स्पेंट खुम्ब पोशाधर का प्रबंधन, nrcm

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/kuRkduhdh cqysfVu

[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;¼¼¼¼¼Hkkjrh; d‘f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn½½½½½PkEck?kkV] lksyu & 173 213 ¼fg-iz-½

vks-ih- vgykor,e-ih- lkxj

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk izca/ku

Ekqfnzr % 2009] 1000 izfr;kWa

fgUnh vuqokn % Jherh jhrk HkkfV;k

fgUnh Vad.k % Jh lrsUnj dqekj Bkdqj o Jh nhi dqekj Bkdqj

Ikzdk’kd % funs’kd[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;PkEck/kkV] lksyu & 173 213 ¼fg-iz-½] HkkjrnwjHkk"k % ¼01792½ 230451

QSDl % ¼01792½ 231207

bZ&esy % [email protected]

Oksc lkbV % www.nrcmushroom.org

© [kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;] 2009

lokZf/kdkj lqjf{krA l{ke vf/kdkjh dh iwoZ fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk bl cqysfVu dk dksbZ Hkhva’k fdlh Hkh :Ik esa iquksZRikfnr] Nfovadu] vfHkys[ku vFkok fdlh vU; izdkj ls ifjjf{krvFkok iz{ksfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ii

eqnzd % ;qxkUrj izdk’ku izk- fy-MCy;w ,p&23, ek;kiqjh Qst+&I] ubZ fnYyh&110 064

nwjHkk"k% 011-28115949, 28116018

vuqØef.kdk

i"B la[;k

izkDdFku v

izLrkouk vii

1- ifjp; 1

2- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh fo’ks"krk,a 4

3- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls iqu% [kkn rS;kj djuk 9

4- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofHkUu mi;ksx 19

¼d½ ckxokuh 29

¼[k½ vUu Qlysa 37

¼x½ [kqEc 38

¼?k½ jklk;fud rRoksa ls iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk tSfod mipkj 39

¼M-½ oehZ dEiksLV rS;kj djuk 44

¼p½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj&,d tSfod moZjd 45

¼N½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds }kjk chekfj;ksa dk izca/ku 46

5- lkjka’k 47

6- lanHkZ 49

iii

v

izkDdFku

Ek’k:e vius Lokfn"V rFkk iks"kd ewY;ksa ds dkj.k tkuh tkrh gSa] ijUrq e’k:e dh Qly

ysus ds Ik’pkr ’ks"k cpk gqvk iks"kk/kkj tksfd *LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS Hkh

,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA d‘f"k] eqxhZ QkeksZa rFkk m|ksxksa ls fudys O;FkZ ds feJ.k ls fu;af=r

[kehjhdj.k dh izfØ;k }kjk [kqEc iks"kk/kkj rS;kj dh tkrh gS rFkk loZizFke bldk mi;ksx

e’k:e mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr tks LisaV iks"kk/kkj izkIr gksrk

gS] mlesa tSfod [kkn ds lHkh xq.k fo/keku gksrs gSa tksfd vkxs iqu% [kkn cukus dh izfØ;k ds

nkSjku vkSj T;knk le‘) gks tkrs gSaA bldh iqu% [kkn izkd‘frd fo?kVu ;k fdlh Hkh vU;

izfØ;k ds }kjk cukbZ tkrh gSA iqu% fufeZr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn dks cgqr lh lfCt;ka

rFkk [kk|kUu Qlysa mxkusa ds fy, ,d vPNk mRiknd ek/;e ekuk x;k gSA blds iz;ksx ls

Qly dh iSnkokj rFkk xq.koÙkk esa cgqi{kh; lq/kkj ns[kk x;k gS rFkk blls chekfj;ksa dk izca/

ku Hkh gksrk gS tksfd okLro esa [kqEc m|ksx ds fy, mRlkgo/kZd gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh vU;

mi;ksfxrk,a tSls dsapqvk [kkn] tSfod mipkj rFkk tSfod&[kfut&moZjd ds :Ik esa ;g ns’k ds

d‘f"k iz.kkyh ds fy, ojnku lkfcr gks ldrk gSA eSa bl cqysfVUk ds ladyu rFkk lEiknu ds

fy, fd, x, iz;klksa rFkk esgur ds fy, ys[kdksa dh iz’kalk djrk gw¡ ftudh otg ls ;g

cqysfVUk fdlkuksa ds Lrj ij mi;ksx esa yk;k tk;sxkA eSa fdlkuksa dks Hkh izksRlkfgr djuk pkgw¡xk

fd os LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx lefUor [ksrh ds fy, ’kq: djsa rFkk d‘f"k O;FkZ tksfd

muds eq[; }kj ij gh miyC/k gSa] ls csgrj jktLo izkIr djsa rFkk LoPN okrkoj.k cuk;s j[kus

esa viuk ;ksxnku nsaA

funs’kd

[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;]

pEck?kkV] lksyu&173 213 ¼fg-iz-½

vii

izLrkouk

Ek’k:e dh ,d iwjh Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr tks [kkn fudyrh gS] ftlls fd vkxs Qly ysuk

vykHkdkjh cu tkrk gS dks ^LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj* dgk tkrk gSA fofHkUu [kqEcksa ls fudyk gqvk

LisaV iks"kk/kkj viuh HkkSfrd] jklk;fud rFkk tSfod xq.kksa ds dkj.k fHkUu gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd

dh viuh fof’k"V mi;ksfxrk gksrh gSA cVu [kqEc ds iks"kk/kkj eas ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl rFkk

dSfY’k;e ds va’kksa ds fygkt ls iks"kdrk izpqj ek=k esa gksrh gS rFkk mPp /kuk;u vknku&iznku

{kerk gksus ds dkj.k] bls ckxokuh rFkk vUu Qlysa mxkus ds fy, xkscj dh [kkn ds cnys eas

mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA dsapqvk [kkn rS;kj djus ds fy, LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx

vkgkj inkFkZ ds :Ik esa] ikS/k O;kf/k izcU/ku eas] tSfod [kfut moZjd rS;kj djus esa rFkk iznwf"kr

feêh dk tSfod mipkj djus eas Hkh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl

le; ns’k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa fdlku blls [kkn ds :Ik esa fofHkUu Qlysa mxkus ds fy, mi;ksx

dj jgs gSa] ijUrq oSKkfud vk¡dM+ksa ds vHkko esa os okafNr ykHk izkIr ugha dj ik jgs gSaA LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj mi;ksx ds voSKkfud rjhdksa dh otg ls dbZ leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks jgh gSaA blls

feV~Vh esa yo.kksa dk laxzg.k gksrk gS rFkk dqN Qlyksa ij gkfudkjd izHkko iM+rk gSA ns’k dh

cM+h [kqEc bdkbZ;ksa esa ls ,d ^,xzks Mp fyfefVM* ykyM+w ¼iatkc½] yk[kksa Vuksa ds fglkc ls LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj mRiUu djrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx O;kid rkSj ij vklikl ds {ks=ksa esa feV~Vh dh

fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA ;|fi ns’k rFkk fons’k esa dh xbZ vuqla/kku

miyfC/k;ksa ls ;g lkfcr gks pqdk gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk fofHkUu [ksrh dh fØ;kvksa esa

mi;ksx djus ls ykHk gksrk gS ijUrq fo’ks"kdj d‘f"k leqnk;ksa ds fy, blds mi;ksx fo"k; ij

dksbZ ladfyr lwpuk fgUnh Hkk"kk eas vHkh rd miyC/k ugha gSA

bl cqysfVu esa vf/kdka’k egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa ij tkudkjh feyrh gS tSls&LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

ds y{k.k] fofHkUu [ksrh dh fØ;kvksa ds fy, bldk iqu%pØ.k ¼lfCt;ksa@vUu Qlyksa ds fy,

[kkn] cVu [kqEc ds fy, dsflax inkFkZ] dsapqvk [kkn] tSfod&[kfut&moZjd rFkk ikni jksx


viii

izca/ku½ rFkk iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk tSfod mipkjA bl cqysfVUk esa dqN vkSj igyqvksa ij Hkh ppkZ

dh xbZ gS tSls fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh ek=k fdruh gksuh pkfg,] Qly dh iSnkokj rFkk

xq.koRrk ij bldk izHkko rFkk fcekfj;ksa dh fLFkfr dk fp=h; izLrqrhdj.kA ge vk’kk djrs

gSa fd bl cqysfVu esa tks tkudkjh nh xbZ gS og fuf’pr :Ik ls oSKkfud rFkk d‘f"k leqnk;ksa

dks izcq) cuk,xh rFkk lgh fof/k ls [kkn dk iqu% fuekZ.k rFkk LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx

ds laca/k esa tkudkjh nsxhA

gesa vius lgdfeZ;ksa ls yxkrkj lgk;rk rFkk leh{kkRed lykg feyh] ftldh otg ls bl

cqysfVUk dk izdk’ku laHko gks ik;k gSA muds }kjk nh xbZ lgk;rk fuf’pr :i ls iz’kaluh;

gS ijUrq buesa ls Vad.k rFkk fgUnh vuqokn ds fy, Jh lrsanj Bkdqj rFkk Jherh jhrk }kjk

fd;k x;k dk;Z cgqr ljkguh; gSA var esa Mk- vkj-ih- frokjh] iwoZ funs’kd] jk"Vªh; [kqEc

vuqla/kku dsUnz ls gesa yxkrkj izksRlkgu feyk] ftUgksaus OkLrqr% gesa ,sls dk;Z ds fy, izsfjr fd;k

ftlesa vR;kf/kd le; yxuk FkkA ge Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn] fnYyh dk Hkh vkHkkj

O;Dr djrs gSa ftUgksaus dh ,Mgksd Ldhe ^LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk ’kks/ku ftlls

dh feV~Vh dk lq/kkj rFkk ck;ksmipkj fd;k tk lds* dks /ku iznku fd;k] ftlds rgr cgqr

lk vuqla/kku dk;Z fd;k x;kA ,d ckj iqu% ge mu lHkh dk /kU;okn djrs gSa ftUgksaus dh

izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k :Ik ls gesa ;s cqysfVUk fudkyus esa lgk;rk dh gSA

vkseizdk’k vgykor

[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;]

pEck?kkV] lksyu&173 213 ¼fg-iz-½


1

v/;k;&I

Ikfjp;

fofHkUUk izdkj dh [kk| e’k:eksa dks mxkus

ds fy, ikS/kksa ds vo’ks"k dks cqfu;knh iks"kk/kkj

ds :Ik esa mi;ksx eas yk;k tkrk gSA e’k:e

mRiknu ,d okrkoj.k fgrs"kh fØ;k gS D;ksafd

blesa d‘f"k] ckxokuh] eqxhZ ikyu] czwvjh bR;kfn

ls izkIr vo’ks"kksa dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

;}fi [kqEc dh Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr iz;qDr

iks"kk/kkj dks ckgj okrkoj.k esa Qsadus ds

dkj.k fofHkUu izdkj dh Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;ka,

mRiUu gks ldrh gSa ftlesa Hkwfexr ty iznwf"kr

gksuk] xanxh rFkk nqxZa/k QSyuk ’kkfey gSaA tc

[kkn ¼dEiksLV½ ls [kqEc dh ,d iw.kZ Qly ys

yh tkrh gS rFkk ml ij vkxs [kqEc mxkuk

ykHkdkjh ugh gksrk gS rks ,slh iz;qDr [kkn

¼dEiksLV½ dks LisaV iks"kk/kkj eku ysrs gSaA [kqEc

m|ksx dks izR;sd o"kZ mi;ksx eas ykbZ xbZ yxHkx

50 fefy;u Vu ls vf/kd [kkn dks fBdkus

yxkus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA gky gh eas LisaV

dEiksLV ;k LisaV e’k:e iks"kk/kkj dks ,d vfr

mi;qDr ’kCn ^^iksLV e’k:e iks"kk/kkj** ls

cny fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd ;g O;FkZ ugha gS

rFkk u;s izdkj ds lw{ethfo;ksa }kjk mi;ksx eas

yk;s tkus ;ksX; gSA [kqEc iks"kk/kkj vo’ks"k dh

cM+h <sfj;k¡ fuokZ;q gks tkrh gSa rFkk nqxZa/k nsrh

gSaA bu <sjh;ksa ls ikuh dk fjlko utnhd ds

ty lzksrksa dks iznwf"kr djrk gSA lk/kkj.kr;k

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls mRiUu Ik;kZoj.kh;

nq"ifj.kke dks lksaps fcuk gh bls O;FkZ le>

dj Qsad fn;k tkrk gS ¼fp=&1½A gky gh ds

o"kksaZ esa Ik;kZoj.kh; dkuwuksa us [kqEc mRikndksa

dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks dqN vU; lkSgknZiw.kZ

rjhdksa ls O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, ck/; fd;k

gSA lkFk gh dhVuk’kdkas rFkk jklk;fud [kknksa

fp=&1


2

ds cqjs izHkkoksa ds dkj.k tSo vo’ks"kksa rFkk

[kknksa dh ek¡x esa dbZ xq.kk c<+kSÙkjh gqbZ gSA

fo’o esa fd;s x;s vuqla/kku dk;kZs ls ;g

lkfcr gks pqdk gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa

,d vPNh tSfod [kkn ds xq.k ekStwn gksrs gSa]

ftlls vukt] Qyksa] lfCt;ksa rFkk ltkoVh

ikS/kksa dh LoLFk Qly mxkbZ tk ldrh gSA

blds vfrfjDr ;g jklk;uksa ls iznwf"kr Hkwfe

dks d‘f"k ;ksX; cukus dh {kerk Hkh j[krk gSA

;|fi tSfod [kk|kUu dk mRiknu djus ds

fy, xkscj dh [kkn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk

jgk gS] ijUrq bldh vYi miyC/krk dh otg

ls cM+s iSekus ij tSfod Qlyksa dk mRiknu

djus eas dfBukbZ lkeus vkrh jgh gSA

lkSHkkX;o’k] LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa cgqr

lh ,slh visf{kr fo’ks"krka, ekStwn gksrh gaS

ftuds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx xkscj dh [kkn

¼,Q-okbZ-,e-½ ds cnys esa tSfod Qly mxkus

ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk lkFk&lkFk

i;kZoj.k dk Hkh izca/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz;ksxksa ij vk/kkfjr vkWadM+ksa ¼rkfydk&1½ ls

;g irk pyrk gS fd [kqEcksa dks fofHkUu

iks"kk/kkjksa ij mxkus ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkjksa esa

dPph izksVhu rFkk dPph jk[k ds va’kksa eas o‘f)

gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr izk;ksfxd n’kkvksa eas

dPph izksVhu dh ikpu {kerk eas Hkh o‘f) gksrh

gS ¼>Sax rFkk lg;ksxh] 1995½A

Rkkfydk 1. ekxZ n’kZd iSekus ij Bksl voLFkk [kehjhdj.k ¼lkWfyM LVsV QjesaVs;’ku½ dk LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj ek/;e ds va’kks ij izHkko

Ekk/;e 35 izfr’kr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds lkFk

IywjksVl vkWLVªsVl ySafVuwyk bMksMl

fu;af=r [kehjhd‘r fu;af=r [kehjhd‘r

dPpk izksVhu ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 24.1 32.3 28.4 36.7

dPpk jslk ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 14.8 10.2 13.3 9.8

dPph jk[k ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 6.5 9.0 6.3 9.3

dPps izksVhu dh lqikP;rk ¼izfr’kr ’kq-Hkk-½ 64.2 67.8 68.7 70.1

’kq-Hkk- & ’kq"d Hkkj lzksr%& >Sax rFkk lg;ksxh (1995)


3

eq[;r% LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mPp iks"kd

Lrj] mPp /kuk;u fofue; {kerk rFkk eUn

[kfuthdj.k nj ds dkj.k blls d‘f"k esa mi;ksx

ykus gsrq iks"kd rRoksa dk vPNk lzksr ekuk x;k

gSA blds vfrfjDr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa 45

izfr’kr ikuh gksrk gS rFkk ;g Hkkj eas gYdk

gksrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofo/k mi;ksxksa

dks ns[krs gq, ,d vfrvko’;d t:jr eglwl

dh xbZ fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls lEcfU/kr

leLr miyC/k tkudkjh tks LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj dh fo’ks"krkvksa] vklikl ds okrkoj.k

ij bldk izHkko rFkk fo’ks"kdj fdlkuksa ds

ykHk gsrq blds fofHkUu mi;ksx ls lacf/kr gS

dks ladfyr fd;k tk,A bl cqysfVu esa tc

rd Li"V ugha fd;k tkrk rc rd] LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj ;k i’p [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks ’osr cVu

[kqEc dh Qly ysus ds Ik’pkr cpk gqvk

vo’ks"k gh le>k tk;sA


4

v/;k;&II

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh fo’ks"krk;sa

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa izkd`frd fo?kVu lsigys lk/kkj.kr;k ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl rFkkdSfY’k;e dk vuqikr 1.9:0.4:2.4 izfr’krgksrk gS rFkk 8-16 eghuksa rd ds izkd`frdfo?kVu ds Ik’pkr] ;g vuqikr 1.9:0.6:1.0

gks tkrk gSA ukbVªkstu rFkk QkLQksjl izkd`frdfo?kVu ds nkSjku /kqydj u"V ugha gksrs gSaijUrq iksVkf’k;e vf/kd ?kqyu’khy gksus dsdkj.k dkQh ek=k eas O;FkZ pyh tkrh gSA¼vkd`fr&1½ ¼xqIrk ,ao lg;ksxh] 2004½A

ukyksa dh xUnxh dh vis{kk LisaV [kqEcikss"kk/kkj esa Hkkjh /kkrq,a vis{kkd‘r de ek=k esagksrh gSa] ftlds dkj.k bldk Js.khdj.k [krjukdinkFkZ esa ugha gksrk gS ¼osLV ,ao Qsg] 1991½izkd`frd fo?kVu ds nkSjku tSo inkFkksZa ds va’kksa¼ifjorZu’khy Bksl½ essa eUn nj ls deh vkrhgS rFkk yxkrkj py jgh lw{ethoh fØ;kvksadh otg ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dsfofHkUu xq.kksa esa cnyko vkrk gSA fofHkUuO;olkf;d e’k:e QkeksZ ls ,d= fd;s x;s

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

6 9

12

24

36

48

Duration of weathering (months)

Un

it(p

pm

/%/g

/cm

3)

Bulk Density

(g/cm3)

Water Holding

Capacity (%)

Nitrogen (%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(ppm)

vkdfr 1


5

LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gSfd dSfY’k;e] cksjku] dkWij o ftad dks NksM+djvU; rRoksa esa ifjorZu ’khyrk xq.kakd 25% lsde gksrk gSA iSuflYokfu;k LVsV e’k:evuqla/kku iz;ksx’kkyk esa fd, x, uohurev/;;u ds eqrkfcd] LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dsjklk;fud rFkk HkkSfrd xq.kksa esa igys 1991 esaosLV ,ao Qsg }kjk fd;s x;s v/;;u ls FkksM+hfofHkUurk dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ¼QksDl ,aodksjksoj] 1999½ rFkk bldh rqyuk rkfydk&2 easn’kkZbZ xbZ gSA

fofHkUu lzksrksa ls izkIr LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkjesa lk/kkj.kr;k pkydrk 1.9 ls 8.3 feyhegksaizfr lsa-eh- ds chp gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEcikss"kk/kkj esa DyksjkbM rRo dh ek=k 1.5 ls 7.5

fd-xzk- izfr Vu rd gksrh gS rFkk lgh izdkjls lM+h gqbZ LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj esa ;g dsoy294 ih-ih-,e- jg tkrh gSA LisaV [kqEcikss"kk/kkj esa DyksjkbM rRo dh ek=k [kkn cukusds nkSjku bLrseky esa ykbZ xbZ eqxhZ dh [kkn dsLrj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA rktk rFkk fo?kfVrLisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ds ih-,p- ds ckjs easfojks/kkHkk"k gSA osLV o Qsg ¼1991½ ds vuqlkj]LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj eas ’kq:vkr eas ih- ,p-7.28 ds vklikl gksrk gS tks fo?kVu izfØ;kds nkSjku c<+rk gS] MsoksukYM ¼1987½ us rkt+sLisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk ih- ,p- 7.01 ls

8.04 ds e/; crk;k gSA blds foijhr] pksaxo lg;ksxh ¼1988½ us LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dkih- ,p- eku ’kq:vkr eas 7.9 o fo?kVu gksusij ?kVdj 7.0 crk;k gSA

le; ds lkFk LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dkvk;ru Hkh ?kVrk gSA LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk6 lIrkg rd v/k[kqys Mªeksa esa fo?kVu djus lsblds ?kuRo ifjek.k ¼cYd MsfUlVh½ esa 0.256

xzke izfr ?ku lsa-eh- ls 0.293 xzke izfr ?kulsa-eh- rd c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA

LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk fo?kVu rFkk bllsmRlftZr jklk;u %& LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj esadkQh ek=k es yo.k rFkk vU; rRo ik;s tkrsgSa tks ikS/kksa dh o‘f) ds fy, uqdlkunk;d gksrsgSa rFkk d‘f"k vFkok ckxokuh fØ;kvksa ds ;ksX;cukus ds fy, LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dks bugkfudkjd jklk;uks ls eqDr djuk vko’;dgksrk gSA LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dks mi;qDrxq.koÙkk ;qDr [kkn esa cnyus gsrq bls izkd‘frdtyok;qoh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa tSls&ifjorZu’khyrkieku rFkk cjlkr esa [kqyk NksM+ nsrs gSa] ftlsLisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dk fo?kVu ¼vi{k;.k½dgk tkrk gSA fo|Vu LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dsxq.kksa esa visf{kr lq/kkj ykrk gSA ijUrq lkFk ghbl fØ;k ds nkSjku LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ls?kqyu’khy ukbVªsV rFkk vU; ikss"kd rRoksa dk


6

Rkkfydk 2. fofHkUu v/;;uksa esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa ik;s x;s rRoksa dh ek=k

rRo bdkbZ osLV rFkk Qsg http/aginto.psu.edu/psa/

sgg/mushroom5.html

Rkktk LisaV 8&16 eghus Rkktk LisaV 16 eghus iqjkuhdEiksLV iqjkuh vi{kf;r dEiksLV ¼Js.kh½ vi{kf;r LisaV¼vkSlr½ LisaV dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½ dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½

lksfM;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.72 0.22 0.21-0.363 0.06

iksVkf’k;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 2.35 1.03 1.93-2.58 0.43

eSxfuf’k;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.71 0.91 0.45-0.82 0.88

dSfY’k;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 4.93 6.16 3.63-5.15 6.72

,sY;wfefu;e % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.40 0.80 0.17-0.28 0.58

yksgk % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.44 0.92 0.18-0.34 0.58

QkLQksjl % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.36 0.55 0.45-0.69 0.84

veksfu;k % ’kq"d Hkkj 0.11 0.03 0.06-0.24 0.00

tSfod ukbVªkstu % ’kq"d Hkkj 1.83 1.89 1.25-2.15 2.72

dqy ukbVªkstu % ’kq"d Hkkj 1.93 1.92 1.42-2.05 2.72

Bksl % ’kq"d Hkkj 43.39 49.43 33.07-40.26 53.47

Okk I’khy Bksl % ’kq"d Hkkj 62.78 44.29 52.49-72.42 54.24

ih-,p- Ekkud bdkbZ 7.28 8.05 5.8-7.7 7.1

EkSXuht ih-ih-,e- 332.92 438.62 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj

rkWack ih-ih-,e- 46.26 61.68 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj

tLrk ih-ih-,e- 103.88 136.41 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj

Lkhlk ih-ih-,e- 14.89 18.17 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj


7

gkzl gks tkrk gSA [ksrksa esa fo|Vu dh izfØ;kds nkSjku ?kqyu’khy rRo feV~Vh ds vUnj pystkrs gSa ¼vkd`fr 2 o 3½A 24 eghus iqjkuhizkd‘frd fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkjdh 3 vkSj 5 QqV m¡ph <sjh ls fudyus okysikuh ds ?kksy eas 0.8-11.0 xzke izfr yhVj?kqyu’khy dkcZfud dkcZu ¼vkd`fr&4½] 0.1

ls 2.0 xzke izfr yhVj ?kqyu’khy dkcZfudukbVªkstu rFkk dkcZfud yo.k ik;s tkrs gSaAih-,p- eku] fo|qr pkydrk rFkk vEyh;

fu izHkko {kerk dh ek=k Øe’k% 6.6 ls 9.0]21 ls 66 MSlh fleu izfr oxZ eh- rFkk 10

ls 75 fe- eksy izfr yhVj gksrh gSA

LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj ls fudyus okys ikuhds ?kksy esa vk;u ds :i eas iksVkf’k;e] DyksjhurFkk lYQsV eq[; vdkcZfud rRo gksrs gSaA 24

ekg iqjkuh LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj dh 5 QqV ÅWaphfo|fVr <sjh ls yxHkx 2.8 fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khydkcZfud dkcZu] 0.7 fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khy dkcZfud

rRo bdkbZ osLV rFkk Qsg http/aginto.psu.edu/psa/

sgg/mushroom5.html

Rkktk LisaV 8&16 eghus Rkktk LisaV 16 eghus iqjkuhdEiksLV iqjkuh vi{kf;r dEiksLV ¼Js.kh½ vi{kf;r LisaV¼vkSlr½ LisaV dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½ dEiksLV ¼vkSlr½

Øksfe;e ih-ih-,e- 8.53 11.31 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj

Ikkjk ih-ih-,e- 0.07 0.19 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj

fudy ih-ih-,e- 11.93 15.74 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj

dSMfe;e ih-ih-,e- 0.43 0.32 ugha tkapk ugha tkapk’kq"d Hkkj

ukbVªkstu& ih-ih-,e- 1.9-0.4-2.4 1.9-0.6-1.0 1.8-0.6-2.2 2.7-0.8-0.4

QkLQksjl& ’kq"d HkkjdSfY’k;evuqikr


8

vkdfr 2 vkdfr 3

vkdfr 4

ukbVªkstu rFkk 13.6 fd-xzk- vdkcZfud yo.kfudyrs gSa] tcfd 3 QqV Å¡ph <sjh ls yxHkx3.0 fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khy dkcZfud dkcZu] 1.6

fd-xzk- ?kqyu’khy dkcZfud ukbVªkstu rFkk 26.6

fd-xzk- vdkcZfud yo.k fudyrs gSaA 5 QqVdh <sjh] 3 QqV dh <sjh dh vis{kk T;knk ikuhlekdj j[krh gS rFkk de ’kq) ukbVªhfQds’kuiznf’kZr djrh gSA feV~Vh dh Åijh 3 QqVlrg esa 20 ls 89 izfr’kr ?kqyu’khy rRo jgtkrs gSa rFkk 5 QqV dh <sjh dh vis{kk 3 QqVdh <sjh eas T;knk izHkkoh fo?kVu gksrk gS ¼xqvkso lg;ksxh] 2001½A fo?kVu ds nkSjku gok dhmifLFkfr fo?kVu dh izfØ;k dks rst djrh gSrFkk LisaV [kqEc ikss"kk/kkj esa tSfod fØ;kvksa dsle; dks ?kVkrh gSA


9

v/;k;&III

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls iqu% [kkn rS;kj djuk

v/;;uksa ds vuqlkj] LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

tSo inkFkksZa ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gS rFkk bldh otg

ls ;g feV~Vh esa iks"kd rRoksa dh c<ksÙkjh djrk

gS] vEyh; feV~Vh dks mnklhu djus esa lgk;rk

djrk gS rFkk catj feV~Vh esa ikS/kksa dh o‘f) esa

lgk;d gksrk gSA dqN ekeyksa eas] ;g ikuh dh

xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus ds lkFk&lkFk vkS|ksfxd

LFkyksa ds ikl dh iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk mipkj

Hkh djrk gS ¼vkd`fr&5½A LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

dks [kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx djus gsrq] bldh

HkkSfrd o jklk;fud fo’ks"krkvksa esa lq/kkj ykus

ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ksa ls ,d vPNh

xq.koÙkkiqjd [kkn rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA

1- [kkn rS;kj djus dh fof/k;k¡

¼d½ izkd‘frd fo?kVu

izkd‘frd fo?kVu dh izfØ;k esa 5 ?ku QqV

xgjs dPps xM~<s esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks

Åij rd Hkj fn;k tkrk gS] fQj bls izkd‘frd

rjhds ls lM+us&xyus ls [kkn rS;kj gksus dh

izfØ;k ds fy, vxys nks o"kksZa rd NksM+ fn;ktkrk gSA ¼fp=&2½

fp=&2

¼[k½ ok;qthoh ¼ok;qoh½ fo?kVu

lcls igys O;ZFk ydM+h ds VqdM+ksa dhlgk;rk ls 5 ?ku QqV xgjs dPps xM~<s ds/kjkry ij fNnz ;qDr ¼f>jhnkj½ lrg rS;kjdh tkrh gS ¼fp=&3½A xM~<s ds fNnz ;qDr rydks okrkoj.kh; gok ls nksuksa fljksa ls [kqyhrFkk 2 bap O;kl okyh [kks[kyh IykfLVd dhikbiksa }kjk 1 QqV ds varjky ij yacr% tksM+ktkrk gSA [kks[kyh IykfLVd dh ikbi esa 15 ls-


10

l

vkS|ksfx

d O;FkZ

[ksrh O;FkZ

eqxhZ QkeZ O;FkZ

tSfod

O;FkZ laxzg

e’k:e

mRiknu

lq{et

hoh izksVhu

vkgkj

enk L

okLFk;

lq/kkj

pkjk

i’kq pkjk

ey e`nk

tSo m

ipkj

tSfod

[ksrh

ck;ks

xSlchekjh fu;

a=.k

bZa/ku

dfe i

kyu

rFkk

dfe [

kkn

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

e’k:e

mRiknu

voe

y

vkdfr 5

. LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj d

k iqu

%pØ.k


11

eh- ds varjky ij 0.5 bap O;kl ds Nsan cusgksrs gSaA blds mijkUr xM~<s dks LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj ls yckyc Hkjdj yxHkx 2 o"kZ dhvof/k rd [kkn rS;kj gksus ds fy, NksM+ fn;ktkrk gSaA ¼fp=&4½

yckyc Hkjdj Åij ls 1 ls 1-1/2 QqV eksVh

lk/kkj.k feV~Vh dh ijr ls <d fn;k tkrk gS

rkfd fuZok;qoh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu gksa ldsarFkk bls ;Fkkor 2 o"kZ ds fy, NksM+ fn;k

tkrk gSA

2- LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls iqu% fufeZr [kknds HkSkfrd&jklk;fud xq.k

¼d½ f<+xjh o iqvky [kqEcksa ls izkIr LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn ds HkSkfrd ojklk;fud xq.k

iqvky [kqEc ls izkIr LisaV iks"kk/kkj dk ih-

,p- eku 8.82 ls 9.16 ds e/; ik;k x;k gS

tcfd f<+xjh [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas ;g

6.51 ls 7.69 ds e/; gksrk gSA f<+xjh [kqEcds LisaV iks"kk/kkj dh rqyuk eas] iqvky [kqEc ds

LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas fo|qr pkydrk eku] dqy

?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkZ o ukbVªkstu dh ek=k

de gksrh gSA f<+xjh [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas

ukbVªkstu dh ek=k ¼1.82%½ iqvky [kqEc ds

LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas ekStwn ukbVªkstu ¼1.06 ls

1.46%½ dh rqyuk eas vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSA

vU; iks"kd rRo tSls dkcZfud ¼tSfod½ dkcZu

o QkWLQsV] iqvky [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas

T;knk gksrs gSaA ;|fi iksVkf’k;e] eSXuhf’k;e o

fp=&3

fp=&4.

¼x½ fuZok;qthoh ¼fuZok;qoh½ fo?kVu

fuZok;qthoh fo?kVu izfØ;k esa 5 ?ku QqVxgjs dPps xM~<s dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls


12

dSfY’k;e dh ek=k bu nksuksa izdkj ds LisaV

iks"kk/kkjksa eas cjkcj gksrh gSA [kqEc mRiknu gsrq

iks"kk/kkj rS;kj djus eas iz;qDr vo;oksa o

iks"kk/kkj rS;kj djus dh fof/k dk nksuksa izdkj

ds LisaV iks"kk/kkjksa ds xq.kksa ij izHkko iM+rk gSA

¼[k½ iqu% fufeZr [kkn cukus dh izfØ;k dkf<axjh] cVu rFkk iqvky [kqEcksa ls izkIrLisaV iks"kk/kkj ds HkkSfrd&jklk;fud xq.kksaij izHkko

LisaV iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn cukus dh izfØ;kdh vof/k eas c<+ksÙkjh gksus ds lkFk mijksDrlHkh [kqEcksa ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj dk ih-,p- ?kVrkgS] tcfd fo/kqr pkydrk dsoy f<+xjh rFkk

iqvky [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa c<+rh gS]ijUrq cVu [kqEc ds iks"kk/kkj esa ;g ughac<+rh gSA lHkh izdkj dh [kqEcksa ds LisaViks"kk/kkj dh lHkh fof/k;ksa ls [kkn cukus dsnkSjku] ukbVªkstu] lja/kzrk] ty /kkj.k {kerk]dqy ?kqyu’khy vkWDlhtu rFkk lw{e thfo;ksa

dh ek=k c<+rh gSA lHkh izdkj ds [kqEcksa dsLisaV iks"kk/kkj esa le; ds lkFk QkWLQksjl]iksVkf’k;e] lksfM;e] dSfY’k;e] dkcZu] ukbVªsV]dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkZ] d.k ?kuRo rFkkifjek.k ?kuRo dh ek=k ?kVrh gSA LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj dks iqu% fo?kfVr dj [kkn cukus dh

izfØ;k fofHkUu izdkj ds QaQwn uk’kd] dhV

uk’kd rFkk Hkkjh /kkrqvksa ds vo’ks"k Lrj

¼jsT;wMw;y ysoy½ dks ?kVkus eas vge Hkwfedk

fuHkkrh gSA rkts LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa

dkcsZUMkfte ¼csfoLVhu½ rFkk MsYVkesFkjhu ¼Msfll½

ds dqN va’k ik;s tkrs gSa ijUrq N% eghus iqjkuh

fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa buds va’k ugha

ik;s tkrs gSaA

¼x½ cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr[kkn ds xq.k

i½ izkd‘frd vi{kf;r ¼fo?kfVr½

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vi{k;.k ds nkSjku

fy, x, fofHkUu uewukas esa ih-,p- dk eku

6.72 ¼ukS ekg ckn½ ls 7.50 ¼48 ekg ckn½

ds e/; gksrk gSA le; ds lkFk pkydrk

?kVrh gS rFkk ;g 0.24 fe-yh- fleal izfr

ls-eh- ¼48 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas½ de ls de

o 6.22 fe-yh-fleal izfr ls-eh- vf/kdre

¼6 ekg iqjkus uewusa eas½ ds e/; gksrh gSA LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vi{k;.k ds le; ?kqyu’khy

vkWDlhtu Lrj rFkk ifjek.k ?kuRo yxHkx

,d leku gh jgrk gSA le; ds lkFk d.k

?kuRo ?kVrk gS tks U;wure 1.03 xzk-izfr ?ku

ls-eh-] 48 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas o vf/kdre

2.50 xzk-izfr ?ku ls-eh-] 12 ekg iqjkus uewusa

eas gksrk gSA fofHkUu vk;q ds uewuksa eas lja/kzrk


13

rFkk ty /kkj.k {kerk Øe’k% 14.50 ls 26.20

izfr’kr rFkk 28.00 ls 41.00 izfr’kr ds e/

; fopj.k djrh gSA vi{k;.k ds le;ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl] dkcZu rFkk dSfY’k;e

yxkrkj ?kVrs jgrs gSaA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dsfdlh Hkh uewus esa lksfM;e rFkk lhlk ¼ySM½

ugha gksrk gSA fofHkUu vk;q ds LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds uewuksa esa ukbVªsV va’k 12.80 ih-ih-,e-¼6 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas½ ls 1.95 ih-ih-,e-¼48 ekg iqjkus uewuksa eas½ ds e/; gksrk gSA

¼rkfydk&3½

Rkkfydk 3. fofHkUu vof/k;ksa rd vi{kf;r LisaV cVu [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds HkkSfrd&jklk;fud xq.k

Ø-l- xq.k@rRo LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofHkUu vof/k;ksa dsfo?kVu ds ckn xq.k ¼eghusa½

6 9 12 24 36 48

1. Ikh-,p- 7.30 6.72 7.20 7.45 6.90 7.50

2. Pkkydrk ¼fe-fleal lssa-eh--1½ 6.22 0.95 2.73 2.94 3.34 0.24

3. dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 2.70 0.462 2.03 0.14 1.72 0.11

4. ?kqyu’khy vkWDlhtu ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.64 0.54 0.56 0.64 0.63 0.84

5. ifjek.k ¼cYd½ ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 0.69 0.71 0.62 0.75 0.75 0.73

6. d.k ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 1.20 2.00 2.50 1.57 1.20 1.03

7. Lkja/kzrk ¼izfr’kr½ 25.80 14.50 15.20 15.90 20.80 26.20

8. Tky/kkj.k {kerk ¼izfr’kr½ 41.00 30.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 38.00

9. ukbVªkstu ¼izfr’kr½ 2.73 1.96 2.90 1.45 1.70 0.70

10. QkWLQksjl ¼izfr’kr½ 0.31 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.10

11. iksVkf’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 31.40 0.00 11.70 0.00 16.00 0.00

12. dkcZu ¼izfr’kr½ 2.51 1.46 1.46 0.84 0.45 0.41

13. lksfM;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

14. dSfY’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.56 0.58 0.41 0.34 0.52 0.27

15. Lkhlk ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

16. DyksjkbM ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 46.50 0.86 20.00 1.45 14.10 1.54

17. ukbVªsV ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 12.80 4.31 9.90 2.43 8.92 1.95

¼xqIrk o lg;ksxh] 2004½


14

ii) cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj dks xM~<s esaxykdj fufeZr [kkn

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh 5 ?ku QqV xgjsxM~<s esa cukbZ xbZ [kkn ds xq.kksa eas fo?kVu ds

fy, [kqys esa NksM+h xbZ [kkn ds eqdkcys vf/kdfofHkUurk gSA [kkn fuekZ.k ds ’kq:vkr ls 30

fnu ds Ik’pkr ih-,p-] fo|qr pkydrk] d.k?kuRo] lja/kzrk rFkk dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkkZsaesa vPNh [kklh deh vkrh gSA ifjek.k ?kuRorFkk ty /kkj.k {kerk 180 fnuksa rd yxkrkj

,d leku jgrh gSA ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl rFkkiksVkf’k;e rRo 30 fnuksa dh [kkn izfØ;k dsIk’pkr c<+rs gSa tcfd dkcZu] lksfM;e DyksjkbM]dSfY’k;e rFkk ukbVªsV ?kVrs gSaA [kkn fuekZ.kizfdz;k ds ’kq:vkr ds 180 fnuksa ds nkSjku]

fo|qr pkydrk] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl inkFkkZsa]

ifjek.k ?kuRo] lja/kzrk] ty /kkj.k {kerk rFkk

iksVkf’k;e] dkcZu] lksfM;e] dSfY’k;e] DyksjkbM

o ukbVªsV ds va’kksa esa lkFkZd ifjorZu vkrs gSa

¼rkfydk&4½

iii) cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj ls fofHkUurjhdksa }kjk fufeZr [kkn

lHkh izdkj dh [kkn fuekZ.k fof/k;ksa esa

igys ih-,p- c<+rk gS rFkk 30 fnu ds

Ik’pkr ?kVrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls

fuokZ;qthoh fo?kVu ¼,u,jksfcd½ izfØ;k }kjk

cukbZ xbZ [kkn esa fo|qr pkydrk ¼0.02 feyh

fleal izfr ls-eh- ls 0.49 feyh fleal izfr

ls-eh-½] ok;qthoh ¼,jksfcd½ izfØ;k }kjk cukbZ

xbZ [kkn ds vis{kk de gksrh gS ¼1.21 feyh

fleal izfr lsa-eh- ls 4.62 feyh fleal izfr

lsa-eh-½A ok;qthoh izfØ;k }kjk cukbZ xbZ [kkn

eas dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ?kVrs gSa ¼2740 ihih,e

ls 885 ihih,e½ tcfd fuokZ;qthoh rFkk izkd‘frd

vi{k;.k fof/k ls rS;kj LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa ;s

c<+rs gSaA vU; xq.k tSls&ifjek.k ?kuRo]

lja/kzrk rFkk ty /kkj.k {kerk] ok;qthoh izfØ;k

ls rS;kj [kkn esa c<+rs gSa] fuokZ;qthoh fo?kVu

izfØ;k ls rS;kj [kkn esa ,d leku jgrs gSa

rFkk izkd‘frd :Ik esa fufeZr [kkn esa y?kq

ifjorZu n’kkZrs gSaA [kkn fuekZ.k dh lHkh

izfØ;kvksa esa le; ds lkFk ukbVªkstu] iksVkf’k;e]

dkcZu] lksfM;e] dSfY’k;e DyksjkbM rFkk ukbVªsV

ds va’k ?kVrs gSa] gkaykfd fuokZ;qthoh fo?kVu

izfØ;k esa ;s lcls rst nj ls ?kVrs gSa rFkk

?kVus dh nj blds Ik’pkr ok;qthoh izfØ;k esa

gksrh gSA ok;qthoh rFkk fuokZ;qthoh izfØ;kvksa

esa le; ds lkFk QkWLQksjl ds va’k c<+rs gSa

tcfd izkd‘frd fufeZr [kkn dh izfØ;k esa ;g

viokn gS vkSj blesa ;s le; ds lkFk ?kVrs gaS

¼rkfydk&5½A


15

Rkkfydk 4. LisaV cVu [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh xM~<s eas fofHkUu vof/k;ksa ds fy, fo?kfVr [kkn ds HkkSfrdo jklk;fud xq.k

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn ds fofHkUu vof/k;ksa rd fo?kVu ds ckn xq.k ¼eghuk½

Ø-l- xq.k@rRo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Ikh-,p- 8.41 8.03 7.67 7.30 7.27 7.17 7.15

2. Pkkydrk 7.50 5.09 4.64 3.44 1.08 0.18 0.14

¼feyh egksl lsa-eh--1½

3. ukbVªkstu ¼izfr’kr½ 2.71 2.17 1.66 1.47 1.00 0.87 0.83

4. QkWLQksjl ¼izfr’kr½ 1.08 1.10 0.85 0.65 0.32 0.29 0.27

5. iksVkf’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 231.00 103.00 76.20 52.70 17.01 1.97 7.50

6. lksfM;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 260.00 231.00 124.00 28.00 11.01 2.09 0.27

7. dkcZu ¼izfr’kr½ 4.90 2.70 2.10 1.07 0.91 0.66 0.61

8. dSfY’k;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 543.00 360.00 159.00 73.00 17.00 4.10 3.97

9. DyksjkbM ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 146.00 65.00 43.50 20.30 1.54 1.20 1.13

10. ukbVªsV ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 12.80 6.56 4.19 2.30 2.51 2.10 2.07

11. dSMfe;e ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12. Lkhlk ¼ih-ih-,e-½ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

13. dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl 1910.00 1263.00 613.00 409.00 247.00 93.0 0.81

¼ih-ih-,e-½

14. ?kqyu’khy vkWDlhtu ¼Mh-vks-½ 0.83 0.97 1.10 1.57 1.59 1.63 1.63

¼ih-ih-,e-½

15. ifjek.k ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 0.57 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23

16. d.k ?kuRo ¼xzk-ls-eh--3½ 2.20 2.00 1.67 1.97 1.97 1.70 1.70

17. Lakj/kzrk ¼izfr’kr½ 20.00 36.00 44.31 44.01 44.01 42.39 42.39

18. ueh ¼izfr’kr½ 59.0 67.0 67.5 67.5 68.20 69.00 68.10


16

Rkkfydk

5. fofHkUu fof/k;

ksa }kjk L

isaV c

Vu [

kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj l

s fufeZr

[kkn

ds H

kkSfrd

&jklk;ufd x

q.k

fofHkUu fof/k;

ksa rFkk

vof/k;

ksa ls

iqu% fufeZr

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj d

h [kkn d

s HkkSfrd

&jklk;fud x

q.k ¼fnu½

Øa-

xq.k

Okk;qt

hoh

fuokZ;qt

hoh

izkd‘frd

la-

015

3045

6015

3045

6015

3045

60

1.Ikh-

,p-

8.30

8.56

8.81

8.13

8.00

8.77

8.61

8.12

8.22

7.17

8.43

7.88

8.19

2.fo|qr

Pkky

drk

3.51

4.62

1.39

1.21

1.55

0.02

0.35

0.49

0.49

0.32

0.90

0.26

2.28

¼fe- fleal

ls-eh--1

½

3.dqy

?kqyu’khy

2740

.00

1230

.00

682.

0074

7.00

885.

008.

8020

3.00

221.

0022

7.00

53.1

043

2.00

1390

.00

1580

.00

Bksl¼ih-ih-,

e-½

4.?kqy

u’khy

-0.1

80.

02-0

.10

-0.1

90.

000.

00-0

.20

-0.0

90.

00-0

.10

-0.0

9-0

.11

0.00

vkWDlhtu

¼ih-i

h-,e-½

5.ifje

k.k ?kuRo

0.22

0.30

0.39

0.33

0.35

0.25

0.31

0.33

0.38

0.28

0.19

0.22

0.22

¼xzk-l

s-eh--3

½

6.d.k

?kuRo

10.0

01.

332.

500.

910.

632.

003.

331.

421.

382.

501.

672.

001.

91

¼xzk-l

s-eh--3

½

7.Lkj

a/kzrk ¼%

½7.

8052

.60

24.4

073

.62

73.6

237

.50

20.7

247

.18

35.3

028

.80

48.5

039

.00

36.2

5

8.Tky

/kkj.k {ke

rk20

.00

20.0

033

.30

41.1

849

.00

40.0

023

.07

33.3

335

.25

20.0

044

.44

54.5

552

..60

¼%½


17

fofHkUu

fof/k;

ksa rFkk

vof/k;

ksa ls

iqu% fufeZr

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj d

h [kkn d

s HkkSfrd

&jklk;fud x

q.k ¼fnu½

Øa-

xq.k

Okk;qt

hoh

fuokZ;qt

hoh

izkd‘frd

la-

015

3045

6015

3045

6015

3045

60

9.ukbVªkstu

¼%½

2.10

2.10

1.19

1.82

1.23

1.75

1.51

1.58

1.14

2.03

1.72

1.72

1.44

10.QkLQ

ksjl

¼%½

0.57

0.97

0.94

1.05

1.11

1.05

1.30

1.24

1.25

1.37

1.20

1.14

1.14

11.iksVkf’k;e

138.

0028

3.00

336.

0041

.40

34.6

023

6.00

72.7

018

.30

19.6

025

6.00

223.

0043

.80

76.8

0

¼ih-i

h-,e-½

12.dkcZu

¼%½

5.43

5.34

5.84

4.50

0.60

5.70

5.83

5.22

1.50

5.52

5.57

4.74

0.60

13.lksfM;e

402.

0012

0.00

91.6

04.

460.

000.

0020

.40

0.00

0.00

54.0

061

.80

0.00

6.85

¼ih-i

h-,e-½

14.dSfY’k;

e13

80.0

019

.90

0.00

22.3

08.

1270

.10

0.00

21.1

05.

4622

.70

23.8

030

.80

11.7

0

¼ih-i

h-,e-½

15.Lkhlk

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

¼ih-i

h-,e-½

16.Dy

ksjkbM

115.

0011

1.00

56.3

051

.00

21.8

013

.30

15.9

031

.00

17.4

059

.50

30.2

010

7.00

36.1

0

¼ih-i

h-,e-½

17.ukbVªsV

4.80

13.6

09.

904.

9210

.20

2.28

3.18

0.48

4.01

2.66

5.38

11.3

030

.80

¼ih-i

h-,e-½


18

¼x½ lw{e tSfodh xq.k

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa thok.kqvksa dh U;wure

tula[;k 14.33x10-7 iqvky [kqEc ds LisaV

iks"kk/kkj esa rFkk mPpre 59.33x10-7 f<axjh

[kqEc ds iks"kk/kkj esa gksrh gSA vU; LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkjksa dh vis{kk IywjksVl ¶yksfjMk ¼vkW;LVj

[kqEc½ dk LisaV iks"kk/kkj 5 ls 23 xq.kk vf/kd

QQwan tula[;k dks ’kj.k nsrk gSA fofHkUu

izdkj ds QQawnksa eas VªkbZdksMjek mlds ckn

E;wdj o ,LiftZyl uked QQwan fofHkUu izdkj

ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa T;knk ek=k esa gksrs gaSA

VªkbZdksMjek lHkh izdkj ds LisaV iks"kk/kkjksa esa

izHkkoh gksrk gS] tcfd E;wdj] iqvky [kqEc

rFkk ,LiftZyl] iqvky [kqEc rFkk f<+axjh [kqEcds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa gksrk gSA

¼?k½ ,Utkbe lfØ;rk

f<+xjh [kqEc ls izkIr LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas,DtksXywdkust] ,UMksXywdkust o tkbZysust dhlfØ;rk mPpre gksrh gSA bl LisaV iks"kk/kkjeas ySDdst] eSxuht ijkWDlhMst o ,jk;y,YdksgkWy vkWDlhMst ,Utkbe dh lfØ;rk HkhcVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj o iqvky [kqEc LisaViks"kk/kkj dh rqyuk eas vf/kd gksrh gSA cVu[kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj eas dsoy fyfXuu ijkWDlhMst,Utkbe dh lfØ;rk vf/kd gksrh gS ¼vgykoro lg;ksxh] 2004½A


19

v/;k;&IV

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx

catj feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus

ls bldh lajpuk ¼cukoV½] ty /kkj.k {kerk

rFkk iks"kd rRoksa ds Lrj esa lq/kkj vkrk gSA

feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls ih-

,p- rFkk tSfod dkcZu va’k esa Hkh o‘f) gksrh

gSA fofHkUu Qlyksa ij LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds

izHkko ij fd, x, v/;;uksa ls irk pyk gS

fd feV~Vh esa fo?kfVr ;k vfo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj feykus ls ikS/kksa ds ’kq"d inkFkZ rRoksa

esa o‘f) gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks 5

izfr’kr ¼vk;ru ds vk/kkj½ dh nj ij feykus

ls ikS/kksa dh QkLQksjl rFkk iksVkf’k;e rRoksa

dh vko’;drkvksa dks iw.kZ :Ik esa iwjk fd;k

tk ldrk gSA tcfd ukbVªkstu dh vko’;drk

25 izfr’kr ¼vk;ru ds vk/kkj½ dh nj ij

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls iw.kZ :Ik ls iwjh

dh tk ldrh gSA feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

feykus ls ikS/kksa dh fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa esa o‘f)

dkjd fØ;kvksa dks ns[kk x;k gSA

1. LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx ds

lanZHk esa fdlkuksa dk er

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks [kqEc mRiknd

izkd‘frd :Ik ls fo?kfVr dj] d‘f"k ,oa ckxokuh

Qlyksa esa [kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA

[kqEc mRikndksa us bl fo"k; esa dkQh vuqHko

izkIr dj fy;k gS rFkk os vius bl vuqHko o

Kku dks dsoy lhfer {ks=ksa esa ckaV jgs gSaA

[kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;] lksyu ¼fg-iz-½ }kjk

,df=r dh xbZ lwpukvksa dk fo’ys"k.k djus ls

Kkr gqvk gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks

fofHkUu Qlyksa] tSls f’keyk fepZ] VekVj] Qwy

xksHkh] eVj] vkyw] vnjd] yglqu] xsgwa] /kku]

eDdk rFkk lsc ¼rkfydk&6½ esa [kkn ds :Ik esa

mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA fofHkUu Qlyksa esa

fofHkUu vk;q dh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks [kkn

ds :Ik esa mi;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA dqN

[kqEc mRiknd bls rkts :i eas lh/ks gh [ksrksa eas

mi;ksx dj ysrs gSa rFkk dqN mRiknd dqN


20

Rkkfydk

6. i

kS/kksa dh fofHkUu

iztkfr;ksa i

j LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj l

s cuh [

kkn d

h fofHkUu

vk;q o

ek=kv

ksa dk izHkko

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhMs+ e

dksMs+

f’key

k6-

12 eghus

100-

150

o‘f)

dksbZ

Lkk/kkj.k

[kqEc m

Riknd

fepZ

6 eg

hus i

qjkuh r

Fkk x

kscj dh [kkn

125

o‘f)

izHkko

Lkk/kkj.k

ds l

kFk fefJr

ugha

24-3

6 eg

hus

25-3

7.5

o‘f)

&deh

24 eghus

250

o‘f)

&izHkko u

gha

VekVj

0-6 eg

hus

100-

125

o‘f)

&dksbZ c

hekjh ug

ha[kqEc m

Riknd

6 eg

hus i

qjkuh r

Fkk x

kscj dh [kkn fefJr

125

o‘f)

&lk/kkj.k

2-6 eg

hus

12.5

o‘f)

&&

24 eghus

250

o‘f)

&deh

24-3

6 eg

hus

25-3

7.5

o‘f)

&&

Qwy

xksHkh

6 eg

hus i

qjkuh r

Fkk Q

keZ ;

kMZ [

kkn fefJr

125

o‘f)

izHkko

Lkk/kkj.k

[kqEc m

Riknd

6-12 eghus

100-

125

o‘f)

ugha

deh

24-3

6 eg

hus

25-3

7.5

o‘f)

&izHkko u

gha

vnj

d2-

6 eg

hus

25o‘f)

izHkko

deh

[kqEc m

Riknd

6 eg

hus

100-

125

o‘f)

ugha

o‘f)

12 eghus

250

o‘f)

&o‘f)

18 eghus

37.5

-50

o‘f)

&deh


21

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhMs+ e

dksMs+

Ykglwu

1 eg

huk

312.

5o‘f)

izHkko

o‘f)

[kqEc m

Riknd

6 eg

hus

100-

125

o‘f)

ugha

o‘f)

12 eghus

62.5

-75

o‘f)

&lk/kkj.k

Xksgw¡

2-3 eg

hus

87.5

o‘f)

&&

1-6 eg

hus

125-

150

o‘f)

izHkko

izHkko u

gha

[kqEc m

Riknd

6 eg

hus

25-3

7.5

o‘f)

ugha

deh

4 eg

huss

12.5

o‘f)

&deh

7-8 eg

hus

4.75

-12.

5o‘f)

&deh

12 eghus

250

o‘f)

&izHkko u

gha

12 eghus

12.5

-37.

5o‘f)

&deh

12 eghus

11-2

5o‘f)

&deh

eDdk

0-6 eg

hus

50-1

50o‘f)

izHkko u

ghafcekjh u

gha

[kqEc m

Riknd

2-6 eg

hus

4.37

5o‘f)

&deh

6 eg

hus

25-3

7.5

o‘f)

&deh

12 eghus

11.2

5o‘f)

&deh

12 eghus

62.5

-75

o‘f)

&lk/kkj.k

24-3

6 eg

hus

25-3

7.5

o‘f)

&deh

3-15 eghus

10o‘f)

&izHkko u

gha

12 eghus

250

o‘f)

&izHkko u

gha


22

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhMs+ e

dksMs+

/kku

Rkkth [kkn

62.5

o‘f)

izHkko u

gha

deh

[kqEc m

Riknd

1 eg

huk

62.5

o‘f)

&o‘f)

12 eghus

12.5

-37.

5o‘f)

&deh

1-2 eg

hus

125

o‘f)

&deh

vkyw

0-6 eg

hus

18.7

5o‘f)

izHkko u

gha

izHkko ugha

[kqEc m

Riknd

6 eg

hus

100-

125

o‘f)

&deh

4 eg

hus

12.5

2o‘f)

&deh

12 eghus

50o‘f)

&deh

24 eghus

100

o‘f)

&lk/kkj.k

eVj

0-6 eg

hus

100

o‘f)

izHkko

dksbZ chekjh

ugha

[kqEc m

Riknd

6 eg

hus

100-

125

o‘f)

ugha

deh

12 eghus

62.5

-75

o‘f)

&lk/kkj.k

12 eghus

93.7

5lk/kkj.k

&lk/kkj.k

12 eghus

250

o‘f)

& izHkko

ugha

Lskc1 eg

hus

5-6 fd-xzke@i

kS/kk

Lkk/kkj.k

izHkko ugha

Lkk/kkj.k

[kqEc m

Riknd

5 eg

hus

4 fd-xzke@i

kS/kk

o‘f)

&Lkk/kkj.k

8-12 eghus

4-6 fd-xzke@i

kS/kk

o‘f)

&deh


23

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhM+s e

dksMs+

[khjk]

fofHkUu v

k;q

fofHkUu e

k=k

c<ksÙkjh

dksbZ i

zHkko

dksbZ i

zHkko

cs;j] 1

996

VekVj]

ugha

ugha

czksdyh]

V;wfyi]

xksHkh]

dkyh fepZ

RkFkk

ikyd

Lkykn]

iqjkuh [kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kkn25

-37.

5%Ck<

ksÙkjh

dksbZ i

zHkko

dksbZ i

zHkko

Ykksgj r

Fkk d

kSQs]

1987

xsank]

ugha

ugha

VekVj

f?k;k]

fofHkUu v

k;q

fofHkUu e

k=k

Ck<ksÙkjh

dksbZ i

zHkko

dksbZ i

zHkko

jksgM

l rFkk

vkyWlu

]f’key

k fepZ

ugha

ugha

1995

clUr c

zksdyh]

’kjn

czksdyh]

vFkwc

jxhul

LohV d

kuZ]

LuSi chUl]

IkSuhlsVe

xywd

e


24

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhM+s e

dksMs+

I;kt

iqjkuh LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

500

dksbZ i

zHkko

QkLQ

ksjl]

dksbZ

folfuo

Ldk rFkk iSu

fDot

]ug

haiksVkf’k;e

]izHkko

1989

dSfY’

k;e

vkSj

ugha

eSXuhf’k;e

ds

mPp

va’k

VekVj

cVu

[kqEc LisaV

iks"kk/kkj

&&

,Ldksfc

ZdtM

+ xzfUFk

MqUMj

rFkk l

g;ksxh]

1995

;

vEy vkSj

jksx

ds

oekZ]

1986

dBksjr

k esa

lq/kkj l

aØe.

kij j

ksd

ydMh ¼’kd

h;½

&33

,67 rFkk

100%

csgrj

o‘f)

&&

pk¡x

rFkk fjadj] 1

994

vyadkfjd

Nky

ds l

kFkrFkk

pkjk

fefJr

Qly

sa

ioZrh;

&

&dqy

ÅWapkbZ

&&

fu r

Fkk l

g;ksxh]

1994

ijfleu

]esa

o`f)

dBksjr

kjfgr

ijfleu


25

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhMs+ e

dksMs+

LkscLisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj d

s tyh;

lkIrkfgd

&&

Lskc d

s LdSc

;ksgsYe

rFkk

lg;ksxh]

vdZ d

h Lizs

rFkk

jksx

dk fu;a=

.k19

94

f}lkIrkfgd

VekVj

6-24 e

ghus

iqjkuh izkd‘frd v

i{kf;

r rFkk

185

ikS/kakas d

hmP

pchekfj;k¡ r

Fkkvgy

kor

rFkk

lg;ksxh]

12 e

ghus

iqjkuh fuokZ;qt

hoh fof/k l

s fufeZr

[kkn

o‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

dhM+ksa&ed

ksM+ksa

2009

Qly

ds l

aØe.

k eas

mRiknu

esa

deh

c<ksÙkjh

f’key

k6-

24 e

ghus

iqjkuh izkd‘frd v

i{kf;

r rFkk

250

ikS/kakas d

hmP

pchekfj;k¡ r

Fkkvgy

kor

rFkk

lg;ksxh]

fepZ

12 e

ghus

iqjkuh ok;qt

hoh fof/k l

s fufeZr

[kkn

o‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

dhM+ksa&ed

ksM+ksa

2007v

Qly

ds l

aØe.

k eas

mRiknu

esa

2-20

% d

ehc<

ksÙkjh

eVj

12 e

ghus

iqjkuh fuokZ;qt

hoh fof/k l

s fufeZr

[kkn

200

ikS/kakas d

hmP

pchekfj;kas d

s[kq-v

uq-funs-] lksyu

o‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

ekey

s 3 l

sQyh

4 xq.kk de

mRiknu

esa

c<ksÙkjh


26

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhMs+ e

dksMs+

Qwyx

ksHkh

12 e

ghus

iajkuh ok;qt

hoh fof/k fufeZr

[kkn +

250

ikS/kakas d

hmP

pchekfj;k¡ r

Fkkvgy

kor

rFkk

lg;ksxh]

jlk;fud mo

Zjdo‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

dhM+ks&ed

ksM+ksa

2006v

Qwy

mRiknu

ds l

aØe.

k eas

esa c<

ksÙkjh

40 l

s 60%

deh

vnj

d18 e

ghus

iqjkuh ok;qo

h fof/k l

s fufeZr

LisaV

300-

320

ikS/kakas d

hmP

pizd

Unksa dh

vgy

kor

rFkk

lg;ksxh]

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kkn +

jklk;fud m

oZjd

o‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

lM+u

ek=k

2006c

izdanks e

sade

c<ksÙkjh

I;kt

12 e

ghus

iqjkuh ok;qo

h fof/k l

s fufeZr

LisaV

250

ikS/kakas d

hmP

p&

[kq-v

uq-funs-] lksyu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj d

h [kkn +

jklk;fud m

oZjd

o‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

’kqYd d

anks

esa c<

ksÙkjh

cSaxu

12-2

4 eg

hus iqjkuh fuo

kZ;q fof/k

ls fufeZr

LisaV

250

ikS/kakas d

hmP

p&

[kq-v

uq-funs-] lksyu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj d

h [kkn

o‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

iSnkokj e

sa

c<ksÙkjh


27

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhMs+ e

dksMs+

xsgWwa

12 e

ghusa

iqjkuh fuokZ;q

fof/k l

s fufeZr

LisaV

300 fd-

ikS/kakas d

hmP

p&

vgy

kor

rFkk

lg;ksxh]

[kqEc

iks"kk/kkj d

h [kkn +

jklk;fud m

oZjd

+ j

klk;fud

o‘f) r

Fkkxq.koRrk

2007c

moZjd

nkuksa d

h¼ukbVªkstu

]iSnkokj e

saQkWLQ

ksjl]

c<ksÙkjh

iksVkf’k;e

80, 6

0 o

50 fd

-xzke

izfr

gSDVs;

jdh nj l

s

eDdk

Rkktk

1000

-400

0pkjs

pkjs

&osLV rFkk Qsg] 1

991

rFkk nkuksa

rFkk nkuksa

dh iSnkokj

esa m

Ppesa

c<ksÙkjh

izksVhu

ds

va’k

’osr

cVu

[kqEc LisaV

iks"kk/kkj +

iwjh

vPN

h f}rh;

&&

Qsg rFkk osLV] 1

984

cVu

Liku e

sV rFkk cksukikjsV ihV

Qly

[kqEc

vkW;LVj

f’kVkds [

kqEc O;FkZ +

10% x

sgwWa dh pksdj

+10

%iwjh

vPN

h iSn

kokj

&jkW;t

s] 199

3

[kqEc

Tokj


28

Qly

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj [

kknEkk=k ¼fD

oaVy

izHkko

lzksr

dh vk;q

izfr

gsDVsv

j½

mit

xq.koRrk

chekfj;ka@

dhMs+ e

dksMs+

vkW;LVj

f’kVkds [

kqEc O;FkZ +

12% l

ks;kchu

+1%

ykbZe

iwjh

vPN

h iSn

kokj

&jkW;t

s] 199

3

[kqEc

cVu

Okk;qo

h fof/k l

s rS;kj LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

dsflax

feV~V

h[kqEc d

h&

cSDVhfj;y

LktksfeVt

] 199

4

[kqEc

ds

rkSj

ijQly

ihV

CykWp d

kdsflax

ds

laØe.

kcj

kcj

de

cVu

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj +

bZ-Mh-Vh-,

-+ ihV [kkn

dsflax

feV~V

hJs"B [

kqEc&

cSDVhfj;y

’kekZ rFkk lg

;ksxh]

1999

[kqEc

ds r

kSj i

j d

h iSn

kokj

CykWp d

klaØe.

kde

cVu

Okk;qo

h fof/k l

s rS;kj LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

dsflax

feV~V

h’kh?kz

rFkk

Lkw[kk cqy

cqyk

[kq-v

uq-funs-] lksyu

[kqEc

ds r

kSj i

jDo

kjfiFk

dsflax

dk laØ

e.k de

ds c

jkcj

[kqEc

dh Qly


29

eghuksa ls ysdj 3 o"kksZa iqjkuh LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

blh izdkj LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh mi;ksx

eas ykbZ tk jgh ek=k eas Hkh dkQh fHkUurk gS

tksfd de ls de 4.75 fDoaVy izfr gsDVvj

rFkk vf/kdre 1000 fDoaVy izfr gsDVvj gSA

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykus ls

feV~Vh dh HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud lajpuk esa

Hkh lq/kkj gksrk gSA [kqEc mRikndksa dk er gS

fd LisaV [kkn dks feV~Vh esa feykus ls blds

moZjrk Lrj] ty /kkj.k {kerk] lja/kzrk rFkk

cukoV esa o‘f) gksrh gSA

[kqEc mRikndksa rFkk vuqla/kkudrkZvksa nksuksa

us gh ;g ik;k gS fd feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx ls Qly mit esa c<ksÙkjh

gksrh gS rFkk blls d‘f"k ,oa ckxokuh Qlyksa

dh fcekfj;ksa dk Hkh izcU/ku gksrk gSA [kqEc

mRikndksa ls izkIr bl ns’kh rduhdh Kku dh

tk¡p o bleas lq/kkj dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku izkIr

izk;ksfxd vk¡dM+ksa o vuqHkoksa ls Qlyksa esa LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks [kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx ds

ckjs eas ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj dks [kqys esa lM+d ds fdukjs Qsdusa ds

ctk; de ls de 12 eghuksa rd izkd‘frd

:Ik ls xM~<+ksa esa ;k fuokZ;qthoh@ok;qthoh

fof/k;ksa ls bls fo?kfVr djuk pkfg,A LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn dh ek=k Qly

fof’"V dh dqy iks"kd rRoksa dh vko’;drk]

feV~Vh dk iks"kd rRoksa Lrj rFkk LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj eas iks"kd rRoksa ds Lrj dks vk/kkj

cukdj r; djuk pkfg,A LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

ls fufeZr [kkn dk mi;ksx vdsys tqrkbZ ds

le; ;k fQj vdkcZfud moZjdksa ds lkFk

feykdj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2. vuqla/kkudrkZvksa ds ifj.kke

¼d½ ckxokuh Qlysa

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx feV~Vh dks

lfCt;k¡ mxkus ds fy, vuqdwy cukrk gSA

^^rhoz lkYV fuNkyu** rFkk [kqys esa 2&3 lky

ds fy, vi{k;.k fof/k;ksa }kjk LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj dks mipkfjr dj bls iw.kZr;k ;k

fQj vkaf’kd :Ik ls o‘f) ek/;e ds :Ik esa

Qwyksa] lfCt;ksa] Qyksa] cky o‘{kksa rFkk vkyadkfjd

>kfM;ksa dks mxkus ds fy, T;knk mi;qDr

cuk;k tk ldrk gS ¼rkfydk&6½A LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj esa ukbVªkstu] QkWLQksjl rFkk iksVkf’k;e

izpqj ek=k esa gksus dh otg ls bls [khjk]

VekVj] czksdyh] V;wfyi] QwyxksHkh] fepZ] ikyd


30

bR;kfn lfCt;ksas ds vPNs ek/;e ds :Ik esaiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp=&5½A ijUrq ikS/kksa dh

izfrfØ;k,a LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks feykus ds

fofHkUu Lrjksa ij fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSaA mxkus

okys ek/;e esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks 25 ls

37.5 izfr’kr dh nj ls feykus ls lykn okys

ikS/kksa] xsank rFkk VekVj ij Qly o‘f) dkjd

izHkkoksa dks ns[kk x;kA lfCt;k¡ tSls dqdjfcVk

fiiks] f’keyk fepZ] clar _‘rq czksdyh] ’kjn

_‘rq czksdyh] LohV dksuZ bR;kfn dh mit esa

feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls c<+ksÙkjh

gksrh gSA ;|fi bu lHkh dks mxkus esa rkth

[kkn dh vis{kk T;knk iqjkuh [kkn dks T;knk

ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks

[kkn ds :Ik esa mi;ksx djus ls Qlyksa ds

mRikn dh xq.koRrk esa Hkh o‘f) gksrh gSA ,d

v/;;u ds vuqlkj] feVVh esa 50 Vu izfr

gsDVsvj ds fglkc ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

feykus ls I;kt danksa dh vf/kdre mit izkIr

gqbZ rFkk blds danksa esa QkWLQksjl] dSfY’k;e

rFkk eSXuhf’k;e ds mPPk va’k ik;s x;s

¼folfuoLdk rFkk isufdfolt] 1989½ rFkk

VekVj esa blds mi;ksx ls VekVj dh dBksjrk

¼l[r½ o ,sLdksfcZd vEy dh ek=k esa lq/kkj

gqvk ¼MwaMj rFkk lg;ksxh] 1995½A

lfCt;ksa ds vfrfjDr bldk mi;ksx xzhu

gkÅl o ulZjh Qlyksa] vkyadkfjd ydM+h

rFkk pkjk Qlyksa eas Nky ds lkFk 33] 67

vkSj 100 izfr’kr dh nj ls feykus ls iks/kksadks vPNh o‘f) nsrk gSA lgh izdkj ls NkuhgqbZ o yo.kksa ls eqDr rktk LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj] oehZ [kkn ds lkFk fefJr djus ij ikS/kksadh o‘f) ds fy, ,d vkn’kZ mRiknu ek/;edk dk;Z djrh gS rFkk ek/;e dks fof’k"V Lrjdh ok;qlapkj] laj/kzrk] ty/kkj.k {kerk rFkkukbVªkstu iznku djrh gSA ;g feV~Vh jfgrfeJ.k eas ihV dk ,d ;ksX; fodYi gSA [kqEcvuqla/kku funs’kky;] lksyu esa bl fn’kk esafd, x, vuqla/kku dk;Z esa ;g ik;k x;k gSfd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ikS/kksa dh o‘f)] Qy dhiSnkokj vkSj xq.koRRkk ds lkFk&lkFk chekfj;ksads izcU/ku esa fo’ks"k ;ksxnku iznku djrk gSA¼vgykor rFkk lg;ksxh] 2005] 2006 v]fp=&5


31

2006 c] 2007 v] 2007 c] 2007 l] 2009½AfofHkUu Qlyksa ij fd;s x;s ’kks/k dk;ksZ dkfooj.k fups fn;k x;k gSA

¼i½ VekVj ¼ykbZdksilhZdkWu ,LdwysUkVe½

[ksfrgj Hkwfe esa lq/kkj ds fy, 6-24 eghusiqjkuh izkd‘frd rjhds ls vi{kf;r LisaV [kqEciks"kk/kkj dks 18.5 Vu izfr gsDVsvj dh nj lsfeykus rFkk vuqeksfnr d"kZ.k fØ;k,a viukus

ls ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) cf<+;k gqbZ rFkk

lkFk gh VekVj dh iSnkokj Hkh 746 fDoaVy

izfr gsDVsvj izkIr gqbZ ¼fp=&6½] tcfd xkscj

dh [kkn feykus ls 456.53 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj

iSnkokj gh izkIr gqbZA blh izdkj ls feV~Vh esa

12 eghus iqjkuh fuokZ;qthoh fof/k ls fufeZr

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykus ls VekVj

dh iSnkokj 658.89 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj izkIr

gqbZ tksfd xkscj dh [kkn feykus ls feyh

iSnkokj ¼547.04 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½ dh

vis{kk esa vf/kd gSA

fuokZ;qthoh rjhds ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj [kkn dks feV~Vh esa feykus ls VekVj

dh xq.koRrk ¼fp=&7½ tSls Qyksa dk Hkkj

¼59.32 xzke½] ,LdksfcZd vEy rRo ¼33.89

fe-xzk- izfr 100 xzke rktk Hkkj½] ’kq"d inkFkZ

¼8.40 izfr’kr½] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼Vh-,l-

,l-&5.170 fczDl½ rFkk vEyh;rk ¼2.05

izfr’kr½ esa o`f) gksrh gSA

fp=&6

fp=&7

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn dk mi;ksx

djus ls VekVj dh Qly esa Qwyksa dk lM+Ukk]

cd vkbZ jkWV o iRrksa dk eqM+uk fcekfj;k¡ de

yxrh gS ¼fp=&8½A


32

¼ii½ f’keyk fepZ ¼dsfIlde ,sue½

[ksrh gj Hkwfe esa 25 Vu izfr gsDVsvj dh

nj ls 6 ls 18 eghus iqjkuh izkd‘frd <+x lsvi{kf;r LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykusls ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) ¼49 lsa-eh-½ rFkkQyksa dh iSnkokj ¼171 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½eas c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gS ¼fp=&9½ tks xkscj dh [kkn

¼152.52 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ rFkk moZjdksa dhfu/kkZfjr ek=k feykus dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSAblh izdkj Hkwfe esa 12 eghus iqjkuh ok;qohfof/k ls rS;kj LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kknfeykus rFkk vuqeksfnr d"kZ.k fØ;k,a viukusls ikS/kksa esa T;knk o‘f) ¼51 ls-eh-½ rFkk QyiSnkokj ¼212.27 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ izkIr gqbZ¼fp=&10½A

Hkwfe esa 12 eghus iqjkuh izkd‘frd fof/k lsvi{kf;r LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykusls Qyksa dh xq.koRrk esa Hkh o‘f) gqbZA blesaØe’k% Qy dh yEckbZ ¼53.74 fe-eh-½] Qydh pkSM+kbZ ¼44.15 fe-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼9.40

izfr’kr½] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼4.820 fczDl½rFkk ,LdksfcZd vEy rRo ¼22.70 fe-xzk-@100 xzke rktk Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij½ dh ek=kesa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA blh izdkj ok;qoh fof/k ls

fp=&8

fp=&9 fp=&10


33

fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds mi;ksx ls HkhQyksa dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj gksrk gS] blls Qyksadh yEckbZ ¼51.08 fe-eh-½] pkSM+kbZ ¼43.48

fe-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼9.41 izfr’kr½] dqy/kqyu’khy Bksl ¼4.800 fczDl½ vkSj ,LdksfcZdvEy rRo ¼25.37 fe-xzk-@100 xzke rktk

Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij½ esa o‘f) gksrh gSA

Hkwfe esa 24 eghus iqjkuh izkd‘frd fof/k ls

vi{kf;r rFkk ok;qoh fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn feykus ls Qy lM+u

jksx 2-4 izfr’kr] fpfy fouk;y eksVy uked

ok;jl dk ladze.k 15 ls 20 izfr’kr vkSj

ikS/kksa ij fVM~Mksa ds geys esa 4 izfr’kr dh deh

vkrh gS tks vuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh fu/kkZfjr

ek=k rFkk xkscj dh [kkn feykus dh rqyuk eas

de gksrh gSA

¼iii½ eVj ¼ikble LVkbZoe½

[ksrh ;ksX; Hkwfe esa 12 eghus iqjkuh ¼fuokZ;q½

fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj 20 Vu

izfr gsDVsvj dh nj ls feykus ls ikS/kksa dh

okuLifrd o‘f) ¼c<okj½ ¼110.50 ls-eh-½

rFkk mit esa ¼120.26 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ o‘f)

gksrh gS ¼fp=&11½ tksfd xkscj dh [kkn ls

izkIr mit ¼92.40 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ dh vis{kk

dkQh T;knk gksrh gSA vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½

fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn

Mkyus ls eVj dh xq.koÙkk tSls fd izksVhu

¼4.88%½] ,LdksfcZd vEy ¼11.90 fe-xzk-

izfr 100 xzk- rktk eVj½] ’kq"d inkFkZ

¼73.80%½ o dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼16.90

fczDl½ esa lq/kkj vkrk gS ¼fp=&12½A

fp=&11

fp=&12


34

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn feykusls ikS/kksa rFkk Qfy;ksa esa ¶;wtsfj;e foYV rFkkikÅMjh feYM;w QaQwn dk laØe.k 3 ls 4

xq.kk de gks tkrk gSA

¼iv½ Qwy xksHkh ¼czkfldk vkWysjsf’k;k½

iks"k.k jfgr detksj Hkwfe esa 12 eghusiqjkuh vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½ fof/k ls fo?kfVrLisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn 25 Vu izfr

gsDVsvj dh nj ls jklk;fud moZjdksa ds lkFkfeykus ds ckn ikS/k jksi.k ds le; mi;ksxdjus rFkk vuqeksfnr d"kZ.k fØ;kvksa dks viukusls ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrhgS ¼fp=&13½ rFkk xksHkh dh dqy iSnkokj

¼186.56 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½ xkscj dh [kknls izkIr mit dh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd gksrh

gS ¼119.35 fDoaVy izfr gsDVsvj½A

ckjg eghus iqjkuh vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½fof/k ls fo?kfVr [kkn dks jklk;fud moZjdksads lkFk feykdj Mkyus ls xksHkh ds M.Mh dhyEckbZ ¼5.10 ls-eh-½] Qwy dh yEckbZ ¼12.25

ls-eh-½ rFkk O;kl 15.17 ls-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ¼7.84%½] ,LdksfcZd vEy rRo ¼57.60 fe-xzk-@100 xzke rktk Hkkj½ rFkk Qwy xksHkh dh

vkd‘fr esa Hkh lq/kkj vkrk gS ¼fp=&14½A

fp=&13

fp=&14

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls cuh [kkn dks feV~Vh

eas feykus ls dkyk /kCck rFkk lwaM+h ds laØe.k

dh ?kVuka, xkscj dh [kkn feykus dh rqyuk eas

Øe’k% 60 izfr’kr rFkk 40 izfr’kr dh nj

rd de gks tkrh gSa ¼fp=&15½A


35

¼v½ vnjd ¼ftathcsj vkWQhlhusy½

iks"k.k jfgr Hkwfe esa 30-32 Vu izfr

gsDVsvj dh nj ls 18 eghus iqjkuh fuokZ;qthoh

fof/k ls fufeZr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn

dks jklk;fud moZjdksa ds lkFk feykdj Mkyus

ls ikS/kksa esa okuLifrd o‘f) ¼fp=&16v rFkk

16c½ rFkk vnjd dh iSnkokj ¼144.44

fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA tksfd

xkscj dh [kkn feykus ls izkIr mit dh rqyuk

esa vf/kd gksrh gSA

fp=&15

fp=&16v

fp=&16c

iSnkokj esa o‘f) ds vfrfjDr] LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj dh [kkn Mkyus ls vnjd dh xq.koRrk

esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA blesa dUnksa dh yEckbZ

¼10.20 ls-eh-½] pkSM+kbZ ¼5.15 ls-eh-½] eksVkbZ

¼3.1 ls-eh-½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼15.83%½] dqy

?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼6000 fczDl½] js’kk ¼4.54%½

rFkk v?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼9.49%½ inkZFkksa dh

ek=k esa lq/kkj vkrk gSA

larqfyr ek=k esa moZjdksa ds iz;ksx dh

vis{kk eas xkscj dh [kkn rFkk fuokZ;q fof/k ls

fufeZr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj [kkn dks 25

Vu@gsDVsvj dh nj ls feykus ls dUnksa ds

lM+us ds ekeys de gks tkrs gSaA


36

¼vi½ I;kt ¼,fy;e flik ,y-½

vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½ fof/k ls fo?kfVr 12

eghus iqjkuh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj [kkn rFkkjklk;fud moZjdksa dks feykdj mi;ksx djusls iks/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) ¼38.49 ls-eh-½rFkk I;kt ds danks dh iSnkokj esa c<+ksÙkjh

¼222.00 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ gksrh gS tksfd xkscjdh [kkn ls izkIr mit ¼148.00 fDoaVy@

gsDVsvj½ rFkk vuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh ek=k

feykus ls izkIr mit ¼206.00 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gS ¼fp=&17½A

esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gS tksfd xkscj dh [kkn rFkkvuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh ek=k ds feykus ls izkIrekudksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA

¼vii½ cSaxu ¼lksysue esyutsuk½

ckjg rFkk 24 eghus iqjkuh vukWDlhd`r

¼fuokZ;q½ fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

dh [kkn dks 25 Vu@gsDVsvj dh nj ls

feykus ij ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) rFkk

Qyksa dh iSnkokj ¼251.42 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½

xkscj dh [kkn ¼236.66 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½ dh

rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gS ¼fp=&18½A

fp=&17

I;kt ds dUnksa dh xq.koRrk ekudksa tSlsI;kt ds dUn dh yEckbZ ¼4.30 ls-eh-½ O;kl¼5.55 ls-eh-½] dqy ?kqyu’khy Bksl ¼12.30

fczDl½] ’kq"d inkFkZ ¼17.46%½] ikbZ:fodvEy ¼0.416½ rFkk ,LdksfcZd vEy ¼29.45½

fp=&18

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls cuh [kkn] xkscj dh

[kkn rFkk vuqeksfnr moZjdksa dh ek=k ds

feykus ls Qyksa ds vkdkj rFkk Hkkj esa T;knk

fHkUurk ugha vkrh gSA


37

¼[k½ [kk|Uu Qlysa

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx fofHkUu

Qlyksa eas djus gsrq dkQh v/;;u fd, x, gSa]

ftuesa ls eDdk dh Qly us vPNs urhts

fn[kk;s gSaA ,d v/;;u ds eqrkfcd iks"k.k

jfgr ¼flYVh fpduh nkseV feV~Vh½ feV~Vh esa

100] 200 rFkk 400 Vu ¼rktk Hkkj½ dh nj

ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls pkjs rFkk

eDdk ds nkus dh iSnkokj ij ldkjkRed

izHkko fn[kkbZ fn;sA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus

ds Ik’pkr fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa pkjk mRiknu

esa 33 ls 68 izfr’kr rd o‘f) gqbZA blh izdkj

ekSle dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls eDdk ds nkuksa dh

iSnkokj Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA bl v/;;u ls

;g Kkr gqvk fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls cuh

[kkn dks feV~Vh esa feykus ds ckn ikuh dh

vfr vko’;drk gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh v/;;u

esa ;g ugha fn[kk;k x;k gS fd bldk Hkwfe tyvFkok cgrs ty dh xq.koRrk ij dksbZ izfrdwyizHkko iM+rk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus lsQly esa izksVhu dh ek=k Hkh c<+ tkrh gSALisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds lkFk lM+h&xyh?kkl&ifRr;kWa feykus ls [ksr esa lg;ksxh

lw{ethok.kqvksa dh tula[;k esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjhgksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks izfro"kZ 90

fdyksxzke@oxZ eh- dh nj esa feykus ls /kjkry

ds ty dh xq.koRrk ij dksbZ cqjk izHkko ughaiM+rk gS rFkk /kjkry ij cgrs ikuh esa ukbVªkstu]tSfod ;qDr vkDlhtu rFkk DyksjkbM cgqrde ek=k eas ik;k tkrk gSA [kqEc vuqla/kku

funs’kky; esa xsgww¡ ij vuqla/kku fd;k x;kftlesa mRlkgo/kZd urhts izkIr gq,A

i½ xsgwWa ¼VªhVhde ,LVhoe½

ckjg eghusa iqjkuh vukWDlhd`r ¼fuokZ;q½fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh [kknds lkFk jklk;fud moZjdksa dh vuqeksfnr

ek=k ¼;wfj;k] Mh-,-ih- rFkk iksVk’k½ feykusls xsgw¡ ds ikS/kksa dh okuLifrd o‘f) ¼86.60

ls-eh-½ rFkk iSnkokj ¼49.80 fDoaVy@gsDVsvj½

T;knk gqbZ tksfd xkscj dh [kkn ds mi;ksx ls

feyh iSnkokj ¼35.20 fDoVy@gsDVsvj½ dh

vis{kk vf/kd Fkh ¼fp=&19½A

fp=&19


38

xsgw¡ dh ckyh dh xq.koRrk] ekudksa tSls

ckyh dh yEckbZ ¼lsa-eh-½] nkuksa dh la[;k]

nkuksa dk Hkkj ¼xzke½ rFkk nkusa&iqvky ds vuqikr

esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gS tksfd laLFkkuksa }kjk

crkbZ xbZ moZjdksa dh ek=k eqDr fu;f=ar IykWV

rFkk xkscj dh [kkn ls mipkfjr IykWV dh

rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA

x½ [kqEc

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls [kqEc dh f}rh;

Qly dk mRiknu ysus ls iks"kk/kkj ds rRoksa dks

vf/kd izHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx esa yk;k tk

ldrk gS rFkk blls [kqEc m|ksx dks vo’ks"k ds

izca/ku dh leL;k ls Hkh NqVdkjk fey ldrk

gSA cVu [kqEc ds LisaaV iks"kk/kkj esa iqu% chtkbZ

djus ds lkFk&lkFk blesa vfrfjDr ek=k esa

LikWuesV rFkk cksukikjVh ihV feykus ls cVu

[kqEc dh f}rh; Qly dh vPNh iSnkokj yh

tk ldrh gSA

f’kVkds [kqEc ds LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa 10

izfr’kr dh nj ls xsgWaw dk pksdj rFkk 10

izfr’kr dh nj ls Tokj feykus ls bldks

IywjksVl lktksj&dktw mRiknu ds mi;ksx esa

yk;k tk ldrk gSA bldks igys gok esa

lq[kkuk] ihluk rFkk iks"kd rRo feykus ds

ckn ikLpqjhdj.k djuk gksrk gS vkSj fQj

blesa chtkbZ djuh gksrh gSA f’kVkds [kqEc ds

LisaV iks"kk/kkj esa 12 izfr’kr dh nj ls lks;kchu

rFkk 1.0 izfr’kr dSfY’k;e dkcksZusV laiwjd

feykus ds ckn IywjksVl lktksj&dktw dh dkQh

vPNh iSnkokj izkIr dh tk ldrh gS ¼79

izfr’kr tSfod n{krk½A

e’k:e mRiknu esa cVu [kqEc LisaV

iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx cVu e’k:e mxkus ds

fy, dsflax lkexzh ds :Ik esa Hkh fd;k tkrk

gSA ok;qoh fof/k ls fo?kfVr cVu [kqEc LisaV

iks"kk/kkj dk mi;ksx dsflax feV~Vh ds rkSj ij

djus ls [kqEc dh iSnkokj ihV ls cuh dsflax

feV~Vh ds cjkcj izkIr gksrh gS rFkk blls

Qyu dfydkvksa ij thok.kq /kCcksa ¼cSDVhfj;y

CykWp½ dk laØe.k de gksrk gS tcfd ihV ij

vk/kkfjr dsaflx lkexzh esa ;g laØe.k vf/kd

gksrk gSA cVu [kqEc LisaV iks"kk/kkj] bZ-Vh-Mh-,-

vkSj ihV ls rS;kj dsflax feV~Vh cgqr vf/kd

mitkÅ ik;h xbZA

cVu [kqEc esa ,d lky iqjkuh ok;qoh

fof/k ls fo?kfVr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh dsaflx

djus ij cVu [kqEc dh Qly nks ls rhu fnu

igys fudy vkrh gS ¼fp=&20½A ,slk djus


39

fp=&20

ls [kqEc dh iSnkokj ukfj;y ds js’kksa ls rS;kj

dsflax feV~Vh ls izkIr iSnkokj ds cjkcj gksrh

gS rFkk xkscj dh [kkn ls rS;kj dsflax feV~Vh

ls T;knk gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls rS;kj

dsflax iz;ksx djus ls ukfj;y ds js’kksa ls cuh

dsflax dh vis{kk Qly ls lw[kk cqy&cqyk

uked chekjh ds ekeys de lkeus vkrs gSaA

?k½ iznwf"kr feV~Vh dk tSoh; mipkj¼ck;ksjsfefM;’ku½

vkS|ksfxd O;FkksaZ dk [kqys esa vfu;af=r

rjhds ls fu"dklu rFkk blds iwoZ&mipkj

lqfo/kkvksa dh vi;kZIr O;oLFkk feV~~Vh esa iznw"k.k

ds Lrj dks c<+kus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA izkd‘frd

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bu iznw"kdksa dk fo?kVu eq[;r%

feV~Vh dh HkkSfrd o jklk;fud n’kkvksa rFkk

Hkwfe esa iuius okys lw{ethoksa dh izdfr ¼LoHkko½

ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fofHkUu eSnkuh Qlyksa dk

iks"kd lzksr gksus ds vfrfjDr fofHkUu [kk|

[kqEcksa ls izkIr LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa vuqie

HkSkfrd] jklk;fud rFkk tSfod xq.k gksrs gSa]

tks bls fofHkUu Ik;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k xfrfof/k;ksa

ds fy, ,d vknZ’k tSoh; mipkj dkjd cukrs

gaSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj tSfod o vtSfod

iznw"kd inkFkksZa dks vius /kjkry ij lks[k ysrk

gS rFkk lw{ethoksa dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa o iztkfr;ksa

dks lja{k.k nsrk gS tks dkcZfud ¼tSfod½

ftuksck;ksfVd ;ksfxdksa ds tSfodh; fo?kVu dh

{kerk j[krs gS aA lw{e thoh fo’ks"kdj

,dfVuksekbZflV~l ¼LVªsIVksekbZflV~l Lih- rFkk

FkeksZeksuksLiksjk Lih-½ tks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa

mifLFkr gksrs gSa] esa iznw"kdksa ds vip; djus

dh ’kfDr’kkyh {kerk gksrh gS] ftlds

ifj.kkeLo:Ik iznwf"kr feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj feykus ls iznw"kdksa dk Lrj ?kVrk gS

¼vgykor rFkk lg;k sxh] 2007 l½

¼rkfydk&7½A

iz;ksx’kkyk esa f’kVkds [kqEc ls izkIr LisaV

iks"kk/kkj esa isUVkDyksjksfQuksy uked jlk;u ls

iznwf"kr feV~Vh feykdj rFkk bls Xywdkst]

fFk;kfeu vkSj [kfut yo.k ls lEiwfjr dj

21 fnuksa rd j[kus ds Ik’pkr ;g ik;k x;k


40

Rkkfydk

7. fofHkUu i

zdkj d

h feVV

h esa

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj m

i;ksx d

jus d

s vfrfjDr

ykHk

feVV

h@O;FkZ

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

ykHk

Lkzksr

dk izd

kjdh fdLe

d‘"; feV

~VhLisaV

cVu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

moZjd

rk Lrj

] ty

/kkj.k

{kerk] laj

/kzrk

[kqEc m

Riknd

vkSj feV

~Vh d

h jp

uk e

sa o‘f)

gksrh gSA

Ikks"k.k jfgr

feV

~VhLisaV

cVu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

jpuk] ty

/kkj.k {ke

rk v

kSj i

ks"kd Lrj

es

dMkSl

rFkk eksjx

Ul]

1986(

o‘f) gksrh gSA

esgj] 1

991; c

s;j 1

996

Ikks"k.k jfgr

feV

~VhLisaV

cVu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

ih-,p-

vkSj t

Sfod d

kcZu

esa o‘f) g

ksrh gS

dMkSl

rFkk eksjx

Ul]

1886

tcfd r

kih; l

{kerk v

kSj O;kid

?kuRo d

ksde

djr

h gSA

IkSaVkDyksjksfQuksy

LisaV

f’kVkds [

kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

44.4 l

s 60%

ih-l

h-ih-

dk fu"ikr

vkasdsds r

Fkk l

g;ksxh]

1993

lØafer

feV~V

h

IkSaVkDyksjksfQuksy

LisaV

f’kVkds [

kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

50% ih-l

h-ih-

dk fu"ikr

cqloSy

] 19

95

lØafer

feV~V

h

Rkhu

rFkk pkj NY

ysLisaV

vk;LVj [kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

3 NY

ys ;ksfxdksa esa

50-8

7% d

h deh v

kSj 4

bxu

rFkk lkld

] 20

02

;kSfxd l

Øafer

feV~V

hNY

ys ;ksfxdksa esa

34-4

3% d

h deh

Hkwfe

LFky t

ks fd

LisaV

cVu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

dyksjksfQuksy] c

gqpØh; l

aqxf/kr

tyh;

dkcZu

cqloSy

] 19

94; Qseksj rFkk

[krj

ukd O;FkksaZ

ds

vkSj l

aqxf/kr

eksuksejt

esa d

ehlg

;ksxh] 2

000

funku

ds fy,

mi;ksx

gksrs

gSaA


41

feVV

h@O;FkZ

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

ykHk

Lkzksr

dk izd

kjdh fdLe

[kkusa] uy

h fuekZ.k]

LisaV

cVu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

LFkyksa dk fLFkjhdj.k

cqloSy

] 19

94

okf.T

;d r

FkkvkS|ksfxd LFky

vykdyksj

LisaV

cVu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

vykdyksj

dh vn‘’;r

k dks c<

krh gS

g;wx

rFkk lg

;ksxh]

1995

lØafer

feVV

h

dod

&uk’kh]

LisaV

cVu

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj

dhVuk’kd

ksa vkSj Hkkjh /kkrqv

ksa dh vou

rh d

ksvgy

kor

rFkk

lg;ksxh]

dhVuk’kh r

Fkkc<

krk gSA

2009

; [kq-v

uq-funs-] l

ksyu

Hkkjh /kkr

qvksa ls

lØafer

feVV

h

dkxt

O;FkZ

LisaV

[kqEc i

ks"kk/kkj d

k vdZ

dkxt

O;FkZ

dks L;kgh jfgr

djr

k gSA

gSUlu

] 200

2; vgy

kor rFkk

lg;ksxh] 2

006


42

lgk;d ik;k x;k gS ¼fp=&21½ ¼vgykor

rFkk lg;ksxh] 2006 ch½A

fd iznwf"kr feV~Vh ls isUVkDyksjksfQuksy jlk;u

dk Lrj 44.4 ls 60.5 izfr’kr rd de gks

tkrk gSA LisaV vk;LVj [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks

iznwf"kr feV~Vh eas feykus ij ;g izFke 12

lIrkg esa 50 ls 87 izfr’kr rd rhu&pØh;

;kSfxdksa dks de djrk gS rFkk iznwf"kr feV~Vh

esa LisaV vk;LVj [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks iqu% feykus

ls rhu lIrkg ckn ;g Lrj 87 ls 99

izfr’kr rd c<+ tkrk gSA

pkj&pØh; ;kSfxdksa ij bldk izHkko de

gksrk gS rFkk ;g 34 ls 43 izfr’kr ds e/; esa

gksrk gS tks 12 lIrkg ds ckn iqu% LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj dks feykus ij 51.1 ls 59 izfr’kr

rd c<+ tkrk gSSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj] [krjukd

O;FkksZa dks O;ofL;r djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s

tk jgs Hkwfe LFkyksa dks iznw"k.k ls eqDr djus

dh {kerk j[krk gSA cVu [kqEc dh dEiksLV esa

DyksjksfQukWYl] cgqpØh; lqxaf/kr gkbZMªksdkcZu

¼ikWyhlkbZfDyd ,sjkseSfVd gkbZMªksdkcZu~l½ rFkk

lqxaf/kr eksukselZ bR;kfn ls iznwf"kr feV~Vh dks

Bhd djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj ls izkIr dPpk rFkk vkaf’kd :Ik ls

’kq) vdZ dks fofHkUu izdkj ds jaxks ¼MkbZt½

dk ntkZ ?kVkus rFkk dkxt m|ksxksa ls fudys

fojatd nzO; rFkk L;kgh dks Qhdk djus eas

fp=&21

feV~Vh dks izHkkfor djus okys jklk;fud

iznw"kdksa dh f}rh; Js.kh esa ekuo fufeZr

QQwanuk’kd] [kjirokj uk’kd rFkk dhVuk’kd

vkrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx Qlyksa dks fofHkUu

izdkj ds jksxk.kqvksa] izfrLi/kZdksa rFkk dhM+ksa ls

cpkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ik¡p ih-ih-,e-

,ykDyksj ;qDr feV~Vh esa 5 izfr’kr dh nj ls

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls feV~Vh esa ls

,ykDyksj tYnh yqIr gks tkrk gS rFkk ;g eVj

dh tM+ksa dh {kfr gksus ls cpkrk gSA ;g Hkh

ik;k x;k gS fd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj lw{ethoksa

dh tula[;k dks lfØ; djrk gS ¼108-109½

rFkk bls 28 fnuksa rd cuk, j[krk gSA LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas lfØ; ,LiZftyl Lih-]


43

iSfulhfy;e Lih-] VªkbZdksMekZ Lih-] ,jkseksukWl

Lih- vkSj cSlhyl Lih- ,ykDyksj dks 7 fnu

ds vUnj fo?kfVr djus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh HkkSfrd lajpuk rFkk

blesa iuirs lw{ethoksa ds dkj.k bls feV~Vh esa

feykus ls ;g fofHkUu dhVuk’kdksa dks fofo/k

njksa ls [kRe djrk gSA

i½ dhVuk’kdksa dk tSoh; mipkj

feV~Vh esa 10] 20 rFkk 30 izfr’kr dh nj

ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj jfgr feV~Vh dh rqyuk eas Msfll

esykfFk;kWu] csfoLVhu rFkk esUdkstSc rsth ls

[kRe gksrs gSaA feV~Vh esa 30 izfr’kr dh nj ls

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ls vPNs ifj.kke

izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj bldk izHkko 20 izfr’kr dh

nj ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds yxHkx

cjkcj gksrk gSA ¼fp=&22½A

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds dsoy ,d

eghus ckn gh dhVuk’kdksa ds lkanz.k ¼eSykfFk;kWu

rFkk MsYVkeSFkjhu½ dk Lrj ?kVdj vius

vkjfEHkd lkanz.k ls yxHkx vk/kk jg tkrk gS

rFkk N% eghus ds Ik’pkr ;g Lrj ux.; gks

tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd Msfll ¼MsYVkeSFkjhu½ esa

fo?kVu vf/kd rhoz xfr ls gksrk gS rFkk LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds ik¡p eghus Ik’pkr

;g yxHkx ux.; Lrj rd igq¡p tkrk gSA

QQ¡wnuk’kdksa ¼dkcZsUMkfte rFkk esUdkstsc½ ds

ekeyksa esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks 30 izfr’kr

dh nj ls feV~Vh esa feykus ls fo|Vu

vf/kdre rst xfr ls gksrk gSA feV~Vh esa LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus ds N% eghus Ik’pkr

feV~Vh esa dkcZsUMkfte dh mifLFkr vius

izkfjEHkd lknza.k ds Lrj dk yxHkx 6 izfr’kr

rd jg tkrh gSA feV~Vh esa 20 izfr’kr dh nj

ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykuk] 30 izfr’kr dh

nj ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj mipkj ds cjkcj

ifj.kke nsrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feyh gqbZ

feV~Vh dh rqyuk esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj jfgr

feV~Vh esa fofHkUu dhVuk’kdksa dh voufr

¼fo?kVu½ /kheh xfr ls gksrh gS rFkk cgqr defp=&22


44

gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fofHkUu

lw{ethfo;ksa esa ls VªkbZdksMjek Lih-] ,LithZyl

Lih-] E;wdj Lih- o ch&1 cSDVhfj;y vkbZlksysV

esa mPp dhVuk’kd tSo voufr {kerk ikbZ xbZ

gS ¼vgykor rFkk lg;ksxh] 2007 lh] 2009½A

ii½ Hkkjh /kkrqvksa dk tSoh; mipkj

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj jfgr feV~Vh dh rqyuk

esa] 10] 20 rFkk 30 izfr’kr LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj ;qDr feV~Vh esa lhlk rFkk dSMfe;e

dk Lrj rhoz xfr ls ?kVrk gSA feV~Vh esa 30

izfr’kr dh nj ls LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feykus

ls ik;k x;k gS fd /kkrq,a lcls rhoz xfr ls

?kVrh gSaA iz;ksx’kkyk eas feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj feykus ds N% eghus ds Ik’pkr]

dsMfe;e rFkk lhls dk Lrj ?kV dj yqIr gks

tkrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feyh gqbZ feV~Vh

esa Hkkjh /kkrqvksa dk Lrj rhoz xfr ls ?kVus dk

dkj.k LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls i`Fkd gqvk tSoh;

ifjek.k gS tks ,d vk;u fofue; ds :Ik esa

dk;Z djrk gSA

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas iuius okys lw{etho

gh LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj feyh feV~Vh esa Hkkjh

/kkrqvksa dh rhoz tSoh; mipkj ds fy, ftEesnkj

gksrs gSa ¼vgykor rFkk lg;ksxh] 2009½A

M+½ oehZ dEiksLV ¼dsapqvk [kkn½

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds fo?kVu eas de ls

de N% eghusa yxrs gSa rFkk vPNh [kkn rS;kj

djus esa yEck le; yxrk gS ijarq bl

vof/k dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh oehZ dEiksfLVax

ds }kjk dqN g¶rksa rd lhfer fd;k tk

ldrk gSA xkscj dh [kkn dks dsapqvksa ds [kk|

inkFkZ ds rkSj ij lcls vf/kd ojh;rk nh

tkrh gSA ijUrq [kqEc vuqla/kku funs’kky;]

lksyu esa bl fn’kk esa tks v/;;u fd;k x;k

gS mlesa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd iqvky] vk;LVj

rFkk cVu [kqEc ls fudys LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

dks dsapqvk [kkn cukus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k

tk ldrk gSA rktk vFkok 15 ls 20 fnu

iqjkuk lM+k&xyk cVu] f<axjh] nwf/k;k vkSj

iqvky [kqEc dk LisaV iks"kk/kkj dsapqvksa dh

tula[;k c<+ksÙkjh ds fy, ,d Lohdk;Z inkFkZ

gksrk gS rFkk bls Qlyksa esa iz;ksx gsrq ,d

vPNh [kkn ds :Ik esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks vdsys Hkh

dsapqvk [kkn cukus gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;k tk

ldrk gS ;k fQj bls xkscj dh [kkn] d‘f"k ;k

lCth mRiknu ls izkIr O;FkksZa ds lkFk feykdj

mudh izkI;rk ds vk/kkj ij iz;ksx esa yk;k tk

ldrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls dsapqvk [kkn


45

cukus gsrq xkscj dh [kkn ;k d‘f"k vFkok ?kjsyw

O;FkksZa ls dsapqvk [kkn rS;kj djus okyh fof/k

viukbZ tk ldrh gS ¼fp=&23½A fofHkUu

izdkj ds LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls dsapqvk [kkn

cuus dk le; Hkh fofo/k gksrk gS vkSj ;g 2

ls 2.5 eghus ds e/; esa rS;kj dh tk ldrh

gSA

vi;kZIr ek=k esa feyrh gS rFkk ftls vklkuh

ls miyC/k ukbVªkstu lzksr feykdj iwjk fd;k

tk ldrk gSA nwljh rjQ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

eas QkWLQksjl] iksVkf’k;e] lw{e iks"kd rRo

vkSj o‘f) dkjd inkFkZ Ik;kIZr ek=k rFkk

lqyHk :Ik miyC/k gksrsa gSaA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

ls tSfod&[kfut moZjd rS;kj djds iks"kd

rRoksa dh miyC/krk c<+k;h tk ldrh gSA LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa fo|eku âqel feV~Vh dh

ukbVªkstu lks[kus dh {kerk feV~Vh ds Åijh

lrg ij cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

rhu fofHkUu lw=ksa ls rS;kj] 2] 7 vkSj 10

izfr’kr ukbVªkstu ;qDr rFkk izR;sd 2 izfr’kr

QkWLQsV o 2 izfr’kr iksVkf’k;e lEiwfjr tSfod

[kfut moZjd ikyd dh Qly ds fy, ,d

larqfyr tSfod moZjdksa dh ’kfDr nsrk gS rFkk

bldk iz;ksx djus ls ikyd dh iSnkokj ekud

moZjdksa ds leku gh gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr

tSfod&[kfut moZjd ikyd dh xq.koRrk rFkk

’kq"d inkFkZ esaa Hkh lq/kkj ykrk gS tks [kfut

moZjdksa ds }kjk mipkj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd

gksrk gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls tSfod

[kfut&moZjd rS;kj djus dh fof/k dk isVsaV

l;qaDr jk"Vª vesfjdk eas fy;k tk pqdk gSA

fp=&23

p½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ,d tSfod moZjd

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj iks"kd rRoksa ls ;qDrgksrk gS rFkk blesa dqy ukbVªkstu dk yxHkx

80 izfr’kr fgLlk ca/kh gqbZ voLFkk esa gksrk gSA

lkFk gh blesa fyxfuu rFkk g;wfed inkFkkasZ ds

T;knk vk.kqfod Hkkj okys va’k gksrs gSaA LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls ukbVªkstu de ek=k esa /khjs&

/khjs fudyrh gS ftlls ikS/kksa dks iks"kdrk


46

N½ LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds }kjk chekfj;ksa dkizcU/ku

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dh vuks[kh jklk;kfud

lajpuk vkSj lw{ethfo;ksa dh miyC/krk dh

otg ls] blds mi;ksx esa vuqeku ls dgha

vf/kd fofo/krk ykbZ tk ldrh gSA LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj esa ,dfVuksekbZlhV~l] cSDVhfj;k vkSj

QaQwn gksrs gSa tks u dsoy blds fo?kVu izfØ;k

esaa lgk;d gksrs gSa cfYd feV~Vh esa fo|eku

lk/kkj.k O;kf/k dkjdksa dk fojks/k djrs gSa vkSj

mudh tula[;k dks c<+us ls jksdrs gSaA feV~Vh

dks LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls mipkfjr djus ls

VekVj eas feykW;Mksx;kuh budksxuhVk uked

jksxk.kq ls mRiUu ikS/ks dh tM+ dh xk¡B uked

laØe.k ls cpk tk ldrk gSSA mijksDr jksxk.kq

ls yM+us ds fy, LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk iz;ksx

dkcksZ¶;wjku ¼2 fd-xzk-@gS-½ uked dhVuk’kd

dss mi;ksx ls Hkh T;knk izHkko’kkyh lkfcrgksrk gSA

iz;ksx’kkyk eas fd, x, v/;;uksa ls ;gKkr gksrk gS fd fuokZ;q ¼vukWDlhd`r½ fof/k ls[kehjhd‘r LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vdZ esa ,siyLdsc uked fcekjh iSnk djus okys osUVwfj;k

bu,D;w,fyl uked QaQwn dks c<+us ls jksdus

dh {kerk gksrh gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk

vdZ pkj eghuksa rd fdlh Hkh rkieku ij

j[kk tk ldrk gS rFkk bldk ikS/kksa ij fNM+dko

djus ls ikS/kksa ij chekjh ds y{k.k dkQh de

vkrs gSaA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vdZ dk tSfod

fo’ys"k.k djus ls irk pyrk gS fd blesa

L;wM+kseksukWl vkSj cSlhyl uked cSDVhfj;k

gksrs gSaA fofHkUu [kqEc bdkb;ksa ls izkIr LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa vyx&vyx izdkj dh lw{ethoh

gksrs gSa rFkk budk thok.kq vadqj.k vkSj chekjh

dh jksdFkke ij izHkko Hkh fHkUu gksrk gSA LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj vdZ ds xq.k vkVksDysfoax rFkk

fQYVj futhZohdj.k ds ckn Hkh izHkkoh cus

jgrs gSaA lsc ds isM+ ij gjh vxzHkkx ls ia[kqMh

ds fxjus rd LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds vdZ dk

lkIrkfgd ;k lIrkg esa nks ckj fNM+dko djus

ls ifRr;ksa ij LdSc izHkkfor Hkkx ?kVrk gSA

feV~Vh esa LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dks cklkehM+

uked dhVuk’kd ds lkFk iz;ksx djus ls

flfyaMªksDysfM;e ldksikfj;e uked QaQwwn tks

iwjs fo’o eas loZO;kIr gS o fofHkUu ikS/kksa dk

jksxk.kq gS] dks dkQh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA


47

v/;k;&V

lkjka’k

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas dbZ d‘f"k lEcU/kh

leL;k,as gy djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA gkykWfd

vfrfjDr ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, bls dqN

vkjfEHkd mipkj tSls fuyZo.k djuk] yEcs

le; rd fuNkyu djuk rFkk iqu% [kkn

cukuk bR;kfn dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA LisaV

[kqEc iks"kk/kkj esa bldh pkydrk dks mPpyo.k

lkanz.k dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA vr% Qly

mxkus ls iwoZ bldh tk¡p vfrvko’;d gksrh

gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ls fufeZr [kkn dh

mPp pkydrk esa vk;Ul dk ;ksxnku gksrk gaS

rFkk ;s ikuh esa vR;kf/kd ?kqyu’khy gksrs gSa

vkSj bUgsa [kkn ls fuNkfyr djuk lEHko gksrk

gSA LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj mu O;FkksZa dh lwph dk

fgLlk Hkh ugha gksrk gS] ftudks Hkkjh /kkrqvksa

vkSj QkWLQsV dh ek=k okyh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k

gSA btjkby esa viuk;k x;k d`f"k O;ZFk dk

mi;ksx djus dk vk/kqfud rjhdk LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj ds iqu% mi;ksx ds fy, viuk;k tk

ldrk gS D;ksafd blesa vUr esa dksbZ Hkh vo’ks"k

ugha cprk gSA

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk nksgu Ik;kZoj.k

izcU/ku] d‘f"k rFkk iqu% pfØr ;ksX; mtkZ

mRiknu gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlds fy,

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj ds HkkSfrd] jklk;fud rFkk

lq{etSfod xq.kksa ij iw.kZ /;ku j[kuk t:jh gSA

d‘f"k] Ik;kZoj.k rFkk iqu% pfØr ÅtkZ esa blds

fofo/k mi;ksx gesa bldk uke] LisaV [kqEc

iks"kk/kkj dh ctk; iz;qDr [kqEc iks"kk/kkj eas

ifjofrZr djus ds fy, foo’k djrk gS

¼fp=&28½A


48

Rkkfydk 8. LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj rFkk O;FkksZa dk pfØ;dj.k

iwu% pfØr Øe mRikn O;FkZ

dikl mRiknu js’kk ikS/kakas ds vo’ks"k

vk;LVj [kqEc dk vo’ks"k ij mRiknu vk;LVj [kqEc LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj

LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj dk i’kq pkjs esa mi;ksx Ekk¡l vkSj nw/k [kkn

Ckk;ksxSl mRiUu djus ds fy, [kkn dks lMkuk feFksu mtkZ vo’ks"k ¼dkcqV~t½

dkcqV~t dk dsflax feV~Vh ds :Ik esa cVu [kqEc CkVu [kqEc LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkjmxkus ds fy, mi;ksx

tSfod [ksrh ds fy, LisaV [kqEc iks"kk/kkj tSfod [kk| Qlysa vkxs dksbZ O;FkZ ughadh [kkn dk iqu% mi;ksx


49

LaknHkZ

1- vgykor] vks-ih-] vgykor dqlqe]banqjkuh lh-] fot;] ch-] ,aM /kj] ch-,y- ¼2004½ dSfedy dEiksft’ku ,aM,atkbesfVd ,sdfVohVh vkWQ LisaV iSMhLVªk ,aM vkW;LVj e’k:e lcLVsªVl]e’k:e lkbZUl 16: 553-559-

2- vgykor] vks-ih-] nso jkt] lkxj],e-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] ,aM fot;] ch-¼2006½ bQSDV vkWQ fjdEiksLfVM LisaVe’k:e lcLVªsV vkWu ;hYM ,aMDokWfyVh vkWQ dksfy¶ykWoj ¼czSfldkvkWysjsf’k;k ,y-oj- ckWVªkbfVl½ e’k:efjlpZ 15 ¼2½% 149-152-

3- vgykor] vks-ih-] nso jkt] lkxj],e-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] ,aM fot;] ch-¼2006½ bQSDV vkWQ fjdEiksLfVM cVue’k:e LisaV lcLVªsV vkWu xzksFk] ;hYM,aM DokWfyVh vkWQ ftutWj ¼ftthcjvkWQhlhusy½] bafM;u tuZy vkWQe’k:el 24 ¼1 o 2½% 13-18-

4- vgykor] vks-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] nsojkt] ,aM fot;] ch- ¼2006½ MkbZMhDyksjkbZts’ku iksVsuf’k;y vkWQ LisaVlcLVªsVl QzkWe ,Xksfjdl ckbZLiksjl,aM IywjksVl ,l-ih-&, yscksjsVªh LVMh]e’k:e fjlpZ 15 ¼1½% 75-82-

5- vgykor] vks-ih-] bUnqjkuh] lh- ,aMlkxj] ,e-ih- ¼2005½ LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV izksiVhZt ,aM fjlkbdfyax QkWjcsfufQf’k;y ijiflt+] e’k:eck;ksVSDuksyksth ¼vkj-Mh-jk;] vkj-lh- mik/;k; ,aM ,l-vkj- ’kekZ]lEiknd½ Ik‘- 314-334] jk"Vªh; [kqEcvuqla/kku dsUnz ¼fg-iz-½] Hkkjr-

6- vgykor] vks-ih-] lkxj] ,e-ih-]nsojkt] bUnqjkuh] lh-] xqIrk] iznhi,aM fot;] ch-¼2007½ bQSsDV vkWQLisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV vkWu ;hYM vkWQdsfIlde ,sue] bafM;u tuZy vkWQgkfVZdYpj 64¼4½% Ik‘- 430-434-

7- vgykor] vks-ih-] lkxj] ,e-ih-]nso jkt] xqIrk] iznhi ,aM fot;] ch-¼2007½ bQSDV vkWQ fjdEiksLfVMcVu e’k:e LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªVvkWu xzksFk ,aM ;hYM ,VªhC;wVl vkWQOghV ¼fVªVhde ,LVhoe ,y-½] e’k:efjlpZ 16¼1½% 41-46-

8- vgykor] vks-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi ,aMdqekj ,l- ¼2007½ LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV & , Vwy QkWj ck;ksfjfefM;s’ku]e’k:e lkbal ,aM ck;ksVSDuksyksth


50

¼vkj-Mh- jk;] ,l-ds-flag] ,e-lh-;kno ,aM vkj-ih- frokjh] laiknd½]Ik‘- 341-366] e’k:e lkslk;Vh vkWQbafM;k] ,u-vkj-lh-,e-] lksyu ¼fg-iz-½] Hkkjr-

9- vgykor] vks-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi] dqekj]lrh’k ,aM ’kekZ] Mh-ds- ¼2009½ck;ksfjfefM;s’ku vkWQ QaftlkbMl ck;WLis aV e’k:e lcLVsªV ,aM bVl,lksfl,fVM ekbØksQyksjk] bafM;u tuZyvkWQ ekbØzksck;ksyksth ¼Lohd‘r½-

10- vgykor] vks-ih-] nso jkt] bUnqjkuh]lh-] lkxj] ,e-ih-] xqIrk] iznhi ,aMfot;] ch- ¼2009½ bQSDV vkQW LisaVe’k:e LkcLVsªV fjdEiksLfVM ck;W fMQjsaVeSFkMLk ,aM vkQW fMQjsaV ,st vkWuosftVsfVo xzksFk ,aM ;hYM vkWQ VksesVks¼ykbdksiflZdkWu ,sLdwysuVe fey½] bafM;utuZYk vkWQ gkfVZdYpj ¼LohÑr½-

11- cs;j] ,e- ¼1996½ bEiSDV vkWQ ne’k:e baMLVªh vkWu n buok;jueSaV]e’k:e U;wt 44¼11½% 6-13-

12- cqloSy] ts-,s- ¼1994½ iksVsuf’k;yvkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV QkWjck;ksfjfefM;s’ku ijiflt+] dEiksLVlkbZUl ,aM ;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼3½% 31-

36-

13- cqloSy] ts-,s- ¼1995½ iksVsuf’k;yvkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV QkWjck;ksfjfefM;s’ku ijiflt+] e’k:e U;wt43¼5½% 28-34-

14- pkSax] ,V vky- ¼1988½ izksflafMax]vksUVsfj;ksa gkfVZ- dzkWILk dkUQzSal] e’k:elS’ku 8 Ik‘-

15- pkSax] lh- ,aM fjadj] Mh- ,y- ¼1994½;wt vkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªV QkjxzksbZax vkQW dUVsujkbTkM oqMh vkWjukesaVyl%,u- vksoj O;w]] dEiksLV lkbZUl ,aM;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼3½% 45-53-

16- MsoksukYM] vks- oh-th- ¼1987½ LisaVe’k:e dEiksLV] , iksflcy xzksbZaxfefM;e bUxzhMsaV] dEiksLV izksMD’ku]DokfyVh ,aM ;wt- b,y,l] vizSy]lkbZal yaMu % 785-791-

17- MwMaj] vks] iDLkks;] ,e- ,aM vckd]ds- ¼1995½ DokfyVh psaftl+ M;wfjaxdksYM LVksjst vkWQ VksesVks QzwVl xzksubu fMQjsaV lcLVsªVl] QlZV baVjus’kuyflEIkksft;e vkWu lksyusfl;k QkWj QzS’kekdsZV] eyk;k] Lisu] 28-31 ekpZ]1995-

18- Qsg] ,p- ds- ,aM osLV] ih-ts- ¼1984½csLV izSdfVflt+ QkWj bUok;juesaVy


51

izksVsD’ku bu n e’k:e QkeZ dEiuh]psLVj dkaÅVh Iykfuax deh’ku psLVj]ih-,- Ik‘- 65-

19- QeZj] Vh-] olYl] ,u-] Mwudksac]sVh-] cqzd] vkj- esDdsfFkZ] ,-] lsEiys]d s - , aM fjM] ch- ¼2000½ck;ksfjfefM;s’ku% ;wt vkWQ dEiksLVl,aM dEiksLfVax VSDuksyksftl+] e’k:elkbZal 15¼2½% 833-839-

20- QkWDl] vkj- ,aM dzksoj] ts- ¼1999½lhfdax , dS’k ØzkWi bu LisaV lcLVsªVhttp:/aginfo.psu.edu/psa/sgg/

mushrooms.html.

21- Xkqvks] ,e] dzksoj] ts-] jkslkfj;ks] vkj-,aM QkWDl] vkj- ,p- ¼2001½ yhpsVdsehLVªh vkQW QhYM osnjM LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV] tuZy ,uOkk;ju- DokfyVh106¼8½% 208-209-

22- XkqIrk] iznhi] bUnqjkuh] lh-] vgykor]vks-ih-] fot;] ch- ,aM esnhjRrk] oh-¼2004½ fQftdksdsfedy izksifVZt vkWQLisaV e’k:e lcLVsªVl vkWQ ,xsfjdlckbLiksjl] e’k:e fjlpZ 13¼2½% 84-

94-

23- gq;ksax] ts- MCY;w] g;w-] lh- d-s] rstsax]Mh- Mh- ,l- ,aM ,uth-] ds- ,p-¼1995½ bQSDV vkWQ lkWby vesafMMfon~ LisaV xksYMu e’k:e dEiksLV vku

,sfyfo;sfVax QkbZVksVkWDfLsVh vkWQ ,YdksyksjVw lhMfyax vkWQ xkMZUk ih- IykaViSFkksyksth cqySfVu 4¼2½% 76-82-

24- dMkSLk] ,Q- th- ,- ,aM eksxZUl] ,-,l- ¼1986½ LisaV e’k:e dEiksLV,aM Mhi fyVj Qk;Wy eSU;ksj ,t ,lkWby vWehyh;ksjsaV QkWj osftVscyt+]izkslhfMax vkWQ lQsZl lkWby eSaustesaVjksVk:vk] U;thySaM 138-147-

25- bxu] Vh- ,aM lkld] oh- ¼2002½;wt vkWQ ,fMcy ,aM esfM’kuyvk;WLVj e’k:e ¼IywjksVl vkWLVsªVl½LisaV daiksLV bu fjfefM;s’ku vkWQdSfedyh iksY;wfVM lkWbyl] baVjus’kuytuZy esfMf’kuy e’k:el 4¼3½% 255-

261-

26- yksgj] oh- vkbZ- ,aM dksQs;] Mh-,y- ¼1987½ xzksFk fjLiksflal vkWQflMfyaxl Vw osfjax jsVLk vkWQ ÝzS’k,aM ,t+M LisaV e’k:e dEiksLV] gkVZlkabZl 22¼5½% 913-915-

27- esgj] ,e-ts- ¼1991½ LisaV e’k:edEiksLV ¼,l,elh½ ,t+ , U;wfVª;aVlkslZ bu ihV cslM iksafVax lcLVsªV]e’k:e lkabZUl 13¼2½% 645-650-

28- uh] lh- lh-] pkm] Mcy;w-] okbZ- ,aMpsu] ,l- ¼1994½ LVMh vkWu dEiksLVvkWQ foaVj e’k:e & , fj;wt+M


52

fefM;e QkWj ijlheu iksafVax] ts-,xzhdYPkj ,aM QkWjsLVªh 43¼4½% 39-

44-

29- vksdsds] ch- lh-] fLeFk] t-s b-] isVlZu],- ,aM okVLku Øzsd] vkbZ- ,- ¼1993½,j k s fcd e sV kc k s fyte vk WQisaVkDyksjksfQuksy ck;W LisaV lkMLVdYpj vkQW *f’kVkds e’k:e ¼ysaVkbulbMksMl½] bu lkWby ck;ksVsd ySVj15% 1077-1080-

30- jk;Wl] Mh- ts- ¼1993½ fjlkbZdfyaxvkWQ LisaV f’kVkds lcLVsªV QkWj izksMD’kuvkWQ n vk;WLVj e’k:e ¼IywjksVLklktksj dktw½] e’k:e U;wt 41¼2½%14-18-

31- ’kekZ] ,p- ,l- ,l-] Qqjyhu] ,-,aM yk;Wul] th- ¼1999½ dEisjsfVovlslesaV vkWQ fpysfVM ,l,e,l ,t+dsflax eSfVfj;y QkWj izksMD’ku vkWQ,xsfjdl ckbLik sjl] viykbZMekbZØzksck;yksth ,aM ck;ksVsduksykWth 52

¼3½% 366-372-

32- ltfeV] vkj- ,- ds- ¼1994½fjlkbZdfyax vkWQ Lis aV e’k:elcLVsªVl ck;W ,jksfcd dEiksfLVax VwizksM;wl ukWoy gkfVZdYPkjy lcLVsªVLk]dEIkksLV lkbZal ,aM ;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼3½%63-72-

33- oekZ] vkj- vkj- ¼1986½ ,sQhdslhvkWQ vkWjxsfud vWesaMesaVl vxsULVesfyvksMksxkbZuh budkWxfuVk buQsfLaVxVksesVks] bfUM;u tuZy vkWQ usekVksykWth16¼1½% 105-106-

34- folfuoLdk] th- ,p- ,aM isufdfolt]Vh- ¼1989½ boSy;q,’kWu vkWQ nlwVWfcfyVh vkWQ LisaV e’k:e lcLVsªVQkj V;wfyi dYVhos’ku] ÁSlbUlVk;VwV LMksouhVok&bZ&dokbfljLVok&McY;w-&Ldkbjukbohdop- lfj;k&ch&jkstfyu&vkstMkscuh] 14% 7-14-

35- osLV] ih- ts- ,aM Qsg] ,p- ds-¼1991½ LisaV e’k:e dEiksLV VsªVl,aM ;wftl+] e’k:e U;wt 39¼12½% 9-

15-

36- ;ksgsYe] Mh- ,l-] gSfjl] vkj- ,Q-,aM ,aMªh;wl] ts- ,p- ¼1994½,d~fovWl ,DLVSªDVl vkWQ LisaV e’k:elcLVsªV QkWj Qksfyvj fMtht+ daVªksy]dEiksLV lkbZal ,aM ;wfVykbZts’ku 2¼4½%67-74-

37- >Sax] lh- d-s] xksax] ,Q- ,aM fy] Mh-,l- ¼1995½ , uk sV vkWu n;wfVykbZts’ku vkWQ LisaV e’k:edEiksLVl] bu ,suheWy QhMl]ck;ksfjlkslZ VSDuksykWth 52% 89-91-

स्पेंट खुम्ब पोशाधर का प्रबंधन, nrcm

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