVm', "Om°O© \$ZmªoS>g', "XÎmm gm_V' AmoU AcrH$S>{à^mdr R>ac{ë`m H$m_Jma g{Zm `mZr ^a[ya K{Vcm. H$maImZXma JS>JOH$_mdVmV, Ia{ \$m`X{ ohem{]mV qH$dm Vmi{]XmV XmIdrV ZmhrV AmoUH$m_JmamÀ`m Vm|S>mcm _mÌ [mZ{ [wgVmV h{ `m MmUmj H$m_Jma Z{Ë`mZr AMyH$h{ac{ AmoU [Jma Xw[Q>roV[Q>rZ{ dmT>odÊ`mÀ`m _mJÊ`m V{ ]{ÜmS>H$ H$ê•cmJc{. EH$ oXdghr H$maImZm ]X R>{dU{, åhUO{ Am[ë`m H$ãOmVrc]mOma[{R>{g cwQ>Ê`mMm EH$m oXdgmMm _m{H$m J_mdU{ H$m{UË`mMH$maImZXmamg _mÝ` hm{Ê`mgmaI{ ZìhV{. H$m_Jmamer PQ>[Q> VS>Om{S> H$ê•ZV{ Ë`mÀ`m _mJÊ`m [Q>m[Q> _mÝ` H$ê•Z _m{H$i{ hm{D• cmJc{. H$m_JmaZ{Ë`mVhr ñ[Ümm© cmJcr. Om{ Z{Vm AoÜmH$ ^a_gmR> _mJÊ`m H$a{ Vm{ MQ>H$Zcm{H$oà` hm{D• cmJ{.

Jar]mVrc Jar] _Owam[mgyZ àmÜ`m[H$, od_mZMmcH$ BË`mXr gd©Zm{H$aXma dJ© _mc{_mc hm{D•Z J{cm. "CÎm_ e{Vr, _Ü`_ ì`m[ma AmoUH$oZîR> Zm{H$ar' hm O_mZm g[cm AmoU Zm{H$arM gd©l{îR> R>acr.

gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`mMr Va c`cyQ>M Pmcr. oVW{ \$m`Xm o_idyZXmIodÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr; CË[mXZ qH$dm CË[mXH$Vm dmT>odÊ`mMr H$m{UmcmMqMVm Zmhr. [Jma dmT>c{, _hmJmB© Î`mMm oZX{©emH$mer g]Üm Om{S>Ê`mV


Amcm. oZX{©emH$mMm ohem{] H$aU{hr gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`mÀ`mM hmVr!Ë`m_wi{ gaH$mar Zm{H$ar AË`V AmH$f©H$ ]Zcr. S>m°·Q>aBoOoZAahr Am[c{ì`dgm` gm{S>yZ gaH$mar Zm{H$arÀ`m _mJ{ cmJc{. gaH$mar Zm{H$è`mÀ`mAo^cmf{Z{ amIrd OmJmM{ VÎdkmZ V`ma Pmc{.

Vg{ [mohc{ Va OJmVrc BVa X{emÀ`m VwcZ{Z{ ^maVr` _OwamM{ qH$dmH$_©Mmè`mM{ d{VZ Vg{ OmñV Zmhr. [U H$m ©j_Vm AmoU CË[mXH$Vm cjmVK{Vcr Va hr H$_r d{VZmMr am{OXmargwÕm AoV _hmJS>r R>aV{. A[oahm ©[U{,^maVr` CÚm{JÜmX{hr AS>MUrV Amc{ AmoU gaH$maM{hr oXdmi{ oZKmc{.Zm{H$aemhr H$_r H$amdr, gaH$mar àemgH$r` IM© H$_r H$amdm, J«mhH$mZm`m{½` Vm{ _mc o_imdm d JwUdÎm{Mr g{dm o_imdr `mH$oaVm cm`gÝg-[ao_Q>ì`dñWm Iwcr H$aÊ`mMr ^mfm Mmcy Pmcr. odO{Mm VwQ>dS>m, [mÊ`mMmVwQ>dS>m, añV{ A[wa{, cm{h_mJ© AJXrM H$_r Aem gmè`m gaMZm R>mH$R>rH$Cä`m H$am`À`m åhQ>c{ Va Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ V{ VÌkmZhr Zmhr AmoU^mS>dchr Zmhr. Kamcm AmJ cmJcr åhUO{ O{WyZ H$m{R>yZ KmJar, H$ií`m,]mXë`mZr [mUr {B©c Ë`mM{ ñdmJV H$amd{ Vg{ [aH$r` JwVdUwH$rcm X{emV

{Ê`mM{ AmdmhZ H{•c{ OmD• cmJc{. X{emVrc Q>[mc ImV{, Q>{oc\$m{Zì`dñWm, od_m, ]±H$ g{dm BV·`m Xi^Ðr H$r Mmcy O_mÝ`mVrc H$m{UVmhrCÚm{OH$ Ë`mÀ`m]am{]a H$m_M H$ê• eH$Uma Zmhr. X{e oXdmiIm{a Pmcm,gm{Z{ JhmU [S>c{. gwX¡dmZ{, H$mhr VmVS>rMr C[m``m{OZm H{•ë`m_wi{oXdmiIm{arMr AdñWm VmË[waVrVar g[cr Amh{.

AoaîQ> hm{V{ Vm{[ ªV H$m_Jma AmoU H$_©Mmar Xm{K{hr Wm{S>{ X]yZ hm{V{.X{emÀ`m `m XwadñW{cm Am[U _m{R>çm à_mUmda H$maUr yV Amhm{V `mMrË`mZm OmUrd hm{Vr. X{emdaM{ gH$Q> Og{ Wm{S>{ T>ic{ Vg{ `m H$m_Jma AmoUH$_©Mmar `mZr CMc Im„r. àemgZmdaMm IM© H$_r hm{Vm Z {, IwcrH$aU

{dm{ Z {dm{ Zm{H$aXma dmT>c{M [mohO{V, Ë`mM{ [Jma, ^Îm{, gdcVrdmT>ë`mM [mohO{V Ag{ _m{R>çm H$m{S>J{[UmZ{ V{ gmJy cmJc{.

^maVmVrc XaS>m{B© CË[ÝZ cjmV K{Vc{ Va H$_rV H$_r d{VZl{UrVrcH$_©Mmar qH$dm H$m_Jma hm gamgar CË[ÝZmÀ`m oH$VrVar [Q> H$_mB© H$aVm{.Am[ë`m dmT>Ë`m CË[ÝZmMm \$m`Xm K{D•Z X{emVrc AgKoQ>V H$m_JmamZm,


e{V_OwamZm gKoQ>V H$aÊ`mMm `qËH$oMVhr à`ËZ `m ÜmZXmS>½`m Zm{H$aXma[JmaXmamZr H{•cm Zmhr. `m[crH$S>{ `mVrc EImXXwgam A[dmX gm{S>ë`mgàË {H$mZ{ daH$S> CË[ÝZmMr gmÜmZ{ AmoU _mJ© V`ma H{•c{ AmoUOZgm_mÝ`mZm ^aS>yZ H$mT>Ê`mVM V{ ÜmÝ`Vm _mZy cmJc{. Aem H$m_JmamZmH$m_Jma MidirMm dmagm gmJÊ`mMm Ia{ åhQ>c{ Va H$mhr AoÜmH$ma Zmhr.

EHy$U AXmO[ÌH$r VaVwXtVrc VrZ MVwWmªe ohñgm àemgZmda IM©hm{Vm{. AmoU `m aH$_{da [m{gc{ OmUma{ OZV{cm ZmS>Ê`mM{M H$m_ H$aVmV;CË[mXH$mÀ`m _mJm©V AS>Wi{ AmUÊ`mM{ H$m_ H$aVmV. EH$d{i c½ZmÀ`m]m`H$m{cm qH$dm Zdè`mcm \$maH$V X{U{ gm{[{, [U H$m`_ Zm{H$aXmamcm Xm{ZeãX ]m{cm`Mr gm{ Zmhr. Aem [oaoñWVrV X{e [wÝhm EH$XmoXdmiIm{arH$S>{ OmUma Amh{ AmoU é[`mMr KgaJwS>r AoÜmH$ d{JmZ{ hm{UmaAmh{ `mV eH$m Zmhr. Zm{H$aXmamM{ cmS> H$_r H{•ë`moedm` X{e dmMy eH$VZmhr hr H$miçm XJS>mdaMr a{K Amh{.

[U Zm{H$aXmamZm `mM{ H$mhrM gwIXw:I Zmhr. g[mM{ hË`ma gaH$marj{ÌmV Var AOyZ à^mdr Amh{. V{ìhm, Am[c{ \$i\$ic{c{ ^m½`gm^miÊ`mH$oaVm V{ cT>çmMr ^mfm ]m{cV Amh{V.

g[mMm h¸• Am¡Úm{oJH$ H$m_JmamZr _m{R>çm H$îQ>mZr AmoU ]ocXmZmZro_idc{cm Amh{. g_mOdmXr H$mcIS>mV V`ma Pmc{ë`m H$m`Úmà_mU{ Agmg[ H$aU{ Ý`mæ` AmoU gd¡ÜmmoZH$ Amh{ Aer Ë`mMr _mS>Ur Amh{. `m_mS>UrV MyH$ H$mhrM Zmhr. H$m_JmamZm d¡ oº•H$arË`m AmoUgm_wXmo`H$arË`m Am[ë`m Zm{H$arÀ`m AQ>r R>adyZ K{Ê`mMm AoÜmH$ma Agcm[mohO{. [U Ë`m]am{]a Am[ë`m _mcH$mZm _º•{Xmar h¸• Agc{ [mohO{,Am[ë`m j{ÌmV ñ[Üm{©gmR>r H$m{Ur CVaVm Z {, _º•{Xmar_wi{ J«mhH$mMr ga{Am_cyQ> hm{V Agcr Var haH$V Zmhr Ag{ åhUÊ`mMm Ë`mZm AoÜmH$ma Zmhr.

gm_wXmo`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>tMm H$m_JmamZm h¸• Amh{ VgmM J«mhH$mZmoZdS>rMm h¸• Agcm [mohO{. gJi{ h¸• H$m_JmamZm AmoU BVamZm H$mhrMh¸• Zmhr Aer JO©Zm E{Hy$Z K{Ê`mM{ oXdg g[c{.

H$m_JmamZm g[mMm AoÜmH$ma Amh{ VgmM CÚm{OH$mZmhr Ë`mÀ`m_Or©à_mU{ ì`dgm` H$_r H$aÊ`mMm, dmT>odÊ`mMm qH$dm ]X H$aÊ`mMm


AoÜmH$ma Agcm [mohO{. g_mOdmXmÀ`m H$mimV CÚm{OH$mZm ^a[{Q>gajU hm{V{. gaH$mar AmÜmmamZ{ AmoU odÎm[wadR>çm_wi{M H$maImZ{ C {ahmV hm{V{, V{ìhm H$maImZm Mmcy R>{dÊ`mMr H$mhr gm_moOH$ O]m]XmarË`mÀ`mda [S>V hm{Vr. IwcrH$aUmZVa, H$maImÝ`mÀ`m CÚm{OH$Vm-ñdmVÍ`mda ]ÜmZ{ AmUrc Aer _mJUr `m{½` amhUma Zmhr.

ñdmVÍ` gdmªZm o_imc{ [mohO{ – e{VH$è`mZm, _OwamZm,ì`m[mè`mZm, H$maImZXmamZm. Aem Iwë`m ì`dñW{V Am[ë`m Ý`mæ`_mJÊ`mgmR>r Zm{H$aXmamZr g[ H{•cm Va Vm{ `m{½` R>a{c. gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`mMrAmO AdñWm Aer H$r gaH$mar [Xmda H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r [Jma X{Ê`mE{dOrH$mhr hwS>m gaH$maZ{ dgyc H$aÊ`mMr [ÕV Mmcy H{•cr Var AO©XmamMm Vm{Q>m[S>Uma Zmhr. Aem [oaoñWVrV àmÜ`m[H$mZr CR>md{, od_mZMmcH$mZr CR>md{,Q>[mc H$_©Mmè`mZr CR>md{ AmoU CJmM H$m_JmaH«•mVrÀ`m ^mfm H$amì`mV h{hmñ`mñ[X Amh{.

Q>[mc ImË`mÀ`m J{ë`m g[mÀ`m d{ir _r Omoha AmìhmZ oXc{ hm{V{H$r "AmOÀ`m Zm{H$adJm©À`m VwcZ{Z{ \$º• oZå_m Zm{H$adJ© K{D•Z, AmOÀ`mVwcZ{Z{ Ë`mZm oZå_m [Jma X{D•Z _r Q>[mcImV{ Mmcdm`cm ¿`m`cm V`maAmh{. AmO H$m{UË`mhr _hÎdmÀ`m eham_Ü { [mM oXdgmÀ`m AmV Q>[mc[m{hm{MV Zmhr, V{W{ Mm{drg VmgmÀ`m AmV ]Q>dS>çmMr h_r Úm`cm _r V`maAmh{.' [U Agc{ AmìhmZ gaH$maÀ`mhr H$mZr [S>V Zmhr AmoUZm{H$aXmamZmhr Ë`mMr Zm|X K{Ê`mMr JaO dmQ>V Zmhr. Zm{H$a _mcH$ ]Zc{ H$r_yi ÜmÝ`mMr AdñWm AerM hm{Uma.

(21 oS>g|]a 1996)


10. gm¡»`mM{ AW©emñÌ

H$m{Umhr _mUgmcm VhmZ yH$ ^mJodÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ß`m`cm o_imc{,Im`cm o_imc{ åhUO{ AmZX dmQ>Vm{. WS>rdmè`m[mgyZ gajU ìhmd{ `mgmR>rH$[S>{, oZdmam o_imcm åhUO{ gVm{f hm{Vm{. ggma WmQ>cm H$r J¥hñWrÀ`mOrdZmV _wcm]mimZm AmZXmZ{ I{iVm]mJS>Vm `md{ `mgmR>r, ImU{o[U{,H$[S>{, oZdmam, H$a_UyH$ `mgmR>r AZV gmYZ{ hdrhdrer dmQ>VmV._mUgmÀ`m `m gd© OÝ_OmV à{aUm Amh{V. Imd{, ß`md{, C[^m{Jmd{, AmZXcwQ>mdm `mgmR>r _mUyg OÝ_^a IQ>mQ>m{[ H$aVm{.

C[^m{J dmT>odÊ`mMr àË {H$ àmUr_mÌmMr BÀN>m AgV{ h{ Ia{; [U,Aem Vèh{Z{ gd© à`ËZmZr E{ohH$ gwIg[XmÀ`m _mJ{ cmJUmè`m ì`º•tMmg_mO gwIrg_mYmZr, AmZXr amhrc H$m? g_mOmcm _Z Zmhr, amîQ>-mZm ]wÕrZmhr; V{ìhm Ë`mÀ`mH$oaVm ^ë`mM{ H$m` h{ V{ ]m{cV ZmhrV. _J gmè`mX{emH$oaVm CË[mXZ, odVaU BË`mXr AW©H$maUmgmR>r ^ë`mMr ì`dñWmH$m{UVr? h{ OmUÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr \y$Q>[År Amh{ H$m`? g_mOmÀ`m gm¡»`mM{_m{O_m[ H$aVm {B©c H$m`? A_{oaH{•Vrc cm{H$mM{ gm¡»` A_wH$ A_wH$EH$H$, qhXwñWmZmVrc cm{H$mM{ gm¡»` BVH{• BVH{• EH$H$ Ag{ H$mhr _m{OVm

{B©c H$m`? oZXmZ, Xm{Z X{emMr VwcZm H$ê•Z Ë`mVrc EH$ gm¡»`mV daMT>Amh{, Xwgam H$mhr H$_r Amh{ Ag{Var åhUVm {B©c H$m`? h{ gma{ àíZgm{S>odÊ`mgmR>r H{•di AW©emñÌmMm AmYma [wa{gm Zmhr. OrdemñÌ,g_mOemñÌ, AJXr VÎdkmZmMmX{Irc AmYma ¿`mdm cmJ{c.

CXmhaUmZ{ hm àíZ g_Omd`mg Wm{S>m gm{[m hm{B©c. g_Om "A'AmoU "]' hr Xm{Z _mUg{ Amh{V. Xm{KmZrhr e{dQ>M{ O{dU Mm{drg Vmgm[ydr©K{Vc{. Ë`mZVa Ë`mZm H$mhrM Im`cm o_imc{ Zmhr. Mm{drg VmgmZr EH$EH$^mH$ar o_imcr AmoU Ë`mZr Vr ^mH$ar Im`cm gwédmV H{•cr. Xm{KmÀ`mhr[m{Q>mV H$_mcrMr yH$ Amh{. Xm{KmZmhr, H$Yr EH$Xm H$mhrVar [m{Q>mV OmV{Aer dIdI cmJc{cr. [U, hr wH{•Mr AmV©Vm _m{Om`Mr H$er? Oa_mUgmÀ`m OR>amV wH{•_wi{ CË[Þ hm{Umè`m AmåcmM{ _m{O_m[,earaodÀN>{XZ Z H$aVm K{Vm {V AgV{ Va wH{•À`m Vrd«V{Mm H$mhrgm AXmO


]mYVm Amcm AgVm; [U, Vm{X{Irc \$magm emñÌr` R>acm ZgVm. wH{•Z{V`ma hm{Umè`m EH$ Am¢g AmåcmMm [oaUm_ "A' AmoU "]' `m Xm{KmdahrgmaImM hm{B©c Ag{ _mZÊ`mg H$mhrM AmYma Zmhr. "A'cm [ydm© wî`mVC[mg_ma H$mT>Ê`mMr gd` Agcr qH$dm Vm{ dOZ AmoU AmH$ma_mZ `mVH$_r Agcm Va Ë`mMr wH{•À`m Vrd«V{Mr OmUrd "]'[{jm d{Jir AgyeH{•c. H$mhr _mUg{ AVr yH$ cmJcr åhUO{ oMS>MrS>, amJamJ H$aVmV.Xwgar H$mhr _mUg{ eº•rMm ì`` Q>miÊ`mH$oaVm oZ_yQ>[U{ emV Pm{[yZ K{VmV.Wm{S>·`mV, wH{•cm H$mhr _m{O_m[ Zmhr AmoU Xm{Z _mUgmÀ`m wH{•MrVwcZmhr Zmhr.

Xm{KmMrhr yH$ Mm{drg VmgmMr, [U oVMr Vrd«Vm Á`mcm Ë`mcmOmUdUmar d{Jir; Ë`mMr VwcZm Ae·`. Vg{M, wH{•À`m g_mYmZmZ{hm{Umè`m AmZXmMr VwcZmhr Ae·`. "A' AmoU "]' `mZr ^mH$arMm[ohcm Kmg Im„m V{ìhm [a]«÷ {Q>ë`mMm AmZX Xm{KmZmhr hm{Uma. [U,Xm{KmÀ`m [a]«÷ AmZXmMr VwcZm H$aÊ`mMr e·`Vm Zmhr. àË {H$mÀ`mAZw dmVc{ [a]«÷ h{hr d{Ji{ d{Ji{M AgV{.

^mH$ar ImÊ`m[mgyZ "A' AmoU "]' `mZm o_iUmè`m g_mYmZm]ÔcEH$ Jm{îQ> oZoûMV gmJVm {B©c. [ohcm Kmg ImVmZm Cƒ H$m{Q>rMm AmZXPmcm. [wîH$iXm wH{•ë`m Kemcm H$m{aS> [S>c{cr AgV{. MdrMr OmUrdgwÕmhm{V Zmhr. Xwgam, oVgam, Mm¡Wm Kmg AoYH$moYH$ Jm{S> cmJV OmVm{. H$mhrH$mimZVa H$m hm{B©Zm, [mM[Þmg KmgmZVa yH$ e_V{ AmoU àË {H$ Zì`mKmgmZ{ o_iUma{ g_mYmZ AmYrÀ`m g_mYmZmÀ`m VwcZ{Z{ H$_r H$_r hm{D•cmJV{. [ohcr ^mH$ar g[{[ ªV g_mYmZ dmT>V amhrc Ag{ g_Oy. Xwgar^mH$ar g_m{a Amcr H$r oVÀ`m Xe©ZmZ{ hm{Umam AmZX [ohë`m ^mH$arÀ`mVwcZ{Z{ Xm{KmÀ`mhr ]m]VrV H$_rM Pmc{cm AgUma; oVgè`m ^mH$arÀ`md{ir Ë`mhyZhr H$_r, Mm¡Wr ^mH$ar g_m{a Amcr Va "AmVm ZH$m{, [m{Q> ^ac{'Aer AdñWm hm{B©c. Varhr AmJ«h MmcyM amohcm Va H$mhr H$mimZ{^mH$ar_wi{ gm¡»` o_iÊ`mE{dOr Ìmg dmQ>y cmJ{c, Vr oJidUma Zmhr,oJic{ë`m ^mH$arM{hr A[MZ hm{B©c. gmame, ^mH$arÀ`m KmgmJoUH$ oVÀ`mg{dZmVyZ o_iUmam AmZX "A' AmoU "]' `m Xm{KmÀ`mhr ]m]VrV


AoYH$moYH$ KQ>V OmB©c.KgaË`m gVwîQ>rÀ`m AmYmamZ{ gm_moOH$ AW©emñÌmM{ H$mhr AmYma

]ZodÊ`mMm AJXr [ohë`mZ{ à`ËZ, Xwga{ _hm wÕ g[ë`mZVa o[Jy ZmdmÀ`mAW©emñÌkmZ{ 1946 gmcr ""gm_moOH$ gm¡»`mM{ AW©emñÌ Economics

of Welfare'' h{ [wñVH$ àogÕ H$ê•Z H{•cm. Ë`mÀ`m `m [wñVH$mMm Xhmdrgdf{© X]X]m amohcm. d{Jd{Jiçm aJN>Q>mÀ`m g_mOdmÚmZr o[JyÀ`mAW©emñÌmMm dmadma C[`m{{J H{•cm. o[JyÀ`m gmè`m odíc{fUmMm AZ{H$AW©emñÌkmZr [ma Ywìdm CS>odcm Amh{. [U Varhr, gaH$mar AW©H$maU,AXmO[ÌH$mVrc Ym{aU{, gaH$mar H$ë`mUH$mar `m{OZm `m gdmª_mJ{ AOyZhro[JyMm à^md ñ[îQ> oXgVm{.

_Zwî`àmÊ`mÀ`m gm¡»`mMr AZ{H$ gmYZ{ Amh{V : _mZogH$,AmÜ`moË_H$, ]m¡oÕH$, H$cmg]Yr BË`mXr, BË`mXr. Á`m gm¡»`mM{ _m{O_m[[¡emÀ`m AmYmamZ{ H$aVm {V{ Ë`mcm AmoW©H$ gm¡»` åhUmd{ hr o[JyMrì`m»`m. AmoW©H$ gm¡»` dmT>c{ åhUO{M g_mOmM{ gdm©Wm©Z{ ^c{ hm{V{ h{ Ia{Zmhr. AmoW©H$ gm¡»`mMm gd©gmYmaU g_mOmÀ`m ^ë`mda od[arV[oaUm_hr hm{D• eH$Vm{. X{emVrc EHy$U amîQ>-r` CË[mXZ h{ Ë`m X{emVrcAmoW©H$ gm¡»`mM{ EH$ _m{O_m[ Amh{. [U, CË[mXZmM{ dmQ>[ d{Jd{Jiçm[ÕVrZ{ hm{D• eH$V{. dmQ>[ H$g{hr Pmc{ Var gm_moOH$ gm¡»`mMr ]{arOgmaIrM amhrc H$m`? CË[mXZmVyZ O_rZXmamZm ^mS>{[År o_i{c,H$m_JmamZm _Owar o_i{c, ^mS>dc [waodUmè`mZm ì`mO o_i{c AmoUCÚm{OH$mZm \$m`Xm o_i{c. Aem Vèh{Z{ amîQ>-r` g[ÎmrM{ dmQ>[ hm{B©c. [U,Aem dmQ>[mZ{ amîQ>-r` g[ÎmrVyZ o_iUma{ AmoW©H$ gm¡»` gdm{©ƒ [mVirM{R>a{c `mMr H$mhrM ImÌr Zmhr. CË[mXZmÀ`m d{Jd{Jiçm KQ>H$mZm o_imc{cm_m{]Xcm Ë`mMm CË[mXZmVrc gh^mJ cjmV K{Vm `m{½`M Amh{ Ag{ _mZc{Var d{Jd{Jiçm KQ>H$mÀ`m hmVmV {Umè`m CË[ÞmVrc V\$mdV \$ma _m{R>rAg{c Va gmè`m g_mOmM{ o_iyZ AmoW©H$ gm¡»` H$_r ^a{c.

da K{Vc{ë`m CXmhaUmV "A'cm Xhm ^mH$ar oXë`m AmoU "]'cmXm{ZM oXë`m Va "A'cm AOrUm©Mm Ìmg AmoU "]'cm AY©[m{Q>r amhÊ`mMmAer AdñWm hm{D•Z OmB©c. Ë`m[{jm, Xm{KmZmhr ghm ghm ^mH$è`m


o_imë`m AgË`m Va EHy$U ]mam ^mH$è`m[mgyZ Xm{KmZm o_iyZ hm{Uma{gm¡»` gdm©V AoYH$ Pmc{ AgV{.

EH{•H$m Kmgm[mgyZ o_iUmè`m AmZXmM{ _m{O_m[ H$aVm {B©c; gd©C[^m{JmVyZ o_iUmam AmZX H$_r H$_rM hm{V OmVm{ AmoU C[^m{JmMr gd©_Zwî`àmÊ`mMr j_Vm gmaIrM AgV{ hr o[JyMr J¥hrVVÎd{. Ë`mÀ`mAmYmamZ{ Ë`mZ{ g_mOYwarUmgmR>r H$mhr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎd{ _mS>cr.

– amîQ>-r` g[Îmr dmT>cr åhUO{ AmoW©H$ gm¡»`mV dmT> hm{V{ h{ Ia{.\$º• `m dmT>rd CË[mXZmgmR>r cm{H$mZm Ë`mÀ`m BÀN>{odéÕ l_ H$aÊ`mMrgº•r hm{Vm H$m_m Z {.

– amîQ>-r` CË[mXZmVrc Jar]mMm dmQ>m d{Jd{Jiçm _mJmªZr dmT>odVm{Vm{. AmoU, H$mhr A[dmX gm{S>ë`mg Jar]mMm dmQ>m dmT>odë`mZ{ gm_moOH$

gm¡»`mV dmT> hm{V{. \$º• Aem H$m ©H«•_m_wi{ CÚm{OH$mM{ àm{ËgmhZ H$_r hm{D•Z { AmoU JwVdUyH$ d CË[mXZ `mda od[arV [oaUm_ hm{D• Z {.

o[JyÀ`m gm¡»`mÀ`m AW©emñÌmM{, Ë`mVrc J¥hrVVÎdmM{, VH$©emñÌmM{AmoU odíc{fUmM{ AW©emñÍ`mZr dm^mS>{ dm^mS>{ H$mT>c{. [U XrZXw]içmH$éU{[m{Q>r XmZY_© H$aÊ`mMr Ymo_©H$mMr H$éU{da AmYmoaV [a[am AmoUg_mOdmÚmMr Jar]mg]YrMr H$iH$i `m Xm{KmZmhr o[JyÀ`m _mS>UrZ{,Wm{S>mgm emñÌr` dmQ>Umam AmYma o_imcm.

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(6 _mM© 1998)


11. e{dJm Vm{S>m, [m` ZH$m{

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gmè`m Bñcmo_H$ X{emMmM AmVm [moH$ñVmZda X]md dmT>Uma Amh{.Bñcm_r X{emÀ`m hmVr AUweº•r Agmdr Agm AZ{H$ df{© V{Wrc OhmchwHw$_ehmMm à`ËZ Mmcy Amh{. Aer eñÌ{ hmVr Amcr Va o]ZoX¸•V[U{Bg«m`codéÕ Ë`mMm C[`m{J H$aÊ`mg V{ H$MaUma ZmhrV. Bñcm_r AUw]m±]haà`ËZmZ{ V`ma hm{D• Z X{U{ h{ [moûM_mË` amîQ>-mÀ`m [aamîQ>-r` Ym{aUmM{ _m{R>{ gyÌAmh{. _Ü`[yd{©Vrc, Ë`mVc{ Ë`mV AmoW©H$X¥îQ>çm à]i Agc{cr _woñc_ amîQ>-{H{•di A_{oaH{•À`m X]mdm_wi{ AUwñ\$m{Q> H$aÊ`mg YOmdV ZmhrV. [U, JÔm\$rAmoU gÔm_ h{ H$mhr \$º• Xm{ZM _mW{o\$ê• Z{V{ ZmhrV. "qhXwñWmZ[mgyZ gajUH$aÊ`mgmR>r ]m±] V`ma H$aU{ hm Am_À`m amîQ>-r` Aoñ_V{Mm AmoU gwaj{Mm àûZAmh{' Agm H$mJmdm H$ê•Z [moH$ñVmZZ{ AUwgm_Ï © o_iodc{ Va V{ Wm{S>çmMH$mimV gmè`m Aa] cîH$amZm C[cãY hm{B©c mV H$mhr eH$m Zmhr. [moH$ñVmZr]m±] V`ma hm{D• Z { `mV [moûM_mË` X{emZm àMS> ñdmañ` Amh{. [moH$ñVmZZ{qhXwñWmZr MmMÊ`mZm CÎma åhUyZ AUwñ\$m{Q> H$ê• Z {V `mgmR>r gd©Vm{[ar à`ËZ[moûM_mË` amîQ>-{ H$aVrc. [moH$ñVmZÀ`m AUwH$m ©H«•_mcm M{[Ê`mgmR>r,[moH$ñVmZZ{ Ia{Xr H{•c{cr E\$-16 od_mZ{ X{Irc A_{oaH{•Z{ oH$Ë {H$ df{©AS>dyZ R>{dcr, EdT>{M Zìh{ Va Ia{XrMr a¸•_hr Jm{R>dyZ Q>mH$cr. qhXwñWmZrAUwMmMÊ`mZVa AmVm hr od_mZ{ [moH$ñVmZcm X{Ê`mM{ A_{oaH{•Z{ R>aodc{ Amh{.qhXwñWmZÀ`m hw] yo_H{•Mm \$m`Xm K{D•Z [moH$ñVmZ [ma[oaH$ eñÌmñÌg‚mV{V^aJƒ _O]wVr AmU{c Ag{ oXgV{ Amh{. àË wÎma åhUyZ AUwñ\$m{Q> H$aÊ`m[{jmAUwñ\$m{Q> H$aÊ`mMr ^mfm ]m{cV amhU{ AmoU Ë`m Y_H$r[m{Q>r AmYwoZH$V_eñÌmñÌ{ o_idrV amhU{ hm I{i [moH$ñVmZcm _m{R>m \$m`ÚmMm R>aUmam Amh{.[moH$ñVmZr [wT>mè`mM{hr S>m{H{• o\$ac{ AmoU Ë`mZr ñ\$m{Q> H{•cm H$reñÌgm_wJ«rÀ`m _XVrMr hr JJm AmQ>yZ OmB©c. {Ë`m H$mhr H$mimV Vargm{Ý`mMr AS>r X{Umar H$m|]S>r H$m[Ê`mMm AOmJi[Um [moH$ñVmZ H$aUmaZmhr. H$maU CKS> Amh{. Iam{Ia wÕmMm àgJ CX² dcm Va AÊdñÌmMm Vgm


H$mhrM C[`m{J Zmhr. qhXwñWmZ AÊdñÌYmar X{e Pmcm. AÊdñÌmMm dm[aH$aÊ`mMm AmX{e X{Ê`mM{ EH$ ]Q>U [VàYmZmÀ`m hmVr Amc{ Va Ë`mMm V{C[`m{J H$Yr AmoU H$gm H$ê• eH$Vrc?

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Xm{Ýhr X{emVrc wÕ EH$mMm g[e{c [mS>md AmoU Xwgè`m X{emZ{Ë`mMm gd© _wcwI ì`m[U{ AmoU V{W{ Am[cr gÎmm ]gdU{ Aem Vèh{Z{hm{U{M e·` Zmhr. V{ìhm, AJXr oZdm©UrMm _mJ© åhUyZX{Irc wÕàgJmVAUw]m±]Mm H$mhr C[`m{J Zmhr. ^mO[m gaH$macm amîQ>-r` gwaj{Mr Iar qMVmAgVr Va Ë`mZr AUwMmMÊ`m qH$dm AmYwoZH$ od_mZ{, Vm{\$m `mÀ`mC[`m{Jmda AmYmac{cr gajUZrVr gm{S>yZ gmè`m cîH$amMr [wZa©MZmH$aÊ`mM{ H$m_ hmVr ¿`m`cm [mohO{ hm{V{. qhXwñWmZMr gajU Xc{ [yU©V:ì`mdgmo`H$ aMZ{Mr Amh{V. wÕ gwê• Pmc{ H$r \$m¡Om cT>VmV, cm{H$]mVå`m E{H$V amhmVmV. hr eñÌmñÌmMr "_°M' Xm{ZVrZ AmR>dS>çm[crH$S>{MmcUma Zmhr `mMr gdmªZm ImÌr AgV{. 18 V{ 25 d`m{JQ>mVrc gd©VéUmZm gº•rM{ cîH$ar oejU AmoU wÕH$mimV àË {H$ VéUmg AmKmS>rdaOmÊ`mgmR>r ]m{cmdÊ`mMr ì`dñWm AmUyZ cîH$amMr [wZa©MZm H{•cr VaN>m{Q>çm ñd`MocV ]XwH$mÀ`m dm[amZ{ ^maVmMr gajU ì`dñWm AoYH$_O]yV Pmcr AgVr. CÎm_ ñd`à{oaV ]XwH$m ha OdmZmÀ`m hmVr X{U{ hramîQ>-r` gwaj{À`m X¥îQ>rZ{ AUw]m±][{jm oH$VrVar [Q>rZ{ [oaUm_H$maH$ R>a{c.[U, AUwñ\$m{Q> H{•ë`mMr Km{fUm H$aÊ`mV Om{ WmQ>_mQ> Amh{ AmoU amOH$r`^mS>dc H$aÊ`mMr e·`Vm Amh{ Vr Aem Km{fU{Z{ Wm{S>rM hm{Uma Amh{?OdmZ cT>VmV Vm{[ ªV gwaj{Mr _hVr JmUma{ Am[ë`m [m{Q>À`m [m{amZm qH$dmñdV:cm AmKmS>rda OmÊ`mMr d{i {Uma Amh{ h{ g_Oc{ Var Ë`mMm gyaH$m`_ R>{dVmV H$m`, h{ [mhmU{ _m{R>{ _Zm{aOH$ hm{B©c.


AUwwÀ`m AmVf]mOrMr qH$_VEH$m ]mOycm AW©_Ìr, ì`m[ma_Ìr OJâM{ Xm¡a{ H$aVmV, [aX{er

JwVdUyH$XmamZr qhXwñWmZmV YZ Am{Vmd{, VÌkmZ AmUmd{ åhUyZ odZdUrH$arV o\$aVmV; [mdgmZ{ Wm{S>{ S>m{i{ dQ>mac{ Va XojUm{Îma Mma[mMe{e{VH$è`mZm odf o[D•Z Ord X{Ê`mI{arO [`m© amhmV Zmhr. Aem X{emZ{,Xwgè`m ]mOycm AUwj{ÌmVrc Am[cr _ñVr XmIodÊ`m[ydr© H$mhr odd{H$H{•cm [mohO{. à_wI lr_V X{emÀ`m CoÀN>îQ>mda q[S> [m{gc{ë`m XoaÐrX{emÀ`m `mXrVrc hm ÛJ X{e, odkmZmÀ`m j{ÌmV CJmMM H$mhrAm½codÚmod yofV gem{YZVñH$amM{ AhH$ma Jm|OmaÊ`mgmR>r o_ercm Vy[cmdyZ o\$aVm{ hm OmJoVH$ Hw$VwhcmMm qH$dm H$a_UwH$rMm odf` amohcmAmh{. [U, `m _mH$S>M{îQ>m àmUKmVH$ _`m©Xm Am{cmS>yZ [crH$S>{ OmD•cmJë`m Va OJ Ë`mMr Jm^r`m©Z{ XIc K{B©c, Amdí`H$ Va ]S>Jm XmId{ch{ ghO g_OÊ`mgmaI{ Amh{.

[mM AUwñ\$m{Q> KS>dë`mZVa OJmVrc à]i amîQ>-mZr ^maVmodéÕAmoW©H$ H$m ©dmhr H{•cr Va Ë`m]Ôc VH«•ma H$aÊ`mg qhXwñWmZcm OmJmZmhr. BamH$Mm gÔm_ AmoU qhXwñWmZM{ "AQ>co]hmar' `mV \$aH$ H$aU{H$R>rU Amh{.

AmVaamîQ>-r` ]ohîH$mamMm Ym{H$m MmMUrMm oZU© K{Ê`m[ydr© dmO[{ remgZmÀ`m cjmV Amcm ZìhVm Agm woº•dmX ]mîH$i[UmMm hm{B©c.[oaUm_mMr [wa{[ya OmUrd R>{dyZ K{Ê`mV Amc{cm hm oZU© Amh{. AmVaamîQ>-r`ì`m[mamVrc qhXwñWmZZ{ cmXc{ë`m àoV]Ym]Ôc OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{À`mXa]mamV AZ{H$ àH$aU{ Mmcy Amh{V. Ë`mVrc ]hwV{H$mMm oZU© ^maVmÀ`modéÕ cmJV Amh{. Aem [oaoñWVrV Am[ë`m _mWr Xm{f Z K{Vm AmoW©H$j{ÌmV OJm[mgyZ \$maH$V R>{dÊ`mMm hm OmUrd[yd©H$ K{Vc{cm oZU© Amh{.

AmVm[ ªVÀ`m cjUmdê•Z Var hr aUZrVr èñdr AmoU cm{H$oà`hm{V Agë`mM{ oXgV Amh{. H$m{Umhr odam{Yr [jmMr AUwMmMÊ`modéÕ "]«'H$mT>Ê`mMr ohå_V Pmc{cr Zmhr. gdmªZr hm _wÔm amîQ>-r` gwaj{MmAgë`m_wi{ Am[cr gh_Vr XmIodcr Amh{. gd©OUM X{er odkmZ AmoUd¡kmoZH$ `mÀ`m ñVwoVñVm{Ì[mR>mV gm_rc Pmc{ Amh{V.


AmOo_Vrg OJmVrc gd© à_wI gmVhr X{emZr ^maVmda ì`m[maAmoU _XV `m Xm{Zhr j{ÌmVrc g]Y Vm{S>Ê`mM{ Omhra H{•c{ Amh{. `mM{[oaUm_ oZ^mdyZ Z{Ê`mMr AmoU gm{gÊ`mMr ^maVr` emgZmMr AmoUOZV{Mr oH$V[V V`mar Amh{ hm _wÔm Iam _hÎdmMm.

BamH$À`m gÔm_ hwg{ZZ{ J{cr 10 df{© H$R>m{a AmVaamîQ>-r` AmoW©H$]ohîH$mamMm gm_Zm Mmcdcm Amh{. Aem ]ohîH$mamcm oMdQ>[U{ Vm|S>X{Ê`mgmR>r cmJUmar Hw$dV AmoU Z{V¥Ëd Am[ë`mH$S>{ Amh{? ^maVmVrcAUweoº• gñWmZ{ ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r cîH$ar H$madmB©Mm oZU© g wº• amîQ>-gKmZ{K{Vcm Va Ë`mcm Am[U oH$Vr oXdg Vm|S> X{D• eHy$. amîQ>-r`ËdmÀ`m JO©ZmAmoU dëJZm dmVmdaUmV odê•Z OmD• cmJë`m AmoU ñdX{er amîQ>-^mdZ{À`mdëJZmMm Om{e Am{gê• cmJcm åhUO{ BamH$gX¥í` [oaoñWVrMm gm_ZmAm[U oH$Vr g_W©[U{ H$ê• eHy$ hm Iam àûZ Amh{. gaH$mar oZ wº•rZ{XyaXe©Zda _wcmIVr X{Uma{ ñd`_mÝ` VÁk "OmJoVH$ ]ohîH$mamMm X{emÀ`mAW©ì`dñW{da H$mhrM [oaUm_ hm{Uma Zmhr' Ag{ ]OmdyZ ]OmdyZ gmJVAmh{V. "X{emMm OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma amîQ>-r` CË[mXZmÀ`m EH$ Q> •mgwÕm Zmhr,V{ìhm ]ohîH$mamMm [oaUm_ hm{D•Z hm{D•Z hm{Uma oH$Vr? [wîH$ig{ X{e]ohîH$mamV gm_rc hm{UmaM ZmhrV' Agm Ë`mMm woº•dmX Amh{. [U,"OmJoVH$ ì`m[mamM{ à_mU H$_r Amh{ AmoU OmJoVH$ JwVdUyH$ ZJÊ` Amh{h{M ^maVr` AW©ì`dñW{À`m H$_Hw$dV[UmM{ H$maU Amh{' Ag{ gd© _mÝ`daAW©emñÌk _mS>VmV; ì`m[ma AmoU JwVdUyH$ dmT>cr VaM X{emdarc AmoW©H$AoaîQ> Xya hm{B©c Ag{ _mZVmV. Wm{S>·`mV, AmoW©H$ gH$Q> Q>miÊ`mMm Om{_mÝ`da _hm_mJ© Ë`mMm `m ]ohîH$mamZ{ "amñVm am{H$m{' hm{Vm{ Amh{. Ë`mM{ Z{_H{•[oaUm_ H$m` hm{Vrc? ^maVr` J«mhH$ AmoU e{VH$ar `mZr ñdmVÍ`mZVaMr50 df{© gaH$mar Ym{aUmMm H$mM gVV ghZ H{•cmM Amh{. Iwc{[UmÀ`mdmè`mMm Wm{S>m AZw d K{Vë`mZVa V{ [wÝhm Am[cr _mZ g_mOdmXmE{dOramîQ>-dmXmÀ`m Jm|S>g ZmdmÀ`m OwdmImcr X{Ê`mg V`ma hm{Vrc H$m`?

`m odf`mda odÛmZ, [S>rV H$mhrhr AH$mS>VmS>d Kmcm{V; Ia{ CÎma]mOma[{R>{Z{ oXc{ Amh{. e{Aa ]mOma H$m{giV Amh{. EH$m oXdgmV é[`m 70[¡emZ{ [S>cm. {Ë`m [mM ghm _ohÝ`mV Vm{ H$m{R>[ ªV H$m{gi{c h{ gmJU{ H$R>rU


Amh{. oS>g|]a 1998 [ ªV S>m°caMr qH$_V 60 é[`mda OmB©c Ag{ ^mH$rV _r1995 gmcm[mgyZ gmJV Amh{, V{ Ia{ R>aÊ`mMr gmar cjU{ oXgV Amh{V.ñdX{erÀ`m O[_mim Am{T>Uma{ H$maImZXma àË`jmV gd©M ]m]VrV [moûM_mË`X{emda Adc]yZ Amh{V. g_mOdmXmÀ`m H$mimV 50 df{© Ë`mZm haVèh{Z{AmOmac{ Jm|Omac{ Var V{ Ia{Iwa{ CÚm{OH$ ]Zc{ ZmhrV. Agm [a ¥VmÀ`mAmYmamZ{ ñdX{erM{ Jc]V [mÊ`mV gm{S>U{ hm _m{R>m odcjU àH$ma Amh{.

AQ>co]hmar [VàYmZ Amh{V; X{emM{ _mÝ`da Z{V{ Amh{V. amîQ>-r`gwaj{À`m ccH$marZ{ X{emV AmoU X{edmog`mV H$m` M¡VÝ`mMm hwH$ma âVm {Vm{`m]Ôc Ë`mÀ`m AZw_mZmcm AmìhmZ X{U{ YmîQ>çm©M{ hm{B©c. AmUr]mUrMmCËgmh gmV _ohZ{ oQ>H$cm, AUwMmMUrVyZ oZKmc{cr CÝ_mXmdñWm oVVH$roQ>H$cr Var [wa{ Pmc{.

g_Om, ^maVmdarc ì`m[mar ]ohîH$mam_wi{ [{Q>-m{oc`_, daIV{, agm`Z{`mMm [wadR>m VwQ>cm Va Ë`mMr H$mhr [`m© r ì`dñWm Amh{? ^maVr` cîH$amH$S>{[wa{g{ [{Q>-m{c, oS>P{c Zg{c Va Ë`mÀ`m hmVr AUw]m±] X{D•Z H$m` \$m`Xm hm{UmaAmh{? AmoU, gmar AW©ì`dñWm H$m{giV Ag{c Va cîH$amÀ`m hmVmVrcXm{ZMma AUw]m±] X{emM{ gajU H$ê• eH$Vrc?

X{e Om{[ ªV àJVrÀ`m _mJm©da dmQ>Mmc H$arV AgVm{ Vm{[ ªV cm{H$[wT>mè`mZm S>m{·`mda K{D•Z ZmMVmV. o]a]cmÀ`m "_mH$S>rU AmoU oVM{ o[„y'`m H$W{Vrc _mH$S>rUrÀ`m ZmH$mV [mUr OmD• cmJc{ H$r Vr Am[ë`mM o[„mcm[m`mImcr KmcÊ`mg H$MaV Zmhr. 30 df{© BS>m{Z{oe`mda gVV AoYgÎmmJmOdUmè`m gwhmVm{©Mm hm AmOo_VrMm AZw d Amh{. AW©ì`dñWm H$m{gicrVa dmO[{ tMr JVhr H$mhr d{Jir amhUma Zmhr.

Aem [oaoñWVrV àmW©Zm H$am`Mr Va Vr EH$M. ""BÐamO X{dm!déUamOm! AmVm ^mO[M{ amÁ` Amc{ Amh{. `Xm â[ya AmoU MmJcm [mD•g[S>y Úm, `Xm Am{cm qH$dm gwH$m XwîH$mi Pmcm AmoU o^H{•Mr Wmir K{D•ZAÝZYmÝ`mgmR>r `mMZm H$arV o\$amd{ cmJc{ Va AmO Mmcc{ë`m ^maVròdkmZmÀ`m CX{CX{À`m ccH$mè`mZVa Vr cmMmar S>m{içmZr [mhU{ H$R>rUhm{B©c. V{dT>r d{i {D• X{D• ZH$m{ BÐX{dm! amÁ` Am[ë`m cm{H$mM{ Amh{!''

(21 _{ 1998)


12. àMocV AW©ì`dñWm d e{VH$è`mM{ ^odVì`

oh_mc`mVrc gdm{©ƒ oeIa Eìha{ñQ> gd©àW_ e{[m© V{ZqgJZ{qOH$c{. [U, Eìha{ñQ> qOH$ë`mZVa e{[m© V{ZqgJ Spent Force Pmcm. ZVaoH$Ë {H$ OUmZr Eìha{ñQ> ga H{•c{. V{ZqgJM{ Zmd odñ_aUmV J{c{; dmhyZJ{c{ë`m Y]Yã`mgmaI{.

EH$m AWm©Z{ _rhr Spent Force Pmcm{ Amh{. _r 1980 gmcrlram_[yacm Amcm{ hm{Vm{ V{ìhm AÊUmgmh{] qeX{ `mMr {Q> K{Vcr. Ë`md{irË`mZm gmoJVc{ H$r, X{emÀ`m Joa]rM{ H$maU åhUO{ e{VH$è`mMr Jar]rAmh{. e{VH$è`mÀ`m Jar]rM{ H$maU e{Vr_mcmcm ^md Zmhr h{ Amh{, AmoUe{Vr_mcmcm ^md Zmhr `mM{ H$maU e{Vr_mcmcm ^md o_iVm H$m_m Z { Ag{gaH$mar Ym{aU Amh{. `m _mÂ`m odYmZmcm AmoU yo_H{•cm Ë`md{iM{, od._. XmS>{H$am[mgyZ gJi{ AW©emñÌk odam{Y H$arV hm{V{; H$m{UrhramOH$maUrgwÕm Ë`mcm _mÝ`Vm X{V ZìhVm. CgmMm cT>m Mmcy Pmë`mZVa"Cgmcm Oa 300 é[ { Q>Z ^md oXcm Va gmIa H$maImZ{ gJi{ _m{S>rVH$mT>m`cm cmJVrc' Ag{ AmOM{ _mÝ`da Z{V{ Ë`md{ir åhUV hm{V{. AmOoZdS>UwH$rM{ OmohaZm_{ [mohc{ Va OmohaZm_m H$m{UË`mhr [jmMm Agm{"e{VH$è`mZm CË[mXZIMm©da AmYmoaV amñV ^md o_imcm [mohO{' h{H$c_ Ë`mV AgV{M. AmoU åhUyZ _r Spent Force Pmcm{ Amh{.

S>H{•c àñVmdmda qhXwñWmZmV O{ìhm MMm© gwê• Pmcr V{ìhm "^maVmZ{OmJoVH$ ]mOma[{R>{V VmH$XrZ{ àd{e H{•cm [mohO{ AmoU Ë`mH$oaVm S>H{•càñVmdmÀ`m ê•[mZ{ EH$ MmJcm XadmOm CKS>Vm{ Amh{' åhUyZ Ë`mM{ g_W©ZH$aUmam g]Y X{emV _r EH$Q>m hm{Vm{ – S>m°. _Z_m{hZqgJ ZìhV{, S>m°. _wIOr©ZìhV{. hr gd© _S>ir Am[cr ì`dñWm gwaojV Agmdr, cm{H$mZm H$mhrVargajU Agmd{, Iwë`m ì`dñW{V Am[U oQ>H$Uma Zmhr Aer yo_H$m_mS>Umar hm{Vr. _J, OdiOdi Xm{Z dfmªÀ`m MM{©ZVa qhXwñWmZ gaH$maZ{OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gKQ>Z{ (WTO) À`m H$amamda gøm H{•ë`m AmoU _J gJi{Iwë`m ì`dñW{]Ôc ]m{cy cmJc{. Eìha{ñQ> ga Pmc{ AmoU e{[m© V{ZqgJSpent Force Pmcm.


Á`md{ir g_mOdmXmMm CXm{ CXm{ hm{V hm{Vm Ë`md{ir e{VH$argKQ>Z{À`m dVrZ{ _r yo_H$m K{Vcr H$r gm_yohH$ oZU© àoH«•`m hr H$YrhremñÌr` Agy eH$V Zmhr. oX„rcm ]gyZ Oa H$m{Ur R>ady [mhrc H$r _r oH$VrYmÝ` CJdm`M{ AmoU oH$Vr o[H$dm`M{, AmoU Ë`mH$oaVm H$m{UVr IV{dm[am`Mr AmoU H$m{UVr Am¡fY{ dm[am`Mr Va Vm{ oZU© MwH$rMmM Ag{c,Vm{ ]am{]a AgyM eH$V Zmhr. Oa oZU© mMr àoH«•`m e{VmÀ`m [mVirdaPmcr, H$maImÝ`mÀ`m [mVirda Pmcr Va oZU© `m{½` hm{D• eH$VmV. àË {H$ì`º•rÀ`m _ZmV "ñdV:M ^c ìhmd' Aer EH$ à{aUm AgV{. Ë`m à{aU{Mm[mR>cmJ H$aVm H$aVm Vm{ H{•di ñdV:MmM Zìh{, ñdV:À`m Hw$Q>w]mMmM Zìh{Va g]Y g_mOmMm AmoU amîQ>-mMm CÕma gmYyZ OmVm{. [U, "_r amîQ>-mMmCÕma H$aVm{ Amh{, O{ H$mhr Amh{ V{ _cm g_Oc{ Amh{ AmoU _cm O{g_Oc{ Amh{ V{ gd©gm_mÝ`mZm g_OÊ`mÀ`m [crH$S>{ Amh{; V{ìhm, cm{H$hm{,Vwåhr _mP{ E{H$m' Ag{ åhUUma{ O{ Ymo_©H$, [oS>V oZKmc{ Ë`mZr g]Yg_mOmcm Ym{H$m oXcm. AmoU Aem Vèh{Mr ^mfm dm[aUmè`mg_mOdmÚmMmX{Irc BoVhmgmZ{ [am^d H{•cm. e{VH$ar gKQ>Zm Mmcy PmcrV{ìhm g_mOdmXmÀ`m [mS>mdmM{ ^moH$V H{•ë`mda gJi{ åhUm`M{, "hm H$m`_yI©[Um Amh{, g_mOdmX h{ CÚmM{ ^odî` Amh{!' [U, Xhm dfmªÀ`mH$mcmdYrV g[yU© OJ^a g_mOdmXmMm [mS>md Pmcm; V{ZqgJZ{ Eìha{ñQ>JmR>c{ AmoU Vm{ Spent Force Pmcm.

1989 gmcr ìhr. [r. qgJ [VàYmZ AgVmZm _r H$°o]Z{Q> XOm©À`m"H¥•fr g„mJma go_Vr'Mm AÜ`j hm{Vm{. o_imc{ë`m A[wè`m H$m ©H$mcm_Ü {BVa H$mhr Zmhr Var e{Vr_mcmMm CË[mXZIM© H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m [ÕVrV H$mhr]Xc H{•c{. Ë`m ]Xcm_wi{ _m{R>m \$aH$ [S>cm. 1991 ZVa e{Vr_mcmÀ`m^mdmÀ`m dmT>rMr JVr o]Jae{Vr_mcmÀ`m ^mdmÀ`m dmT>rÀ`m JVr[{jm[ohë`mXmM OmñV Pmcr. h{ AmH$S>{dmarVyZ V[mgVm {B©c. Ë`mÀ`m AmYrH$m[gmMm ^md q¹•Q>c_mJ{ 5 qH$dm 10 é[`mZr dmT>m`Mm. Ë`mdfr©q¹•Q>c_mJ{ 90 é[`mZr Or dmT> Pmcr Vr Am_À`m go_VrZ{ CË[mXZIM©H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m [ÕVrV H{•c{ë`m ]Xcm_wi{ Pmcr. "hmVm_Ü { [¡g{ Amc{VargwÕm cm{H$ H«•mVr H$arV amhVmV' Aem Vèh{Mm odoMÌ odMma \$º• _mAm{


Ëg{ VwJ _mS>Vm{. EH$Xm _Zwî` gwIdñVw Pmcm H$r Vm{ añË`mda ]gm`cm\$magm V`ma hm{V Zmhr; PmcmM Va ZD• oXdg, [wT>{ Zmhr. ZVa [gma.Ë`mà_mU{, Am[ë`m _mcmcm ]am ^md o_iy cmJcm, Cgmcm ]è`m[¡H$r ^mdo_iy cmJcm, H$m[gmcm ]è`m[¡H$r ^md o_iy cmJcm, H$mÚmcm ]è`m[¡H$r^md o_iy cmJcm H$r _J añË`mda H$m{U OmD•Z ]g{c, VwéJmV H$m{U OmD•Z]g{c Aer gmhoOH$M ^mdZm V`ma hm{V{. g[ÝZVm AmoU H«•moVàdUVm`mMm odam{Y Amh{. AmoU Á`m à_mUmV e{VH$ar AmXm{cZmZ{ e{VH$è`mZmAmoW©H$ gw]Îmm AmUyZ oXcr Ë`m à_mUmV H«•moVàdUVm g[wîQ>mV AmcrAmoU eaX Om{er Spent Force Pmcm hr Jm{îQ> Iar Amh{.

ñdmVÍ` o_imc{ AmoU ñdmVÍ` o_imë`mZVa AÝZYmÝ`mMm VwQ>dS>mV`ma Pmcm. A_{oaH{•VyZ Jhy AmUmdm [U qhXwñWmZmVrc e{VH$è`mcm _mÌCË[mXZ dmT>dm`cm CÎm{OZ X{D• Z { Ag{ VÎdkmZ AoYH¥•VarË`m ñdrH$mac{J{c{. OwZ{ g_mOdmXr Aem{H$ _{hVm `mZr Am[ë`m AhdmcmV åhQ>c{ Amh{H$r, ""A_{oaH{•VyZ OhmOmZr AmUc{cm Jhy BVH$m ñdñV [S>V Ag{c VaAm[U qhXwñWmZÀ`m e{VrH$S>{ H$mhr H$mi Xwc©j H{•c{ Var Mmc{c.''

1965 gmcr `mV ]Xc KS>cm. hm ]Xc Z{hê• KamÊ`mZ{ KS>dcmZmhr, cmc ]hmXya emñÌtZr KS>dcm h{ _wÔm_ gmJm`cm hd{. H$maU Z{hê•KamÊ`mZ{ e{VrH$S>{ H$Yr cj oXc{ Zmhr. cmc ]hmXya emñÌr Amc{, Ë`mZrgr. gw]«÷Ê`_² `mZm e{Vr_Ìr H{•c{. gr. gw]«÷Ê`_² `mZr Am[ë`m EH$[wñVH$mV gwédmVrcmM ocohc{ Amh{ H$r, "_r AmYr CÚm{JYÚmMm _Ìrhm{Vm{, ZVa e{Vr_Ìr Pmcm{. e{Vr_Ìr Pmë`mda _mÂ`m cjmV [ohcr Jm{îQ>Amcr H$r qhXwñWmZmVrc e{Vr hm AmV]ÅçmMm ì`dhma Amh{, Vm{Q>çmMmYXm Amh{; Ë`mVyZ Xm{Z [¡g{gwÕm gwQ>V ZmhrV' AmoU Ë`mM{ H$maU "gaH$maM{e{Vr_mcmÀ`m ^mdmg]YrM{ Ym{aU e{VH$arodam{Yr Amh{.' h{ Amh{. hr 1965gmcr oXc{cr e{VrÀ`m cwQ>rMr H$]wcr. Ë`mZVa cmc ]hmXwa emñÌtÀ`mZ{V¥ËdmImcr hoaV H«•mVrcm AmoU Ydc H«•mVrcm gwédmV Pmcr. `mM{ l{emñÌrOtÀ`m ]am{]arZ{ gr. gw]«÷Ê`_², AÊUmgmh{] qeX{ `mÀ`mH$S>{hr OmV{.Z{hê•Zr ZmJ[yaÀ`m AoYd{eZmV e{VrÀ`m amîQ>-r`rH$aUmMr A^Ð H$ë[Zm_mS>cr. oVcm H$S>mS>yZ odam{Y H$aUmè`m [Om]amd X{e_wI AmoU MaUqgJ


`mMmhr `m l{ m_Ü { _m{R>m dmQ>m Amh{._mÂ`m AmVm[ ªVÀ`m ocImUmV AÊUmgmh{] qeX{ `mM{ Zmd

l{ Zm_mdcrV KmcÊ`mM{ _mÂ`mH$S>yZ amhyZ J{c{. hr MyH$ H$er Pmcr g_OVZmhr. Ia{ Va 30 OmZ{dmar 1980 cm _r lram_[ya {W{ Ë`mÀ`m Kar

{Q>m`cm Amcm{ hm{Vm{. V{ìhm Ë`mZr _mP{ åhUU{ AË`V emV[U{ E{Hy$Z K{Vc{AmoU åhUmc{, "eaXamd, e{Vr_mcmcm ^md o_iV Zmhr H$maU Vgm ^mdo_imdm Aer amOH$r` H$mjmM Zmhr.' _Ìr_S>imV Agc{cm _Zwî` h{ñ[îQ>[U{ gmJVm{ `mMm oH$Vr ^`mZH$ AW© hm{Vm{? AW© ñdÀN> Amh{.e{VH$è`mÀ`m o[T>çmZ² o[T>çm H$Om©V OÝ_ë`m, H$Om©V OJë`m AmoU H$Om©V_{ë`m. `mM{ H$maU Ë`mZr Ag{M _amd{ hr amOH$r` ]wÕr hm{Vr. Wm{S>m Oaràm_moUH$[UmMm Ae AgVm Var Ë`md{ir H$m±J«{gM{ O{ H$m{Ur e{VH$arAmB©]m[mÀ`m [m{Q>r OÝ_c{c{ _Ìr hm{V{ Ë`mZr [Q>m[Q> amOrZm_{ oXc{ AgV{.[U, Aer ^cVrM A[{jm H$aÊ`mV H$mhr AW© Zmhr.

_Ìr AgVmZm AÊUmgmh{] qeX{ `mZr O{ H$m_ H{•c{ V{ _mÂ`m ZOa{VyZgwQ>Ê`mg, Ë`mÀ`m]Ôc [yd©J«hXyofV[Um {Ê`mg AmUIrhr EH$ H$maUAgmd{. Am_Mr {Q> Pmcr Ë`md{ir Am_À`m Á`m AmXm{cZmMr C^maUrMmcy hm{Vr V{ ghH$mar gmIa H$maImÝ`mÀ`m odam{YmV Pmc{. ghH$mar gmIaH$maImZ{ e{VH$è`mZm CgmMm amñV ^md X{V ZmhrVM, [U ghH$mar gmIaH$maImÝ`m_wi{, e{VH$è`mZm amñV ^md o_iy Z { Aer `m{OZm am]odU{gaH$macm AoYH$ gwH$a Pmc{ Aer _mPr yo_H$m Amh{ AmoU ghH$mamÀ`modam{YmVrc `m yo_H{•_wi{ AÊUmgmh{]mÀ`m BVa H$V¥©ËdmH$S>{ _mP{ Xwc©jPmc{.

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_. \w$ë`mZr ñdmVÍ` _moJVc{ Zmhr, Ë`mZr oìh·Q>m{oa`m amUrcmåhQ>c{, "Amåhr _wc{ AkmZr Amhm{V, \$º• Am_À`m oeH$Ê`mMr ì`dñWmH$am.' [U, Amåhr oejU _hÎdmM{ _mZc{ Zmhr H$maU Ë`md{ir Xwgam EH$KQ>H$ qhXwñWmZmV Agm hm{Vm H$r Á`mcm amOH$r` ñdmVÍ`mMr \$ma KmB©Pmcr hm{Vr. `m _S>itÀ`m hmVyZ amOH$r` gÎmm ZwH$VrM J{cr hm{Vr.odîUwemñÌr oM[iyUH$amZr åhQ>c{ H$r, "Am_À`m hmVyZ amÁ` J{c{, AmåhrJwcm_ Pmcm{ hm H$mhr Am_À`m gñH¥•VrMm Xm{f Zmhr. Amåhr BJ«Om[{jmH$m{UË`mhr X¥îQ>rZ{ H$_r Zmhr. Am_M{ dmL>²_` oVVH{•M l{îR>, gñH¥•VroVVH$rM l{îR>, H$mì` oVVH{•M l{îR>, VÎdkmZ Ë`mÀ`m[{jm Xm{Z ]m{Q>{ AoYH$l{îR>. [U Amåhr Jwcm_ Pmcm{ `mM{ H$maU BoVhmgm_Ü { ahmQ>JmS>½`mMmoZ`_ AgVm{. "MH«•Z{_rH«•_m'Z{ Amåhr AmO Imcr Amcm{, CÚm Am[m{Am[Amåhr da OmUma Amhm{V' Ë`m_wi{ [ohë`mXm BJ«OmZm H$mT>yZ cmdm _J


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XwX¡©dmMr Jm{îQ> Aer H$r Om{oV]m \w$c{, AmJaH$a `mMm åhUO{"àW_V: EH$_` cm{H$ `mAWr© amîQ>- V`ma H$am.' Ag{ åhUUmè`m cm{H$mMm[am^d Pmcm. Om{oV]m \w$ë`mMm [am^d Pmcm, ]hwOZ g_mOmMm [am^dPmcm AmoU H$m±J«{gdmë`mMm åhUO{ "AmYr amOH$r` ñdmVÍ` o_im`cm hd{'Ag{ åhUUmamMm O` Pmcm. oejUmMr Amg YaUmè`m ]hwOZ g_mOmMm[am^d hm{D•Z Á`mZm Am`grEg _Ü { OmJm hì`m hm{Ë`m, BJ«O Omd{ AmoUË`mÀ`m IwÀ`m© Am[ë`mcm o_imì`m Aer Á`mMr H$m_Zm hm{Vr Ë`m cm{H$mMrVmH$X dmT>cr. ]hwOZ g_mOmÀ`m _Zm_Ü { `m cm{H$modf`r ge` hm{Vm.dfm©VyZ EH$Xm Q>m`]yQ> KmcyZ _w]B©cm H$m±J«{g_Ü { O_Umar hr _S>ir Am[crAmh{V Ag{ H$mhr Ë`mZm dmQ>V ZìhV{. [U, _hmË_m JmYr Amc{ AmoU Ë`mZrXocVmÀ`m CÕmamMm J«m_rU AW©emñÌmMm odMma _mS>cm AmoU ]hwOZg_mOmZ{ amîQ>-r` Midircm odam{Y H$am`M{ gm{S>yZ oXc{. H$mhr cm{H$ Ë`mÀ`mOdihr J{c{. [U, ]hwOZmMm [ohcm [am^d AmoU gdUmªMm odO` PmcmAmoU gm_moOH$ gwYmaUmMm odMma ]mOycm [S>yZ "amOH$r` ñdmVÍ`m'cmAJ«H«•_ X{Umam odMma èñdr Pmcm. ]hwOZ g_mO H$m±J«{g]am{]a J{cmZmhr, Xya amohcm. [U ZVa, _hmË_m JmYtÀ`m Z{V¥ËdmImcr ñdmVÍ`mMrMidi OgOer dmT>y cmJcr VgVg{ ]hwOZ g_mOmM{ cm{H$hr Ë`m àdmhmVgm_rc hm{D• cmJc{. _hmamîQ>-m[waVm odMma H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg,ImZX{em_Ü { \$¡O[ya {W{ âc{ë`m H$m±J«{g_Ü { [ohë`mXm hm ]hwOZg_mOmMm àdmh H$m±J«{g_Ü { odcrZ Pmcm AmoU Vm{ e{dQ>[ ªV o_giyZamohcm.

ñdmVÍ` Amc{ AmoU Om{oV]m \w$ë`mM{ ^moH$V Ia{ R>ac{. "[{edmB©'Amcr. JmYtZm Z{Vm, _hmË_m _mZUmè`m H$m±J«{gZ{ [oS>V Z{hê•À`m hmVr gÎmmAmë`m]am{]a JmYrOtZr Á`mM{ H$Yr Zmdhr K{Vc{ ZìhV{ Ë`m g_mOdmXmMm


CX²Km{f gwê• H{•cm. odH$mg ìhm`Mm Ag{c Va Vm{ g_mOdmXmZ{M hm{B©c,gd©gm_mÝ` e{VH$ar, CÚm{OH$, H$maImZXma `mÀ`mV oZU© H$aÊ`mMrVmH$XM Zmhr, V{ X{e gwYmê• eH$V ZmhrV; X{emcm àJVrÀ`m _mJm©daÝ`m`M{ Va V{ oX„rM{ "oZ`m{OZ _S>i'M H$ê• eH{•c. hm Pmcm Z{hê•Mmg_mOdmX. O`àH$me Zmam`U AmoU cm{oh`m `mÀ`m g_mOdmXmMr ì`m»`mWm{S>r d{Jir hm{Vr. "H$gUmè`mMr O_rZ AmoU l_Umè`mMr oJaUr' AerË`mMr ì`m»`m hm{Vr. Ë`mÀ`mE{dOr [oS>V Z{hê•Mm g_mOdmX "gd© O_rZ,gd© H$maImZ{ gaH$maM{; g[ÎmrM{ amîQ>-r`rH$aU H$amd{' Agm gm{oìhEQ>Vm|S>diçmMm.

åhUO{, ]hwOZ g_mOmMm [ohë`mXm [am^d Pmcm Vm{ amOH$r`ñdmVÍ` _mJUmè`m gdUmªZr H{•cm. ñdmVÍ` o_imë`mZVa g_mOdmXmÀ`mZmdmImcr amîQ>-r`rH$aU [wT>{ Amc{ AmoU ]hwOZ g_mOmÀ`m Wm{a Wm{a Z{Ë`mZrË`mcm [mqR>]m oXcm. `m g_mOdmXmMm Iam AW© H$m` hm{Vm?

ZmJ[yacm EH$ odÛmZ H$å woZñQ> J¥hñW hm{V{; Ë`mZm ZmJ[yaM{ _mAm{Ëg{ VwJ åhUV. 1980 gmcr _r Ë`mZmhr {Q>cm{ hm{Vm{. Ë`mZr _mÂ`mda Iy[Q>rH$m H{•cr. V{ åhUmc{, ""Vwåhr ]«m÷U AmhmV, Vwåhr e{VH$è`mM{ H$m_H$aVm AmhmV h{ _mZU{ e·`M Zmhr, H$maU ]«m÷UmZrM e{VH$è`mdao[T>çmZ² o[T>çm AÝ`m` H{•cm Amh{.'' _r åhQ>c{, ""h{ AJXr Ia{ Amh{ H$r]«m÷UmZr e{VH$è`mda o[T>çmZ² o[T>çm AÝ`m` H{•cm Amh{. [U, `mMm AW©Agm Zìh{ H$r _cm O{ gË` oXgc V{ _r e{VH$è`m[wT>{ _mS>y Z {. _rË`mÀ`m[wT>{ _mS>rZ, Ë`mZm [Q>c Va K{Vrc.''

_J Ë`mZr Xwgam àíZ odMmacm H$r, ""Vwåhr amîQ>-r`rH$aUmcm odam{YH$m H$aVm?''

_r Ë`mZm CÎma oXc{ H$r, ""Vw_Mr odMmagaUr _cm H$mhr g_OVZmhr. EH$ ]«m÷U åhUyZ Vwåhr _mPm oZf{Y H{•cmV. [U "amîQ>-r`rH$aU' `mMmIam AW© "]«m÷UrH$aUM' Amh{.''

H$maU, `m g_mOdmXmV O{ oZU© e{VH$è`mZr H$am`M{ qH$dmCÚm{OH$mZr H$am`M{ qH$dm H$maImZXmamZr H$am`M{ Amh{V V{ Ë`mZr Z H$aVmoX„rcm qH$dm d{Jd{Jiçm amÁ`mÀ`m amOYmÝ`mVë`m Zm{H$aehmZr H$am`M{


Á`mÀ`mVrc 90 Q>¸•{ ]«m÷U AmoU gdU© Amh{V. ñdmVÍ`mZVaÀ`m Zì`m{Umè`m AmoW©H$ [hmQ>{_Ü { Á`m dJm©cm CÚm{OH$ åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`mVrc

CÚm{OH$V{À`m A^mdm_wi{ ñWmZ o_imc ZgV Aem ]«m÷U d gdU©_S>itZr Am[ë`m hmVr AmoW©H$ gÎmm `mdr `mgmR>r g_mOdmXmMm P|S>mC^macm AmoU ]hwOZ g_mOmMm Xwgam [am^d Pmcm.

ñdmVÍ`mÀ`m ]m]VrV «_oZamg Pmë`m_wi{ cdH$aM oR>H$oR>H$mUr]S>{ hm{D• cmJcr. ]Jmc, V{cJUm AmoU _hmamîQ>-mVhr ode{fV: ZJaoOëømV Aer ]S>{ hm{V hm{Vr. Ë`mVyZ H$mhr gmÜ` hm{V Zmhr åhUyZñdmVÍ`m]Ôc oZéËgmhr d H$mhr Aer ZmC_{X Pmc{cr H$mhr _S>ir d{JimodMma H$ê• cmJcr. BVH{• oXdg \$º• ]«m÷UmZr cwQ>c{ AmVmAm[ë`mVë`mhr cm{H$mZm cwQ>Ê`mMr gYr o_iy Úm åhUyZ EH$_{H$mÀ`m[mR>rdê•Z hmV o\$aodÊ`mM{ dmVmdaU gwê• Pmc{. AmoU _J, AZ{H$H$V¥©ËddmZ _S>ir – Á`mMr [mi{_wi{ e{VH$ardJm©V, ]hwOZg_mOmV Im{cdaê•Oc{cr hm{Vr – H$m±J«{g_Ü { àd{e H$aVr Pmcr AmoU [johVmÀ`m qH$dmOmoVohVmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZ{ H$m hm{B©Zm Ë`mVrc H$mhtÀ`m _Zm_Ü {, H$m` H$am`cm[mohO{ V{ ñ[îQ> Pmc{. [U, Z{hê• åhUm`M{, amgm`oZH$ daIV{ H$emcm[mohO{V, Ë`mZ{ X{emM{ dmQ>m{i{ hm{B©c, Oo_ZrM{ dmQ>m{i{ hm{B©c, Hw$cH$ (]S>{e{VH$ar) cm{H$mMmM \$m`Xm hm{B©c; _OwamMm \$m`Xm hm{Uma Zmhr, N>m{Q>çme{VH$è`mMm \$m`Xm hm{Uma Zmhr. Ë`m_wi{ Z{hê•À`m H$mim_Ü { e{Vrodf`H$AmIc{cr gd© Ym{aU{ gaMZm gwYmaÊ`mMr hm{Vr; YaU{ ]mYm, hì`m VaghH$mar gñWm V`ma H$am, hdr Va O_rZgwYmaUm H$am; Or H$mhrgaMZmË_H$ ì`dñWm Ag{c oVÀ`mV H$m` hdr Vr gwYmaUm H$am [U VÌkmZ]Xcm`M{ Zmhr Aer Ë`mMr ZrVr.

e{VrMm odH$mg H$am`Mm Va VrZ Jm{îQ>r _hÎdmÀ`m. EH$ åhUO{gaMZm, Xwgar Jm{îQ> VÌkmZ AmoU oVgar Jm{îQ> AmoW©H$ àm{ËgmhZ AmoUJ{cr J{cr drg df{© _r H$arV Agc{ë`m AW©emñÌr` _mS>UrV _r AmJ«hmZ{Ag{ _mS>Vm{ Amh{ H$r gaMZm, VÌkmZ AmoU qH$_V `mÀ`mV qH$_V hrAmoW©H$ àm{ËgmhZ X{Umar Agë`mZ{ oVcmM AJ«H«•_ Úm`cm hdm. qH$_Vo_imcr Va gaMZm AmoU VÌkmZmMr H$miOr e{VH$ar ñdV: K{D• eH$VmV;


gaH$maZ{ YaU{ ]mYcr ZmhrV Var e{VH$ar Vr ]mYVrc; VÌkmZgwÕm V{AmUVrc. Ia{ åhUO{, gaH$ma VÌkmZ AmUVM Zmhr. O{ VÌkmZ X{em_Ü {Am[m{Am[ Amc{ AgV{ V{ VÌkmZ {D• Z { `mH$oaVm ñdmVÍ`mZVaÀ`m gd©gaH$mamZr à`ËZ H{•cm. Om{oV]m \w$ë`mZr åhQ>c{ hm{V{ H$r ]mh{aÀ`m OJmerg[H$© Amcm H$r ]hwOZ g_mOmM{ Am[m{Am[ H$ë`mU hm{Uma Amh{. [U,]hwOZ g_mOmMm ]mh{aÀ`m OJmer g[H$© hm{D• Z { Agm IQ>mQ>m{[g_mOdmXmÀ`m ZmdmImcr H{•cm J{cm.

amîQ>-r` ñdmVÍ`mMr Midi AmoU Ë`mZVa g_mOdmX `m Xm{ZZmdmImcr ]hwOZ g_mOmcm \$gdc{ J{c{ Amh{ h{ cjmV Amë`mZVagmYmaU[U{ 1965 À`m gw_mamg AÊUmgmh{] qeX{ `mÀ`mgma»`m _mUgmZrË`mÀ`m _yiÀ`m AmoW©H$ ì`dgm`mH$S>{ – e{Vrì`dgm`mH$S>{ VÁke{VH$è`mÀ`m ZOa{Z{ [mhyZ e{VrÀ`m odH$mgmgmR>r H$m` H$am`cm [mohO{ `mMmodMma gwê• H{•cm AmoU Ë`mVyZM hoaV H«•mVrMm à`m{J gmH$mê• cmJcm.hoaV H«•mVrM{ g[yU© l{ H$m{Um ì`º$scm X{U{ `m{½` hm{Uma Zmhr H$maU Ag{H$m_ H$mhr EH$Q>çmXwH$Q>çmZ{ hm{Uma{ ZgV{. hoaV H«•mVr Ë`m H$mimV `eñdrhrPmcr. [U, BoVhmgmMmhr EH$ H$c AgVm{. Am[U EImXr gwYmaUm H$aVm{.[U EH$ gwYmaUm H{•cr åhUO{ OJmVrc gd© g_ñ`m gwQ>Vrc Agm EH$H$c_r H$m ©H«•_ H$m{UVmhr ZgVm{. Am[U EH$ gwYmaUm H{•cr H$r Ë`m]am{]aMH$mhr Zd{ Xm{f V`ma hm{VmV. h{ Xm{f Xya H$aÊ`mH$oaVm AmUIr ZdrZ gwYmaUmH$amì`m cmJVmV AmoU Ë`mVyZ AmUIr ZdrZ Xm{f V`ma hm{VmV. "e{VH$argKQ>Z{M{ Z¡oVH$ Xe©Z' (1984) `m _mÂ`m c{ImV _r åhQ>c{ Amh{ H$r,"g_mO oZXm{©f ì`dñW{cm H$Yr [m{hm{MVM Zmhr; g_mO EH$m Xm{fmñ[XAdñW{VyZ Xwgè`m Xm{fmñ[X AdñW{V OmV AgVm{.'

1965 gmcr hoaV H«•mVr Pmë`mZVa CË[mXZ dmT>c{, `mV H$mhreH$m Zmhr. OhmOmVyZ Amc{ë`m AÝZmda JwOamU H$aÊ`mMr [oaoñWVrg[cr. Xhm dfmªV AÝZYmÝ`mM{ CË[mXZ oVß[Q> Pmc{, XwYmM{hr CË[mXZdmT>m`cm cmJc{. hr dmT> hm{Ê`mgmR>r Z{_H$m [oaUm_ H$emMm Pmcm`modf`r Wm{S>m Jm|Yi Amh{. Amåhr VÌkmZ oXc{, o]`mU{ AmUc{, IVmM{H$maImZ{ H$mT>c{ åhUyZ h{ CË[mXZ dmT>c{ Ag{ O{ åhQ>c{ OmV{ V{ MwH$rM{


Amh{. 1965 gmcr EH$ gdm©V _m{R>m ]Xc Pmcm AmoU Ë`mM{ l{cmc]hmXya emñÌr AmoU gr. gw]«÷Ê`_ `mZm Úm`cm hd{. hoaVH«•mVrgmR>rAoYH$ CË[mXZ X{Uma{ dmU AmUÊ`m]am{]aM `m _S>itZr àW_V:MH¥•of_yë` Am`m{JmMr ñWm[Zm H{•cr. e{Vr_mcmcm ^md X{Ê`mMr amOH$r`H$mjm Ë`md{ir V`ma Pmcr hm{Vr qH$dm Zmhr _mhrV Zmhr, [U AÊUmgmh{]qeX{ `mÀ`m _V{ Vr ZìhVr. oZXmZ e{VH$è`mMr g_ñ`m H$m` Amh{ Vr g_OyZVa ¿`mdr EdT>r yo_H$m Ë`mÀ`m_mJ{ hm{Vr. [U, cmc]hmXya emñÌrWm{S>çmM _ohÝ`mV oZdV©c{. Ë`mÀ`m OmJr BoXam JmYr Amë`m AmoU _JË`mZr Img S>md[{M AmIyZ H¥•of_yë` Am`m{J e{VH$è`mZm ohVH$maH$ ZamhVm OmMH$ H$gm hm{B©c h{ [mohc{. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZr H¥•of_yë` Am`m{JmÀ`mAÜ`j[Xr Á`mMr gd© àogÕr e{VH$arodam{Yr yo_H$m K{Ê`m]Ôc hm{Vr Aem_S>itZm EH$m [mR>m{[mR> ]gdc{, V{hr ode{fV: S>mì`m odMmagaUrM{ oZdS>yZoZdS>yZ ]gdc{. XmVdmcm, Aem{H$ o_Ìm hr Ë`mVcrM Zmd{. AmoU _JH¥•of_yë` Am`m{J hm e{VH$è`mZm ^md X{Ê`mM{ gmYZ ]ZÊ`mE{dOre{VH$è`mZm ^md ZmH$maÊ`mM{ gmYZ ]Zc{.

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`m{OZ{da Pm H$o_Q>rZ{ oXc{ë`m AhdmcmV ñ[îQ>[U{ åhQ>c{ Amh{ H$rXwYmÀ`m CË[mXZm_Yrc gdmªV OmñV dmT> JwOamV_Ü { Zmhr Pmcr, CcQ>JwOamV_Yrc dmT> gJiçmV H$_r Amh{; gJiçm OmñV dmT> _hmamîQ>-mVPmcr AmoU VrgwÕm H$m{ëhm[ya AmoU OiJmd h{ XyY _hm[ya `m{OZ{M{ Xm{ZoOëh{ gm{S>yZ. e{VH$ar gKQ>Z{Z{ H{•c{ë`m XyY AmXm{cZm_wi{, XwYmM{ CË[mXZdmT>dm`M{ Ag{c Va XyY CË[mXZ H$aUmè`m _mUgmcm Ë`mÀ`m H$îQ>mM{AmoU JwVdUwH$rM{ H$mhrVar \$i o_im`cm [mohO{ hr H$ë[Zm _hmamîQ>-mV[ohë`mXm _mÝ` Pmcr AmoU åhUyZ _hmamîQ>-mV XyY CË[mXZ dmT>c{._hmamîQ>-mVc{ XyY O_e{Q>[yacm AmoU H$cH$Î`mcm OmV{, XyY _hm[ya`m{OZ{À`m JwOamVM{ Zmhr.

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{B©c Vm{ ^ê•Z oZK{c Aer qH$_V Úm`cm H$m{Ur V`ma hm{B©c H$m?''CÚm{JYÚmÀ`m ]m]VrV Oa Vwåhr Ag{ _mZVm H$r H$maImZXmamZm \$m`Xmhm{Vm{ qH$dm Zmhr h{ g_OÊ`mMr A¸•c Amh{ Va _J, e{VH$è`mZm BVH$rA¸•c Zmhr Ag{ J¥hrV H$m YaVm? S>mì`m odMmadVmÀ`m AmoU S>mì`mAW©emñÍ`mÀ`m [wñVH$mV Ag{ oH$Ë {H$ C„{I gm[S>VmV H$r, "e{VH$ar,qH$_V da Omdm{ H$m Imcr [S>m{, CË[mXZmM{ oZU© ]XcV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`me{Vm_Ü { oOVH{• H$mhr CË[mXZ hm{U{ e·` Amh{ oVVH{• CË[mXZ Vm{(JmT>dmgmaI{) H$mT>rV amhVm{.'

AZ{H$ ^mJmV e{VH$è`mZr AmVm XyY CË[mXZ gm{S>yZ oXc{ Amh{,CgmM{ e{VH$arhr D•g gm{S>yZ X{D•Z H$mÚmM{ CË[mXZ K{D• cmJc{ Amh{V.Á`mÀ`mV OmñV CË[ÝZ o_iÊ`mMr e·`Vm Amh{ V{ CË[mXZ e{VH$ar K{VmV.H$maU CKS> Amh{. e{VH$argwÕm _mUg{ Amh{V, ]wÕr Agc{cr _mUg{ Amh{VAmoU Am[cm gd© IQ>mQ>m{[ "AVVm{ JËdm' H$mhr \$m`ÚmMm hm{Uma Amh{


qH$dm Zmhr `mMm V{ odMma H$aVmV. åhUO{ e{Vr H$aU{ \$m`ÚmM{ R>ac{ VaV{ CË[mXZ dmT>odÊ`mM{ gdm©V _m{R>{ gmYZ R>aV{; VÌkmZ [waodU{ AmoUgaMZm [wadU{ hr CË[mXZdmT>rMr gmYZ{ hm{D• eH$V ZmhrV.

VÌkmZ, gaMZm AmoU qH$_V `m CË[mXZdmT>rÀ`m gmYZmMrH«•_dmar H$aVmZm àW_ H«•_mH$mda Agmd`mg hdr Vr qH$_V gdmªemZ{Xwc©ojV H$aÊ`mM{ _m{R>{ Xwî[oaUm_ Pmc{. CXmhaUmW©, Ah_XZJa oOëømVghH$mar ì`dñWm MmJcr _m{R>r Pmcr, _m{R>_m{R>{ oX½JO, Q>ZmQ>ZmM{ Z{V{ V`maPmc{. [U, e{VH$è`mMr [oaoñWVr _mÌ AoYH$M o]H$Q> Pmcr. gJiçmVOmñV ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZ{ BW{ AmoU gJiçmV H$Om©V ]wS>Uma{e{VH$arhr BWc{M Aer `m oOëømV [oaoñWVr, VÌkmZ AmoU gaMZm[waodUmè`m hoaV H«•mVrZVa, V`ma Pmcr. ghH$mamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZAÊUmgmh{] qeX{ `mZr ZJa oOëømV EH$ ì`dñWm V`ma H{•cr, [ydr© cm{H$C[mer ahmV AgV AmVm Ë`mZm Im`cm o_i{c BVH$r [oaoñWVr V`maPmcr. [U _mJUrBVH$m [wadR>m Pmë`mZVa qH$_Vr Kgê• cmJë`m AmoUCË[mXZ H$_r hm{D• cmJc{ AmoU qH$_Vr-CË[mXZmM{ h{ MH«• gwê• Pmc{AmoU Xa VrZ dfmªZr CgmM{ CË[mXZ Zmhrg{ hm{D• cmJc{.

hm Xwî[oaUm_ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r, qH$_V AJ« mJr R>{dÊ`mÀ`m _wÔçmdae{VH$ar Midi C^r amohcr Vr e{VH$è`mÀ`m gm_yohH$ ]wÕrMm AmodîH$maAmh{. åhUO{, Amåhr AÊUmgmh{] qeX{ `mÀ`m [wT>Mr [màr K{Vcr. Ë`mZrAmYrÀ`m [m`è`m K{Vë`m ZgË`m Va e{VH$ar gKQ>Zm C^r ahmU{ BVH{•gai[U{ Pmc{ ZgV{.

e{Vrodf`H$ MwH$rÀ`m Ym{aUm_wi{ AmUIr EH$ g_ñ`m V`ma Pmcr.AoYH$ CË[mXZ X{Umè`m dmUm_Ü { EH$ Xm{f hm{Vm. [mUr oXc{, IV{ oXcr,Am¡fY{ oXcr Va CË[mXZ AoYH$ JVrZ{ dmT>V{ hm `m dmUmMm JwU Amh{.[ma[oaH$ o]`mÊ`mÀ`m ]m]VrV h{ KS>V Zmhr. ZdrZ dmUm_wi{, _J,amgmòZH$ IV{ AmoU Am¡fY{ `mMm _m{R>çm à_mUmda dm[a gwê• Pmcm.[`m©daUdmÚmZr hmH$mQ>r gwê• H{•cr H$r amgmòZH$ IVmÀ`m AmoUAm¡fYmÀ`m dm[am_wi{ [mUr àXyofV hm{V Amh{, O_rZ àXyofV hm{V Amh{,dJ¡a{ dJ¡a{. Ë`mda Ë`mZr EH$ _mJ© gwMdcm AmoU Ë`m _mJm©da oZîR>m R>{dUma{


"_hmË_{'hr Iy[ [wT>{ Amc{.[`m©daUdmÚmZr åhQ>c{ H$r Am[ë`mcm àXyfU H$aUmar hr amgmòZH$

e{Vr ZH$m{M. Am[U O¡odH$ e{VrH$S>{ diy `m. amgmòZH$ Am¡fYmÀ`mE{dOrH$S>wqc]mMm ag \$dmam, AmoU amgmòZH$ IVmÀ`m E{dOr Jm`rM{ qH$dmåherM{ e{U dm[am. Ë`mÀ`m[¡H$r H$mhtM{ åhUU{ Ag{ hm{V{ H$r Jm`rM{e{UIV h{ OmñV C[`m{JmM{ AgV{ AmoU åherM{ e{UIV H$_r C[`m{JmM{AgV{. EdT>mM Ë`mÀ`mV dmXmMm _wÔm amohcm. `m_wi{ V{ "_hmË_{' g]m{YZmg[mÌ R>aVmV.

O¡odH$ e{VrZ{ Oa àíZ gwQ>Uma AgV{ Va e{Vr_Ü { gwYmaKS>odÊ`mgmR>r AÊUmgmh{] qeÚmMr JaO ZìhVr, gr. gw]«÷Ê`_Mr JaOZìhVr AmoU hoaV H«•mVrMrhr JaO ZìhVr. H$maU, J{cr Xm{Z hOma df{©qhXwñWmZmV O¡odH$ e{VrM Mmcy hm{Vr. [U Varhr Xa Xhm dfmªZr XwîH$mi[S>yZ cmIm{ _mUg{ _aV hm{Vr. VÌkmZm_Ü { P[mQ>çmZ{ àJVr hm{V AgVmZmO¡odH$ e{VrH$S>{ diU{ åhUO{ BoVhmgm_Ü { _mJ{ OmÊ`mgmaI{ Amh{. [U,BoVhmgm_Ü { _mJ{ OmD•Z H$m{UË`mhr g_mOmM{ qH$dm amîQ>-mM{ àíZ gwQ>VZmhrV.

1965 gmcr Pmc{ë`m hoaV H«•mVrZ{ AÝZYmÝ`mMr _w]cH$Vm V`maPmcr. Ë`m]am{]arZ{M [`m©daUmMm àíZ V`ma Pmcm AmoU qH$_VrMm åhUO{AmoW©H$ àíZhr V`ma Pmcm h{ Am[U [mohc{. "_hmË_{' oH$Vrhr "O¡odH$'e{VrMm, BoVhmgmV _mJ{ OmUmam CVmam `m g_ñ`mda gmJm{V, OmJoVH$VÌkmZ `m g_ñ`mÀ`m gm{S>dUwH$rgmR>r [wT>{ Mmcc{ Amh{.

hoaV H«•mVrÀ`m H$mimV Amc{ë`m ZdrZ VÌkmZmÀ`m ñdrH$mam]m]VAmåhr oOVH{• Jm\$rc, ]{gmdY hm{Vm{ oVVH{• AmO {D• KmVc{ë`m ZdrZVÌkmZmÀ`m ]m]VrVhr Jm\$rc AmoU ]{gmdY Amhm{V. AÊUmgmh{]qeÚmgma»`m Á`m Wm{S>çmZr Ë`mH$mir hoaV H«•mVrM{ VÌkmZ Am[c{g{H$aÊ`mV Or YS>mS>r XmIodcr Vr `m ZdrZ VÌkmZmÀ`m ]m]VrV Am[ë`mVAmh{ qH$dm Zmhr h{ {Ë`m Xm{Z dfm©V Am[ë`mcm ogÕ H$amd{ cmJUma Amh{.Ë`m H$mir hoaV H«•mVr Pmcr. AmVm Ë`mÀ`m [wT>Mr ZdrZ VmoÌH$ H«•mVr {V{Amh{. àË {H$ d{ir VÌkmZmÀ`m H«•mVr_wi{M _mUgmcm AÝZ o_iU{ e·`


Pmc{ Amh{. Vg{ Pmc{ ZgV{ Va _mëWgÀ`m ogÕmVmZwgma OJ^a yH$_argwê• Pmcr AgVr. _mëWgZ{ gmoJVc{ hm{V{ H$r, ""cm{H$g»`m yo_Vr l{UrZ{dmT>V{ AmoU AÝZYmÝ`mM{ CË[mXZ JoUV l{UrZ{ dmT>V{, Ë`m_wi{AÝZYmÝ`mMm àMS> VwQ>dS>m hm{D•Z cm{H$ wH{•Z{ _aVrc.'' [U Vg{ KS>c{c{Zmhr. CcQ>, _mëWgÀ`m H$mim[{jm AmO Am[U OmñV AmoU OmñV MmJc{AÝZ ImVm{ Amhm{V. h{ VÌkmZmZ{ e·` Pmc{. H$maU, Oo_ZrMr ì`m»`m_mUgmZ{ VÌkmZ AmUyZ ]Xcdcr. VÌkmZmÀ`m àJVrMr àoH«•`m hr H$mhrhoaV H«•mVr[mer Wm]c{cr Zmhr. hoaV H«•mVrZ{ wH{•Mm àíZ gm{S>dcm [UXm{Z ZdrZ àíZ V`ma H{•c{ AmoU `m àíZmM{ oZamH$aU BoVhmgm_Ü { _mJ{OmD•Z hm{Uma Zmhr, Va VÌkmZmÀ`m _XVrZ{ [wT>{ CS>r _mê•Z hm{Uma Amh{.

ZdrZ {D• KmVc{ë`m VÌkmZmM{ ñdê•[ H$g{ Amh{? `m[wT>{ oH$S>rMm]Xm{]ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am[ë`mcm Am¡fYmMm C[`m{J H$aÊ`mMr \$maer JaO[S>Uma Zmhr. emñÌkmZr o]`mÊ`mÀ`m OZwH$m_Ü { (Genes) ]Xc H$ê•ZAem Vèh{M{ dmU V`ma H$aÊ`mV `e o_iodc{ Amh{ H$r Á`m dmUmcm A_wH$A_wH$ oH$S>rMm Ìmg hm{UmaM Zmhr. BVH{•M Zìh{ Va Ë`mMr CË[mXZj_VmàMS> JVrZ{ dmT>{c, EdT>{M Zìh{ Va Am[ë`mcm hd{ Agc{c{M JwUY_©Agc{c{ dmUgwÕm OZwH$ VÌkmZmÀ`m _XVrZ{ V`ma H$aVm {Vrc.CXmhaUmW©, _Yw_{hr _mUgmZr Im„r Var Ë`mcm Ìmg hm{Uma Zmhr AergmIa Á`mVyZ o_iy eH{•c Ag{ CgmM{ dmUgwÕm V`ma H$aVm {D• eH{•c.Am¡fY{ dm[amdr Z cmJVm oH$S>rMm ]Xm{]ñV hm{B©c, CË[mXZ dmT>{c, hd{ V{MJwUY_© AgVrc, ZH$m{ Agc{c{ JwUY_© ZgVrc Aem àH$maM{ dmU V`maH$aU{ AmVm OZwH$ VÌkmZmZ{ e·` Pmc{ Amh{. `m VÌkmZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZ{EH$m _|T>rgmaIr Xwgar _|T>r emñÌk H$ê• eH$VmV, _Zwî`àmUrgwÕm V`maH$ê• eH$VmV.

ojoVOmda EH$ ZdrZ VÌkmZ {V{ Amh{. [U 1965 gmcr qhXwñWmZgaH$ma hoaV H«•mVrcm gm_m{a{ OmÊ`m]m]VrV oOVH{• ]{gmdY, Jm\$rc hm{V{oVVH{•M AmOM{ gaH$ma ZdrZ "OZwH$ H«•mVr (Gene Revolution)' H$oaVm]{gmdY AmoU Jm\$rc Amh{. _r _mPm hm oZîH$f© 5 OmZ{dmar am{Or oX„rcmodÎm_Í`mZr AXmO[ÌH$[yd© MM{©gmR>r Or ]¡R>H$ ]m{cmodcr hm{Vr Ë`mV


gdmªg_m{a R>{dcm.J{ë`m dfr© AmY« àX{emV 1500 hyZ AoYH$ H$m[ygCË[mXH$

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Am_À`mH$S>{ H$m` Mmcy Amh{? H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc e{VH$è`mZm H$m[gmÀ`m`m o]`mÊ`mM{ MmMUr à`m{J H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m CË[mXH$mZr o]`mU{ oXc{hm{V{. Va H$Zm©Q>H$mVc{ e{VH$ar Z{V{ S>m°. ZOwS>ñdm_r `mZr Am[ë`mghH$mè`mgh Ë`m e{VH$è`mÀ`m à`m{J e{Vm§V OmD•Z Vr PmS>{ gJir C[Q>yZQ>mH$cr. J{ë`m Zm{ìh|]a_Ü { ogEQ>c_Ü { OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gKQ>Z{À`m[oafX{À`m d{ir hr gd© _S>ir O_cr hm{Vr AmoU Ë`mZr Aem Vèh{À`mVÌkmZmcm odam{Y H$aUmar oZXe©Z{ H{•cr.

_hmamîQ>-m_Ü { [mMe{ e{VH$è`mZr AO© H$ê•Z `m o]`mÊ`mMr MmMUrK{Ê`mMr BÀN>m ì`º• H{•cr Amh{. ""Amåhr, h{ VÌkmZ MmJc{ Amh{ Ag{åhUV Zmhr, dmB©Q> Amh{ Ag{hr åhUV Zmhr. [U, ZdrZ H$mhrVar VÌkmZAmh{ Ë`mMm à`m{J H$aÊ`mMm AoYH$ma Amåhmcm Amh{. à`m{J H$ê•Z AmåhrR>ady H$r h{ VÌkmZ ñdrH$mam`M{ H$m Zmhr V{. V{ MmJc{ Amh{ H$m dmB©Q> Amh{,\$m`ÚmM{ Amh{ H$m Vm{Q>çmM{ Amh{, AoYH$ CË[mXH$ Amh{ H$m H$_r, AoYH$


IoM©H$ Amh{ H$m ñdñV h{ Amåhr R>ady; Vwåhr H$m{U gmJUma{ oX„rcm]gyZ.'' Aer `m à`m{J H$ê• BoÀN>Umè`m e{VH$è`mMr yo_H$m Amh{.

OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gKQ>Z{À`m H$amaZmå`m_wi{ qhXwñWmZmV gmIa{Mr,H$m[gmMr Am`mV hm{V{ Amh{, H$mÚmMr oZ`m©V Wm]cr Amh{ hm àMma ewÕoXem yc H$aUmam Amh{. `m Am`mV-oZ`m©Vrer OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gKQ>Z{MmH$mhrhr g]Y Zmhr; h{ gd© Iwë`m ì`dñW{Mr H{•di Vm|S>X{Icr ^mfmH$aUmè`m gaH$mar Ym{aUm_wi{ hm{V{ Amh{. _r 10 OmZ{dmar 2000 am{OrOmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gKQ>Z{M{ _hmoZX{eH$ _mB©H$ _ya `mZm oX„rV {Q>cm{ V{ìhm^maVmVc{ e{VH$ar Iwë`m ì`dñW{Mr _mJUr H$arV Amh{ h{ E{Hy$Z Ë`mZmgwIX AmûM © dmQ>c{. qhXwñWmZmVrc àË {H$OU Iwë`m ì`dñW{Mmodam{YH$M Ag{c Agm Ë`mMm R>m_ g_O Am[ë`mH$S>rc ]oXñVì`dñW{À`m g_W©H$mÀ`m H$madm`m_wi{ Pmcm hm{Vm.

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{Umar àË {H$ Jm{îQ> åhUO{ [a_{ídamodéÕMm H$Q> Amh{, V{ [m[ Amh{,_Zwî`àmÊ`mZ{ Agë`m Jm{îQ>r H$aÊ`mÀ`m \$XmV [S>y Z { Aer hmH$mQ>rH$aVmV. o]`mÊ`mM{ JwU B©ídamZ{ V`ma H{•c{, Ë`mV Vwåhr ]Xc H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$aVm åhUO{ Vwåhr OJ]wS> AmUUma{ AmhmV Agm Xm{fmam{[ hr _S>iremñÌkmda AmoU Ë`mÀ`m à`m{JmZm _mÝ`Vm X{Umamda H$aVmV. `mM_S>itZr, qhXwñWmZmV [ohë`mXm AmJJmS>r Amcr V{ìhm odam{Y H{•cm.amgm`oZH$ IV{ AmoU Am¡fY{ `mZmhr `mM cm{H$mZr odam{Y H{•cm. ZdrZH$m{UVrhr Jm{îQ> Amcr H$r Ë`mcm odam{Y H$aÊ`mMr hr d¥Îmr åhUO{ kmZmcmgHw$oMV H$aUmar "]«m÷Ur' d¥Îmr Amh{. "kmZmM{ XadmO{ CKS>m, gd© cm{H$mZmË`mMm AZw d K{D• Úm, à`m{J H$ê• Úm' Ag{ åhUÊ`mE{dOr "kmZ kmZåhUyZ O{ H$mhr Amh{ Ë`mM{ Amåhr _º•{Xma Amhm{V, V{ Am_À`m I{arOXwgè`m H$m{Umcm o_iy Z {' Aem àd¥ÎmrÀ`m cm{H$mMm oVgè`mXm odO` hm{Vm{Amh{. [ohë`mXm amOH$r` ñdmVÍ`mcm àmYmÝ` X{Ê`mMm odO`, Xwgè`mXm


g_mOdmXmcm àmYmÝ` X{Ê`mMm odO` Pmcm; AmVm ñdX{erÀ`m ZmdmImcroVgam P|S>m K{D•Z VÌkmZmda Am[cr _º{•Xmar ñWm[Z H$aÊ`mMm"gdUmª'Mm à`ËZ Mmcy Amh{.

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OJmÀ`m BoVhmgmMr oXem H$m` Amh{? _r ]«m÷UmZm Zmd{ R>{dcråhUyZ Vwåhr ZwgV{ Iwf hm{D•Z MmcUma Zmhr. Vw_À`m Vw_À`m OmVrVrcH$m{Ur Oa "]«m÷Ur' d¥ÎmrZ{ dmJV Ag{c Va Ë`mMm oY¸•ma H$aÊ`mMr VmH$XVw_À`mV Zg{c Va Vwåhrhr ]«m÷UmBVH{•M OmVr`dmXr R>aVm. OJmÀ`mBoVhmgm_Ü { AZ{H$mZr Y_m©Mr ]YZ{ KmVcr, AZ{H$mZr AmoW©H$ ]YZ{KmVcr, ^m¡Jm{ocH$ ]YZ{ KmVcr. [U, gd© q^Vr [mS>U{ hm BoVhmgmMm H$cAmh{, Vm{ H$m{UmMmhr _wcmohOm Z ]miJVm qH$dm X`m_m`m Z R>{dVm Á`m Á`mq^Vr dmQ>{V {Vrc Ë`m [mS>V OmVm{. VÌkmZmÀ`m odam{YmMr ^cr _m{R>r q^VAm[ë`mg_m{a C^r H{•cr OmV Amh{ Vr [mS>Ê`mgmR>r Am[U BoVhmgmcm_XV H$aVm{ H$m Zmhr `mVM Am[cr [arjm hm{Uma Amh{.

(_mOr H{•Ðr` H¥•fr _ÌrH$¡. AÊUmgmh{] qeX{ ñ_¥Vr ì`m»`mZ)

lram_[ya, 12 OmZ{dmar 2000


13. JmdJmS>çmMr ì`m[ma ì`dñWm

h„r e{VH$ar _mc o[H$dVm{ AmoU Vm{ H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_VrÀ`m]mOma[{R>{V [mR>dVm{. oH$aH$m{i CË[mXZ H$aUma{, dmhVwH$rMm \$magm IM©[adS>V Zmhr åhUyZ OdiÀ`m ]mOma[{R>{V [mR>dVmV. _m{R>m _mc CË[mXZH$aUma{ _w]B©, [wU{, EdT>{M Zìh{ Va AJXr h¡Ðm]mX, ]Jcm{a, gyaV, ]S>m{XmAgm Xwgè`m amÁ`mVhr _mc odH«•rgmR>r [mR>dVmV. ]mOma[{R>{V [mR>dc{cm_mc H$m{Um AmS>Ë`mÀ`m XwH$mZmda OmVm{. AmS>V{ AmoU Xcmc `mM{hr H$mhrod^mJ AgVmV. H$m{Ur ^mOr[më`mgma»`m ZmedV _mcmMmM ì`dhmaH$aVmV, H$m{Ur \$º• \$imMmM; H$m{Ur EImXXwgè`mM \$imÀ`m ì`m[mamVXcmcr H$aVmV. Ádmar, ]mOar Aem wgma _mcmMr AmS>V d{Jir;Jwimgma»`m àoH«•`m H{•c{ë`m _mcmcm H$mhr d{Jir ì`dñWm cmJV{, åhUyZË`mMrhr AmS>V åhUyZ [wîH$iXm Ë`mMr gd© ]mOma[{R>M d{Jir AgV{.

e{Vr_mc Ia{Xr H$ê• BoÀN>Umar ì`m[mar _S>ir R>amodH$ d{ir {VmV.àË {H$ XcmcmÀ`m XwH$mZmV OmVmV, _mcmMr [hmUr H$aVmV, qH$_Vtodf`r]m{cUr H$aVmV. [ydr© hr ]m{cUr ì`m[mar AmoU Xcmc `mÀ`mV hmVmdaé_mc Q>mHy$Z gmH{•oVH$ ImUmIwUmZr hm{V AgV; AmVm ]hwYm, O_c{c{ì`m[mar occmd ]m{cyZ OmñVrV OmñV ^md X{Umè`m ì`m[mè`mer gm¡XmR>aVm{.

ì`m[mar _mc K{D•Z OmVmV, Á`mMm ì`dhma _m{R>m V{ H$mhr oH$aH$m{iodH«•rMr XwH$mZ{ MmcdV ZmhrV. R>m{H$ ì`m[mar _Ü`ñWmZm _mc odH$VmV,_Ü`ñW Xwgè`m _Ü`ñWmZm odH$VmV AmoU e{dQ>r J«mhH$ O{W{ Ia{Xr H$aVm{Ë`m oH$aH$m{i XwH$mZm[ ªV ^mOr[mcm, \$i\$imdi, wgma_mc, Jyi,V]mIy B. e{Vr_mc [m{MVm{.

_Ü`ñWmÀ`m cm]cMH$ amJ{Mm EH$ [oaUm_ Agm hm{Vm{ H$re{V_mcmcm o_iUmar qH$_V d J«mhH$mcm Úmdr cmJUmar qH$_V `mVrcV\$mdV dmT>V OmV{. I{S>{JmdmVrc ^UJ Jar]rV amhUmam e{VH$ar_mVr_m{cmZ{ _mc odH$Vm{, J«mhH$ _mc odH$V K{Vm{ V{ Ë`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`mE{[Vrà_mU{ d{Jd{Jiçm XwH$mZmV.


_w]B©À`m \w$c{ (H«•m°\$S>©) _mH{•©Q>À`m Amg[mg cmc PwaPwarVH$mJXmV KmgyZ [wgyZ MH$MH$rV H$ê•Z R>{dc{ë`m g\$aMXmMr ]mOma[{R>d{Jir. H«•m°\$S>© _mH{•©Q>À`m g_m{a Q>m{[crV aMyZ R>{dc{ë`m g\$aMXmM{oJèhmB©H$ d{Ji{. Aem CVaË`m l{UrZ{ e{dQ>r qMM[m{H$irÀ`m [wcmImcr,cmJc{ë`m g\$aMXmMm oH$S>H$m ^mJ H$m[yZ Cac{ë`m MmJë`m ^mJmM{VwH$S>{ V{Wrc oJèhmB©H$mZm odH$Ê`mMr XwH$mZ{ d{Jir. H«•m°\$S>© _mH{•©Q> V{qMM[m{H$irÀ`m XwH$mZmVrc qH$_VrMm \$aH$ [mM[mM [Q>rMm AgVm{.

e{VH$è`mÀ`m Karhr AgmM H$mhrgm àH$ma hm{Vm{. cmJc{cmS>mJmic{cm _mc MmHy$Z{ gm\$ H$ê•Z e{VH$ar _OwamgmR>r R>{dVm{ qH$dmñdV:À`m Kar R>{dVm{. AIS> MmJc{ ]Q>mQ>{ e{VmMm _mcH$gwÕm Im`cm¹•oMV dm[aVm{. H$m[yZ gm\$ H{•c{cm _mcgwÕm Irg H$mT>U{, gmR>dUrÀ`mdñVy V`ma H$aU{ Aem H$m_mgmR>r dm[aVm{. AJXr oZdS>H$ _mc Ag{cV{dT>mM ]mOmamV OmVm{.

]mOmamV _mc [mR>dU{ BVH{• gm{[{ Zmhr. H$XmoMV² EH$m H$mir,S>m{·`mda Q>m{[cr K{D•Z e{VH$è`mÀ`m KaM{M H$m{Ur ]mOma[{R>{À`m JmdrOmD•Z O_c{ Va EImÚm PmS>mÀ`m gmdcrMm AmYma ]KyZ odH$m`cm ]gVAg{c; _mc Oam OmñV Agcm Va ]¡cJmS>r cmXyZ ]mOma[{R>{À`m JmdrH$m{Ur Z{Vhr AgVrc. [U ñdV: odH$m`cm K{D•Z ]gc{cm _mc Iam]hm{Ê`mAmYr odH$cm OmB©cM `mMr ImÌr Zmhr. oH$aH$m{i oJèhmB©H$ am{I [¡g{_m{OyZ _mc K{D•Z OmV{, [U Ë`mZ{ ^mJV Zmhr. H$m{Um XcmcmZ{ _mc _m{R>çmà_mUmda CMccm Va Vm{hr H$mhr [¡g{ am{I X{V Zmhr, _mc CR>mdm `mqMV{[m{Q>r Aem oJèhmB©H$mcm ZmH$maVmhr {V Zmhr. Ag{ ]S>{ oJèhmB©H$AZ{H$Xm [¡g{ ]wS>dV{.OwZr Iwcr ì`dñWm

H$mXm, ]Q>mQ>m, wB©_yJ hm H$_r ZmedV _mc. `m _mcmÀ`m]mOma[{R>{Vrc CcmT>mchr \$ma _m{R>r, Ë`mV ì`m[mè`mZm \$m`Xmhr MmJcmgwQ>Vm{. [ydr© Agm _mc e{VH$ar o[H{•c Vgm ]mOmamV [mR>dV ZgV. KamVrcIm{ë`mV EImÚm dImarV Vm{ H$miOr[yd©H$ gm^miyZ R>{dV. ì`m[mar qH$dmË`mM{ Xcmc Jmdm{Jmdr OmV, _mc [hmV, e{VH$è`mer qH$_VrMm gm¡Xm


H$arV; O_c{ Va _mc K{D•Z OmV, Zmhr O_c{ Va e{VH$ar Xwgam H$m{Urì`m[mar _mc [mhÊ`mgmR>r {B©c Aer dmQ> [hmV amhr.

S>mJmic{cm, _ma Im„{cm _mc JmdmVM dm[am`Mm. oH$aH$m{i odH«•r]mOmamÀ`m oXder [{R>{À`m JmdmV OmD•Z H$am`Mr. Oam OmJS> _mc H$m{Ê`mImOJr AmS>VrV cmdm`Mm AmoU H$mXm, ]Q>mQ>m, wB©_yJ, V]mIy, H$m[ygAgm ^mar _mc KamV gmR>dyZ R>{dm`Mm AmoU gm¡Xm H$a{c Ë`m ì`m[mè`mcmÚm`Mm Aer [ÕV dfm©Zwdf{© Mmccr.

`m [ma[oaH$ [ÕVrV Xm{f AZ{H$ hm{V{. [ohcm Xm{f åhUO{ o[H$c{cm_mc Iam] hm{Ê`mAmYr ImÌrZ{ odH$cm OmB©c AmoU Vm{ `m{½` qH$_VrZ{odH$cm OmB©c `mMr H$mhrM emûdVr Zg{. ]mOma[{R> gmar oMa\$mic{crhm{Vr. H$m{UË`mhr _mcmcm EH$ oZoûMV Mmcy ^md Aer Jm{îQ>M ZìhVr.àË {H$ e{VH$è`mÀ`m _mcmMr qH$_V d{Jir d{Jir R>a{. ""_mÂ`m wB©_wJmcmBVH$mM ^md o_imcm, e{OmaÀ`m e{VH$è`mMm _mc _mÂ`m _mcmgmaImMhm{Vm, [U Ë`mcm qH$_V OmñV o_imcr. h{ Ag{ H$m?'' Ag{ àûZ H$m{UmÀ`m_ZmV {V ZgV. Amc{ Var gcV ZgV AmoU Ë`m]m]V AmaS>mAm{aS>mhm{Ê`mMr Va H$mhr e·`VmM Zg{.

ImOJr AmS>VrV H$m` qH$dm JmdmV Amc{ë`m ì`m[mè`mer H{•c{ë`mì`dhmamV H$m`, _mcmM{ _m{O_m[ Ia{Iwa{ hm{U{ ¹•oMV. _mc H$_r ^amdm`mgmR>r dm[aÊ`mÀ`m e{H$S>m{ w·Ë`m ì`m[mè`mZm AdJV hm{Ë`m AmoU V{Ë`mMm gaghm dm[a H$arV.

odH«•r H$ê•Z o_imc{cr qH$_V AmS>V{ Á`m Ë`m _mcXmamgàm_moUH$[U{ [m{MdVrc hr Jm{îQ> Xwo_©iM. EHy$U o_imc{cr a¸•_ Am[ë`mAmS>Vrda _mc [mR>dUmè`m e{VH$è`mZm od^mJyZ H$er Úmdr h{ R>adVmZmì`m[mè`mÀ`m _ZmV e{VH$è`mÀ`m ì`dhmamMm AmH$ma, Ë`mÀ`mer Agc{c{d¡ oº•H$ g]Y, e{VH$è`mZ{ K{Vc{cr CMc Aem AZ{H$ Jm{îQ>r AgV.

e{VH$è`mcm oH$Vr a¸•_ Úm`Mr Ë`mMr [År R>acr åhUO{ Vr a¸•_e{VH$è`mg VmVS>rZ{ [m{M{c Ag{hr _wirM Zmhr. e{VH$arhr àË {H$d{ir [¡g{VmVS>rZ{ _mJVmVM Ag{ Zmhr. [{aUr, Iwa[UrÀ`m hJm_mV Ë`mZm [¡emMrJaO [S>V{. Ë`md{ir V{ [¡g{ _mJm`cm {V. Eaìhr, df© ghm _ohZ{


e{Vr_mcmÀ`m odH«•rÀ`m aH$_m ì`m[mè`mZm o]Zì`mOr dm[amd`mg o_iV.Ag{ AgyZhr e{VH$è`mM{ [¡g{ _wimVM ]wS>dc{ Ag{ AZ{H$d{im hm{B©c.

JmdmVrc e{Vr S>]KmB©cm Amc{cr; gd©gm_mÝ` Hw$Uã`mMr XwX©em VaodMmaÊ`mMr gm{ M Zmhr. JmdmVrc dVZXma _S>ir, H$mhr gdU© H$ma^margmdH$marMmhr YXm H$arV AmoU `m gmdH$madVZXmamM{ AS>V ì`m[mamVO]aXñV dOZ Ag{. Ë`mÀ`m EH$m IwU{Z{ EImXm Hw$U]r [ma YyiXmUhrhm{D•Z OmB©. e{Vr_mcmÀ`m odH«•rMr hr ì`dñWm AXmYwXrMr, ]{]XemhrMr[U Om{[ ªV e{Vrcm cmJUma{ ]r-o]`mU{, IV{_wV{ gd© e{VmVM V`ma hm{B©;O{ìhm e{VOo_Zr ^a[ya Agë`mZ{ Xa VrZMma dfmªZr Oo_ZrMm oVgam Mm¡Wmohñgm _m{H$im R>{dcm OmB©; Aem [S> R>{dc{ë`m Oo_ZrV ZVaÀ`m dfr©dmT>rd [rH$ {B© Vm{[ ªV ]mOma[{R>mÀ`m `m Owc_mMm odH«•mi OmMe{VH$è`mZm [wa{[ya OmUdV Zg{.

]mOma[{R>{V Aem Vèh{Z{ ZmS>cm OmUmam e{VH$ar \$ma H$mi VJ Yê•Zamhrc h{ e·`M ZìhV{. [mD•g[mUr R>rH$ Pmc{; MmJcr o[H{• Amcr Va]mOmamVrc \$Q>H$m jw„H$ dmQ>{ AmoU Hw$U]r Ë`mMr \$maer o\$H$ra H$aV Zg{.

EImÚm dfr© [mdgmZ{ S>m{i{ dQ>mac{, o[H{• ]wS>mcr åhUO{ gH$Q> AmdmgyZ [wT>{ C { amhr. MmJë`m [mdgmÀ`m dfr© _w]cH$ o[H$c{ [U Ë`mVyZH$mhrM Cac{ Zmhr, _J XwîH$mi [S>cm H$r [m{am]mimgH$Q> IS>r \$m{S>Ê`mgOmU{, X{em{YS>r cmJU{, Am[ë`m cmS>·`m OZmdamZm Mmam[mÊ`m[mgyZVS>\$S>V àmU gm{S>VmZm [mhU{ `m[crH$S>{ H$mhr JË`VaM Zg{.

qhXwñWmZmV hOmam{ df{© gwIemVr ZmXV hm{Vr, H$emMr XXmV ZìhVr.Aem gwdU© H$mcIS>mM{ dU©Z JmYrdmXr, qhXwËddmXr AmoU BVa àMmaH$H$aV AgVmV. `m gwdU© H$mcIS>mVhr Xa Xhm dfm©VyZ EH$XmVare{VH$è`mMr XwîH$mimZ{ X¡Zm X¡Zm hm{B©. oXgm`cm H$maU Amg_mZr – [mD•g[S>cm Zmhr, Ia{ H$maU [mD•g [S>cm V{ìhm hmVr H$mhr Amc{ Zmhr, Ë`m_wi{[mdgmZ{ S>m{i{ dQ>mac{ H$r X¡ZmM X¡Zm. [U Vr gmar e{VH$è`mMrM.e{Vr_mcmÀ`m ì`m[mamV Agc{cm Hw$Ur AmS>Ë`m, ì`m[mar, Xcmc XwîH$mi[S>cm åhUyZ H$Yr oZdm©ogV Pmcm Zmhr, IS>r \$m{S>m`À`m H$m_mda J{cmZmhr.


H¥•ofCË[ÝZ ]mOma go_Ë`mMr ì`dñWme{Vr_mcmÀ`m ]mOma[{R>{Mm hm CJ« àûZ ñdmVÍ`mZVa g_mOdmXr

YwoaUmÀ`m cjmV Amcm, `m]Ôc AZ{H$ Ahdmc ocohc{ J{c{ MMm© PS>ë`mAmoU H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_Ë`mMr EH$ X{eì`m[r `ÌUm V`ma H$aÊ`mVAmcr. `m ì`dñW{M{ ñdê•[ ]maH$mB©Z{ [mohc{ Va àûZ [S>Vm{ Vm{ Agm H$r,hr gmar ì`dñWm e{VH$è`mZm ]mOma[{R>{Mr AmoU qH$_VrMr h_r o_imdr hr`ÌU{À`m oeë[H$mamMr Iam{IaM ]wÕr hm{Vr H$m`? Ë`mMm Iam h{Vy J«m_rUì`dñW{Vrc _mV]a e{VH$ar, AmS>V{, ì`m[mar, Xcmc `mZm o_iV Agc{cmcm^ ñdmVÍ`m{Îma H$mimVrc emgZmcm Odi AgUmè`m cm{H$mÀ`m [XamVQ>mH$Ê`mMm Agmdm.

O_mZm g_mOdmXmMm, Ë`m_wi{ ZdrZ `ÌU{V OwÝ`mM ]mOmaì`dñW{M{ghH$marH$aU qH$dm Zm{H$aemhrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr `m{OZm oXgV{. ]mOma[{R>me{VH$è`mÀ`m Odi AmUÊ`mE{dOr Xya Z{ë`m J{ë`m. gmYmaU[U{, àË {H$Vmcw·`mV EH$ H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_Vr Agmdr. Ë`m go_VrMr EH$ qH$dmAoYH$ _S>çm Agmì`mV. Aem _S>çmgmR>r Oo_Zr gº•rZ{ g[mXZ H$ê•ZgaH$maZ{ Úmì`m, go_VrÀ`m j{ÌmVrc e{VH$è`mZr Ë`mMm gd© _mc `m_S>çmVM AmUyZ odH$cm [mohO{, H$mhr oH$aH$m{i odH«•r gm{S>ë`mg _S>r]mh{a_mc odH$U{ hm JwÝhm hm{Vm{. go_Ë`m Vem cm{H$emhr Vm|S>diçmÀ`m, Ë`mdaH$mhr e{VH$è`mM{ àoVoZYr, H$mhr ì`m[mè`mM{; [U _m{R>r g»`m [oagamVrcghH$mar gñWmÀ`m àoVoZYtMr. go_VrMm g^m[Vr oZdS>cm Om`Mm, [UamÁ`H$Ë`m© [jmM{ àm]ë` ahmd{ Aem ]wÕrZ{M go_VrMr AmIUr H{•c{cr.Wm{S>çmM H$mimV H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_Ë`m amÁ`H$Ë`m© [jmÀ`mH$m ©H$Ë`mªMr Mam`Mr Hw$aU{ Pmcr.

e{VH$è`mZr dmhVyH$ H$ê•Z _mc _S>rV AmUm`Mm, _mcmMr CVaS>cmdyZ ]gm`M{; CÝhm[mdgm[mgyZ gajUmMr gm{ ]hwYm ZmhrM. `mCcQ>,ì`m[mar _S>itMr _m{R>r gm{ Pmcr. gJim e{Vr_mc EH$m OmJr {D•Z [S>ycmJcm. Ë`mÀ`m gajUmMr ì`dñWm A[war Agë`mZ{ e{VH$ar hm{B©coVV·`m cdH$a odH«•r ìhmdr `mgmR>r Km`Hw$Vrcm Amc{cm. ì`m[mè`mMrQ>m{ir Ë`mÀ`m gm{ rZ{ {Uma. Am¡[MmoaH$arË`m åhQ>c{ Va occmd ]m{cc{


OmUma, [U gd© ]m{ctMr H$_mc _`m©Xm _S>rÀ`m ]mh{aM, AmYrMR>aë`mgmaIr. Om{ ^md oZK{c Ë`mcm ZmH$maÊ`mMr e·`Vm H$mhr Zmhr.[wÊ`mÀ`m _hmË_m \w$c{ _S>B©VX{Irc AmUc{cm ^mOr[mcm \$maM _mVr_m{c^mdmZ{ OmD• cmJcm Va ]¡cJmS>çm]am{]a Amc{ë`m ]¡cmZm e{VH$ar Vm{M_mc ImD• KmcVmV Ag{ X¥í` AZ{H$Xm oXgV{. _mc KamH$S>{ [aV K{D•ZOmÊ`mMr e·`Vm Zmhr, H$maU dmhVwH$rMm IM© AdmT>ì`. Kar Z{D•ZhrH$mhr C[`m{J Zmhr H$maU AmO Zm CÚm [wÝhm _S>rV [aV AmUmdm cmJUmaAmh{, V{X{Irc [wÝhm EH$Xm dmhVwH$rda [¡g{ IMy©Z. [wT>À`md{irVar H$m`^md o_i{c `mMr H$m` ImÌr? _mc KamH$S>{ dmhyZ Ý`m`Mm AmoU [aVdmhyZ AmUm`Mm `m `mVm`mVrMm IM© gwQ>{c BVH$r AoYH$ qH$_V Xwgè`mI{[{g o_iÊ`mMr e·`Vm OdiOdi ZmhrM. _mc ]mOmamVM [S>y Úmdm Va[wÝhm, CÝhm[mdgm[mgyZ gm^miÊ`mMr gm{ Zmhr. EImXm dirdmMm [mD•gAmcm Va gJiçm _mcmMm oMIc hm{Ê`mg H$mhr d{i cmJUma Zmhr. AemhdmcoXc [oaoñWVrV e{VH$ar Amcm.]mOma go_Ë`mMr _·V{Xmar

gmè`m X{e^amVë`m hOmam{ H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_Ë`m[¡H$rEH$rÀ`mhr _S>rda Z I[Umè`m _mcmda àoH«•`m H$ê•Z gmR>dyZ R>{dÊ`mMrgm{ Zmhr. Am[ë`m ]mOma[{R>{V ^md Zmhr. X{e-[aX{emV H$m{R>{ Oam ]am^md o_iyZ [S>Vi gwQ>Ê`mMr e·`Vm Ag{c Va V{W{ _mc [mR>dÊ`mMrì`dñWm Zmhr. Wm{S>·`mV, H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_Ë`mZm _º•{Xmar o_imcr;gÎmm o_imcr. e{Vr_mcmÀ`m ]mOma[{R>{V gwYmaUm H$mhrM Pmcr Zmhr.go_Ë`mÀ`m _S>çmVhr Im{Q>çm dOZ_m[mMm ì`dhma Iwc{Am_ MmcVm{.odH$ë`m J{c{ë`m _mcmM{ [¡g{ AmS>Ë`mZ{ e{VH$è`mZm 48 VmgmV [m{MV{H$amd{V Aer H$m`ÚmMr VaVyX Amh{. Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr ^mS>dc AmS>Ë`mZ{Kmcmd{, Aer A[{jm Amh{ h{ CKS> Amh{. àË`jmV AmS>V{ ì`m[mè`mH$S>yZ[¡g{ o_iVrc V{ìhm Ë`mVyZM H$mhr a¸•_ e{VH$è`mZm AXm H$aVmV.

odH«•rMr a¸•_ o_iÊ`mg e{VH$è`mZm AmR>dS>{ Zmhr _ohZ{Z² _ohZ{cmJVmV. `mI{arO, e{VH$ar H$m{UË`m ghH$mar gm{gm`Q>rMm dm H$maImÝ`mMmH$O©Xma Ag{c Va odH«•rÀ`m aH$_{VyZ Ë`m H$Om©[m{Q>r a¸•_ H$m[yZ K{Ê`mMm


AoYH$ma AmS>Ë`mZm oXcm Amh{. H$mhr o[H$mÀ`m ]m]VrV odH«•rMr gmarqH$_VgwÕm H$Om©[m{Q>r diVr H{•c{cr XmIdcr OmV{. Aer H$m[yZ R>{dc{cra¸•_ VmVS>rZ{ YZH$m{ gm{gm`Q>rH$S>{ [m{MVr H$am`cm AmS>V{ åhUO{ H$mhrXyYIwi{ ZmhrV. e{VH$è`mH$S>yZ a¸•_ H$m[yZ K{Vcr OmV{. Vr YZH$m{H$S>{[m{MV Zmhr, Ë`m_wi{ e{VH$ar ì`mO, XS>ì`mO ^aV amhVm{. EdT>{M Zmhr Va^ac{ë`m H$Om©[m{Q>rhr Ë`mÀ`m Kamda OßVr {V{. KamVrc MrOdñVy,Kamdarc [Ì{, Kamg_m{arc _m{Q>magm`H$c OßV H$ê•Z Z{cr OmV{. Ag{gaghm KS>V AgV{.

gaH$mar H$m`ÚmImcr _S>r Amcr åhUO{ _m{O_m[, Vm{cmB© Mm{IPmcr Ag{ H$m{Urhr N>mVrda hmV R>{dyZ åhUy eH$Uma Zmhr. Wm{S>·`mV,odH«•rMr emûdVr Zmhr, Vm{cmB©Mr ImÌr Zmhr, odH«•rM{ [¡g{ H{•ìhm o_iVrch{ gmJVm {V Zmhr.

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hm M_ËH$ma KS>Vm{ H$gm? gw[a _mH{•©Q>À`m ì`dñWm[Zmda [wam à]YocohÊ`mMr hr OmJm Zìh{. Ë`mÀ`m H$m ©[ÕVrMr Xm{Z VrZ _hÎdmMr gyÌ{


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V{ \{•a\$ma H$ê•Z. _mcmÀ`m JwUdÎm{Mr O]m]Xmar Vw_Mr Zmhr, Am_Mr.qH$]hwZm Amåhr K{Vc{ë`m [»`mda Vw_M{ Zmd ZH$m{M, Am_M{ hd{. Vw_À`mCË[mXZeº•r[¡H$r oZå_r Am_À`m H$m_mcm cmdm qH$dm [mohO{ Va Ë`mgmR>rZdm H$maImZm Q>mH$m. EdT>çm CË[mXZmgmR>r Vw_Mm OmohamVrdaMm IM©,odH«•{Ë`mdaMm IM© dmMUma Amh{. KmD•H$ qH$_V H$m` cmdVm V{ ]m{cm!Aem Vèh{Z{ gw[a _mH{•©Q> ì`dñWm ñdV:M{ H$maImZ{ H$mT>V Zmhr, Xwgè`mH$S>yZCË[mXZ H$ê•Z K{V{ AmoU ]mOma[{R>{Vrc qH$_VrÀ`m oVgè`m Mm¡Ï`mohíí`mÀ`m qH$_VrZ{ ]mOmamV AmUV{. CcmT>mc dmT>V{. J«mhH$mM{ ^c{, gw[a_mH{•©Q>M{ ^c{, CË[mXH$mM{ ^c{ AmoU gmè`m AW©ì`dñW{M{hr. CcmT>mcdmT>ë`mZ{, _hmJmB©da am{H$, ]{am{OJmar H$_r Ag{ gd© ^c{M ^c{! åhUO{,CË[mXZIMm©M{ [oaUm_H$maH$ oZ`m{OZ h{ oVga{ gyÌ.àm_moUH$ BÀN>m hdr

ñdmVÍ`mZVaÀ`m H$mimV ]mOma[{R>{M{ àûZ gm{S>dÊ`mÀ`m ZmdmImcramÁ`H$Ë`mªZr H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_VrÀ`m _S>çmM{ Hw$^mS> aMc{. _Ü`Var,_hmamîQ>-mV wVr emgZmZ{ `m go_Ë`mMr _º•{Xmar g[dÊ`mMr oe\$mag _mÝ`H{•cr [U Vr A_cmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$mhrM [mdc{ CMccr ZmhrV._w]B©Vrc "A[Zm ]Pma', dmaUm ZJa {Wrc 18-20 XwH$mZmM{ Omi{ Ag{H$mhr oH$aH$m{i A[dmX gm{S>c{ Va OJ^a `eñdr Pmc{ë`m [`m© r]mOma[{R>{À`m ì`dñW{Mm à`m{J Am[ë`mH$S>{ AmO[ ªV PmcmM Zmhr.AcrH$S>{ _m{R>çm ehamV AH$]a AcrO², \y$S> dëS>© Aer _hmH$m` XwH$mZ{cm{H$oà` hm{V Amh{V. [U Vr gw[a _mH{•©Q>À`m gdªH$f ì`dñW{Mr ]am{]arH$ê• eH$V ZmhrV. H¥•of CË[ÝZ ]mOma go_Ë`mMr _º•{Xmar g[U{ e{VrÀ`mg[ÝZV{H$oaVm Amdí`H$ Amh{. [U _º•{Xmar g[dVmZm EH$mE{dOr AZ{H$[wT>mè`mM{ AÈ{ H$ê•Z ^mJm`M{ Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r gw[a _mH{•©Q> ì`dñW{gmaI{Zd{ à`m{J Amdí`H$ Amh{V. `mgmR>r [aX{emVrc H$mhr gñWmerhmVo_idUr H$aU{ \$m`ÚmM{ R>a{c. XwX¡©dmZ{, Aem Vèh{Z{ Pmc{c{ AmOdaM{à`ËZ emgZmZ{ AmoU Zm{H$aemhrZ{ hmUyZ [mS>c{ Amh{V.


14. WTO À`m Y_©j{Ìr, Hw$éj{Ìr

åhUVm åhUVm 2000 gmc CJdc{ AmoU Xm{Z V¥Vr`me g[c{hr. 1OmZ{dmar 2001 hr VmarI H$mhr \$ma cm] amohc{cr Zmhr. S>H{•càñVmdmda MMm© Mmcy hm{Vr Ë`md{ir OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma Iwcm H$aÊ`mgmR>rOmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gKQ>Z{À`m gd© gXñ` amîQ>-mZr Á`m Á`m AZ{H$ eVrªMr[yV©Vm H$aÊ`mM{ _mÝ` H{•c{ hm{V{, Ë`mgmR>r _wXVr R>adyZ X{Ê`mV Amë`mhm{Ë`m; H$mhr eVrªgmR>r OmZ{dmar 2001, Va Xwgè`m H$mhr eVrªgmR>rOmZ{dmar 2003. _°amH{•e {W{ 1994 _Ü {, H$amamda ghr H$aVmZmAZ{H$mMr ^mdZm Aer hm{Vr H$r, 2001 gmc Va AOyZ Iy[ Xya Amh{,[wT>M{ [wT>{ [mhyZ K{D•. Xaå`mZ, H$mhr M_ËH$ma hm{B©c AmoU Am[UK{Vc{ë`m O]m]Xmè`m àË`jmV [ma [mS>Ê`mMr d{i {UmaM Zmhr Aem^m{igQ> Ame{V Á`m AZ{H$ X{emMr gaH$ma{ amohcr Ë`mÀ`m `mXrVqhXwñWmZMm H«•_mH$, AWm©VM oeam{ mJr hm{Vm. ehm_¥JmMr oeH$maH$aÊ`mH$oaVm EImXm amZQ>r àmUr Ë`mMm [mR>cmJ H$ê• cmJcm H$r Vm{ [iycmJVm{. Ë`mÀ`m [iÊ`mMm d{J BVa H$m{UË`mhr àmÊ`mÀ`m VwcZ{Z{ oH$VrVar\$ma AoYH$ AgVm{. [iyZ [iyZ X_cm H$r ehm_¥J C^m amhVm{ AmoUOdi[mgì`m dmiyV qH$dm _mVrV S>m{H{• Iw[gVm{. ]mh{aM{ OJ oXg{Zmg{Pmc{ H$r _J Am[Uhr OJmcm AmVm oXgUma Zmhr, V{ìhm AmVm OJm[mgyZAm[ë`mcm H$mhr Ym{H$m Zmhr Aer Ë`mMr g_OyV hm{V{ Ag{ åhUVmV.H$m{UVmhr àmUr BVH$m _yI© Agy eH{•c H$m` `m]Ôc MMm© hm{D• eH$V{.[U, AmVaamîQ>-r` ì`m[ma Iwcm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ]m]VrV qhXwñWmZ emgZmMrAdñWm Ë`m ehm_¥JmgmaIrM Pmc{cr oXgV{. qhXwñWmZmVrc dZñ[Vtg]Yr]m¡oÕH$ g[X{M{ ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am[ë`m [oaoñWVrg AZwê•[ AgmH$m`Xm qhXwñWmZ gaH$maZ{ cm{H$g {V g_V H$ê•Z ¿`m`cm [mohO{ hm{Vm;àË`jmV AmO[ ªV Aem odY{ H$mMm _gwXmX{Irc V`ma Pmc{cm Zmhr.

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df{© eaUmJVr ñdrH$mamdr cmJë`m_wi{ hr [am yV _Zm{d¥Îmr Im{c éOcrAmh{.

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ì`m[maj{ÌmV gmè`m X{emVrc gaH$ma{ hñVj{[ H$aVmV, `mhñVj{[m_wi{ X{emX{emV gdm{©Îm_ l_od^mJUr hm{Ê`mV ì`Ë`` {VmV. Om{ Vm{Am[c{ Km{S>{ [wT>{ H$mT>y [mhVm{ AmoU O_ë`mg e{OmaÀ`m ñdmamÀ`m Km{S>çmM{[m` _m{S>Ê`mM{ à`ËZ H$aVm{. Agë`m gHw$oMV ñdX{er Ym{aUmVyZ AVVm{JËdm


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15. oIS>H$scm oXem Xm{Z

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^mdZm Amh{. hr dëJZm \$º• JUH$`ÌmÀ`m Amkmdcr-^mf{odf`r IarAmh{; JUH$`ÌmÀ`m Ao^`moÌH$rodf`r Zmhr. 1985 gmcr ]«mPrc X{emZ{JUH$`ÌmÀ`m CË[mXZmV BVH$r _m{R>r AmKmS>r _macr H$r, AmVm JUH$`Ì{qH$dm Ë`mgmR>r cmJUma{ [wîH$i gm_mZ Am`mV H$aÊ`mMr H$mhrhr JaO ZmhrAer V{Wrc ""ñdX{er_M''dmc{ Am{aS> H$ê• cmJc{. Ë`mZr qOH$c{ AmoUË`mÀ`m gaH$macm JUH$`Ì{ AmoU Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ gm_mZmÀ`mAm`mVrda ]Xr Kmcmdr cmJcr. [oaUm_ Agm Pmcm H$r, ]«mPrcMmOJmer g[H$© VwQ>cm; JUH$`ÌmÀ`m j{ÌmV O{ Zd{Zd{ VÌkmZ oXgm_mgmcmCX`mcm {V Amh{ Ë`mÀ`mer Ë`m X{emMm g]Y amohcm Zmhr; CÚm{JYXmKgaV J{cm, Xhm dfm©Zr åhUO{ 1995 gmcr V{Wrc JUH$`ÌmM{ H$maImZ{]X [S>c{; AmoU AmO, _O]war åhUyZ, JUH$`ÌmMr Am`mV [wÝhm gwê•Pmcr Amh{.

àË {H$ X{emVrc CÚm{JYÚmZm ^m¡Jm{ocH$ H$maUmZ{M EH$ gajUo_imc{c{ AgV{. [aX{emVrc _mc {Wrc ]mOma[{R>{V AmUyZ Am{VÊ`mgmR>roZXmZ dmhVyH$IM© Var H$aU{ ^mJM AgV{. ^maVr` CÚm{OH$ [aX{er ñ[Y{©VoQ>H$V ZmhrV `mMm AW© gmè`m dmhVyH$IMm©Mm \$m`Xm AgyZhr V{ H$_r[S>VmV. Aer [oaoñWVr Ag{c Va ehmÊ`m emgZmZ{ H$m` H$amd{?gd©gm_mÝ`mMr BÀN>m Aer oXgV{ H$r, "gaH$maZ{ Am`mV H$a cmdmd{V,[aX{er Am`mV _hmJ H$ê•Z Q>mH$mdr åhUO{ X{er CÚm{JYÚmZm àm{ËgmhZo_i{c' `m odMmamV EH$ VH$©XwîQ>Vm Amh{. Am[U H$amÀ`m q^Vr CMmdë`mVa [aX{emM{ hmV H$mhr H${ir Im`cm OmV ZmhrV! V{hr Vm{S>rg Vm{S> åhUyZË`mÀ`mH$S>rc Am`mVH$a dmT>dy eH$VmV. åhUO{, Am[U Ë`mM{ [m`H$m[m`M{ AmoU Ë`mZr Am[c{! Agm gmam ì`m[maM ]wS>odÊ`mMm hm H$m ©H«•_Amh{. EdT>{ g_OyZhr [aX{er _mcmda AdOS> H$a cmXc{ Va X{emda H$m`[oaUm_ hm{B©c? X{emVrc J«mhH$mcm H${di "ñdX{er' åhUyZ o^H$ma _mc_hmJS>çm qH$_VrV odH$V ¿`mdm cmJ{c. Agm Owcy_ J«mhH$mZr H$m` åhUyZñdrH$mamdm AmoU oH$Vr H$mi ghZ H$amdm?

X{emV Iwcr ì`dñWm Agmdr, [U OJ^a _mÌ àË {H$ X{emZ{ñdmWm©MmM V{dT>m odMma H$ê•Z AmoW©H$ Ym{aU{ AmImdr `mV [añ[aodam{Yr


VH$©àUmcr Amh{. OJ^a Iwcr ì`dñWm Zg{c Va X{emÀ`m AmV Iwcrì`dñWm A_cmV AmUU{ AmoU oQ>H$odU{ H${di Ae·` hm{B©c.

Wm{S>·`mV, Zì`m H$mimM{ gyÌ Ag{ Amh{. gmè`m q^Vr [S>y X{V,OJ^a _m{H$i{ dma{ dmhy X{, Ë`mVM gd© yVmM{ H$ë`mU Amh{. oIS>·`mCKS>çm amhy X{V, H$mhr dmam ]mh{ê•Z AmV {B©c, H$mhr dmam AmVyZ ]mh{aOmB©c. EH$mM oXe{Z{ dmam dmhy X{Umar oIS>H$r Ae·` Amh{.

ZwgVrM Am`mV Pmcr Var Vr OmJoVH$rH$aUmMr EH$ cmQ> Amh{åhUyZ e{dQ>r, H$ë`mUàXM Amh{ EdT>r oZîR>m oZXmZ odÎm_Í`mH$S>yZ Var B.g. 2000 _Ü { A[{ojV H$aU{ MyH$ Zgmd{.

(X¡oZH$ cm{H$_V 4-11-2000 gmR>r ocohc{cm c{I)


16. AgmÜ` V{ gmÜ` H$naVm gm`mg

dmQ>mKmQ>tÀ`m C]aR>çmda OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{Mr (WTO) ñWm[Zm1995 gmcr Pmcr. Cê•½d{ {W{ Pmc{ë`m dmQ>mKmQ>tÀ`m e{dQ>r O{ H$mhrAmVaamîQ>-r` H$ama_Xma V`ma Pmc{ Ë`mda 1995 gmcr gøm Pmë`m. `mH$amam§VM H$amam§Vrc VaVwXtMr [wZ[©hmUr H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$c_ 20 _Ü {AV y©V Amh{. Ë`mà_mU{, ZdrZ dmQ>mKmQ>r AmVm gwê• hm{Vrc. `m dmQ>mKmQ>r gwê•hm{VmZmM OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñWm, OmJoVH$rH$aU AmoU Iwcm ì`m[ma `mgJiçmZmM odam{Y H$aUmè`m _S>itZr _m{R>r AmKmS>r C^r H$aÊ`mMm MJ ]mYcmAmh{. J{ë`m dfr©À`m oS>g|]a_Ü { ogEQ>c {W{ _ÌrñVamdarc dmQ>mKmQ>r Mmcyìhm`À`m hm{Ë`m. V{W{ odam{YH$mZr añË`mda XJcr H{•ë`m_wi{ Ë`m dmQ>mKmQ>tMr]¡R>H$ AmQ>m{[Vr ¿`m`cm cmJcr. AmVm ZdrZ ]¡R>H$tMr V`mar gwê• AgyZ {Ë`mEH$Xm{Z _ohÝ`mV dmQ>mKmQ>tZm [wÝhm EH$Xm gwédmV hm{Uma Amh{.odam{YH$mMm \w$gH$m AmemdmX

`m ZdrZ dmQ>mKmQ>tZm gédmV hm{Ê`mAmYrM WTO åhUO{ OUy H$mhrEH$ ^`mZH$ amjg Amh{, WTO åhUO{ AmVaamîQ>-r` ZmU{oZYr, OmJoVH$ ]±H$`mZr H{•c{cm EH$ H$Q> Amh{ Aem Vèh{Mr àMmaH$r ^mfm dm[ê•Z WTO À`mdmQ>mKmQ>tZm Am[U OmD•M Z {, AmoU Omd{ cmJc{M Var Ë`mVyZ ]mh{a [S>md{Aem àH$maM{ àñVmd WTO odam{YH$ _mS>rV Amh{V. H$mhr cm{H$mÀ`m _ZmVAOyZ Amem Amh{ H$r OmJoVH$rH$aU AmoU OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñWm `m Jm{ï>ràË`j A_cmV {UmaM ZmhrV. H$maU, ì`m[ma Iwcm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ]m]Vr_Ü {lr_V X{emVgwÕm EH$_{H$mV dmXmdmXr Amh{, _V {X Amh{V. yam{[cm dmQ>V{ H$rA_{oaH{•Z{ OmñV CXma Ym{aU ¿`md{, A_{oaH{•cm dmQ>V{ H$r yam{[Z{ ¿`md{, O[mZZ{¿`md{ AmoU, Ë`mÀ`m_Ü { cJ{M CÚm H$mhr EH$_V hm{B©c Aer cjU{ oXgVZmhrV. AmoU _J, `m dmXm[¡H$r EImÚm _wÔçmda gJiçmM dmQ>mKmQ>r _m{S>VrcAem Ame{Z{ H$mhr _S>ir dmQ> [hmV Amh{V.oXaJmB©Mr qH$_V

_amH{•e {W{ OmJoVH$ ì`m[mamg]Yr H$amamda ghr H$aÊ`mV,ode{fV: Jar] X{emÀ`m gaH$mamZr MmcT>H$c H{•cr, d{i cmdcm. AmoU


Ë`mM H$mim_Ü { A_{oaH$m, yam{[ `mgma»`m lr_V X{emVrc H$m_JmagKQ>ZmZm EH$m _m{R>çm gH$Q>mMr Mmhyc cmJcr. Ë`mZm Aer ^rVr dmQ>crH$r ì`m[ma Iwcm Pmcm Va Á`m X{em_Ü { _Owar H$_r Amh{, ]mc_OwamMràWm Amh{, qH$dm O{Wrc [`m©daUmg]YrM{ H$m`X{ \$mag{ H$R>m{a ZmhrV Ë`mX{emV V`ma hm{Umam _mc VwcZ{Z{ ñdñV amhrc AmoU Vm{ Oa Ë`mÀ`m X{emV

{D• cmJcm Va Ë`mM{ H$maImZ{ ]X [S>Vrc AmoU ]{H$mar dmT>{c. åhUyZ,OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{À`m H$amamV Ë`m lr_V X{emZr Ë`mg]YrMr H$mhrH$c_{ `m oXaJmB©À`m H$mimV KwgodÊ`mMm à`ËZ H{•cm. CXm. Á`m X{emV]mc_Oya AgVrc qH$dm Á`m X{emVrc _OwarM{ Xa \$ma H$_r AgVrc,[`m©daUmg]YrM{ H$m`X{ MmJc{ ZgVrc Ë`m X{emVrc _mc Am`mVH$aÊ`mda H$mhr oZ]ªY cmXÊ`mMm AoYH$ma BVa X{emZm Agmdm. `m àûZmda]hwV{H$ gJiçm Jar] X{emM{ EH$_V Amh{ H$r ì`m[ma h{ j{Ì d{Ji{ Amh{AmoU _OwarM{ Xa, H$m_JmamÀ`m H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m OmJ{darc [oaoñWVr,[`m©daU gajU h{ àûZ d{Ji{ Amh{V. _OwamMr [oaoñWVr gwYmamdr Ag{Á`mZm dmQ>V Ag{c Ë`mZr OmJoVH$ _Oya gKQ>Z{À`m_m\$©V V{ H$amd{; [aVw,H$m{Ur EH$ X{e Ë`m [mVircm {D• eH$V Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`mcm oejm H$ê•ZË`mMm ì`m[ma ]wS>dcm qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m oZ`m©Vrda ]Xr KmVcr Va H$m{UmM{MH$ë`mU hm{Uma Zmhr – Jar] X{emM{hr hm{Uma Zmhr AmoU lr_V X{emM{hrhm{Uma Zmhr. Ë`m_wi{, Aem àH$maMr H$c_{ OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{À`mH$amamV Kmcy Z { Ag{ gd© Jar] X{emM{ _V Amh{. [U, lr_V X{e `mcmcJ{M V`mar XmIdVrc Ag{ Zmhr. AmoU åhUyZ [wîH$iem cm{H$mZm AOyZAer Amem Amh{ H$r `m _wÔçmdagwÕm OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñWm _m{S>yZ [S>{c.

àË`jmV [hm`cm J{c{ Va OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñWm hr H$mhr BV·`mghOmghOr VwQ>yZ [S>Ê`mgmaIr Jm{îQ> Zmhr. qhXwñWmZgma»`m X{emZ{ Am[UË`mÀ`mV OmD•M Z { Ag{ åhQ>ë`mZ{ Vr gñWm VwQ>yZ [S>{c Ag{ åhUU{ h{ Vahmñ`mñ[XM Amh{. Á`mMm OmJoVH$ ì`m[mamVrc ohñgm EH$ Q>¸•mgwÕm ZmhrË`m X{emM{ àoVoZYr dmQ>mKmQ>r H$am`cm J{c{ ZmhrV qH$dm H$ama_Xmamdagøm H$am`cm J{c{ ZmhrV Va V{ H$m{UmÀ`m cjmVgwÕm {Uma Zmhr AeràË`jmV [oaoñWVr Amh{.


IwcrH$aUmMm BoVhmgOmJoVH$ ì`m[ma Iwcm Agmdm hr Or BÀN>m Amh{ Vr_mJ{ \$ma _m{R>r

[a[am Amh{. [ohë`m _hm wÕmVrc [am^dmZVa hac{ë`m O_©Zrda odO{Ë`m\«•mÝg AmoU B½cS>gma»`m X{emZr àMS> IS>Ur cmXcr, EdT>{M Zìh{ VaO_©ZrVrc cm{IS>mÀ`m, H$m{iemÀ`m ImUr Agc{c{ CË[mXH$ àX{e]iH$mdyZ K{Vc{. CË[mXH$ àX{e hmVM{ oZKyZ J{c{ AmoU IS>Ur Va Xadfr©âm`cmM hdr Aem AmoW©H$ AS>MUr_Ü { O_©Zr gm[S>cm. AmVaamîQ>-r`ì`m[ma dmT>odÊ`mI{arO IS>Ur X{U{ H$mhr e·` Zmhr, Zm{Q>m N>m[yZ IS>UrX{Vm {V Zmhr, H$maU Á`m X{emcm IS>Ur Úm`Mr Ë`m X{emÀ`m McZmV VrÚm`cm hdr. _J, Am[cr oZ`m©V Am`mVr[{jm OmñV ìhmdr `m X¥îQ>rZ{ohQ>caM{ AW©_Ìr S>m°. em»V `mZr [ohë`mXm Am[ë`mM X{emÀ`m oZ`m©Vrcmàm{ËgmhZ Úm`M{ AmoU Xwgè`m X{emMr Am`mV Wm]dm`Mr Aem, AmOhrñdX{erdmXr _mS>y BoÀN>VmV Ë`m H$m ©H«•_mMr gwédmV H{•cr. AmoU _J BVaX{emZrhr O_©Zrcm àË wÎma åhUyZ Vm{M H$m ©H«•_ gwê• H{•cm AmoU"e{Omè`mcm o^H$mar ]Zdm (begger thy neighbour)' Ym{aUmMm OJâAdc] hm{D• cmJcm. Aem Vèh{À`m Hw§$oR>V ì`m[mamVyZ AQ>rVQ>r dmT>ë`mAmoU Ë`mVyZ oZKmc{ Xwga{ _hm wÕ.

`m _hm wÕmZ{ OJm_Ü { _m{R>çm à_mUmda dmVmhV Pmcr. h{ _hm wÕg[ë`mZVa qOH$c{ë`m amîQ>-mZr odMma H{•cm H$r J{ë`m wÕmZVa Or MyH$H{•cr Vr AmVm H$am`Mr Zmhr. hac{ë`m amîQ>-mda IS>Ur cmXyZ H$mhrhrhmVmV {V Zmhr, CcQ> ZdrZ eÌy V`ma hm{VmV. Ë`m[{jm, [am yV amîQ>-mZmAm[m[ë`m [m`mda C { ahmÊ`mH$oaVm _XV H{•cr Va OJm_Ü { emVVmahmÊ`mMr e·`Vm Amh{. åhUO{ hm EH$ àH$ma{ JmYrdmXr odMmaM Pmcm.V{ìhm, [wÝhm EH$Xm hac{ë`m O_©Zr AmoU BVa wam{[r` amîQ>-mZm IS>UrÚm`cm cmdÊ`mE{dOr qOH$c{ë`m amîQ>-mZr Ë`mZm "_me©c ßc°Z' AmoU BVa`m{OZmImcr àMS> à_mUmda _XV H{•cr. Ë`mMd{ir, OJmVcm ì`m[ma IwcmAgmdm `m ]wÕrZ{ g wº• amîQ>- gKm_Ü { EH$ d{Jir gKQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mVAmcr. `m gKQ>Z{cm è Amc{ AgV{ Va AmVm Or OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñWmV`ma Pmcr Amh{ Vr 1947-48 gmcrM V`ma Pmcr. [U, AOyZ


amîQ>-mamîQ>-mV ñdX{er, Am_Mr oZ`m©V Am`mVr[{jm OmñV Agcr [mohO{Aemgma»`m VWmH$oWV ñdX{emo^_mZmÀ`m H$ë[Zm hm{Ë`m Ë`m_wi{ MM{©VEH$_V hm{U{ e·` ZìhV{.ì`m[ma AmoU gr_mewëH$mdarc g_Pm{Ë`mgmR>r

[U, AmO Aer gñWm V`ma hm{V Zgcr Var ^odî`mV gwê• ìhmdrAem ]wÕrZ{ `m X{emZr MMm©dmQ>mKmQ>tgmR>r EH$ d{JimM _M V`ma H{•cm Ë`m_MmM{ Zmd GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariff). gd©X{emZm EH$Ì ]m{cmdyZ Ë`mÀ`mV dmQ>mKmQ>r KS>dV R>{dU{ AmoU gd© X{emZmIwë`m ì`m[mamH$oaVm V`ma H$aU{ h{ GATT `m _MmM{ H$m_.

1995 gmcm[ ªV `m _Mmcm `e o_imc{ Zmhr, 1995 gmcr[ohë`mXm OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñWm V`ma Pmcr. `m OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{M{oZ`_ \$maM CÎm_ Amh{V AmoU Ë`mV H$mhr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$VmZmhr Agm AmJ«h Hw$Ur YaUma Zmhr. oZ`_ Amh{V, Ë`mV gwYmaUmZm [wîH$idmd Amh{, [U, oZXmZ oZ`_ Pmc{, H$g{ dmJc{ Va MwH$rM{ AgV{ EdT>{H$im`cm _mJ© Pmcm. ^maVr` XS>odYmZ Pmc{ åhUO{ H$mhr IyZ ìhm`M{Wm]c{ Zmhr, H$m{UrVar odKmVH$ _mUg{ AgVmVM. åhUyZ H$mhr XS>odYmZAgyM Z { Ag{ H$m{Ur åhUUma Zmhr. OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{À`m H$amamÀ`mê•[mZ{ OmJoVH$ ì`m[mamV MmJc{ dmJU{ åhUO{ H$m` `mMr EH$ OmJoVH$\y$Q>[År V`ma Pmcr.

hr OmJoVH$ \y$Q>[År Iwë`m ì`m[mamÀ`m ]mOyZ{ H$m Amh{ `mM{ Wm{S>{AW©emñÌr` odd{MZ H$aU{ Amdí`H$ Amh{. OJm_Ü { qH$dm H$m{UË`mhrX{em_Ü { H$m{Ur H$m{UVm _mc CË[mXZ H$amdm `mMm AW©emñÌr` oZ`_ H$m`?Am[ë`m X{em_Ü { gwVmamM{ H$m_ H$m{Ur H$amd{, cm{hmamM{ H$m_ H$m{Ur H$amd{,Vm]Q>mM{ H$m_ H$m{Ur H$amd{ h{ R>aodÊ`mH$oaVm Am[U OmoVì`dñWm V`maH{•cr. AmoU Vm]Q>mÀ`m _wcmZ{ Vmã`mM{M H$m_ H$amd{, cm{hmamÀ`m _wcmZ{cm{IS>mM{M H$m_ H$amd{ Aem Vèh{Z{ OÝ_mZ{ Á`mMm Ë`mMm ì`dgm` R>am`cmcmJcm. àË`jmV AZw d Agm H$r OÝ_mZ{ H$m¡eë` H$mhr dmT>V Zmhr.åhUO{ gwVmamMm _wcJm AoYH$ Hw$ec gwVma hm{Vm{ Ag{ H$mhr oXgV Zmhr.CcQ>, Á`m X{em_Ü { Aer H$mhr ]YZ{ ZmhrV V{Wrc H$mamJra _S>ir \$ma


[wT>{ J{cr AmoU Am[ë`m X{emV _mÌ [oaoñWVr Aer H$r ]wéS>mVë`m EH$mC[OmVrVrc _mUg{ åhUVmV Amåhr \$º• Mm¡H$m{ZrM Q>m{[ë`m odUVm{, Jm{cQ>m{[ë`m odUV Zmhr Aem Vèh{Mr gHw$oMV d¥Îmr BW{ V`ma Pmcr.l_od^mJUrMr gH$ë[Zm

H$m{Ur H$m{UË`m dñVwM{ CË[mXZ H$amd{, H$m{Ur H$m{UV{ H$m_ H$amd{`mgmR>r AW©emñÌmMm oZ`_ H$m`? Om{ EImX{ H$m_ H$aÊ`mV Hw$ec Amh{,H$m ©j_ Amh{ Ë`mZ{ V{ H$amd{; [U H$m_mMr dmQ>Ur (l_od^mJUr) H$aÊ`mZ{H$m_mMr CË[mXH$Vm dmT>V{ hm AW©emñÌmVrc [ohcm ogÕmV. CXmhaUmW©EH$m _mUgmZ{ Q>mMUr H$aÊ`mH$oaVm Vma Am{T>m`Mr, Vr Vm{S>m`Mr, EH$ Q>m{H$]m{WQ> H$am`M{, Xwga{ AUHw$MrXma H$am`M{ Aer gJir H$m_{ Oa Vm{ H$arV]gcm Va Vm{ oXdgmV oH$Vr Q>mMÊ`m V`ma H$aVm{ AmoU `m àË {H$ H$m_mcml_od^mJUrÀ`m [ÕVrZ{ d{Jim d{Jim _Zwî` cmdcm Va V{ gamgar àË {H$soH$Vr Q>mMÊ`m V`ma H$aVmV h{ [mohc{ Va l_od^mJUr_wi{ CË[mXH$VmoH$VrVar [Q>tZr dmT>c{cr oXgV{. V{ìhm, Á`mZ{ Ë`mZ{, Á`m Á`m X{emZ{Amåhmcm cmJV{ V{ Am_M{ Amåhr CË[mXZ H$ê• Ag{ åhQ>c{ Va V{ Ë`m Ë`mX{emÀ`mhr \$m`ÚmM{ Zmhr AmoU OJmÀ`mhr \$m`ÚmM{ Zmhr.

H$m_mMr dmQ>Ur H$er H$amdr? CXmhaUmW©, g_Om "A' AmoU "]'h{ Xm{Z X{e Amh{V. "A' X{emV H$m[yg "]' X{em[{jm Iy[ MmJcm o[H$Vm{,H$m ©j_V{Z{ V`ma hm{Vm{; AmoU "]' X{emV gmIa MmJcr V`ma hm{V{, "A'X{emV Vr V{dT>çm H$m ©j_V{Z{ V`ma hm{V Zmhr. "]' X{emcm gmIa V`maH$aÊ`mV H$mhr \$m`Xm Ag{c Va "A' X{emZ{ gmIa V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m^mZJS>rV odZmH$maU Z [S>Vm "]' X{emH$S>yZ gmIa ¿`mdr. Ë`m_wi{ "]'X{emMmhr \$m`Xm hm{Vm{ AmoU "A' X{emMmhr \$m`Xm hm{Vm{. EdT>çmZ{ àûZgwQ>V Zmhr. g_Om, Aer [oaoñWVr Agcr H$r "]' X{e H$m[yg AmoUgmIa `m Xm{Ýhr CË[mXZmÀ`m ]m]VrV AoYH$ H$m ©j_ Amh{. Aem d{ir _JH$m` H$am`M{? `m àûZmM{ CÎma g_OÊ`mH$oaVm AOyZ EH$ CXmhaU K{D•.AmB©ZñQ>mB©ZMr à`m{Jemim H$m_mÀ`m ì`m[m_wi{, g_Om, KmU{aS>r ahm`cmcmJcr, H$MamHw$Mam gmMy cmJcm. gm\$g\$mB©cm d{i o_iV Zgë`mZ{ Ë`mH$m_mgmR>r _m{cH$arU R>{dcr. Vrhr BVa Zm{H$aXmamà_mU{ H$m_ CaHy$Z


Q>mH$m`Mr. g_m{a oXgUmam H$Mam PmS>yZ H$mT>yZ gVaOrImcr, H$m{MmImcrT>H$cyZ R>{dm`Mr. AmB©ZñQ>mB©ZZ{ [mohc{ AmoU Ë`mZ{ PmS>y hmVr K{VD•Zì`doñWV H{•a H$mT>yZ à`m{Jemim ñdÀN> H$ê•Z XmIdcr. _m{cH$aUrZ{hrH$m¡VwH$ H{•c{. åhUO{ [oaoñWVr Aer H$r AmB©ZñQ>mB©Z hm à`m{J H$aÊ`mVl{îR> AmoU H{•a H$mT>Ê`mVhr l{îR>. _J, H$m_mMr od^mJUr H$er H$amdr?AW©emñÌmMm ogÕmV Ag{ gmJVm{ H$r Á`m H$m_m_Ü { Á`mcm VwcZ{Z{ AoYH$l{îR>Vm Ag{c V{ H$m_ Ë`mZ{ H$amd{. à`m{J H$aU{ AmoU PmS>y H$m_ H$aU{`mVrc Xm{KmÀ`m H$m ©j_V{Mr VwcZm H{•cr Va PmS>yH$m_mV AmB©ZñQ>mB©Z l{îR>Agcm Var Ë`m H$m_mVrc Ë`mÀ`m H$m ©j_V{Vrc \$aH$ à`m{J H$aÊ`mÀ`mH$m ©j_V{Vrc \$aH$mÀ`m VwcZ{V AJXr oH$aH$m{i Amh{. V{ìhm AmB©ZñQ>mB©ZZ{à`m{J H$amd{ AmoU _m{cH$aUrZ{ PmS>yH$m_ H$amd{ Ag{ AW©emñÌmMm oZ`_gmJVm{. `mcm BJ«Or_Ü { Law of Comparative Advantage (åhUO{Vm¡coZH$ cm^mMm oZ`_) åhUVmV. `m oZ`_mà_mU{ Oa H$m gJiçmOJm_Ü { l_od^mJUr Pmcr AmoU Am[U H$m` H$m` CË[mXZ H$am`M{ h{àË {H$ X{emM{ R>ac{ Va àË {H$ X{emVrc CË[mXZ dmT>V{, àË {H$ X{emVrcJ«mhH$mMm AoYH$moYH$ \$m`Xm hm{Vm{ AmoU gJiçm OJmVrc o_iyZg[Îmr dmT>V{.

Aem Vèh{Z{ X{emX{emV l_od^mJUr ìhmdr `mH$oaVm GATT Z{à`ËZ H{•c{. 1943-44 gmcr gwê• Pmc{ë`m `m MMmª_Ü { Cê•½d{_Ü {1982-83 _Ü { gwê• Pmc{ë`m \{•arV e{Vr_mcmÀ`m ì`m[mamMm odf`[ohë`mXm MM{©V Amcm. Vm{[ ªVÀ`m MMmª_Ü { e{Vrodf`r H$m{UrM ]m{cm`cmV`ma ZìhV{. H$maU, e{Vr hm àË {H$ X{emMm amOH$maUmMm ZmOwH$ odf`Amh{. e{VH$ar _m{R>çm g» {Z{ Agm{V H$m chmZ g» {Z{ Agm{V, AZ{H$H$maUmH$oaVm àË {H$ X{emcm e{VrÀ`m ]m]VrV Am[U ñd`[yU© Agc{ [mohO{Ag{ dmQ>V{.gj_ ]ZÊ`mV Iar amîQ>-r`Vm

Iwcr ì`dñWm AmUVmZm àË {H$ X{emcm [ohë`mXm Ë`m ì`dñW{M{\$m`X{ g_Om`cm [mohO{V AmoU Ë`mM ]am{]a _hÎdmM{ åhUO{,amîQ>-mo^_mZmÀ`m, ñdX{erÀ`m ZmdmZ{ Agm{V qH$dm g_mOdmXmÀ`m ZmdmZ{,


Á`m H$mhr OwÝ`m gd`r cmJc{ë`m Amh{V Ë`mVyZ ]mh{a [S>yZ EH$ OmJoVH$ÑoîQ>H$m{Z K{D•Z Ë`m ÑoîQ>H$m{Zm_Ü { Am[ë`m X{emM{ ^c{ H$g{ Amh{ h{ g_OyZK{U{ Amdí`H$ Amh{. Om{ X{e Amåhr Am_À`mM Kam_Ü { oIS>·`mXadmO{ ]XH$ê•Z ]gy åhU{c, Am_Mr ñdX{er ^cr åhU{c Ë`m X{emM{ dmQ>m{i{ hm{B©c.Am[ë`m e{OmaMm ]«÷X{e (å`mZ_ma) h{ Ë`mM{ CXmhaU Amh{. hm X{eMmirg{H$ df{© Am[ë`m X{emM{ XadmO{oIS>·`m ]X H$ê•Z ]gcm AmoUË`m_wi{ Ë`mMr H$mhr àJVr Pmcr Zmhr; AmO Vm{ _mJmgmVcm _mJmg AmoUJar] X{e ]Zcm Amh{.

qhXwñWmZMr [oaoñWVr [mohcr Va Am[c{ VÌkmZ, CË[mXZj_Vm h{BVH{• H$_r Amh{V H$r Am[U Oa XadmO{ ]X H$ê•Z ]gm`M{ R>adc{ VaWm{S>çmM oXdgmV qhXwñWmZ hm OJcr cm{H$mMm X{e ]Z{c. Oa Am[UR>adc{ H$r, Zmhr, OJmVrc X{em]am{]a ñ[Ym© H$am`Mr Amh{ AmoU Ë`mhr]m]VrV Am[c{ l{îR>Ëd ogÕ H$am`M{ Amh{ Va Ë`mcm Iè`m AWm©Z{amîQ>-mo^_mZ qH$dm ñdX{er åhUVm {B©c. Amåhr Zmcm`H$ Amhm{V, [UZmcm`H$[Um c[odÊ`mH$oaVm XadmO{ ]X R>{dUma åhQ>c{ Va Ë`mcm H$mhr,Cƒ AWm©Z{, amîQ>-r` ^mdZm åhUVm {Uma Zmhr.OmJoVH$ cm{H$emhr

OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{À`m H$amamVrc EH$m Jm{îQ>rH$S>{ [mhyZ H$m{Ê`mhrX{emZ{ `m H$amamda ghr H$aÊ`mg H$mhr haH$V Zmhr Ag{ _mP{ AmJ«hr _VAmh{. g wº• amîQ>-gKmÀ`m gd© ì`dñWm_Ü {, gd© gñWm_Ü { A_{oaH{•Z{Am[c{ EH$ d¡oeîQ>>ç, ode{f ñWmZ R>{dc{ hm{V{. og· woaQ>r H$m¡oÝgc_Ü {Ë`mZm ìh{Q>m{Mm AoYH$ma Amh{, OmJoVH$ ]±H{•Mm AÜ`j A_{oaH$ZM AgyeH$Vm{, AmVaamîQ>-r` ZmU{oZYrÀ`m à_wImMr Z{_UyH$ A_{oaH{•À`mg„m_gcVroedm` hm{D•M eH$V Zmhr. g wº• amîQ>-gKm_Ü { A_{oaH{•cm h{O{ ode{f ñWmZ Amh{ Vg{ V{ Zg{c Aem àH$maMr AmoW©H$ gKQ>Zm AgmdrAg{ à`ËZ Amåhr ]arM df{© H$arV Amhm{V. OmJoVH$ ì`m[mam_Ü {A_{oaH{•Mm dmQ>m 51% Amh{. Ë`mZr Oa R>adc{ Va Ë`mÀ`m ñ[{ec-301qH$dm gw[a-301 gma»`m H$m`Úmà_mU{ V{ Ë`mZm [mohO{ Ë`m AQ>r BVaX{emda Kmcy eH$Vrc. Ë`mZm H$m` Oê•ar Amh{ WTO Mr? Ë`mM{ Z E{Hy$Z


H$m{UmM{ MmcUma Amh{? Ë`mÀ`mH$S>yZ ì`m[ma o_imdm åhUyZ gJi{ cm{H$amJm cmdyZ C { Amh{V. Ag{ AgVmZmhr Ë`mZr OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{V`m`M{ H$]yc H{•c{ EdT>{M Zìh{ Va Ë`mV Á`m H$mhr _w»` gñWm –CXmhaUmW©, oZU© K{Uma{ H$m ©H$mar _S>i, VH©$ o_Q>odUmar dmYm go_Vr –`m_Ü { qhXwñWmZ, oìhEVZm_ BË`mXr X{emÀ`m ]am{]arZ{ A_{oaH{•cmhr EH$M_V Amh{. Aem Vèh{Z{ cm{H$emhr VÌ V`ma Pmc{ Amh{. A_{oaH{•Mrì`m[mamVrc VmH$X BVH$r àMS> AgyZhr Ë`mMm _VmoYH$ma BVagdmªBVH$mM. Ë`m_wi{, 1995 gmcm[mgyZ dmYm go_Vrg_m{a oH$Ë {H$àH$aUmM{ oZH$mc A_{oaH{•À`m odam{YmVhr cmJc{ Amh{V. h{ gd© [hmVm,Iwë`m ]mOmaì`dñW{H$S>{ Om`M{ Ag{c Va Ë`m ì`dñW{H$S>{ OmÊ`mMmgJiçmV MmJcm _mJ© OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{À`m ê•[mZ{ Am[ë`mcmo_imcm Amh{.

qhXwñWmZcm OJmH$S>yZ K{Ê`mgmaI{ [wîH$i Amh{. Ë`m _mZmZ{ OJmcmqhXwñWmZMr H$mhr \$maer JaO Zmhr. h{ gË` [ohë`mXm ñdrH$mac{ H$r _Jì`m[ma Mmcy R>{dÊ`m_Ü { Am[ë`mcm ñdmañ` Amh{, MmJcm ì`m[ma åhUO{]hwamîQ>-r` ì`m[ma AmoU ]hwamîQ>-r` ì`m[mamH$oaVm OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñWm hrAmVm[ ªV o_imc{cr MmJcr gYr Amh{ h{ cjmV ¿`m`cm hd{. `m ì`m[magñW{V Oa H$mhr CUrdm AgVrc Va Ë`m Xya H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H{•cm [mohO{.H$mhr CUrdm Amh{V åhUyZ hr gñWm ]wS>odÊ`mMm O{ à`ËZ H$aVrc V{ cm{H$Ë`mÀ`mhr X{emÀ`m X¥îQ>rZ{ H$aQ>{ AmoU OJmÀ`mhr ÑîQ>rZ{ emoV^J H$aUma{R>aVrc. ì`m[mamcm [`m© \$º• wÕ Amh{. O{W{ ì`m[ma hm{V Zmhr V{W{ wÕhm{V{. Vwåhmcm H$m` [mohO{ V{ oZdS>m.e{Vrodf`H$ H$ama

`m gd© dmQ>mKmQ>t_Ü { _amH{•e {W{ 1995 gmcr Á`m Á`m H$amamdagøm Pmë`m Amh{V, Ë`mV e{VrMm odf` [ohë`mXm Amcm AmoUe{Vrg]YrMm EH$ AmVaamîQ>-r` H$ama (Agreement on Agriculture) hm_w»` H$ama. Ë`mÀ`m ]am{]arZ{ AmUIr H$mhr H$ama Pmc{. Ë`mVrc EH$åhUO{ Á`m e{Vr_mcmMm ì`m[ma hm{Vm{ Ë`m dñVy ñdÀN>V{À`m ÑîQ>rZ{,Amam{½`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZ{ qH$dm d{Jd{Jiçm AmVaamîQ>-r` oZ`_mà_mU{ g{dZmgmR>r


- Ë`m `m{½` Amh{V qH$dm ZmhrV `mg]YrMm H$ama. Ë`m]am{]a, ]m¡oÕH$g[X{g]Yr Pmc{ë`m H$amamcmhr e{Vrg]YmV _hÎd Amh{. Ag{ Xm{ZVrZH$ama _hÎdmM{ Amh{V.

gÜ`m _w»`V: AoA ]Ôc åhUO{ e{Vr]ÔcÀ`m AmVaamîQ>-r`H$amam]Ôc MMm© Mmcy Amh{. àW_, 1995 À`m `m H$amam_Ü { _w»` VaVwXrH$m` Amh{V h{ cjmV K{D•.

gaH$mar hñVj{[m_wi{ OmJoVH$ ì`m[mamVrc Om{ H$mhr Zme hm{Vm{ Vm{Q>miÊ`mH$oaVm gaH$mar hñVj{[ H$_r H$aU{ h{ OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{M{]«rXdm·` Amh{. åhUO{, e{VH$ar gKQ>Zm åhUV{ Ë`mà_mU{, gaH$ma h{ Z{h_r]{H$maM AgV{ Ag{ OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{M{hr åhUU{ Amh{.

`m H$amamVrc [ohcr VaVyX Aer H$r H$m{UË`mhr X{emZ{ Am`mVrda]Xr Kmcy Z {. H$maU, Am`mVrda Oa ]Xr KmVcr, cm`gÝgMr [ÕV R>{dcrVa cm{H$ cm`gÝg K{VmV AmoU Vr odH$VmV. Aer cm`gÝg odH$Vo_imë`m_wi{ AàË`jarË`m ì`m[mamcm qH$dm CÚm{JYÚmcm _XV hm{V{.EImXm _mc Am[ë`m X{emV R>amodH$ à_mUm[{jm OmñV {D• Z { Ag{ dmQ>VAg{c Va Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m ohem{]mZ{ gr_m ewëH$ cmdÊ`mMr _w m `m VaVwXrVMAmh{. _mc \$ma {Vm{ Ag{ dmQ>c{ Va V{ ewëH$ dmT>dVm {B©c AmoUAmdí`H$V{BVH$m {V Zmhr dmQ>c{ Va V{ H$_rhr H$aVm {B©c. V{ìhm EH$X_]Xr Z KmcVm gr_mewëH$mMm dm[a H$ê•Z Am`mVrM{ oZ`_Z X{emX{emZ{H$am`M{ Amh{. H$amamda gøm ìhm`À`m AmYr gd© X{emZr d{Jd{Jiçm_mcmgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m Am`mVrda oZ`ÌU R>{dVm `md{ åhUyZ AmH$maë`mOmUmè`m gr_mewëH$mM{ Am[m[c{ à_mU OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{H$S>{ Zm|XdyZR>{dc{ Amh{V.

Xwgar AQ> Aer H$r H$m{UË`mhr X{emZ{ Am[ë`m X{emVrcoZ`m©VXmamZm g]²ogS>r X{D• Z {; åhUO{ Xwgè`m X{emVrc e{VH$è`mer VwcZmH$aVm Am[ë`m X{emVrc e{VH$è`mZm \$m`Xm X{Ê`mMm _m{h Q>mimdm. hr AQ>Ver \$maer _hÎdmMr Zmhr, H$maU yam{[_Yrc [mMghm X{e gm{S>c{ VaoZ`m©VXmamZm H$m{Ur g]²ogS>r X{V ZmhrV.

oVgar AmoU gdmªV _hÎdmMr AQ>, e{VH$è`mZm oXcr OmUmar


g]²ogS>r (Agreegate Measurement of Support) oH$Vr Agmdr`mg]Yr. OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma gñW{Mm oZ`_ Agm H$r lr_V X{emZre{VH$è`mZm 5% [{jm OmñV g]²ogS>r X{D• Z { AmoU odH$gZerc X{emZr10% [{jm OmñV g]²ogS>r X{D• Z {. [U, AmO[ ªV lr_V X{e Am[ë`me{VH$è`mZm ^a_gmR> g]²ogS>r X{V Amc{ Amh{V. O[mZ 90%, yam{[60%, A_{oaH$m 30-35%. qhXwñWmZ _mÌ e{VH$è`mZm àË`jm_Ü { CU{g]²ogS>r X{V Amcm Amh{. Aem [oaoñWVr_Ü { qhXwñWmZM{ ohV H$m`?qhXwñWmZZ{ `m H$amamV ahmd{. lr_V X{e Ë`mÀ`m X{emVrc g]²ogS>r H$_rH$am`cm AmO V`ma ZmhrV. H$maU g]²ogS>r X{Ê`m_mJ{ Ë`mMr H$mhr amOH$r`H$maU{ Amh{V. amOH$r` H$maUmZr Ë`mZm e{VH$è`mZm AmoW©H$ÑîQ>çmehamVrc cm{H$mÀ`m ]am{]a R>{dU{ Amdí`H$ Amh{. Am[ë`m VwcZ{V V{WrcgJi{ lr_V Agc{ Var ehamVrc AmoU e{VrVrc _mUgmÀ`m AmoW©H$[oaoñWVrV V\$mdV Ag{c Va H$mhr gm_moOH$ àûZ V`ma hm{VmV. "oH$Vrhr_m{R>r O_rZYmaUm Agc{cm e{VH$ar Ag{c Var Vm{ AmoW©H$ÑîQ>çm H$_rAgcm Va ehamVrc _wcr Ë`mÀ`m _wcm]am{]a "S>{qQ>J' H$am`cmgwÕm V`mahm{V ZmhrV åhUyZ Amåhr e{VH$è`mZm g]²ogS>r X{D•Z ehamVrc cm{H$mÀ`m]am{]arÀ`m ñVamda R>{dVm{' Ag{ yam{[_Yrc EH$mZ{ _mS>c{ Amh{.Am[ë`mH$S>{hr ehamVrc H$m{Ur e{VH$è`mÀ`m Kar _wcJr Úm`cm V`ma hm{VZmhr, Vg{M Amh{ h{. [U, AmO Oar h{ X{e e{VrMr g]²ogS>r H$_r H$am`cmV`ma Zgc{ Var CÚm Ë`mZm V{ H$amd{ cmJ{c. Á`m X{emV e{Vrdarc g]²ogS>r[mM qH$dm Xhm Q>··`m[{jm AoYH$ Amh{ Vr Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZ{ H$_r H$amdr `mVaVwXrMm odMma H$aVmZm qhXwñWmZmVrc g]²ogS>rMr [oaoñWVr H$m` oXgV{?Am[ë`mH$S>rc [oaoñWVr Aer Amh{ H$r gaH$maZ{ åhQ>c{ Var g]²ogS>rX{Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mOdi [¡g{ ZmhrV. Ë`moedm`, AmO[ ªV Á`mÀ`m Á`mÀ`mhmVr amOH$r` gÎmm Amcr Ë`mÀ`m H$ma^mamH$S>{ [mohc{ Va e{VH$è`mZm _XVH$aÊ`mMr Ë`mMr BÀN>mX{Irc Zmhr Ag{ ñ[îQ> oXgV{. Aem [oaoñWVrV,Á`m X{emV g]²ogS>rÀ`m ê•[mV OmñV _XV oXcr OmV{ V{W{ WTO gma»`mH$amamMm dm[a H$ê$Z Vr H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aU{ `mI{arOqhXwñWmZgma»`m X{em[wT>{ H$mhr [`m© Zmhr.


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åhUUma{ odam{YH$ Z{h_r EH$ woº•dmX H$aVmV. ""Am[U Jar] X{e Amhm{V,Am[U VÌkmZmV _mJmg Amhm{V; Xwga{ X{e lr_V Amh{V, Ë`mÀ`mH$S>{^mS>dc Iy[ Amh{, åhQ>c{ Va V{ Iy[ oXdg ]mOmamV VJ Yê•Z amhy eH$VmVAem cm{H$m]am{]a ñ[Y{©V CVê•Z gm_Zm H$aU{ H$g{ e·` Amh{?'' Ag{ V{åhUVmV. AJXr àH$meqgh ]mXcmgmaI{ cm{H$hr AerM ^mfm H$aVmV._Ü { MS>rJS>cm Ë`mÀ`mer ]m{cVmZm _r åhQ>c{ H$r, ""VJS>çm _mUgmercT>mB© H$am`MrM Zmhr åhQ>c{ AgV{ Va oeImMm BoVhmg KS>cmM ZgVm.''Jwé Jm{qdXqgJmM{ àogÕ dm·` Amh{ H$r, "_r Va ]ohar ggmÊ`mÀ`m odéÕH$]yVamZm cT>dUma Amh{.' AmoU Jwé Jm{qdXqgJmÀ`m H$]yVamZrM erIBoVhmg KS>dcm. V{ìhm, wÕm_Ü { Z{h_r VJS>{M qOH$VmV Ag{ H$mhr Zmhr.

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H$amamV ñWmZ Zmhr. Vg{M ^mVmdaMr c{ìhr, AmoXdmgr e{VH$è`mÀ`m _mcmMrgº•rMr Ia{Xr `m ì`dñWm_wi{ GATT H$amamMm ^J hm{B©c. AÝZYmÝ` gwajmamIÊ`mH$oaVm Amdí`H$ Vr VaVyX H$aÊ`mMm emgZmcm AoYH$ma Amh{; [U


Á`mZm JaO Zmhr Ë`mÀ`mgmR>rhr gmd©OoZH$ odVaUì`dñWm Amh{ Ag{ XmIdyZe{VH$è`mZm cwQ>Vm {Uma Zmhr. gmd©OoZH$ odVaU ì`dñW{VyZ g_mOmVrcdaÀ`m dJmªZm dJiU{ H$amamà_mU{ Amdí`H$ Amh{. AmoU JaOy dJm©cm ñdñVYmÝ` [wadÊ`mMm ]m{Om m[wT>{ \$º• e{VH$è`mÀ`m _mWr _maVm {Uma Zmhr, Vm{ gd©amîQ>-mZ{ CMcmdm cmJ{c.Iwcr oZ`m©V

e{Vr_mcmÀ`m oZ`m©Vrdarc ]YZ{hr CR>dcr ZmhrV Va V{hr GATT

H$amamer gwgJV hm{Uma Zmhr. X{emV daH$S> CË[mXZ hm{B©c V{ìhm oZ`m©VrMm H$m{Q>mOmoha H$ê•, H$m{Q>m Omoha H$aVmZm Zm\{•S>gma»`m gñWmZm àmYmÝ` X{D•, Ë`mVc{Ë`mV àoH«•`m Pmc{ë`m [XmWmªÀ`m oZ`m©VrcmM _mÝ`Vm X{D•, hr AgcrcQ>[Q>[Mr `m[wT>{ MmcUma Zmhr. gd© oZ`m©Vrcm Iwcm [admZm, Á`mcm [mohO{oVVH$r, [mohO{ V{ìhm d [mohO{ Ë`m _mcmMr, oZ`m©V H$aVm `mdr Aer ì`dñWmAmUU{ hr GATT H$amamImcr emgZmMr Z¡oVH$ O]m]Xmar Amh{.

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S>H{•c àñVmd g_V Pmcm. gJiçm OJmV `m_wi{ H$m{UmMm gdm©V_m{R>m odO` Pmcm Ag{c Va Vm{ ^maVr` e{VH$è`mMm. [U H$amamda AJR>mCR>dcm åhUO{ ^maV gaH$ma AmVm e{VH$è`mZm Ý`m` X{B©c Aer AmemH$aÊ`mg H$mhr OmJm Zmhr. e{VH$arodam{Yr Ym{aU g[md{ `mgmR>r e{VH$è`mZmgaH$mada AZ{H$ _mJmªZr X]md AmUmdm cmJ{c. GATTÀ`m H$m ©H$moaUr[wT>{qhXwñWmZ gaH$maÀ`m e{VH$arodam{Yr XwîQ> ZroVM{ [wamd{ _mS>yZ oZU©]XcÊ`mg gaH$macm ^mJ [mS>md{ cmJ{c. Zdm H$ama hr "]iramÁ`m'Mr EH$[VmH$m Amh{ [U Vr gm^miÊ`mM{ H$m_ e{VH$è`mZm ñdV:M H$amd{ cmJUmaAmh{. ImQ>{da [S>ë`m[S>ë`m X{Umam H$m{Ur har Ë`mZm {Q>Uma Zmhr!

(21 oS>g|]a 1993)


[naoeï>-1ñdVÌV{Mr _yë { - c{ImH$ 1

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_Z, kmZ, gË`, [oa[yU©Vm, odMma Aem M¡VÝ`_`r A-OS> eãXmV_mS>c{cr hr ñdVÌV{Mr JwéX{dàUrV ì`m»`m; Ë`mVrc eãXmÀ`m OmXyZ{M^mamdyZ Q>mH$Umar. [U am{OÀ`m ì`dhmamV H$m{UVr ñ[îQ> OS> ì`dñWm[mohO{? VwéJmÀ`m q^Vr AmoU JOmAmS> Wm{a ì`º•r Am[c{ ì`oº$_Ëd O[yeH$ë`m. [maVÍ`mVhr g_mO ñdmVÍ`mMr ñdßZ{ O[y eH$Vm{. [U h{ gma{A[dmXmXmIc. OS> ]ÜmZ{ Oer g[Vrc VgVg{ ñdmVÍ`mMr ojoVO{ éXmdycmJVmV hm _w»` oZ`_. ""OJmM{ H$ß[{ H$ß[{ H$aUmè`m jwÐ q^VrH$m{gic{ë`m AgVrc.'' åhUO{ odMma, g{dm AmoU dñVy `mMr X{dK{doZ]ªÜm[U{ hm{U{ hr ñdVÌV{Mr _hÎdmMr AQ> Amh{. _mUgm_mUgmVrc


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[yOm H$aUmar Amh{. Vñ_mV², ì`oº•ñdmVÍ` h{ [aX{er dmU Amh{, V{ ^maVr`y_rV éOU{ H$R>rU Amh{ Ag{ AmJ«hmZ{ gmoJVc{ OmV{. ""Hw$Q>w]mgmR>r EH$m

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Zì`m {Umè`m wJmV oI«ñVr, _wgc_mZr Vm|S>diçmÀ`m gm_yohH$V{MmAmoU gm_moOH$ ]mÜmUrMm [mS>md oZnûMV Amh{ AmoU ì`º•r d odûd`mÀ`m à{aUm EH$M _mZUmè`m d{XmVmMm odO` hm{V Amh{ h{hr `m A^mJr"qhXwËd'dmXr qhXwËdÐm{ømÀ`m cjmV {V Zmhr.

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]«m÷UmMm _mZ V{dT>mM _m{R>m. AWm©O©ZmV à wËd d¡í`mM{. amOmZ{ ÜmZO_dm`M{, [U V{ `kmV dmQ>yZ Q>mH$Ê`mH$oaVm. emgZmÀ`m Aeml_od^mJUrcm {W{ _mÝ`Vm hm{Vr. Vr od^mJUr OÝ_mÀ`m A[KmVmÀ`mAmÜmmamZ{ H{•cr J{cr h{ AmOVar XwX¡©dr AmoU odoMÌ dmQ>V{. [U,MmVwd©Ê`m©À`m MwH$rÀ`m [m`mda H$m hm{B©Zm, emgZmMr l_od^mJUr h{^maVr` [a[a{M{ d¡oeîR>ç amohc{ Amh{.

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XwX¡©dmZ{, JmÜmrOtMm amOH$r` dmagXmaM A-amÁ`dmXmMm hË`mamR>acm. [ma[oaH$ g_mO, OmV, amîQ>- Agë`m g_yhmZm Xya H$ê•Z g_mOdmXramîQ>-mM{ gd©l{îR>Ëd àñWmo[V H$aÊ`mMm Z{hê•Zr à`ËZ H{•cm. _hÎd ì`º•rM{Zmhr, gaH$ma _hÎdmM{ Amh{; ì`º•rÀ`m à{aUm ñdmWr© AgVmV; Ë`mda _mVgm_yohH$ oZ`m{OZmZ{M H$aVm {V{ Agcr AOmJi g_mOdmXr _mS>Ur H$ê•Zoeî`m{Îm_mZ{ g_yhdmX Om{[mgcm.

g_mOdmXmMm [mS>md Pmë`mZVa, [wÝhm EH$Xm X`mZX-odd{H$mZXà{aU{M{ qhXwËddmXr Zdm g_yhdmX, emgZdmX AmUy [mhmV Amh{V.g_mOdmXmMr Xw]©cVm Ë`mÀ`m AmoW©H$ H$_Om{arV hm{Vr. emgZdmXmcmAgcm AmoW©H$ \y$Q>[ÅçmMm OmM gm{gUmam Zmhr. amîQ>-mgmR>r H$m` H$am`M{


V{ Amåhr amîQ>-Z{V{ R>aodUma. Ë`mcm é[`m[¡emÀ`m \y$Q>[Åçm H$gë`mcmdVm? g_mOdmXr g_yhdmXmda H$mhr AmoW©H$ O]m]Xmè`m hm{Ë`m."qhXwËdm'V g_yhdmX åhUO{ oZìdi gÎmm. Ë`mda H$m{UV{ ]ÜmZ Zmhr;AJXr, AmoW©H$ AHw$ehr ahmV Zmhr. AS>dmZr h{ `m AWm©Z{ [oS>V Z{hê•M{Ia{ dmagXma Amh{V.

AcrH$S>À`m H$mimV g_mOdmXr g_yhdmXmcm AmìhmZ X{Uma{^maVmV H$m{Ur oZKmc{M Zmhr Ag{ Zmhr. cm`g{Ýg-[ao_Q>-H$Q>-m{camÁ`modéÕ MH«•dVr© amOJm{[mcmMmatZr ]S> C^mac{. oZ`m{OZmodéÕ ]«÷mZXdH$rc AmoU ]r. Ama². e{Um° `mgma»`mZr g‚mS> AmìhmZ C { H{•c{.e{dQ>r, ]iramÁ`mMr gH$ë[Zm _mS>Uma{ e{VH$ar AmXm{cZhr BW{ C { amohc{.A-amÁ`dmXr, ì`oº•ñdmVÍ`dmXr, ì`oº•àmÜmmÝ`dmXr, ñdVÌVmdmXrodMmamMr hr Añgc ^maVr` [a[am Amh{. h{ [aX{er dmU Zmhr. h{ dmUodcm`Vr Agë`mMm H$mJmdm H$ê•Z Ë`mMm [mS>md H$aU{ O_Uma Zmhr.

Iar AS>MU {V{ Vr ñdVÌVmdmÚmVrc Am½codÚmod yofV eharodÛmZmMr. Am[c{ [moS>Ë` XmIodÊ`mH$oaVm Ë`mZm hm {H$ AmoU \$m°Zo_P{g, [m°[a Aer Zmd{ oO {da I{idÊ`mMm ZmX Amh{. Ë`m_wi{,ñdVÌVmdmX H$mhr [aX{er \$°S> Amh{ Aer g_OyV [gaÊ`mg _XV hm{V{.

(6 Owc¡ 1996)


ñdVÌV{Mr _yë { - c{ImH$ 2

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"ñdVÌVmdmXm'Mm [m`m `m VrZ H$mcIS>mVrc H$m{UË`mhr gñH¥•VrVZmhr. "ñdVÌVmdmXmMm' H$mcIS> AmoU ì`dñWm AmVmer H$m{R>{ ojVrOmdaCX` [mdV Amh{. ñdVÌV{À`m ì`dñW{V _hÎd [M_hm yVmZm Zmhr; l_mcmZmhr; ^mS>dcmcm Zmhr; _hÎd Amh{ V{ `m gdmªMm g`m{J KS>dyZ AmUUmè`mCÚm{OH$mcm, gem{YH$mZm, YS>mS>r XmIdyZ CÚm{Jì`m[ma C { H$aUmè`mZm."ñdVÌVmdmX' "^mS>dcdmXr' Zmhr; "CÚm{OH$VmdmXr' Amh{.

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ñdVÌV{Mr _yë { - c{ImH$ 3AmÜ`moË_H$ Zìh{, E{ohH$ gmYZm

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Agc{ AdYyVr ñdmVÍ` Am[ë`mcm P{[Uma{ Zmhr, [MUma{ Zmhr,


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(6 Am°JñQ> 1996)


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[U ]mOma[{R>{À`m ì`dñW{V CË[mXZ dmT> H$ê•Z C[^m{JdmT>dÊ`mgmR>r YS>[S> Mmcy AgV{ hr H$ë[ZmM _wimV MwH$rMr Amh{.YS>[S> C[^m{J dmT>dÊ`mMr Zmhr. YS>[S> ododYVm AmoU od[wcVmdmT>dÊ`mMr Amh{. oVMm h{Vy cm{H$mZm oZdS>rM{ AoYH$moYH$ ñdmVÍ`X{Ê`mMm Amh{. jUm{jUr C[^m{J Va A[oahm ©M Amh{, h{ OZmdamÀ`m]m]VrVhr Ia{, _mUgmÀ`m ]m]VrVhr Ia{. OZmdamV AmoU _mUgmV \$aH$H$m`? OZmda{ oZgJm©Z{ cmXc{ë`m AQ>r oZ_yQ>[U{ _mÝ` H$aVmV. oZgJm©Z{Ë`mÀ`mg_m{a Or ododYVm R>{dcr Ag{c Ë`mVyZM oZdS> H$aVmV. _mUygoZgJm©[crH$S>{ ododYVm V`ma H$aVm{. oZdS>rMr gYr OmñVrV OmñV d{imo_imdr, àË {H$ oZdS>rV AoYH$moYH$ [`m© g_m{a o_imd{V, Ë`m [`m© mM{j{Ì AoYH$moYH$ ì`m[H$ Agmd{, `mgmR>r hr YS>[S> Amh{. CË[mXZdmT>C[^m{J dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r Zmhr, Om{ H$mhr C[^m{J ¿`m`Mm Ë`mMr JwUdÎmmdmT>dÊ`mgmR>r Amh{.

"MJidmXr' `m]am{]a "[`m©©daUodZmer' Aerhr EH$ oedrñdVÌVmdmXmcm Ë`mM{ odam{YH$ X{V AgVmV. g_mOdmXr aoe`mÀ`m[VZmZVa g_mOdmXr ì`dñWmM [`m©daUmcm oH$Vr KmVH$ R>acr, Am»I{g_wÐ àXwfUmZ{ H$g{ Icmg Pmc{, Ë`modéÕ ]m{cÊ`mMr H$m{UmMr ohå_V ZPmë`mZ{ oZgJm©Mm H$gm odZme oZ`m{OH$mZr H{•cm `mM{ Zd{ Zd{ [wamd{ haam{OC[cãY hm{V Amh{V. [`m©daUmM{ gajU hr gdmªMrM qMVm Amh{. `modf`mda ]m{cUma{ \$ma, [U oZgJm©M{ gajU Z{_H{• H$emZ{ hm{V{ `m]ÔcZ{_H{• emñÌ H$mhrM Zmhr. àJVrcm odam{Y, odH$mgmcm odam{Y H$aUma{ñdV:MmM [`m©daUdmXr åhUyZ CX{CX{ H$ê•Z K{VmV. oZgJm©À`m ajUmH$oaVmOmJéH$ OZ_V h{ EH$M gmYZ AmOVar Ame{Mm oH$aU XmIdV{ AmoUOmJ¥V OZ_V ñdVÌ ì`dñW{VM e·` Amh{. ñQ>°ocZÀ`m amOdQ>rV OmJ¥VOZ_V Hw$R>yZ `md{?C[m{X²KmV –

ñdVÌVmdmX e{VH$ar gKQ>Z{À`m odMmagaUrMm Ama^m[mgyZ [m`mamohcm Amh{. oZ`m{OZ ì`dñW{M{ gdm©V H«•ya ]ir e{VH$ar, ñdVÌVmdmXmMmP|S>m gagmdyZ ]mh{a [S>c{. OJ^a Ë`mÀ`m "]iramÁ`m'Mr Ûmhr o\$aV Amh{.


^maVmV_mÌ AOyZhr ñdH$V¥©Ëdmda C { amhÊ`mMr ohå_V Zgc{c{ AmoUgaH$mar XojUmZm MQ>mdc{c{ Ë`mcm odam{Y H$ê• [hmV Amh{V. ñdVÌVmdmXh{ [aX{er dmU Amh{, ñdVÌVmdmX åhUO{ ^mS>dcemhr, ñdVÌVmdmXåhUO{ M¡VÝ`dmX, Z¡oVH$ ñd¡amMmamMm [wañH$ma AmoU MJidmXmcm CÎm{OZAem ]{\$mQ> Q>rH$m "]iramÁ`m'M{ odam{YH$ H$aV Amh{V. Ë`mZm CÎmaX{Ê`mMr O]m]Xmar gKQ>Z{À`m H$m ©H$Ë`mªda haKS>r {V Amh{. gwoeojVAm½c^mfr àMmaH$mZr Agc{ woº•dmX H{•c{ åhUO{ gm_mÝ` e{VH$arH$m ©H$Vm© Jm|YiyZ OmVm{. Ë`mÀ`m ñdV:À`m _ZmVrc Jm|Yi g[mdm AmoUñdVÌVmdmX AmoU "]iramÁ`' `mÀ`m odam{YH$mZm _wÔ{gyX AmoU Mm{ICÎma Ë`mcm X{Vm `md{ `mgmR>r odMmamÀ`m d{Jd{Jiçm ]maH$mì`mV OmD•Zhr _mS>Ur H{•cr; ñdVÌVmdmXmÀ`m [mB©H$mZm Ë`mMm Wm{S>m\$ma Var C[`m{Jhm{B©c Aem Ame{Z{.

(21 Am°JñQ> 1996)


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wÕàgJr ì`º•rZ{ amîQ>-mH$oaVm ñdV:Mm ]ir X{Ê`mMr V`mar XmIdmdr h{g_OÊ`mgmaI{ Amh{. AÝ`Wm ì`º•tH$oaVm amîQ>- h{M `m{½`.

ì`oº•_ËdmÀ`m [oa[m{fmVyZ amîQ>-mM{ H$ë`mU gmÜmV Zg{c Va amîQ>-hr H$mhr _m`mdr amjgr Jm{îQ> Amh{, Ag{ _mZmd{ cmJ{c. Am[U ododÜmj{ÌmV oZ[wU AmhmV. Ë`mVrc H$m{UV{hr EH$ j{Ì oZdS>m. Amåhm gdmªZmAo^_mZ dmQ>{c Aer H$mhr H$m_oJar H$ê•Z XmIdm. amîQ>-g{dm Aemì`m»`meyÝ` oZaW©H$ H$ë[ZmÀ`m hì`mgmV Am[cr ^m½`mMr CVaS> od\$cH$ê• ZH$m EdT>rM odZVr. _ZmV Amc{ V{ ocohc{, [Ìm{ÎmamMr A[{jm VaZmhr. H$ÜmrVar {Q> hm{D• eH$cr Va Amåhmcm AmZX dmQ>{c.

Am[cm,eaX Om{er

(21 \{•]«wdmar 1997)

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