âl$fz-4 x$p¡gffpe dp„l$x$“y„ kprlÐe, brslpk a“¡ ^d®-sÒhop...

114

âL$fZ-4

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“y„ kprlÐe, Brslpk A“¡

^d®-sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“

4.1 âõsph“p

4.2 NyS>fpsu kprlÐe

4.2.1 Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p (1933)

4.2.2 t‘Nmâh¡riL$p (1933)

4.2.3 1936“p„ NyS>fpsu hpP¹$de“u kdunp (1937)

4.2.4 L$pìerhh¡Q“ (1949)

4.2.5 kprlÐedudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡ (1958)

4.2.6 “¥h¡Û (1962)

4.2.7 NyS>fpsu L$pìe âL$pfp¡ (s¡“y„ hN}L$fZ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘) :1964

4.2.8 L$’pL$pìe : (1) cNhp““u gugp (1948)

4.2.9 bpmhpsp® : (1) L$Z® (1934)

4.3 k„õL©$s kprlÐe

4.3.1 The Types of Sanskrit Drama (1936)

4.3.2 k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp (1943)

4.3.3 Ancient Indian Theatre (1950)

4.4 Brslpk

4.4.1 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ Brslpk g¡M““p¡ ArcNd

4.4.2 Kalidas and the Guptas53 (1944)

4.4.3 The Yugapuranam (1951)

115

4.4.4 Date of Rgveda (1952)

4.4.5 The Puranic Chronology (1952)

4.4.6 The Critical Edition of Ramayan

(The Kiskindha Kanda) (1965)

4.4.7 Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk84 (1969)

4.4.8 Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk (1972)

4.5 ^d® A“¡ sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“

4.5.1 F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$“y„ v$i®“ (1964)

4.5.2 tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN® (1964)

4.5.3 ^d®„k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu90 (1968)

4.5.4 Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N (1969)

4.5.5 îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p (1974)

4.5.6 Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$ (1978)

4.6 A“yhpv$“u âh©rÑ

4.7 rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âNV$ ’e¡gp g¡Mp¡

4.8 r“óL$j®

116

âL$fZ-4

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“y„ kprlÐe, Brslpk A“¡

^d®-sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“

4.14.14.14.14.1 âõsph“p :âõsph“p :âõsph“p :âõsph“p :âõsph“p :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ k„õL©$s A“¡ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe“p DÐL©$ô$ rhh¡QL$ lsp. Ap cpjpkprlÐe“p

k„ip¡ “p¡A¡ A¡d“¡ Brslpk, k„õL©$rs A“¡ ^d®-sÒhop““u “hu L¡$X$uAp¡ ‘f gB Nep lsp,

S>¡“u agîyrsê$‘¡ kprlÐe, ‘yfpÑÒh, Brslpk, ^d®, k„õL©$rs, h¡v$, ‘yfpZ A¡d A“¡L$rh^ n¡Ó¡

A¡d“¡ N°„’p¡ L¡$ k„ip¡ “ g¡Mp¡ g¿ep lsp. A¡d“y„ g¡M“L$pe® OZu S> “p“u he¡’u S> âNV$ ’ey„

lsy„. sÐL$pgu“ ârsr›$s kpdreL$p¡dp„ A“¡L$ rhjep¡“¡ Aphfu g¡sp A“¡ A“yhpv$“¡ gNsp g¡Mp¡

dp¡V$u k„¿epdp„ âL$pris ’ep lsp. s¡Ap¡A¡ NyS>fpsu, k„õL©$s A“¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjp“p N°„’p¡“p¡

A“yhpv$ ‘Z L$ep® lsp.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“y„ NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ L$pìe, hpsp®, rhh¡Q“, ìepL$fZ A“¡ gp¡L$kprlÐe“p

n¡Ódp„ A“¡fy„ âv$p“ NZphu iL$pe. S>epf¡ k„õ¼©s kprlÐedp„ “pV¹$eipõÓ“u DÐ‘rÑ’u dp„X$u“¡

s¡“p âL$pfp¡, rhL$pk A“¡ f„Nd„Q rhi¡ âpQu“ N°„’p¡“p Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡

k|Qìep lsp. Brslpkdp„ âpQu“ A“yîyrsAp¡, h¡v$ A“¡ ‘yfpZp¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fu“¡ s¡dp„’u

A¥rslprkL$ sÕep¡“¡ spfhhp“p¡ A’pN âeÐ“ L$ep£ lsp¡. âpv$¡riL$ Brslpk“p kpfp Aæepky

lp¡hp“¡ “ps¡ ‘N‘pmp âhpk L$fu“¡ kp¥fpô²$“p õ’pr“L$ Brslpk“¡ âL$pidp„ gphhp“p¡ âeÐ“

L$ep£ lsp¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ gM¡gp k„ip¡ “ kprlÐedp„ r“›$p, ‘qfîd, QuhV$, EXy„$ AÝee“,

k|T A“¡ k„ip¡ “ dpV¡$ L$f¡gp„ ‘N‘pmp âhpkp¡ hN¡f¡“p v$i®“ ’pe R>¡. s¡d“p k„ip¡ “ A“¡

g¡M“L$pe®dp„ ApNhu Ørôtbvy$ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. A¡d“¡ L$p¡B âL$pf“p ‘|h®N°lp¡ fp¿ep rh“p sV$õ’p‘|h®L$

rhh¡Q“ L¡$ g¡M“ L$pe® L$ey® lsy„. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ ‘pk¡ k„ip¡ ““u A¡L$ ApNhu k|T lsu s¡’u

QugpQpgy ‘Ùrs’u AgN S> ‘p¡sp“p dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡ k|Qìep lsp. NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “ ‘qfjv$

k„d¡g“dp„ Dv¹$OpV$L$ âhQ“dp„ k„ip¡ L$“u ‘qfcpjp Ap‘sp s¡Ap¡A¡ S>Zpìey„ lsy„ L¡$ ""k„ip¡ “

A¡V$g¡ suÿZ rhïg¡jZiqL$s, k„ep¡S>““y„ L$p¥ig, rhQpfp¡“y„ kplk, ‘qf[õ’rs“¡ Aplhp“

Ap‘hp“u iqL$s, op““¡ Æh“ kp’¡ kd[Þhs L$fhp“u A¡V$g¡ dp“hue d|ëep¡“u ârs›$p L$fhp“u

T„M“p A“¡ kÐer“›$p - Aphu Ap„sqfL$ k„‘rÑ’u kdyÖ k„ip¡ L$p¡ S> kpQp k„ip¡ L$p¡ R>¡.''11111

117

rhóÏâkpv$ rÓh¡v$u, Ddpi„L$f Å¡iu, eihs iyL$g, cp¡Nugpg kp„X¡$kfp S>¡hp kprlÐeL$pfp¡

A“¡ lqfâkpv$ ipõÓu, frkL$gpg ‘fuM S>¡hp BrslpkL$pfp¡ A“¡ S>edëg ‘fdpf S>¡hp

gp¡L$kprlÐeL$pfp¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$cpB“u AÞh¡jL$ Ørô$“¡ M|b S> Apv$fcph¡ Å¡sp lsp. “fp¡Ñd

‘gpZ S>¡hp âMf k„ip¡ L$p¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ dÝeL$pgu“ kprlÐe“p kL$gv¹$ô$p NZphu“¡ “p¢ ¡

R>¡ L¡$, ""kdN° dÝeL$pm“¡ spL$sp k„ip¡ L$-k„‘pv$L$ sfuL¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡L$ rhriô$ ‘°op“p

rhÜp“ R>¡. A¡dZ¡ dÝeL$pgu“ kprlÐe“p âhpl kp’¡ A¡“p õhê$‘, R>„v$-Ag„L$pf, d|m kpdN°u“u

A¡L$sp L¡$ h¥rhÝe A“¡ A¡“p L$’p“L$p¡“u âpQu“sp kp’¡ Brslpk, ‘yfpsÒh, kpdpÆL$ fursqfhpÅ¡

s¡dS> “©h„i Apqv$ buÆ A“¡L$ rhÛpipMpAp¡“p¡ k|ÿd Aæepk Apàep¡ R>¡.''22222

4.24.24.24.24.2 NyS>fpsu kprlÐe :NyS>fpsu kprlÐe :NyS>fpsu kprlÐe :NyS>fpsu kprlÐe :NyS>fpsu kprlÐe :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ k„õ¼©s A“¡ NyS>fpsu cpjp“p AÝep‘L$ lsp. B.k. 1930 ’u dp„X$u“¡

1970 ky u s¡Ap¡ kprlÐe“u âh©rÑAp¡ kp’¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp. A¡dZ¡ NyS>fsu kprlÐedp„ rhh¡Q“,

cpjp, R>„v$, Ag„L$pf, fk, Ýhr“, hpsp®, L$pìe, A“yhpv$ hN¡f¡ n¡Óp¡dp„ M¡X$pZ L$ey® lsy„. NyS>fpsu

kprlÐedp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“y„ dy¿e âv$p“ rhh¡Q““p n¡Ódp„ R>¡. s¡’u S> s¡Ap¡ Np„ ueyN“p âMf

rhh¡QL$ sfuL¡$ ÅZusp bÞep lsp. Np„ ueyN“p kdL$pgu“ rhh¡Q“ âhplp¡“u Akf X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$ ‘f ’B lsu. s¡’u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u rhh¡Q“ âh©rÑAp¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fsp ‘l¡gp„ Np„ ueyN“p

rhh¡Q“ âhplp¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡ M|b S> S>ê$fu R>¡.

NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ rhh¡Q““p¡ Apf„c “d®v$ eyN’u ’ep¡ lsp¡. Ap eyN“u kprlÐe

rhh¡Q“dp„ “hÅN©rs“p¡ DÐkpl A“¡ L$p¥syL$cfu Mp¡S>h©rÑ lsu. ‘„qX$s eyNdp„ AÝee“, rhïg¡jZ,

tQs“, d„’“, hpv$rhhpv$ hN¡f¡ Üpfp sÒh“¡ ‘pdhp“p¡ ‘yê$jp’® Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Np„ ueyNdp„ rhh¡Q““y„

rhõsfZ ’ey„ lsy„. Np„ ueyNdp„ ‘„qX$s eyN“p ApN°lp¡ A“¡ Arcr“h¡ip¡dp„’u dpN® L$pY$u“¡ kprlÐe“p

A“¡L$ “p“p dp¡V$p âñp¡ rhi¡ rhQpf k„¾$dZ ’ey„ lsy„.

Np„ ueyNdp„ kpfp âdpZdp„ kprlÐe“y„ kS>®“ ’sp rhh¡Q““p¡ ìep‘ hÝep¡ lsp¡. Np„ ueyN

A¡V$g¡ k‘®v$„iue âÅL$ue ÅN©rs“p¡ eyN, gp¡L$prcdyMsp A“¡ âÅL$ue A[õdsp, rhõsfsu

kpnfsp A“¡ AÞe kprlÐe“p¡ h^sp¡ S>sp¡ k„‘L®$, NyS>fpsu cpjp-kprlÐe“p Aæepk“¡

rhÛp‘uW$p¡dp„ dm¡gy„ õ’p“ hN¡f¡ ‘qfbmp¡A¡ kprlÐe A“¡ kprlÐe rhÛp“p A“¡L$v$¡iue rhL$pkdp„

dlÒh“p¡ cpN cS>ìep¡ lsp¡. Apd, Np„ uÆ“p âcph “uQ¡ Aph“pf Ak„¿e tQsL$p¡, g¡ML$p¡ ‘f

Np„ uÆ“u Æh“ rhQpfZp, s¡d“p õ’p‘¡gp dlpd|ëep¡, s¡dZ¡ Ap‘¡gu A„s:Ørô$Ap¡ A“¡ rhipm-

118

Dv$pÞÑ cph“pAp¡A¡ b^p“p¡ ìep‘L$ âcph ‘pX$ep¡ lsp¡.33333 Np„^ueyN“p dy¿e rhh¡QL$p¡dp„

fpd“pfpeZ ‘pW$L$, fpdâkpv$bnu, rhS>efpe h¥Û, frkL$gpg ‘fuM, rhð“p’ cË$, rhóÏâkpv$

rÓh¡v$u, X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ hN¡f¡“p¡ kdph¡i ’pe R>¡. fpd“pfpeZ ‘pW$L$ Ap eyN“p AN°Zu rhh¡QL$

lsp. A¡d“p rhh¡Q“p¡dp„ L$rhsp“p rkÙp„sp¡“u QQp® s’p N°„’phgp¡L$“p¡“p¡ kdph¡i ’pe R>¡.

NyS>fpsu Ap yr“L$ rhh¡Q“L$gp ApÛÖô$p“y„ rbfyv$ ‘pd¡gp rhS>efpe h¥Û rhh¡Q““¡ fkgnu

A“¡ $L$p¥syL$fpNu b“phu “hp¡ hmp„L$ Apàep¡ lsp¡. âpïepÐe ‘Ùrs“p k„õL$pfcp¡Nu rhh¡Q“p¡

Ap‘hp“u ‘l¡g s¡dZ¡ L$fu lsu. rhóÏâkpv$ rÓh¡v$uA¡ kp¥Þv$e®v$i} A“¡ fkgnu rhh¡Q“p¡

Ap‘u NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ rhriô$ apmp¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡.44444 Np„ ueyN A¡ rhh¡Q““p n¡Ó¡ kp¥›$hfpNu

A“¡ L$p¥syL$fpNu lsp¡.

NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u L$urs® dy¿eÐh¡ rhh¡Q“N°„’p¡ A“¡ g¡Mp¡ ‘f R>¡.

"L$pìerhh¡Q“' A“¡ "kprlÐedudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡' “pd“p b¡ N°„’p¡dp„ A¡d“y„ dp¡V$pcpN“y„ rhh¡Q“

k„N°lpe¡gy„ R>¡ A“¡ i¡j füy„ s¡ A¡d“p ‘r›$‘|rs®N°„’ "“¥h¡Û'dp„ D‘gå^ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“y„ rhh¡Q“ AÞe rhh¡QL$p¡ L$fsp AgN sfu Aph¡ R>¡. rhh¡Q“dp„ X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$“u ‘Ùrs“y„ A“yk„ p“ ‘„qX$seyN kp’¡ A¡ fus¡ L$fu iL$pe L¡$ s¡ ‘©’L$¼fZpÐdL$ R>¡. s¡dp„

rhÙÑp“p¡ “hp¡ fZL$pf R>¡ ‘Z OV$pV$p¡‘ “’u. õhõ’ A“¡ rhiv$ ‘e£jZp¡, “ey® hõsyL$’“ A“¡

Apê$Y$ Arcâpev$i®“ s¡d“u rhh¡Q““p„ dy¿e gnZp¡ lsp. NyS>fpsu L$rhsp“p âL$pfp¡“y„ s¡dZ¡

k|Qh¡gy„ hN}L$fZ, fkpcpk rhi¡ d|L¡$gy„ Ørô$tbvy$ A“¡ cpjp“u L¡$V$guL$ Mprkesp¡ rhi¡“u

QQp®A¡ A“¡L$ dsp„sfp¡ S>NpX$ep lsp. s¡d“p d„sìe“p d|mdp„ KX$p¡ Aæepk A“¡ rhje“p

õhs„Ó ArcNd’u ‘y“: rhQpf L$fhp“p¡ DÐkpl Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. s¡d“y„ fyrQs„Ó k„õ¼©s L$pìeipõÓ’u

b„ pe¡gy„ lp¡hp’u A“¡ s¡d“y„ gn dy¿eÐh¡ Brslpk-‘yfpZ A“¡ âpQu“ cpfsue k„õ¼©rs ‘f

d„X$pe¡gy„ lp¡hp’u rhh¡Q“p¡dp„ s¡Ap¡ kdpS>[õ’rs A“¡ Æh“v$i®““p ‘pkp„ ‘f h y cpf Ap‘¡ R>¡

A“¡ kprlÐe sÒhp¡“u QQp® A‘|fsu fl¡ R>¡. s¡d R>sp s¡d“y„ âÐe¡L$ rh^p“ TuZp Ahgp¡L$“ A“¡

KX$p d“““p¡ ‘qf‘pL$ lp¡hp’u s¡d“p„ r“funZp¡ âdpZc|s “¡ îÝ ¡e lp¡hp“u R>p‘ ‘pX$u lsu.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p rhh¡Q““y„ â^p“ gnZ A¡d“u sÒhv$ri®sp lsy„. L$p¡B ‘Z âL$pf“p

rhh¡Q“dp„ A¡d“u Ørô$$ sÒhN°lZ dpV¡$ âh©Ñ ’B L$ipL$ dp¥rgL$ spfZ ‘f ‘lp¢Qsu lsu. ‘R>u

A¡ âpÃerhÛp“p¡ L$p¡B S>qV$g dyØp¡ lp¡e L¡$ L$p¡B L©$rs rhi¡“u hps ’su lp¡B. buSy>„ ‘©’¼L$fZ-

hN}L$fZ“u ‘ÙrsA¡ A¡d“y„ rhh¡Q“ Qpgsy„ lsy„. s¡’u S> A¡d“p gMpZp¡ kyf¡M A“¡ rhiv¹$

119

bÞep lsp. ÓuSy>„ A¡d“p¡ kprlÐerhQpf rhipm kp„õ¼©rsL$ ‘qfâ¡ÿedp„ ’sp¡ lsp¡. d®, sÒhop“,

k„õ¼©rstQs“, L¡$mhZudp„ A¡d“u fyrQ A“¡ A¡d“u KX$u NrsA¡ kprlÐe rhQpfZp ‘f âcph

‘pX$ep¡ lsp¡.55555 Apd Ap‘Zp k„õL©$s kprlÐe A“¡ L$pìedudp„kp“p ìeyÐ‘Þ“ byÙâhfp¡dp„ s¡Ap¡

A¡L$ AN°NÎe lsp. A¡d“u rhh¡Q“dp„ rkÙp„s QQp®, kprlÐe“u õhê$‘Ns QQp® A“¡

N°„’phgp¡L$“p¡ âpàs ’pe R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u rhh¡Q“ âh©rÑ“u kdunp L$fsp âp. Ly„$S>rhlpfu

dl¡sp “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ ""A¡d“u rkÙp„sgnu rhh¡Q“p A“¡ N°„’ kdunp r“spÞs, ‘pÃe ‘Ùrs“u R>¡.

r“c}L$‘Z¡ ‘|fsu kh®N°prlsp’u, b“¡ A¡V$gu sV$õ’sp’u A“¡ Ørô$tbvy$“u “hu“sp’u s¡Ap¡

sÒhQQp® A“¡ N°„’rhQpfZp L$f¡ R>¡. k„õL©$s kprlÐe A“¡ L$pìedudp„kp“p fk A“¡ sÒhõ’p“p¡

sfa NyS>fpsu fkh©rÑ“¡ hpmhpdp„ A¡dZ¡ dlÒh“p¡ apmp¡ Apàep¡ R>¡. ’p¡Xy„$ R>sp„ OÏ„ Æh¡ A¡hy„

A¡d“y„ rhh¡Q“âv$p“ lsy„.''66666

4.2.1 Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.1 Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.1 Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.1 Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.1 Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p (1933) :

Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p A¡ 42 ‘©›$“u eyr“hrk®V$u“p rhÛp’}“¡ D‘ep¡Nu ’pe s¡hu Ag„L$pf

rhjeL$ dprlsuâv$ “p“u ‘y[õsL$p R>¡. cpfsue kprlÐe k„O, Adv$phpv$ Üpfp Ap ‘y[õsL$p“y„

â’d âL$pi“ B.k. 1933 A“¡ s¡“u buÆ Aph©rÑ B.k. 1947 dp„ âNV$ ’B lsu. B[ÞX$e“

rhd¡Þk eyr“hrk®V$u A“¡ dy„bB eyr“hrk®V$u“p bu.A¡.“p Aæepk¾$ddp„ dyL$psp Ap ‘y[õsL$p“y„

d|ëe ‘Z hÝey„ lsy„. g¡ML¡$ Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ R> Ag„L$pfp¡“p¡ rhÛp’} cp¡Áe ‘qfQe L$fpìep¡

R>¡ A¡ ‘|h® Ag„L$pf“p¡ A’® kdÅhu ìehlpf S>Ns A“¡ kprlÐe S>Nsdp„ âep¡Æs Ap iåv$“y„

d|ëe Ap„L$u Apàey„ R>¡. õhcphp¡qL$s Ag„L$pf âp’rdL$ ‘qfQe L$fpìep ‘R>u D‘dp, ê$‘L$, DÐ‘°¡np,

Aâõsys âi„kp, A’p®ÞsfÞepk kp’¡ ìepS>õsyrs Ag„L$pf“p¡ ‘Z ‘qfQe Ap‘sp X$p¡gfcpBA¡

Ap R> Ag„L$pfp¡“p ‘¡V$p âL$pfp¡ A¡“p ìephs®L$ gnZp¡ A“¡ ‘fõ‘f“p A’®R>pepAp¡“¡ kdÅhsp

g¡ML$ ìephs®L$“¡ Ap^pf¡ kd’®“ Ap‘hp Øô$p„sp¡ ‘Z âep¡S>¡ R>¡ A“¡ A„s¡ L$kp¡V$uê$‘ âñp¡ kdp

’p¡X$p Øô$p„sp¡dp„’u S>¡ s¡ Ag„L$pf Ap¡mMhp“y„ rhÛp’} ep¡Áe âh©rÑ L$fph¡ R>¡.

ìehlpf S>Nsdp„ Ag„L$pf õÓu“u ky„v$fsp h^pf“pfy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>epf¡ kprlÐedp„ Ag„L$pf

cpjp“u kd©qÙ“¡ h^pf¡ R>¡. cpjp“¡ rhQpf ìeL$s L$fhp“p dpN® sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMphsp X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$¡ dpN®“p âhpku sfuL¡$ A¡L$ BrslpkL$pf A“¡ buÅ L$rh“¡ “p¢Ýep R>¡. L$rh“p L$ë‘“peyL$s

hZ®“dp„ klS>sp’u Aphu S>su Ag„L$pqfL$sp“¡ k]^u bsphu blº klS> fus¡ rhje âh¡i L$fpìep¡

R>¡. õhpcphp¡qL$s Ag„L$pf rhi¡ s¡Ap¡ gM¡ R>¡ L¡$, S>¡hp¡ S>¡ hõsyAp¡“p¡ õhcph lp¡e s¡hy„ S> s¡“y„

120

hZ®“ L$fhy„, s¡dp„ dfu, dfQy„ “pMu“¡ s¡“¡ Ag„L$pf “ ‘l¡fphhp s¡“y„ “pd õhcphp¡qL$s''.77777 Al]

g¡ML$“u cpjp“u kpv$Nu ‘Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. õhpcphqL$s Ag„L$pf“p b¡ Øô$p„sp¡ Apàep ‘R>u

‘Z L$rh A¡“u A’®ÃR>pepAp¡ dpV¡$ buÅ b¡ Øô$p„sp¡ ‘Z V$p„L$¡ R>¡.

Ag„L$pfp¡“p dy¿e b¡ âL$pfp¡dp„ iåv$pg„L$pf s¡ L„$BL$ Ap fus¡ Ap¡mMph¡ R>¡. ""dpÓ Anf“u

Np¡W$hZu D‘f S> Ap^pf fpM“pfp A“¡ A’®“u S>fpe¡ v$fL$pf “ L$f“pfp Ag„L$pfp¡“¡ iåv$pg„L$pf

L$l¡hpe R>¡.'' sp¡ A’® Ag„L$pf dpV¡$ A¡d“y„ dp“hy„ R>¡ L¡$, S>¡dp„ A’® D‘f S> Ap^pf fpMsp„ M|bu

blpf Aphsu lp¡e s¡hp Ag„L$pf“¡ A’p®g„L$pf L$l¡hpe R>¡.''88888 Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„ iåv$pg„L$pfp¡“u QQp®

L$fu “’u, ‘Z A’p®g„L$pf“¡ ‘ep®às dpÓpdp„ kdÅìep R>¡.

âpf„cdp„ D‘dp Ag„L$pf rhi¡ hps L$fsp g¡ML$ D‘dp“ A“¡ D‘d¡e rhi¡ ‘Z ‘qfQe

Ap‘¡ R>¡ sp¡ ‘|Zp£‘dp L¡$ gyàsp¡‘dp L$p¡“¡ L$l¡hpe s¡“p Øô$p„sp¡ ‘Z “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ gyàsp¡‘dp“p ‘Z

ÓZ âL$pfp¡ A¡L$ gyÐep, qÜgyÐep, rÓgyÐep“p¡ ‘qfQe L$fph¡ R>¡. A¡dp„ â’d b¡“p ÓZ ÓZ

âL$pfp¡ A“¡ rÓgyÐep“p A¡L$ âL$pf A¡“p v¹ô$p„sp¡ kp’¡ kdÅìep R>¡ A“¡ L¡$V$gpL$ L$pìeM„X$p¡ V$p„L$u“¡

L$ep âL$pf“p¡ D‘dp Ag„L$pf R>¡ s¡hu rhÛp’} âh©rÑ ‘Z d|L$u R>¡.

ê$‘L$ Ag„L$pf“u kdS> Ap‘sp s¡Ap¡ gM¡ R>¡ L¡$ D‘d¡e A“¡ D‘dp““y„ kpçe“¡ D‘dp

A“¡ D‘d¡e A“¡ D‘dp““u A¡L$ê$‘sp“¡ ê$‘L$ A’p®s¹$ kfMpdZu R>p¡X$u v$B“¡ b¡ kfMu QuS>

hÃQ¡ L$rh S>epf¡ A¡L$ê$‘sp rkÙ L$f¡ Ðepf¡ ê$‘L$ Ag„L$pf b“¡ R>¡ A¡d L$lu ê$‘L$“p L¡$V$gpL$ âL$pfp¡

“p¢ ¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ kpheh A“¡ r“fhehu“¡ dy¿e âL$pf sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMphu s¡“p ‘Z ‘¡V$p âL$pfp¡ “p¢ ¡

R>¡ sp¡ A„sdp„ L¡$V$gpL$ Øô$p„sp¡ Apàep bpv$ L¡$V$gpL$ L$pìeM„X$p¡“¡ L$kp¡V$uê$‘¡ ‘Z d|L¡$ R>¡.

DÐâ¡np“p¡ D‘dp kp’¡ NpY$ k„b„ lp¡hp“y„ S>Zphu hpÃep¡Ð‘¡np A“¡ âsuedp“p¡Ð‘¡np

hÃQ¡“p¡ c¡v$ õ‘ô$ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ ‘Z Års, NyZ, q¾$ep A“¡ Öìep¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ v¹ô$p„sp¡ kp’¡ kdS|>su

fS|> L$f¡ R>¡. ‘p„Qdp„ Ag„L$pf sfuL¡$ Aâõsysâi„kp A¡V$g¡ L¡$ AÞep¡qL$s Ag„L$pf“¡ kdÅhsp

g¡ML¡$ R>Ì$p Ag„L$pf sfuL¡$ A’p®Þsf Þepk Ag„L$pf“u krhNs kdS|>su Ap‘u R>¡, sp¡ ìepS>õs©su

Ag„L$pf“¡ ‘Z A„s¡ rhÛp’} cp¡Áe i¥gudp„ kfm fus¡ kdS|>su kp’¡ fS|> L$fu R>¡.

Ag„L$pf kdS|>su rhi¡“u Ap ‘y[õsL$p âdpZdp„ “p“u lp¡hp R>sp„, kdN° Ag„L$pfp¡“¡ “

kdpìep lp¡hp R>sp„ S>¡ L„$B R>¡ s¡“u rhi¡ ‘|rs® rhiv$ A“¡ rhÛp’} cp¡Áe dprlsu âpàs ’su lp¡B.

g¡ML$“p¡ DØ¡i aþep¡ R>¡. ApS>¡ sp¡ Ap ‘yõsL$ NZ“p‘pÓ R>¡ A“¡ rhÛp’}“u S>ê$qfeps“¡ k„sp¡j¡

R>¡.

121

4.2.2 t‘Nmâh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.2 t‘Nmâh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.2 t‘Nmâh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.2 t‘Nmâh¡riL$p (1933) :4.2.2 t‘Nmâh¡riL$p (1933) :

Ap “p“u ‘y[õsL$p t‘Nm âh¡riL$p“u â’d Aph©rÑ B.k.1933dp„ L$fp„Qu’u âNV$ ’B

lsu. Ðepfbpv$ B.k. 2008 dp„ kp¥fpô²$ eyr“hrk®V$uA¡ s¡“y„ ‘y“:dyÖZ L$ey®. Ap “p“u ‘y[õsL$p

15 ‘©›$dp„ rhõsf¡gu R>¡. S>¡dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ k„õL©$s h©Ñp¡ ‘f Ap^pqfs A“¡ t‘NmipõÓ“¡

A“ykfsp s¡hp dlÒh“p L¡$V$gpL$ R>„v$p¡“p¡ kv¹ô$p„s ‘qfQe L$fpìep¡ R>¡. dy¿eÒh¡ Ap ‘y[õsL$p

rhÛp’} cp¡Áe A“¡ rhÛp’} L¡$ÞÖu R>¡. ‘qfZpd¡ rhÛp’}“¡ R>„v$ rhi¡“u kfm kdS> Apdp„’u

Apkp“u’u dmu iL¡$ R>¡. t‘NmipõÓ Apd sp¡ R>„v$ipõÓ“p¡ N°„’ R>¡, ‘Z t‘Nmdp„ L$B fus¡

âh¡i L$fhp¡ A¡“p¡ ‘qfQe Ap‘Z“¡ Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„’u dm¡ R>¡. R>„v$dp„ Anfp¡“p gOy A“¡ Nyê$ L¡$hu

fus¡ Ap¡mMhp, A¡“u r“ip“uAp¡ D‘fp„s A¡“u dpÓpAp¡ rhi¡ ‘Z Alu ‘qfQe L$fpìep¡ R>¡.

NyS>fpsu R>„v$“u A„v$f S>¡d Anfd¡m A“¡ dpÓpd¡m R>¡. Ap bÞ“¡ rhcpNhpf AgN-AgN fus¡

âpf„cdp„ "dpÓpd¡m' R>„v$ A“¡ ‘R>u’u "Anfd¡m' R>„v$“p¡ ‘qfQe L$fphsp Ap AæepkyAp¡ v$f¡L$

R>„v$“u dpÓpAp¡ A“¡ s¡“p gOyNyê$, s¡“p rhfpdõ’p“p¡, s¡“p ‘rsAp¡ D‘fp„s A“¡L$ Øô$p„sp¡ ‘Z

Apàep R>¡. L$ep„L$ A¡L$ sp¡ L$ep„L$ A¡L$’u h^pf¡ v¹ô$p„sp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ ‘f„sy g¡ML¡$ R>„v$“u L$Qpihpmu

L¡$V$guL$ ‘„qL$s“p Øô$p„sp¡’u ‘Z kdÅìey„ R>¡. S>¡dp„ L¡$V$gu dpÓpdp„ R>„v$“u R|>V$R>pV$ g¡hu Å¡BA¡,

L$rh L¡$hu fus¡ Ry>V$R>pV$ g¡ R>¡. Ap R|>V$R>pV$ L¡$V$gu dpÓpdp„ Å¡Mdu b“u iL¡$ A¡“p ‘Z Øô$p„sp¡

Apàep R>¡.99999 hZ®d¡m R>„v$ A“¡ A“yôy$‘“u ‘Z kdS> Ap‘u R>¡. D‘fp„s A¡dp„ Anfd¡m R>„v$,

Öysrhg[çbs, hkÞsrsgL$p, riMqfZu, dÞv$p¾$pÞsp, ipv|$®grhq¾$qX$s, õÓÁ^fp S>¡hp blº QrQ®s

R>„v$p¡ ‘Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. rhÛp’}“¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ b^p R>„v$p¡“p¡ kdph¡i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ “’u.

BÖh°Å, D‘¡ÞÖh°Å° S>¡hp R>„v$p¡“u L¡$ ‘R>u D‘Års R>„v$ L¡$ S>¡ ArNepf“u dpÓpdp„ R>¡ s¡“u ‘Z

Al] N¡flpS>fu hsp®e R>¡.

Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ t‘NmipõÓ“u rhiv$sp“¡ Npmu “pMu R>¡ A“¡ kfm kdS> Ap‘u

R>¡. rhÛp’} dpV¡$ s¡“y„ A’®OV$“ L$fhy„ AOfy„ b“u Åe R>¡. s¡’u g¡ML¡$ rhÛp’}Ap¡ kfmsp’u

kdÆ iL¡$ s¡’u L¡$V$gpL$ âp’rdL$ R>„v$p¡“u dprlsu dep®qv$s ‘p“pAp¡dp„, dep®qv$s Dv$plfZ Ap‘u

kdÅhu R>¡. Apd Ap ‘y[õsL$p“p “pd ‘f’u S> ¿epg Ap‘u iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ s¡ t‘Nm“p âh¡i

L$fphsu ‘qfQpqfL$p R>¡.

122

4.2.3 1936 “p„ NyS>fpsu hpP¹$de“u kdunp (1937) :4.2.3 1936 “p„ NyS>fpsu hpP¹$de“u kdunp (1937) :4.2.3 1936 “p„ NyS>fpsu hpP¹$de“u kdunp (1937) :4.2.3 1936 “p„ NyS>fpsu hpP¹$de“u kdunp (1937) :4.2.3 1936 “p„ NyS>fpsu hpP¹$de“u kdunp (1937) :

NyS>fpsu kprlÐe sfa’u B.k. 1929 ’u NyS>fpsu cpjpdp„ âNV$ ’sp N°„’p¡“u hprj®L$

kdunp“p L$pe®“p¡ Apf„c ’ep¡ lsp¡. Ap L$pe® NyS>fpsu cpjp“p rhÜp“ rhh¡QL$“¡ S> kp¢‘hpdp„

Aphsy„ lsy„. L$pfZ L¡$ kdN° hj® v$fçep“ âNV$ ’sp grgs A“¡ grgs¡sf N°„’p¡“y„ kdunp L$fhp“y„

L$pe® L$‘fy„ lsy„. NyS>fpsu kprlÐekcpA¡ 1936dp„ âNV$ L$f¡gp N°„’p¡“u kdunp L$fhp“y„ L$pe®

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ kp¡àey„ lsy„. Ap bpbs A¡ S> bsph¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡dZ¡ “p“u Jdf¡ NyS>fpsu“p A¡L$

DÐL©$ô$ rhh¡QL$ sfuL¡$ “pd“p âpàs L$fu lsu. Ap N°„’“u iê$Apsdp„ s¡Ap¡ Ap A„N¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$,

""NyS>fps“u blpf rlÞv$“p M|Z¡ ‘X¡$gp„ L$fp„Qudp„ kp^“rhrl“ hksp¡ lº„ L$ep„ A“¡ kprlÐeL$pfp¡,

âL$piL$p¡ Apqv$ kp’¡ r“Ðe“p kss klQpf“u S>ê$f ‘X$ep L$fu A¡hy„ Ap L$pe® L$ep A¡“u rhk„Nssp“¡

S> Å¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMy„ sp¡ sp¡ dpfp’u Ap L$pe® lp’dp„ S> “ ^fpe A¡V$gy„ S>åbf L$pe® R>¡.''1010101010 â’d

hMs NyS>fps“u blpf hksp L$p¡B rhh¡QL$“¡ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe“u kdunp L$fhp“y„ L$pd kp¢àey„ s¡

S> s¡d“u rhÖÑp kprbs L$f¡ R>¡.

Ap N°„’ ‘p„Q rhcpNdp„ rhcprS>s A“¡ 100 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ 1. grgs

hpP¹$de, 2. grgs¡sf hpP¹$de, 3. bpg hpP¹$de 4. D‘k„lpf 5. N°Þ’k|rQ. Ap rhcpNp¡dp„

grgs hpP¹$de A“¡ grgs¡sf hpP¹$de rhcpNp¡ rhh¡Q““u Ørô$A¡ M|b S> ANÐe“p R>¡.

grgs hpX¹$de“p rhcpNdp„ Ap hj®“u L$rhsp, “pV$L$-“pqV$L$p, “hgL$’p, “hrgL$p,

grgs r“b„ hN¡f¡“¡ ‘p„Q âL$fZdp„ rhcprS>s L$fu“¡ kdunp L$fu R>¡. Ap rhcpN“u iê$Apsdp„

S> kdunL¡$ hs®dp“ kdedp„ S>¡ grgs hpX¹$de“p kprlÐe õhê$‘p¡ hÃQ¡ S>¡ c¡v$ c|kpB füp¡ lsp¡

s¡“p âÐe¡ Ýep“ v$p¡ey® lsy„. Ap A„N¡ s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""grgs hpX¹$de“p Ap õhê$‘p¡“¡ rcÞ“-

qcÞ“ fpMhp Å¡BA¡, ‘Z S>ep„ ky u v$f¡L$ kprlÐe õhê$‘“p ipõÓue sÒhp¡ r“Z}s “ ’B

Åe Ðep„ ky u A¡dp„ L¡$V$guL$ AfpS>L$sp füp S> L$f¡ R>¡ A¡ v$¡Musy„ R>¡. dpV¡$ L$pìe, “pV$L$-“pqV$L$p,

“hg-“hrgL$pqv$ kprlÐe õhê$‘p¡“p ipõÓue sÒhp¡“¡ s‘pku A¡“p rkÙp„sp¡ “L$L$u L$fhp“u

ApS>¡ Mpk S>ê$f R>¡. Aphp hgZp¡dp„’u Ry>V$ep ‘R>u S> Ap‘Ï„ kprlÐe kp¡m¡ L$mpA¡ ‘p„Nfu

iL¡$.''1111111111 â’d âL$fZdp„ 12 L$rhsp“u kdunp L$fu R>¡. Ap hj®“p L$pìek„N°lp¡ kdunL$“¡ k„sp¡ju

iL$ep “’u. A¡dZ¡ Ap hj®“p L$pìek„N°lp¡ L¡$ L$rhsp“y„ kS>®“ Mpk kÒhipmu “’u gpÁey. Ap

hj£ S>¡ gpbp L$pìek„N°lp¡ dþep R>¡ s¡“¡ kdunL¡$ L$pìep¡“u Ap„sqfL$ NyZhÑp Ap¡R>u A“¡ L$p„ sp¡ ê$Y$

âZprgdp„ hl¡“pfp, L$p„sp¡ A¡dp„ fl¡gu âep¡N“u L$Qpi sfuL¡$ NZpìep lsp. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$

123

“pV$eipõÓ“p kpfp Aæepky lp¡hp’u ‘p¡sp“p Ørô$L$p¡Z’u Ap “pV$L$p¡“u rhh¡Q“p L$fu R>¡. s¡Ap¡

dp“¡ R>¡ L$¡ “pV$L$ gM“pf“¡ f„Nc|rd“y„, Øíe rhr^“y„ s¡dS> Arc“eepqv$“y„ âÐen op“ AphíeL$

lp¡hy„ Å¡BA¡. sp¡ S> s¡ “pV$L$dp„ kpfu fus¡ kamsp d¡mhu iL¡$. Ap âL$fZdp„ Q„Öhv$“ dl¡sp“p

“pV$L$p¡“u kdunp Ýep“ M¢Q¡ s¡hu R, S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ Q„Öhv$“ dl¡sp“p “pV$L$p¡dp„ fl¡gp “pV$L$“p

õhê$‘“p sp[ÒhL$ gnZp¡“¡ spfhu bspìep R>¡. “hgL$’pdp„ Ly$g 32 “hgL$’p“u kdunp L$fu

R>¡. S>¡dp„’u kdunL$“¡ A¡L$ ‘Z L©$rs DÑd gpNu “’u. Al] kdunL$“u kyÿd k|T“p„ v$i®“ ’pe

R>¡ R>sp„ L$p¡B-L$p¡B N°„’“u kdunpdp„ s¡Ap¡ ‘|fsp¡ Þepe “’u Ap‘u iL$ep s¡ ‘Z lL$uL$s R>¡.

grgs r“b„ p¡dp„ s¡Ap¡ L$pL$pkpl¡b L$pg¡gL$f“p "Æh““p¡ Ap“„v$'“¡ î¡›$ r“b„ NZph¡ R>¡.

buÅ¡ rhcpN grgs¡sf hpP¹$de“p¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ Æh“QqfÓ, rhh¡Q“-k„‘pv$“, L¡$mhZu,

Brslpk-k„ip¡ “, rQÞs“, ‘°L$uZ® N°„’p¡“u kdunp L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Ap rhcpN“p N°„’p¡“u

cpjpi¥gu kdunL$“¡ A“yL|$m Aphsu “’u. s¡’u s¡Ap¡ v$f¡L$ g¡ML$“¡ ‘p¡s“p rhje“p v$f¡L$

dyØp“u kyN°r’s Np¡W$hZu A“¡ rhjep“yê$‘ cpjp-i¥gu A¡ b¡ sÒhp¡ sfa Ýep“ fpMhp“u

cgpdZ L$f¡ R>¡. â’d âL$fZ Æh“QqfÓp¡“u kdunpdp„ r“ê$ v$¡kpB“u L©$rs "g¡r““'“p

Æh“QqfÓ“u kdunp L$fsp g¡r“““p dp“k“y„ r“ê$‘Z L$fsp, dp“hsp“p rhL$pk“p¡ Brslpk

Ap‘hp“y„ kdunL$ S>ê$fu NZ¡ R>¡. rhh¡Q“-k„‘pv$““p âL$fZdp„ s¡Ap¡ kdL$pgu“ rhh¡Q“ âh©rÑ

A„N¡ Ak„sp¡j âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap A„N¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ ""Ap‘Zp kpdreL$p¡dp„ ’sp„ rhh¡Q“p¡, kp^pfZ

fus¡ fpNÖ¡j’u cep®, sp[ÒhL$ Ørô$A¡ OZpMfp„ “dpgp„, OZu hMs¡ sp¡ dpÓ ‘qfQepÐdL$ S>

lp¡e R>¡. Ap b^p„ Ahgp¡L$“p¡“¡ rhh¡Q“p¡ L$luA¡ sp¡ A¡ iåv$“¡ gÅhhp S>¡hy„ ’pe.''1212121212 rhh¡QL$p¡“¡

A„N°¡Æ rhh¡Q“ A“¡ k„õL©$s rhh¡Q“ rkÙp„sp¡“p¡ ¿epg lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡ sp¡S> Ap‘Ï„ rhh¡Q“

kprlÐe “L$L$fê$‘ ^pfZ L$fi¡. A¡d s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡. “ftklfph“p¡ "d“p¡dyLy$f“p' rhh¡Q“ N°„’“¡

s¡Ap¡ rhh¡Q““p¡ î¡›$ N°„’ NZ¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡d“y„ rhipm hpQ“ A“¡ rhrhrns rhje“y„ KXy„$

AhNpl“ spfhu Ap‘¡ R>¡. Ap“p ky„v$f Øô$p„sê$‘¡ S>ep A“¡ S>eÞs“¡ Q] ¡ R>¡. “ftklfph“u

blºîyssp, ‘©’¼L$fZiugsp A“¡ ‘„qX$spB ‘Z v$¡MpX¡$ R>¡.

L¡$mhZu“p ‘yõsL$“u kdunp L$fsp kdunL¡$ hs®dp“ kdedp„ DÃQrinZ“p

‘pW$e‘yõsL$p¡“p Acph¡ s¡d“p gMhp ‘f cpf d|L¡$ R>¡. hs®dp“ kdedp„ i¥nrZL$ kprlÐedp„

L¡$mhZu“p Apv$ip£ A“¡ rkÙp„sp¡“y„ Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p sb¼L$phpf tQs““¡ AphíeL$ NZ¡ R>¡. L¡$mhZu“p

N°„’p¡“u rhh¡Q“pdp„ L$pL$pkpl¡b L$pg¡gL$f“p L¡$mhZu rhjeL$ N°„’ "Æh“rhL$pk'“u rhiv$ rhh¡Q“p

L$fu R>¡.

124

Brslpk“p k„ip¡ “ âL$fZdp„ X$p®. rÓcyh“v$pk ipl L©$„s, "âpQu“ cpfs hj®'“u kdunp

Ýep“ M¢Q¡ R>¡. Ap N°„’ A„N¡ s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ "g¡ML$“u L$dp®rcdyMsp A“¡ L$d®r“›$p rhipm

Aæepk“¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap N°„’dp„ A¡hu L¡$V$guL$ rhNsp¡ ‘l¡gu S> hpf blpf Aphu R>¡ S>¡“p¡ AæepkuAp¡A¡

ApS> gNu õ‘i® S> “’u L$ep£.1313131313 kpfpcpB “hpb k„‘pqv$s ""S>¥“ rQÓL$ë‘Öyd'' “¡ Ap hj®“y„

î¡›$ âL$pi“ NZ¡ R>¡.

A„rsd rhcpN D‘k„lpfdp„ kdN° N°„’“p¡ kpf Ap‘¡ R>¡. kprlÐekS>®“ A“¡ hs®dp“

kdedp„ k„ip¡ ““p S>¡ âhplp¡ lsp s¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ A“¡L$ MpduAp¡ Q]^u bsphu lsu. s¡“p rhi¡

rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu“¡ s¡“¡ v|$$f L$fhp dpV¡$ A“¡ î¡›$ kprlÐe“p kS>®“ dpV¡$ iy„ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡ s¡ A„N¡

dpN®v$i®“ ‘Z Ap‘¡ R>¡.

â’d grgs hpP¹$de“p rhcpNdp„ ‘p„Q N°„’p¡“¡ S> rQfL$pm¡ V$L¡$ s¡hp NÎep R>¡. S>¡dp„

"sZMpd„X$m', "Æh““p¡ Ap“„v$', "S>grbÞvy$', "Æhsu Sy>ges', A“¡ "AMp¡ hfhlº'“p¡ kdph¡i

’pe R>¡. “hgL$’pdp„ s¡Ap¡ NyZhsfpe ApQpe®, “hrgL$pdp„ ydL¡$sy A“¡ BÞvy$gpg Np„ u S>¡hp

g¡ML$p¡ Ap hj®dp„ ‘l¡gu S> hpf ‘p¡sp“u L©$rsAp¡ Üpfp blpf sfu Apìep R>¡. grgs¡sf rhcpNdp„

dpÓ ApW$ L©$rsAp¡“¡ î¡›$ NZ¡ R>¡. rhh¡Q“ n¡Ódp„ “ftklfph, fpd“pfpeZ ‘pW$L$, fpdQ„Ö

iyL$g A“¡ fdZgpg v$¡kpB“p rhh¡Q“ N°„’p¡“¡ î¡›$ rhh¡Q“N°„’p¡ NZ¡ R>¡ S>epf¡ Brslpkdp„

S>¥“rQÓL$ë‘Öyd A“¡ L¡$mhZudp„ "Æh“rhL$pk' “¡ î¡›$ N°„’ NZ¡ R>¡.

Ap N°„’dp„ Ap hj®“p rhrh^ rhjep¡“p 206 N°„’p¡“u kdunp L$fu R>¡. A¡L$ rhh¡QL$ sfuL¡$

sV$õ’sp‘|h®L$ rhh¡Q“ A“¡ MpduAp¡ bsphsp ApL$fp iåv$p¡“p âlpfp¡ A“¡ kprlÐe“p rkÙp„sp¡“¡

L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ kpfp A“¡ “bmp ‘pkp bsphhp hN¡f¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u rhh¡Q““p gnZp¡

NZu iL$pe.

Ap N°„’dp„ B.k. 1936“p hj®dp„ grgs A“¡ grgs¡sf kprlÐe“p k„ip¡ “ L¡$ g¡M““p

L¡$hp âhpl lsp, s¡“y„ õhê$‘ L¡$hp âL$pf“y„ lsy„ s¡ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡. B.k. 1936“p hj®dp„ âNV$

’e¡gp ‘yõsL$p¡“u kQp¡V$ dprlsu Ap N°„’dp„’u dmu fl¡ R>¡. Ap k„v$c£ L$p¡B k„ip¡ L$“¡ D‘ep¡Nu

“uhX¡$ s¡hp R>¡. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe“p Brslpk g¡M“dp„ ‘Z Ap Aæepk k„v$cp£ sfuL¡$ D‘L$pfL$

“uhX¡$ s¡hp¡ lp¡B, Ap^pfc|s R>¡.

125

4.2.4 L$pìerhh¡Q“ (1949) :4.2.4 L$pìerhh¡Q“ (1949) :4.2.4 L$pìerhh¡Q“ (1949) :4.2.4 L$pìerhh¡Q“ (1949) :4.2.4 L$pìerhh¡Q“ (1949) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Üpfp frQs "L$pìerhh¡Q“' A¡ kdep„sf¡ rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ L$pìerhh¡Q“

D‘f gM¡gp 23 g¡Mp¡“p¡ k„N°l R>¡. Ap N°„’ 226 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ A“¡ Qpf M„X$p¡dp„ rhcprS>s

R>¡. â’d M„X$dp„ sÒhrhh¡Q““p g¡Mp¡, buÅ M„X$dp„ Ag„L$pf v$p¡j, ÓuÅ M„X$dp„ L$pìe kdunp

A“¡ Qp¡’p M„X$dp„ N°„’p¡hgp¡L$“p¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ag„L$pfipõÓ“p kpfp Aæepku lsp. Ap

N°„’ L$pìesÒh QQp®“p g¡Mp¡dp„ A¡d“p¡ Ap Aæepk S> bp¡ëep¡ R>¡ A“¡ L$pìeL©$rsAp¡“u A“¡

N°„’p¡“u kdunpdp„ ‘Z k„õL©$s fkrkÙp„s“p¡ rhr“ep¡N A¡ AÐepf“u L$pìeL©$rsAp¡“p rhh¡Q“dp„

iL$e R>¡, A¡V$gy„ S> “rl Bô$ ‘Z R>¡, A¡d ÅZ¡ ‘p¡s¡ k|Qhsp lp¡e s¡d A¡dZ¡ L$ep£ R>¡. sp¡ buÆ

bpSy> Ap N°„’dp„ k¥Ùp„rsL$ rhh¡Q“dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ kpdpÞe‘Z¡ sp¡ AÞe rhh¡QL$p¡“u

rhQpfZpdp„’u Dcp ’sp„ L¡$V$gpL$ âñp¡“u QQp® ê$‘¡ rhh¡Q““p rhh¡Q“ ê$‘¡ L$fu“¡ cpfsue L$pìe

rkÙp„s“p âL$pidp„ Ap‘Zu L$pìerhjeL$ Ørô$“¡ k„õL$pf“¡ k„h ®hpdp„ ApQpe® Ap“„v$i„L$f A“¡

fpd“pfpeZ ‘pW$L¡$ âv$p“ L$ey® lsy„. s¡S> qv$ipdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L¡$V$guL$ N¡fkdÅ¡, ApN°lp¡,

‘|h®N°lp¡ L¡$ Ørô$c°dp¡ v|$f L$fhp“p¡ s’p âpQu“ L$pìe-rhQpfZp“p âL$pidp„ “hu“ L$pìerhQpf“u

d|ëehÑp“¡ “pZu Å¡hp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$ep£ lsp¡.

L$pìerhh¡Q“dp„ â’d rhcpNdp„ sÒhQQp®“p g¡Mp¡“p¡ R>¡ A“¡ kdN° ‘yõsL$dp„ Ap rhcpN

kp¥’u h^pf¡ dlÒh“p¡ R>¡. k¥Ùp[ÞsL$ rhh¡Q“dp„ Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ Aë‘ âdpZdp„ gMpey„ R>¡ s¡ Å¡sp„

Ap âL$pf“p g¡Mp¡ M|b S> AphL$pf‘pÓ R>¡. Apdp„“p¡ ‘l¡gp¡ sÒhrhh¡Q“hpmp¡ M„X$ rhõspf A“¡

NyZDce Ørô$A¡ DÑd R>¡. Apdp„“p b¡ g¡Mp¡, 'kp^pfZuL$fZ ìep‘pf'1414141414 A“¡ "A“ycph“piqL$s'

îu rhóÏâkpv$ rÓh¡v$uA¡ D‘[õ’s L$f¡gp rhhpv$põ‘v$ dyØpAp¡“u QQp® L$fu“¡ k„õL©$s fkipõÓ“¡

Ap^pf¡ kpQy„ dpN®v$i®“ Ap‘hp“p âeÐ“ê$‘ R>¡. îu rhóÏâkpv$ rÓh¡v$u kp^pfZuL$fZ“p

rkÙp„s“u rhfyÙ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ cphL$“u cph“piqL$s L¡$ A“ycph“p ‘f b^p¡ dv$pf fpM¡ R>¡. îu

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ âÐen L$gp“ych“p L$p¡B‘Z [õ’Ðe„sf¡ A“ycph“p “pd“u iqL$s

âh®su iL¡$ S> “rl. kp^pfZuL$fZ“p rkÙp„s“¡ L$pfZ¡ kS>®L¡$ ‘Z kS>®“ A¡hu fus¡ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡

L¡$ S>¡’u cphL$dp„ kp^pfZuL$fZ ’pe. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kp^pfZuL$fZ“¡ L$pfZ¡ kS>®L$“p¡ A¡L$ ^d® âpàs

’pe R>¡. kp^pfZuL$fZ“p rkÙp„s ‘fÐh¡ îu fpd“pfpeZ ‘pW$L$“p ‘n¡ flu“¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

cpfsue rkÙp„s“y„ h y õ‘ô$uL$fZ L$ey® lsy„. blº KQu c|rdL$pA¡ flu“¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ s’p

rhóÏâkpv$¡ Ap rkÙp„s“y„ ârs‘pv$“ L$ey® lsy„. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u ‘p„qX$Ðeârscp Ap ârs‘pv$“dp„

126

S>hg„sê$‘¡ AprhóL©$s ’su v$¡Mpe R>¡. Ap rhcpN“p¡ buÅ¡ DÑd g¡M "¼pìeõhê$‘' “p¡ R>¡.

îueys îuL$pÞsue“p ‘Imagination in Indian poetics’ (Indian Historical Quartely +

(Vol. XIII, No. 1) “p g¡M““¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡dZ¡ L$rhkyrô$ A“¡ hõsyk©rô$ rhj¡ dprd®L$ R>ZphV$

L$fu R>¡. kpdpÞe kdS> A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ âpQu“ L$pìeipõÓ“p r“ers¾$$dfrls A“¡ A“Þe ‘fs„Ó

A¡hu L$pìek©rô$“y„ S> kd’®“ L$f¡ R>¡ ‘f„sy L$pìek©rô$“¡ hõsyk©rô$“y„ Apg„b“ R>¡. A¡ lL$uL$s

âpQu“p¡“p Ýep“ blpf “uL$mu “ lsu. s¡ A¡dZ¡ h¾$p¡qL$s rS>rhsL$pf Ly„$sL$ hNf¡“p„ AhsfZp¡

V$p„L$u“¡ rkÙ L$fu Apàey„ R>¡. gp¥qL$L$ A“ych“u nZ A“¡ kS>®L$L©$rs“p S>ÞdL$pm“u nZ hÃQ¡

L$rhdp“kdp„ Qpgsu flõede âq¾$ep D‘f h¡ L$ âL$pi “pMu“¡ L$rhk©rô$ S>¡V$gy„ S> L$rhØrô$“y„

‘Z dlÒh R>¡. s¡ A¡dZ¡ õ‘ô$ L$fu Apàey„ R>¡. Ap rhcpN“p "Ýhr““p â¡c¡v$p¡'“p ÓuÅ g¡Mdp„

k„õL©$s L$pìeipõÓ“¡ s¡dS> rhi¡js "ÝhÞepgp¡L$'“p¡ A¡d“p¡ KX$p¡ Aæepk ìeL$s ’pe R>¡. Ap

g¡Mdp„ A¡dZ¡ Arc“hNyàs A“¡ dçdV$“¡ “S>f kdn fpMu“¡ Ýhr““p Ly$g 51 c¡v$p¡-âc¡v$p¡

NZpìep R>¡, A¡ õ‘ô$ L$fsy„ A¡L$ L$p¡ô$L$ ‘Z Apàey„ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ ipõÓue ‘qfcpjp“p ‘|fp ApN°lu lsp. Ap rhcpN“p Qp¡’p g¡M

"rhh¡Q“dp„ ipõÓue ‘qfcpjp“u AphíeL$sp'dp„ A¡dZ¡ NyS>fpsu g¡ML$p¡A¡ hp‘f¡gu iåv$p¡“u

AQp¡L$kpB A“¡ AipõÓuesp bsphu rhh¡Q“dp„ ipõÓue ‘qfcpjp“u AphíeL$sp ‘f cpf

d|L¡$ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ dp“sp lsp L¡$ ìehlpfdp„ A¡L$’u h^pf¡ A’®dp„ h‘fpsp¡ iåv$ ipõÓue ‘qfcpjp“u

Qp¡LL$$kspdp„ L$pd “ gpN¡. s¡’u S> s¡Ap¡A¡ "dy“iu“p¡ kQp¡V$sphpv$' “p g¡Mdp„ L$.dp.dy“iuA¡

s¡d“p L¡$V$gpL$ g¡Mp¡dp„ kprlÐedp„ kfksp A“¡ kQp¡V$sp“p¡ rkÙp„s fS|> L$ep£ lsp¡, s¡“u kpd¡

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ hp„ p¡ DW$pìep¡ lsp¡.1515151515 dy“iu“p g¡Mp¡dp„ S>¡ AipõÓuesp A“¡ Arhiv$sp lsu s¡

s¡dZ¡ Al] Ap g¡Mdp„ bfpbf Myëgu ‘pX$u lsu. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ buÅ A¡L$ g¡Mdp„ s¡dZ¡ L$rhîu

Mbfv$pf¡ s¡d“p ‘yõsL$ "NyS>fpsu¹ L$rhsp“u fQ“pL$pm'dp„ L¡$V$gpL$ AipõÓue rhÙp“p¡ L$ep£ R>¡ L¡$

AipõÓue cpjp hp‘fu R>¡. A¡d“p’u A¡d“u rhQpfìeqL$s“¡ L¡$hu lpr“ ’B R>¡ s¡“u rhNs¡ QQp®

L$fu R>¡.

Qp¡’p g¡M "A“ycph“p'dp„ s¡dZ¡ îu rhóÏâkpv$“p A“ycph“p“p rkÙp„s“u r“f’®L$sp

rkÙ L$fu R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ A“ycph“p “pd“u S|>v$u iqL$s dp“hp“u S>ê$f S> “’u.

L$gpL$pf“p¡ A“ych cphL$ ‘p¡sp“p¡ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ îu rhóÏâkpv$“p ds¡ A“ycph“p iqL$s L$pd

L$fu flu R>¡, Ðepf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡dp„ L$gpL$pf“u L$gpdp„ fl¡gu ìe„S>“piqL$s S> A¡

127

L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. "’p¡X$u “p¢ p¡' “pd“p ‘p„Qdp„ g¡Mdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ dlpL$rh“y„ kS>®“ L¡$d ’sy„

“’u s¡“u rhQpfZp L$fu R>¡.

Ap ‘yõsL$“p buÅ M„X$dp„ Ag„L$pf, L$pìev$p¡j A“¡ R>„v$ Apqv$“u QQp® R>¡. S>¡dp„ "Erd®S>Þe

cphpcpk' (pathetic fallacy) “pd“p g¡Mdp„ Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ drZgpg qÜh¡v$u, Ap“„v$i„L$f

°yh, fdZcpB “ugL„$W$ A“¡ “ftklfph¡ s¡“u rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu lsu. s¡“p¡ r“óL$j® spfhhp“p¡

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ âeÐ“ L$ep£ lsp¡. "Erd®S>Þe cphpcpk' dpV¡$ îu fdZcpBA¡ ep¡S>¡g "h©rÑde

cphpcpk' A“¡ “ftklfph¡ ep¡S>¡g "AkÐe cphpfp¡‘Z' “u k„opAp¡ L$fsp X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$

"Erd®S>Þe cphpcpk' k„op rhi¡j ep¡Áe ^pf¡ R>¡. Ap v$p¡j Erd®N°õs Ahõ’p“¡ L$pfZ¡ S> Aph¡

s¡’u Ap ‘qfcpjp rhi¡j kp’®L$ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p ds¡ "Erd®S>Þe cphpcpk' A¡ dpÓ

Ap¡rQÐe“p¡ âñ R>¡. A“yrQs cph“p k„v$c®dp„ s¡ v$p¡j b“¡ R>¡.1616161616 Ap $rhcpN“p buÅ g¡M

"i¡j“p D‘dp rQÓp¡' R>¡. Ap g¡Mdp„ s¡dZ¡ TuZhV$cep® Aæepk’u "i¡j“p„ L$pìep¡'dp„“u

D‘dpAp¡“y„ ‘©’¼L$fZ L$ey R>¡. "d¡V$paf A¡V$g¡ ê$‘L$ ’pe' “pd“p ÓuÅ g¡Mdp„ d¡V$paf dpV¡$ ê$‘L$

iåv$ Ap‘Z¡ hp‘fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ bfpbf “’u. Mfy„ Å¡sp d¡V$pafdp„ kdpkp¡qL$s A“¡ ê$‘L$ A¡ b„“¡

Ag„L$pfp¡“p¡ kdph¡i ’B Åe R>¡. sp¡ ‘R>u "d¡V$paf' dpV¡$ Ap‘Z¡ ê$‘L$ iåv$ L¡$d hp‘fu iL$pe ?

Mfu fus¡ Aphp iåv$p¡“¡ Ap‘Zu cpjpdp„ õ’p“ R>¡ S> “l].1717171717 A¡ s¡d“p¡ r“óL$j® R>¡. ‘Irony “y„

sÒh' “pd“p g¡Mdp„ Irony “u “pd“p ‘ròd“p„ Ag„L$pfipõÓdp„ õhuL$pfpsp Ag„L$pf“¡ ‘Z

s¡Ap¡ Ýhr““p„ âL$pfdp„ d|L¡$ R>¡.

ÓuÅ rhcpNdp„ Qpf L$pìep¡“u kdunpAp¡ R>¡. îu r^fpZu L©$s "ApS> dpfp¡ A‘fp^ R>¡.

fpÅ', îu ky„v$fd L©$s, "ìep¡drhlpqfZu', îu v$¡hÆ dp¡Y$p L©$s "S>““u' A“¡ îu NZ‘s cphkpf

L©$s "â¡d sÏ„ S>lpS>' A¡ Qpf L$pìep¡“p brlf„N s¡dS> A„sf„N“u TuZhV$cfu s‘pk Al] Ap‘u

R>¡. Apdp„ ‘Z k„õL©$s L$pìerhh¡Q““¡ b“¡ s¡V$gy„ âep¡S>hp“p¡ s¡dZ¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡.

Qp¡’p rhcpN N°„’phgp¡L$“dp„ îu ‘yÅgpg L©$s "‘pqfÅs' A“¡ îu Ddpi„L$f Å¡iu L©$s

"âpQu“p'“y„ Ahgp¡L$“ Apàey„ R>¡. k„õL©$s rhje“u ‘f„‘fp âdpZ¡ s¡dZ¡ ‘p„Q rhcpNdp„ ‘pqfÅs“u

kdunp L$fu R>¡ A“¡ NyZ, Ag„L$pf“u Ørô$A¡ L$pìe“¡ d|ghhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡. s¡d“p Ap

L$pìek„N°l“¡ d|ghhp“p¡ âeÐ“ ‘qfîd cep£ lsp¡ ‘Z rhh¡L$ dep®v$p“¡ Dëg„Ou Ney„ lsy„. âpQu“p

‘^ê$‘L$p¡“u kdunp L$fsp X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ s¡“¡ ‘One act plays’ L$l¡ R>¡.

128

Apd kdN° fus¡ Å¡BA¡ sp¡ "L$pìerhh¡Q“'dp„ k„õL©$s L$pìeipõÓ“u ‘qf‘pV$u ApS>“p

eyNdp„ ‘Z kfmsp’u Qpgu iL¡$ s¡ s¡dZ¡ bsphu Apàey„ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p Ap N°„’“y„

d|ëep„L$“ L$fsp Bðfgpg v$h¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ ""A¡L$ “p“L$X$p Erd®L$pìe“p rhh¡Q“’u dp„X$u“¡ rhh¡Q““p

d|mc|s rkÙp„sp¡ ky udp„ kh®Ó s¡dZ¡ k„õ¼©s L$pìeipõÓ“p rkÙp„sp¡ A“¡ r“edp¡ A‘“pìep R>¡.

"L$pìerhh¡Q“'“p¡ A¡dZ¡ A¡hp¡ v$php¡ L$ep£ R>¡ L¡$ k„õL©$s L$pìeipõÓ“p rkÙp„sp¡ s¡“u ‘qfcpjp

kd¡s ApS>¡ ‘Z ‘|f¡‘yfy„ L$pd Ap‘u iL¡$ s¡d R>¡.... ‘f„sy cpÁe¡ S> A¡hp¡ âpòpÐe rhh¡Q““p¡

rkÙp„s, r“ed L¡$ Ag„L$pf li¡ L¡$ S>¡“y„ k„õ¼©s L$pìeipõÓ“y„ kdp“p’® ê$‘ s¡Ap¡ ip¡ u “ iL¡$.''1818181818

Ap L$pìek„N°l X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u rhÙsp A“¡ L$pìe ipõÓrhjeL$ r“‘yZsp“¡ s¡dS>

Ap‘Zu âpQu“ ‘f„‘fp“u k|ÿd kdS>“p¡ kpQp¡ ‘qfQe Ap‘¡ R>¡. Apd rhh¡Q“ kprlÐedp„ A¡L$

d|ëehp“ N°„’“p¡ Dd¡fp¡ ’ep¡ A“¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u rhh¡QL$ sfuL¡$“u ârs›$pdp„ h^pfp¡ ’ep¡

lsp¡.

4.2.5 kprlÐedudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡ (1958) :4.2.5 kprlÐedudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡ (1958) :4.2.5 kprlÐedudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡ (1958) :4.2.5 kprlÐedudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡ (1958) :4.2.5 kprlÐedudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡ (1958) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ îu dlpfpÅ kepÆfph NpeL$hpX$ eyr“hrk®V$u“p NyS>fpsu rhcpN“p

D‘¾$d¡ dygpL$psu AÝep‘L$ sfuL¡$ 1956dp„ "fkpcpk“y„ õhê$‘' A“¡ "Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp' A¡

rhje ‘f b¡ ìep¿ep“p¡ Apàep„ lsp„. S>¡ kprlÐe dudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡ ‘yõsL$ õhê$‘¡ âNV$ ’ep

lsp. Ap N°„’dp„ b¡ rhcpN R>¡. 1. fkpcpk“y„ õhê$‘, 2. Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp.

Np„ ueyN v$fçep“ NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ fkrhQpf“p k„v$c®dp„ rhóÏâkpv$ rÓh¡v$u, X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$, fpd“pfpeZ ‘pW$L$, “Nu“v$pk ‘pf¡M, S>ep¡suÞÖ v$h¡ hN¡f¡“y„ Ap rhjedp„ dlÒh“y„

âv$p“ füy„ lsy„. s¡dp„ fkrhQpf“p k„v$c®dp„ rhóÏâkpv$ rÓh¡v$u, X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$, fpd“pfpeZ

‘pW$L$ A“¡ “Nuv$pk ‘pf¡M“u hpv$ ârshpv$ âL$pf“u QQp® “hu“sd r“óL$j® âL$pf“u flu lsu.1919191919

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ cpfsue kprlÐedudp„kp“p Ap gp¡L$‘n“¡ L$pfZ¡ Aph¡gu kp‘¡nsp A“¡ dep®v$p

R>sp„ A“p¥rQÐe“¡ L$pfZ¡ Aphsp v$p¡j“¡ A“ygnu“¡ dçdV$pqv$A¡ DÑd L$pìe“p Øô$p„s g¡Mp¡ S>¡

ïgp¡L$p¡ Apàep R>¡ s¡“p„ k„v$c®dp„ fkrhQpf“y„ ip¡ “ L$fhp“p¡ Arc¾$d Apv$ep£ lsp¡. fkpcpk

rhi¡“y„ s¡d“y„ ìep¿ep“ Ap Arc¾$d“y„ ‘qfZpd R>¡.

40 ‘©›$p¡“y„ Ap ‘yõsL$ fkpcpk A“¡ Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp dpV¡$ KX$p tQs“iug rhQpfp¡“y„

kprlÐe“p Aæepku ApNm dyL$ey„ lsy„. fk A“¡ Ag„L$pf“u A“¡L$ QQp®Ap¡ k„õL©$s s¡dS> NyS>fpsu

kprlÐe“p rhÙp“¡pA¡ L$fu lsu. ‘Z X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X¡$¡ fk A“¡ Ag„L$pfipõÓ“p A¡L$A¡L$ ‘pkp„“¡

129

rhÙÑp’u s‘pku fkpcpk“u A“¡L$ V$p„QZp¡’u kdS> Ap‘u lsu. fkpcpk“p„ Ap ìep¿ep“p¡dp„

rhje“p¡ ep¡Áe rhõspf L$fpep¡ lsp¡ A“¡ ErQs V$p„QZp¡ s’p v$gugp¡’u rhje“u fkde fus¡

R>ZphV$ L$fu R>¡.

"fkpcpk“y„ õhê$‘' ìep¿ep“dp„ Ýhr“ ‘fÐh¡ ApS>“p k„v$c®dp„ L¡$V$guL$ dlÒh“u QQp®

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$fu R>¡. S>ep„ hpÃep’® L$fsp„ ìe„Áep’®“y„ âp^pÞe lp¡e s¡ fQ“p QqY$epsu NZpe

A¡d r“b„ ìep[Ð‘ê$$‘¡ õhuL$pfhp’u S>¡ N|„Qp¡ Dcu ’hp“p¡ k„ch R>¡ s¡ âÐe¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

kpQu A“¡ KX$u kdS>Z’u ep¡Áe r“v$i® L$ep£ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ gM¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""dçdV¡$ A¡d õhuL$pfu gu y„ R>¡

L¡$ S>ep„ S>ep„ ìe„Áep’® hpÃep’®“u kfMpdZuA¡ â^p“‘v$¡ lp¡e Ðep„ DÑdL$pìe lp¡e S>. X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$, "DÑd L$pìe“p r“Z®e dpV¡$ dpÓ A¡L$ S> Ap ^p¡fZ ‘|fsy„ “’u A¡“¡ dpV¡$ S>ep„

S>ep„ ìe„Áe â^p“sp lp¡e Ðep„ Ðep„ b ¡ S> DÑdL$pìe lp¡e A¡d “rl, ‘Z S>ep„ S>ep„ DÑdL$pìe

lp¡e Ðep„ Ðep„ ìe„Áeâ^p“sp lp¡e s¡ kpQy„ R>¡, ‘Z X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap QQp®dp„ “urs“p¡ A¡d“p¡

¿epg L„$BL$ h y DN° A“¡ Ap¾$dL$ ê$‘¡ fS|> L$ep£ lp¡e A¡d gpN¡ R>¡. dçdV¡$ DÑd L$pìe“p “d|“pê$‘¡

Ap ïgp¡L$ V$p„L$ep¡ R>¡.

{^:eofÀ¶wVMÝXZ§....... nwZñVñ¶mY‘ñ¶mpÝVH$‘² &&''2020202020

Ap ïgp¡L$dp„ S>¡ hõsy R>¡ s¡ Akæe A’®hpmy„ R>¡ s¡ Ap‘Z¡ c|ghy„ Å¡BA¡ “rl. A„s¡ sp¡,

“preL$p“¡ bv$g¡ v|$$rsA¡ “peL$ kp’¡ frs¾$uX$p L$fu R>¡ A“¡ “preL$p v|$su“¡ ìe„Áe fus¡ D‘pgçc

Ap‘¡ R>¡. A¡ S> Ap ïgp¡L$“y„ hõsy R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$, lº„ Ap‘“¡ cpf‘|h®¼ L$lº„ Ry>„ L¡$ Ap

A’® Akæe S> R>¡. ìercQpf“¡ blpf gphhp“u hps, hpÃe fus¡ “’u L$lu A“¡ ìe„Áe fus¡ L$lu

R>¡, dpV¡$ L„$B A¡ DÑd L$pìe “ b“u Åe.

k„õL©$s L$pìeipõÓ“p DÑd g¡ML$p¡A¡ ‘Z Ap hps“¡ Ýep“dp„ gu^u “’u A“¡ Aphp

Myëgp Akæe A’®hpmp A“¡L$p“¡L$ Øô$p„sp¡ L$pìeipõÓ“p N°„’p¡dp„ dþep S> L$f¡ R>¡. Ap“y„ L$pfZ

dpfp ds¡ fkpcpk“p rhje“¡ Ap‘Zp„ L$pìeipõÓdp„ Å¡BA¡ s¡V$gy„ dlÒh Apàey„ “’u. X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$¡ D‘fpL$s ïgp¡L$ ‘f ‘p¡sp“y„ S>¡ d„sìe fS|> L$ey R>¡ s¡ e’p’® R>¡. s¡Ap¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""v|$suA¡

L$f¡gp ìercQpf“y„ r“ê$‘Z dpÓ cph“u Ørô$A¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ kQp¡V$ lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z A¡ d|m âL©$rs“u

‘k„v$Nu S> Mp¡V$u R>¡. dpV¡$ Aphp Øô$p„sp¡“p„ Apcpk S> R>¡, hpõsrhL$sp “’u.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ âõsys ìep¿ep“dp„ v$ip®ìey„ R>¡ L¡$ k„õL©$s L$pìeipõÓuAp¡ Ah“hp

ìe„Áep’®“u ip¡ dp„ A¡hp sp¡ fÃep-‘Ãep fl¡sp L¡$ Ap¥rQÐep“p¡rQÐe“p¡ rhh¡L$ S> c|gu Nep lsp.

130

Ap“p A“yk„ p“dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L¡$V$gp„L$ Dv$plfZp¡ V$p„L$u s¡dZ¡ Ap hõsy“¡ rhiv$sp‘|h®L$

QQ} R>¡. Ap cphpcpk-fkpcpk“p¡ âñ b^p âL$pf“p„ L$pìep¡“¡ gpNy ‘X¡$ R>¡, s¡ ‘Z s¡dZ¡

kp¡v$plfZ kdÅìey„ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p Ap "fkpcpk'“p ìep¿ep“ D‘f rhóÏâkpv$ rÓh¡v$u, “Nu“v$pk

‘pf¡M, S>ep¡rsÞÖ v$h¡A¡ hpv$-ârshpv$ L¡$ V$uL$p-V$uà‘Zu L$fu Ap rhje“u QQp®“¡ A¡L$ “hy„ S> ê$‘

Apàey„ lsy„.

"Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp' A¡ Ap N°„’“y„ buSy>„ ìep¿ep“ R>¡. NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ ’e¡g Aë‘

Ag„L$pf QQp®dp„ Ap rhcpN A¡d“u Aæepkâv$ r“funp s’p dp¥rgL$ ArcNd“¡ L$pfZ¡ A¡L$

d|ëehp“ âv$p“ b“u füy„ lsy„. AÐepf¡ S>epf¡ Ap‘Z¡ L$ë‘“, âsuL$, ‘v$phrg, R>„v$p¡ge L¡$

dyL$spge“p k„v$c®dp„ iåv$“¡ D‘f sm¡ L$fu füp R>uA¡ Ðepf¡ s¡dZ¡ hjp£ ‘|h® âNV$ L$f¡gu L$pìe“p

A¡L$ dlÒh“p D‘L$fZ Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp“u kdS> OZu D‘ep¡Nu ’pe s¡d R>¡. Ap L$pìepQpe®

dpÓ Ag„L$pf“u hpÃesp, ìe„Áesp, Ag„L$pf r“Z®e S>¡hp ê$Y$ L$pìep„ip¡“y„ rhhfZ L$fsp “’u,

‘Z Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áespdp„ d|mdp„ fl¡gp L$ë‘“p sÒh“p¡ kdpv$f L$f¡ R>¡. Ap‘Zp L¡$V$gpL$ AÛs“

L$rhAp¡dp„ Ag„L$pfp¡ L$ë‘“ b“u Åe R>¡. Apd S>¡ L$ë‘“ b“¡gp¡ Ag„L$pf HÖeNp¡Qf fdZuesp

âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡ L¡$V$guL$hpf L$ë‘“ ‘p¡s¡ S> Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áe Qpfysp õaºfphu iL¡$ R>¡. Apdp„

L$rhL$ë‘“p“p„ “hp„ ‘qfZpdp¡ âsus ’pe R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp“u hps L$fsp„

Aphu L$ë‘“p-iqL$s“p¡ S> A„s¡ drldp L$ep£ R>¡.

Ap Ag„L$pf QQp®“p d|m dy¿eÒh¡ "ÝhÞepgp¡L$'dp„ R>¡. Ap“„v$h ®“¡ â’d DÛp¡s’u S>

âsuedp““u õ’p‘“p ‘R>u "dlprhje' Ýhr““u ìep‘L$sp“p¡ âñ rhõspf’u QÃep£ R>¡. s¡dp„

Ag„L$pf A„sN®s Ýhr“ s’p Ag„L$pfÝhr““y„ rhNs¡ kd’®“ L$ey® R>¡. Al] X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘Z

rhje“u c|rdL$pdp„ S> Ap“„v$h ®““u Ap kdS>“¡ kd’®“ Apàey„ R>¡. Ag„L$pf hpÃe lp¡e s¡ sp¡

klº L$p¡B ÅZ¡ R>¡. ‘Z Ag„L$pf ìe„Áe lp¡e R>¡, s¡ kdÅhsp„ Ap“„v$h ®““¡ W$uL$ W$uL$ dl¡“s ‘X$u

lsu. Ýhr“dp„ Ag„L$pf Ýhr““p¡ kdph¡i L$fu“¡ Ap“„v$h ®“¡ L$pìedp„ AÞsõsd sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘“p

A¡L$ A„N“¡ rkÙp„s“u Ørô$A¡ Adf L$ey® R>¡. ‘R>u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ag„L$pf“p hpÃe A“¡ ìe„Áe

A¡ b¡ õhê$‘p¡dp„’u buÅ“¡ A“¡L$ Øô$p„sp¡’u õa|V$ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ “uQ¡“p dyØpAp¡ “p¢Ýep R>¡.2121212121

1. Ag„L$pf“y„ ê$Y$, ê$‘ A“¡ s¡“p dy¿e sp[ÒhL$ rhQpf“u ìe„Áesp.

2. s¡ A„sN®s ìe„Áep’® ^fphsp Ag„L$pf“u e’p’®sp.

131

3. Ap“„v$h ®“ kdr’®s Ag„L$pfÝhr“ L$pìe“u rhfgsp.

4. Ag„L$pf“p ìephs®L$ sÒh sfuL¡$ L$ë‘“p ìep‘pf“u Ar“hpe®sp.

Ap D‘f’u Å¡B iL$pi¡ L¡$ Ag„L$pf“p âQrgs ê$Y$ê$‘’u dp„X$u“¡ L$ë‘“p ìep‘pf“p ‘qfZpd¡

õa|fsp “|s“ fdZue sÒhê$‘ Arc“h“u Ag„L$pf Ýhr““u kdS>“y„ e’põ’p“¡ ep¡Áe Np¥fh

L$fu NyS>fpsu L$rhspdp„ Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp“y„ v$i®“ L¡$hp õhê$‘¡ ’pe R>¡, s¡ s‘pkhp“p¡ D‘¾$d

‘Z R>¡. âpf„cdp„ s¡Ap¡ Ag„L$pf“y„ dy¿e sÒh L¡$ sp[ÒhL$ rhQpf ip¡ u Ap‘u s¡ ê$Y$ê$‘dp„ ìeL$s

’pe Ðepf¡ hpÃe lp¡e ‘Z Å¡ k|Qhpe sp¡ s¡ ìe„Áe b“¡ s¡ rhiv$sp’u kdÅh¡ R>¡. Apdp„’u

A¡V$gy„ spfhu iL$pe L¡$ L$p¡B A¡L$ Ag„L$pf“p¡ sp[ÒhL$ rhQpf S>epf¡ L$p¡B L$pìe L¡$ L$pìeM„X$dp„ ìe„Áe

lp¡e Ðepf¡ A¡ S> L$pìedp„ âep¡Åe¡g AÞe Ag„L$pf“u ê$Y$ê$‘¡ ’e¡gu hpÃe ArcìeqL$s L$epf¡L$

‘¡gu ìe„Áesp“¡ D‘L$pfL$ ’pe R>¡.

Al] ky u dlv$„i¡ Ap“„v$h ®“-Arc“h“u Ag„L$pf Ýhr““u rhcph“p“¡ rhiv$ fus¡

DL¡$gu“¡ "Ag„L$pf Ýhr“' L$pìe“p¡ âL$pf Ap‘Z¡ õhuL$pfhp¡ S> Å¡BA¡' A¡d cpf‘|h®L$ gM¡ R>¡

‘Z ìep¿ep““p A„scpNdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ S>¡ õhs„Ó ds âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡dp„ Ap ‘|h®“u

L$pìedudp„kp“p kd’® Apgp¡QL$“p¡ A¡L$ Dv$pf f|rQ L$pìedd®o sfuL¡$ ‘qfQe ’pe R>¡. Ðep„ s¡Ap¡

L$ë‘“p“u ìe„Áesp“p¡ âñ QQ} Ag„L$pf Ýhr““¡ rhipm agL$ D‘f d|L$u Ap‘¡ R>¡. Aphp L$pìep¡“¡

Ag„L$pf Ýhr““p L$pìep¡ L$lu iL$pe A¡d A¡ ^pf¡ R>¡, “¡ Ap ^pfZp“p kd’®“dp„ âlgpv$ ‘pf¡M“y„

kp¡“¡V$ "hpsp®'Ap‘¡¡ R>¡. A¡S> fus¡ d“kyMgpg Th¡fu“p "Ly$$fyn¡Ó' L$pìe“p¡ A„rsdM„X$ DÜs L$fu“¡

s¡“p ìe„Áe sÒh“¡ s‘põey„ R>¡. Al] Ag„L$pf Ýhr““p “hp ‘qfdpZ“¡ âNV$ L$fhp“p¡ s¡d“p¡

âepk õsyÐe b“u fl¡ R>¡.

Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp“u QQp® s¡dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ l¡sy Ap‘Zp Erd® L¡$ rhQpf DÑ¡Åe

A¡hp L$pìep¡ A“¡ L$ë‘“p DÑ¡Åe s¡hp Øô$p„sp¡ Ap‘u hpÃe fus“¡ bv$g¡ ìe„Áe“u fus¡ ’pe s¡“u

AkfL$pfL$sp v$ip®hhp“p¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Al] L$pìedp„ fk A“¡ Ýhr““p õhê$‘“¡ rhrh^

Dv$plfZp¡ Üpfp kdÅìep R>¡. s¡Ap¡ k„õL©$s cpjp“p sS>¹$o lp¡hp“¡ “ps¡ k„õL©$s N°„’p¡“p Ap^pf¡

fkpcpk A“¡ Ag„L$pf“u ìe„Áesp“u ‘qf‘pV$u bp„ u Ap‘u R>¡.

132

4.2.6 “¥h¡Û (1962) :4.2.6 “¥h¡Û (1962) :4.2.6 “¥h¡Û (1962) :4.2.6 “¥h¡Û (1962) :4.2.6 “¥h¡Û (1962) :

NyS>fps“p kprlÐek¡hL$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ A¡d“u jrô$‘|rs®“p iyc Ahkf¡ A¡d“p S>

kprlÐe, L$gp A“¡ k„õL$pf rhi¡“p r“b„ ê$‘¡ g¡Mp¡“p¡ A¡L$ k„Qe ‘yõsL$ ê$‘¡ âNV$ L$fu“¡ A¡d“p

rdÓp¡ A“¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡A¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡. A¡ ‘yõsL$“y„ “pd "“¥h¡Û' fp¿ey„ lsy„.

Ap N°„’dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p B.k. 1927 ’u 1956 ky u rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âNV$

’e¡gp rhh¡Q“, cpjpÞsf, Brslpk, Ahgp¡L$“, cpjpipõÓ hN¡f¡ rhjeL$ g¡Mp¡“p¡ DÐL©$ô$

k„N°l R>¡. s¡’u Ap N°„’dp„ âNV$ ’e¡gp k„ip¡ “ g¡Mp¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u A“¡L$dyMu ârscp A“¡

s¡d“u sÕe“¡ s‘pku r“óL$j® L$pY$hp“u M¡h“p, k|ÿd Ørô$, õhõ’ rhh¡L$byqÙ A“¡ ipõÓue

‘Ùrs“p„ v$i®“ ’pe R>¡.

Ap N°„’“p â’d g¡Mdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ ‘qfQe Ap‘hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. buÅ¡ g¡M

"v$u.b.L¡$ihgpg l. °yh“u hpP¹$de k¡hp“u k|rQ'“p¡ R>¡. "L¡$ihgpg l. °yh“u hpX¹$de k¡hp“u

k|rQ'“p¡ Ap g¡M Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ cpÁe¡ S> ’e¡g li¡ A¡hu dlÒh“u AÝee“ qv$ipdp„ âepZ L$f¡

R>¡. Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ A“¡L$ AæepkuAp¡, g¡ML$p¡ A“¡ rhh¡QL$p¡“u kprlÐe“p ‘yfp¡Npdu AÝee“p¡dp„

AdyL$ ìeqL$sAp¡A¡ L$f¡gp rhriô$ âv$p“p¡ rhi¡ rhNshpf dprlsu d¡mhhp“u A‘¡np A¡ dpV¡$“p„

kp^“p¡“¡ Acph¡ A |fu fl¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L¡$ihgpg l. °yh“u S>e„su“¡ âk„N¡ A¡d“u

hpP¹$dek¡hp“y„ kfh¥ey„ Ap‘hp“p A“¡ A¡dZ¡ ârs‘pv$“ L$f¡gp “hp rkÙp„sp¡“u spfhZu Ap‘hp“p

Apie’u A¡dZ¡ AÐe„s ‘qfîd’u A“¡ ‘|fu ipõÓue ‘ÙrsA¡ s¥epf L$f¡gu Ap k|rQ g¡ML$“p

N°„’p¡ A“¡ g¡Mp¡“u epv$u ApNm AV$L$hp“¡ bv$g¡ A¡ âÐe¡L$ gMpZdp„“p g¡ML$“p„ r“funZp¡“p

r“v$®ip¡ ‘Z Ap‘su lp¡hp’u A¡d“u kdN° rhQpfZp“p v$p¡l“ê$‘ A“¡ blºd|ëe b“u R>¡. L¡$ihgpg

°yh rhi¡ k„ip¡ “ L$f“pf“¡ dpV¡$ A¡ OZu s¥epf kpdN°u“u NfS> kpf¡ A¡d R>¡.

ÓuÅ¡ g¡M k„õ¼©s âlk“ "cNhv$S>Sy>L$d'“p A“yhpv$“p¡ R>¡. Qp¡’p¡ g¡M "A“yîyrs“y„

ep’psÕe' R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ 25 ÅÞeyApfu 1948“p fp¡S> fZrS>sfpd kyhZ®Q„ÖL$ A‘®Z

L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡. s¡ âk„N¡ A¡dZ¡ "A“yîyrs“y„ ep’psÕe' ‘f ìep¿ep“ Apàey„ lsy„.2222222222 Ap

ìep¿ep“dp„ A¡dZ¡ A“yîyrs“¡ A“¥rslprkL$ A“¡ AîÙ¡e NZu“¡ A¡“u AhNZ“p L$fhp“p

hgZ“p¡ rhfp¡ L$ep£ lsp¡ A“¡ kÐe lL$uL$sp¡“¡ âÅdp“k¡ Ap‘¡gp rhgnZ ê$‘ sfuL¡$ A“yîyrs“¡

õhuL$pfu A¡dp„’u sÕep¡ ip¡ hp“u rldpes L$fu lsu. ‘p¡sp“p ìep¿ep““p Apf„cdp„ s¡Ap¡ S>Zph¡

R>¡ L¡$, "R>¡ëgp v$i¡L$ hj® ’ep, lº„ âpQu“ cpfsue A“yîyrs A“¡ kdep“y¾$d“p¡ Aæepk L$fy„ Ry>„.

133

A¡“¡ ‘qfZpd¡ d“¡ S>Zpey„ R>¡ L¡$ A“yîyrs“p A’®OV$“dp„ A“¡ kdep“y¾$d“u Np¡W$hZudp„, Ap‘Zp

Ahp®Qu“ A¥rslprkL$p¡ S>¡ r“Z®ep¡ D‘f Apìep R>¡ s¡dp„’u OZpe¡, h y Aæepk A“¡ “hp

âdpZp¡“u Ørô$A¡, AõhuL$pe® b“¡ s¡hp R>¡.2323232323 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ Apf„cdp„ eyfp¡‘ue

rhÙp“p¡A¡ S>¡ AÞh¡jZ L$ey® R>¡, A¡dp„ sm‘v$u Ørô$“p Acph“¡ gu ¡ s¡dS> âpf„c“p Aæepk¾$d“¡

“X$su AphíeL$ s¡hu L¡$V$guL$ dep®v$pAp¡“¡ gu ¡, Ap r“Z®e L$fsp L$fsp„ s¡dZ¡ Ap‘Zu d|mc|s

A“yîyrs“¡ X$Ng¡ “¡ ‘Ng¡ Dh¡Mu R>¡. A¡ ‘R>u A¡d“¡ kàsrj® k„hs, L$rgk„hs, rh¾$dk„hs A“¡

iprghpl“ iL$“¡ gNsu A“yîyrs“p¡ r“v$£i L$fu A¡dZ¡ rh¾$dk„hs âhsp®h“pf rh¾$dpqv$Ðe“u

A¥rslprkL$sp s’p "rh¾$d k„hs' “pd“u âpQu“sp v$ip®hhp âeÐ“ L$ep£ lsp¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

Ap ìep¿ep““p r“óL$j® ê$‘¡ L$üy„ lsy„ L¡$, ""A“yîyrsdp„ k„N°lpA¡gu rhNsp¡ rhðk“ue lp¡hp“p¡

‘|fp¡ k„ch R>¡. A¡d dp“u“¡ Apf„c L$fhp¡ A“¡ buÅ„ âdpZp¡’u kprbs ’pe A¡V$gu S> A“yîyrsd|gL$

rhNsp¡“y„ A“¥rslprkL$Ðh õhuL$pfhy„ A¡hu AÞh¡jZâ’p Ap‘Z¡ OX$hu Å¡BA¡ A¡d k|Qhhy„ A¡

S> dpfp ApS>“p ApMp hL$sìe“y„ âep¡S>“ R>¡.''2424242424

"“pV$eipõÓ“p L¡$V$gp„L$ ê$‘p¡“p g¡Mdp„ s¡dZ¡ k„õ¼©s Ag„L$pqfL$p¡A¡ S>¡“¡ “pV$L$“u sp[ÒhL$

rhQpfZpdp„ Aâõsys NÎey„ R>¡ s¡ “pV¹$eN©l“p rië‘rh^p““¡ “pV$eipõÓ“p„ r“ê$‘Z“¡ Ap^pf¡

s‘pku s¡dZ¡ L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥rgL$ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ r“óL$jp£ Apàep R>¡. s¡dZ¡ ‘„v$f-kp¡mdu kv$u“u A¡L$

rQÓphgu“¡ Ap^pf¡ “pV$eipõÓdp„ v$ip®h¡gp rifp¡c¡v$p¡“p âL$pfp¡“u ‘Z QQp® L$fu R>¡. ê$‘L$p¡“p

¾$rdL$ rhL$pk rhi¡“y„ s¡d“y„ k„ip¡ “ ‘Z Ap qv$ipdp„ dlÒh“y„ A‘®Z R>¡.

"kfõhsu - A¡L$ kL$gL$’p'“p g¡Mdp„ kfõhsuQ„Ö“¡ s¡Ap¡ “hgL$’p“p bv$g¡ "kL$gL$’p'

L$l¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ dp“hÆh““y„ A¡dp„ kdN°sep r“ê$‘Z ’ey„ R>¡. A¡dp„ Qpf¡ ‘yfyjp’®“y„, kÒhpqv$

ÓZ¡ NyZp¡“y„, i©„Npfpqv$ b^p fkp¡“y„, Qpf¡ hZ® A“¡ Qpf¡ Apîd“p ^dp£“y„ kdN° dp“h Æh““y„

Av¹$c|s r“ê$‘Z R>¡. "“hgL$’p A“¡ “hrgL$p' A“¡ "A¡L$p„L$u “pV$L$p¡'A¡ g¡Mp¡dp„ kprlÐe õhê$‘“u

gpnrZL$spAp¡ QQ} R>¡. L©$rsAp¡“u kdunp L$fsp„ ‘Z A¡dZ¡ A¡“p õhê$‘ A„N¡“p rhQpfp¡

ìeL$s L$ep® R>¡.

"L$[ëL$ Ahspf' g¡Mdp„ Ap Ahspf“y„ Mfy„ flõe iy„ R>¡ ? A“¡ s¡“u ‘pR>m A¥rslprkL$

c|rdL$p R>¡ L¡$ “l] A¡“u s‘pk Alu s¡Ap¡ Apv$f¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ L$[ëL$‘yfpZ“p Ap^pf¡ L$[ëL$“¡ â^p¡sh„i“p

ÓuÅ L¡$ Qp¡’p rhipMe|‘“p¡ kdL$pgu“ NZ¡ R>¡. L$[ëL$“p kdedp„ gp¡L$râe ’e¡gp S>¥“ A“¡

bp¥Ù ^d®“p¡ k„lpf L$fhp dpV¡$ s¡ kde“p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p fpS>ep¡“p¡ k„O b“phu bp¥Ù ^d®“p Aprîs

134

dN^“p fpÅ“¡ lfpìep¡ lsp¡. Apd bp¥Ù^d®“p¡ ‘fpS>e A“¡ bpûZ ^d®“p¡ rhS>e ’ep¡ lsp¡.

bp¥Ù ^d®“p¡ kpd“p¡ L$fu“¡ bpûZ ^d®“¡ afu’u k„õ’pr‘s L$ep£ lsp¡ dpV¡$ s¡“¡ L$[ëL$ Ahspf

sfuL¡$ NZhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡d X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ L$[ëL$ A“¡ iyÖL$“p Æh““p âk„Np¡

hÃQ¡ ‘fõ‘f k„b„ õ’pr‘s L$fu“¡ “Æhp Ap^pf¡ A¡d k|Qh¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$[ëL$ s¡ S> iyÙL$ lsp¡.2525252525 Ap

rhje“p AæepkuAp¡ A¡d“p¡ Ap r“Z®e kÐhf¡ “ õhuL$pf¡ ‘Z ApV$gy„ sp¡ Ahíe õhuL$pfhy„ ‘X¡$

L¡$ L$[ëL$ Ahspf“u A¥rslprkL$sp õhuL$pf’u Apf„c L$fu A¡ A¥rslprkL$sp s’p A¡d“p kde“u

kdõep“p¡ rhQpf A“¡ DL¡$g L$fhp¡ AphíeL$ bÞep¡ R>¡.

"F>Áh¡v$dp„ DÑf °yh' “p g¡Mdp„ A¡dZ¡ F>Áh¡v$“p„ DÑf °yh“p hZ®“p¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ Apep£“p

DÑf °yh“p r“hpk“p¡ ‘n M|b spqL®$L$ fus¡ fS|> L$ep£ lsp¡. gp¡L$dpÞe rsgL¡$ h¡v$“p Ap^pf¡ Apep£“y„

d|mr“hpk õ’p“ DÑf °yh NZpìey„ lsy„. X$p®. Arh“piQ„Ö v$pk¡ ‘p¡sp“p N°„’ ‘Rgvedic India’

dp„ gp¡L$dpÞe rsgL$“p d„sìe“p rhfyÙdp„ S>B“¡ Apep£“y„ d|m r“hpkõ’p“ kàstk y“p¡ âv$¡i

lsp¡ A¡d rkÙ L$ey® lsy„, ‘Z X$p®. v$pk¡ rhi¡jdp„ A¡hy„ kprbs L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$ep£ lsp¡ L¡$

F>Áh¡v$dp„ L$p¡B ‘Z S>ÁepA¡ DÑf °yh“p r“hpk“p¡ Dëg¡M “’u. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p Ap g¡M“y„

âep¡S>“ F>Áh¡v$dp„ DÑf °yh“p âv$¡i“p Dëg¡Mp¡ Qp¡L$L$k‘Z¡ dm¡ R>¡ A¡ bsphhp“y„ lsy„. Ap

g¡Mdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ X$p®. v$pk¡ S>¡ c|gp¡ L$fu lsu s¡ dpV¡$ F>Áh¡v$“p rhrh^ F>QpAp¡“p Dv$plfZ

Ap‘u“¡ DÑf °yh“p Dëg¡Mp¡ Q]^u bspìep lsp. Ap g¡Mdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u k„ip¡ ““u k|ÿd

Ørô$ A“¡ kÐer“›$p L¡$hu ØY$ lsu A¡“u Ap‘Z“¡ âsurs ’pe R>¡. "Qç‘yL$’p'“p g¡Mdp„ s¡dZ¡

Qç‘y kprlÐe rhi¡ kdN°gnu QQp® L$fu R>¡. S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ Qç‘y kprlÐe“p Dv¹$ch’u dp„X$u“¡,

s¡“p¡ ¾$di rhL$pk, gnZp¡ hN¡f¡“u QQp® L$fu R>¡. Qç‘y âL$pf“u L©$rÓd ‘p„qX$Ðegnu v$u ® kdpkp

Np¥X$u i¥gu“p¡ Aæepk ‘Z hZ®k„hpv$ A’hp hZ®k„Nus“u Akf“p rhrh^ c¡v$p¡ spfhhpdp„

D‘L$pfL$ b“¡ R>¡. s¡d s¡dZ¡ NyZN°plu Ørô$’u QuÝey„ R>¡. Qç‘yL$pìe“¡ ê$‘L$ L$fsp„ L$’p Ap¿epreL$p

kp’¡ rhi¡j kpçe lp¡hp“y„ spfhu s¡Ap¡ s¡“p NÛ‘^pÐdL$ õhê$‘ s¡dS> ‘yfpZpÞsN®s hõsy“¡

Ap^pf¡, D‘fp„s Mån²- S>hy„, Qpghy„ A¡ ^psy ‘f’u s¡“p S>¡hu S> dlpfpô²$“u lqfv$pku byhpAp¡“u

Ap¡S>‘|Z® i¥gu“u lqfL$’p kp’¡ kfMphu iL$pe s¡hy„ A“ydp“ âõsys L$f¡ R>¡. Al] s¡d“u

L$ë‘“piugsp R>¡ S>¡ sÕe“¡ kd’® fus¡ spfh¡ R>¡.

"rhQpfbmp¡' “pd“p g¡Mdp„ 21du kv$u“p ‘|hp® ®dp„ Ap‘Zp kprlÐedp„ â^p“‘Z¡

rhr“ep¡N ‘pd¡gp„ rhQpfbmp¡“u kd’® rhQpfZp R>¡. kp„õL©$rsL$ k„v$c®dp„ L$fph¡gp Ap âhpl

135

v$i®““¡ A„s¡ s¡dZ¡, gå^ârs›$ g¡ML$p¡“u rhQpfZpdp„ ‘ròd“u “hu Akfp¡“u DÐL$V$sp NmpB

S>B âpQu“ Ape®cph“p S> âp^pÞe cp¡Nh¡ R>¡ A¡hy„ ârs‘pv$“ L$ey® R>¡. X$p¡gfcpB“¡ kp„õL©$rsL$

k„v$cp£ ^fphsu hõsyNs rhQpfZp“u aphV$ kp¥’u h y R>¡ A¡ ‘Z Aphp g¡Mp¡ rkÙ L$f¡ R>¡.

"L$prgv$pk“u “pV$ecph“p' g¡Mdp„ "dpgrhL$p[Á“rdÓd¹$'“p rdî rhóL$çcL$dp„ “pV$epQpe®

NZv$pk“y„ ‘pÓ S>¡ bp¡g¡ R>¡ A¡dp„’u r“ó‘Þ“ ’su “pV$ecph“p“y„ rhhfZ Apàey„ R>¡.

"L$gpdp„ Ýhr“' “pd“p g¡Mdp„ rQÓL$pf frkL$gpg ‘fuM“p "ApfpdNpl' A“¡ "“pN‘|Å'

A¡ b¡ rQÓp¡ A“¡ Þlp“pgpg L©$s "‘pM„X$uAp¡dp„ hV¡$dpNy®' hpsp®dp„“y„ “pfu“y„ iåv$rQÓ A¡ ÓZ“p

Dv$plfZ Ap‘u“¡ L$gp“p D‘cp¡Nsu âq¾$ep hZ®hu R>¡.

"¶k’$b‘² (cpkL©$s ?)' g¡Mdp„ “pV$L$“u b“phV$ s¡dZ¡ ‘L$X$u lsu. "eoagd' “pd“y„

“pV$L$ îu Æhfpd ipõÓuA¡ ârkÙ L$ey® lsy„. Arc“h-cpfsu V$uL$pdp„ Dv$ ©s cpk“p A¡L$

ïgp¡L$“p A¡L$ QfZ kp’¡ kpçe ^fphsp ïgp¡L$ D‘fp„s cpjp“u L$l¡hpsu âpQu“sp S>¡hp gnZp¡

Ap‘u“¡ cpk“u fQ“p lp¡hp“p¡ k„‘pv$L$“p¡ v$php¡ L¡$V$gp¡ r“fp^pf R>¡ s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

eyqL$sk„Nssp’u v$ip®ìey„ R>¡. kpdprS>L$ hpsphfZ, L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ k„v$cp£ A“¡ cpjp“u Ahp®Qu“sp

âQyf Øô$p„sp¡’u rkÙ L$fu, s¡dp„ L$pguv$pk“p„ A“yL$fZdp„ A“¡L$ õ’p“p¡ Q]^u Ap fQ“p L$p¡B

A„N°¡Æ L¡$mhZu ‘pd¡gp Ap yr“L$ g¡ML$“u lp¡hp“y„ ‘yfhpf L$fu s¡dZ¡ Ap b“phV$u “pV$L$“y„

L$p¥cp„X$ âL$pidp„ ApÎey„ lsy„.

"ipLy$Þsg“y„ cpjpÞsf' g¡Mdp„ k„õ¼©s “pV$L$p¡“y„ cpjpÞsf L$f“pf¡ L$B L$B bpbsp¡“¡

gndp„ fpMhu Å¡BA¡ s¡“p¡ Dëg¡M L$fu bmh„sfpe W$pL$p¡f¡ L$f¡gy„ "Arcop“ipLy$Þsg' “p cpjp„sf“p

gnZp¡ spfhu bspìep lsp.

"irh®gL$' “pd“p g¡Mdp„ frkL$cpB ‘fuM L©$s "irh®gL$'“u kdunp L$fu R>¡. X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$¡ Ap “pV$L$“¡ A¥rslprkL$ NZphu, Ap N°„’dp„ g¡ML¡$ L$f¡gp Brslpk v$i®““¡ "L$pÞsv$i}'

L$üy„ R>¡. Ap “pV$L$dp„ Aphsu A¥rslprkL$ bpbsp¡“¡ frkL$cpB ‘fuM L¡$hu fus¡ d|L¡$ R>¡ s¡ A„N¡

rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡. Ap g¡M“p A„s¡ A¡dZ¡ A¡hu L$ë‘“p hl¡su d|L$u R>¡ L¡$ "irh®gL$' s¡ L$[ëL$ “

lp¡e, L$p¡Z ÅZ¡'. s¡Ap¡ kde“u Ørô$A¡ irh®gL$ A“¡ L$[ëL$“¡ A¡L$ S> L$pm“p NZ¡ R>¡. Nusp“p

r“óL$pd L$d®ep¡N“p âQpfdp„ L$[ëL$“p¡ lp’ li¡, A¡hu ‘Z A¡d“¡ L$ë‘“p hl¡su d|L$u R>¡. ‘Z Ap

b^u L$ë‘“pAp¡ S> R>¡. Ap“p dpV¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$p¡B Ap^pf Ap‘sp “’u, ‘Z hZDL¡$ëep

L$[ëL$ rhi¡“y„ flõe ip¡ hpdp„ A¡d“p¡ L¡$V$gp¡ b^p¡ DÐL$V$ fk l„d¡ip füp¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap L$ë‘“pAp¡

‘f’u args ’pe R>¡.

136

"‘p„qX$Ðed„qX$s frkL$sp' g¡Mdp„ îu L¡$ihgpg °yh“p "kprlÐe A“¡ rhh¡Q“'“p N°„’“u

kdunp R>¡. Ap N°„’dp„ fl¡gp rhrh^ rhje“p g¡Mp¡“u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ rhh¡Q“p L$fu îu L¡$ihgpg

°yh“u ‘p„qX$Ðed„qX$s frkL$sp“¡ A„S>gu Ap‘u lsu; ‘f„sy îu L¡$ihgpg °yh“p AdyL$ g¡Mp¡dp„

fl¡gu sL®$rhgpk“u Adep®qv$ssp“u ‘Z kMs V$uL$p L$fu R>¡. A¡dp„e "eyN‘yfpZ“y„ A¥rslprkL$

sÒh' “p g¡Mdp„ sL®$rhgpku ‘pW$r“Z®e ‘Ùrs’u Brslpk k„ip¡ “dp„ L¡$hp Ar“ô$ ‘qfZpd

Aph¡ R>¡ A¡ õ‘ô$ v$ip®ìey„ R>¡.

"hp¡ëNp’u N„Np' g¡Mdp„ dlp“ ‘„qX$s fplºg kp„L©$Ðep““¡ "hp¡ëNp’u N„Np' iuj®L$“p

hpsp®k„N°ldp„ Apep£“y„ âcphõ’p“ eyfp¡‘dp„ lp¡hp“y„ v$ip®hu s¡ k„õL©$rs“p rhL$pk“y„ S>¡ rQÓ Apàey„

R>¡ s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ AâdprZs, rhL©$s A“¡ âQpfgnu lp¡hp“y„ Ak„qv$Á^ iåv$p¡dp„ rkÙ L$ey®

R>¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“u V$uL$p L$fsp s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡ R>$¡ L¡$, ""ApMpe¡ ‘yõsL$dp„ dlp“ âQpfL$“y„ S> dp“k

v$¡Mpe R>¡, ‘p¡s¡ dp“u gu ¡gu rhQpfkfZu dyS>b S> A¡dZ¡ Ape®Ly$m“p rhL$pk“y„ A’®OV$“

L$fpìey„ R>¡.2626262626 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ rhÙp“p¡“u V$uL$p L$fhpdp„ S>fp‘Z ‘n‘ps fpMsp “ lsp, s¡d“u

rhh¡Q“ ‘Ùrs“y„ ApNhy„ gnZ lsy„.

"T¡f sp¡ ‘u^p„ R>¡ ÅZu ÅZu' g¡Mdp„ d“ycpB ‘„Qp¡mu“u “hgL$’p“u kdunp L$fu R>¡.

s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap “hgL$’p“u, L$gpõhê$‘“u Ørô$A¡ Mpk QQp® L$fu “’u, ‘Z d¥Óu, L$fyZp, dyqv$sp

A“¡ D‘¡np“¡ gndp„ fpMu“¡, s¡“p A“yk„ p“dp„ ‘pÓp¡“¡ s‘pkhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$ep£ lsp¡. s¡d“y„

fyrQs„Ó âpQu“ cpfsue k„õ¼©rs ‘f d„X$pe¡gy„ lp¡hp’u N°„’phgp¡L$“dp„ s¡Ap¡ kdpS>[õ’rs A“¡

Æh“v$i®““p ‘pkp„ ‘f h y cpf Ap‘¡ R>¡.

"cpjp'“p g¡Mdp„ A¡dZ¡ Ap 20du kv$u“p ‘|hp® ®“p riô$ g¡ML$p¡“p cpjpâep¡Ndp„’u

“d|“p gB A¡“y„ rhïg¡jZ L$ey® R>¡ A“¡ NyS>fps“p iåv$c„X$p¡m ‘f k„õ¼©s“p s’p A¡“p hpL$eOX$sf

‘f A„N°¡Æ“p k„õL$pfp¡ R>¡ A¡hy„ spfZ L$pY$ey„ lsy. A¡d“p Ap g¡Mdp„ L¡$V$gpL$ õ’p“p¡ QQp®õ‘v$

‘Z R>¡, ‘f„sy i¥nrZL$ Ørô$tbvy$“¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMu“¡ ’e¡gy„ Aphy„ TuZhV$cey®, cpjprhïg¡jZ

Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„“p cpjprhQpfdp„ A¥rslprkL$ fus¡ dlÒh Ahíe ^fph¡ R>¡.

NyS>fpsudp„ "d| ®Þe A“¡ d| ®Þesf P$$' g¡Mdp„ cpjp rhQpf“p kdN° k„v$c®“¡ Ýep“dp„

fpMu“¡ A“¡ bp¡gsu cpjpdp„’u v¹ô$p„sp¡ Ap‘u“¡, A¡dZ¡ ’W$L$pfphpmp A“¡ ’X$L$pfp rh“p“p X$ “¡

‘©’L$L©$s L$fu Apàep R>¡. Ýhr“rhQpf“u Ørô$A¡ s¡ kde¡ A¡d“p Ap g¡M“u kpd¡ L¡$V$gpL$ âñp¡

Ecp ’ep lsp, ‘f„sy DÃQpfZ A„N¡“u Aphu ipõÓue QQp®“y„ A¥rslprkL$ d|ëe Ap¡Ry>„ “’u S>.

137

Ap g¡Mdp„ DÃQpfZ A„N¡ Ap‘¡gp r“edp¡ kpd¡ îu L¡$ihfpd ipõÓu2727272727A¡ hp„ p fS|> L$ep® lsp. s¡

A„N¡ afu’u rhQpfZp L¡$ õ‘ô$uL$fZ L$fhp X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ "dyÖ®Þe P$ A“¡ d|Ü®Þesf P$'2828282828

“pd“p¡ g¡M g¿ep¡ lsp¡.

"lp¡mu“y„ d|m' g¡Mdp„ "lp¡mu' iåv$“p¡ ìeyÐ‘rÑ“u Ørô$A¡ L¡$hu fus¡ s’p ¾$rdL$ Brslpk“u

Ørô$A¡ L¡$hu fus¡ rhL$pk ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡ s‘pkhp“y„ R>¡. hmo amH$m.... hmo bmH$m d|m iåv$ ‘f’u S>

"l¡prgL$p' iåv$ ìeyÐ‘Þ“ ’e¡p lsp¡. F>Áh¡v$L$pgu“ "fpL$p'“p h°sdp„’u "lp¡mu'“p¡ DÐkh Esfu

Apìep¡ lp¡e s¡d s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡. Ap ‘qfZusp“p L$ëepZL$pfu h°s“p eoê$‘¡ DS>hpsp¡ DÐkh R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ lp¡rgL$p DÐkh“u F>Áh¡v$ L$pm’u dp„X$u“¡ ApS>ky udp„ A¡“p A¡ sÒhp¡ Åmhsu

âpQu“ ‘f„‘fp ‘|fhpf L$fu R>¡.

v$f¡L$ g¡M A¡d“u AgN-AgN Ørô$tbvy$ A“¡ dp¥rgL$ rhQpfZp“p ‘qfZpdê$‘ S> R>¡.

v$f¡L$ g¡Mdp„ A¡d“u KX$u AÞh¡jZ Ørô$“p„ ‘Z v$i®“ ’pe R>¡. ‘°pÃerhÛp rhjeL$ g¡Mp¡ A“¡

cpjpipõÓ rhjeL$ g¡Mp¡dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u KX$u rhÙÑp A“¡ dp¥rgL$ rhQpfZp s’p k|ÿd

k„ip¡ “ Ørô$“u âsurs ’pe R>¡. rhh¡Q“, ‘°pÃerhÛp. Ahgp¡L$“ A“¡ cpjpipõÓ rhjep¡ ‘f

“hu“ âL$pi ‘pX$sp rcÞ“ rcÞ“ kde¡ gMpe¡gp g¡Mp¡ Ap fus¡ N°„’õ’ ’sp NyS>fpsu rhh¡Q“

kprlÐedp„ A¡L$ d|ëehp“ N°„’“p¡ Dd¡fp¡ ’ep¡ lsp¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ S>¡hp k„r“›$ k„ip¡^L$ A“¡ sÒhv$i} rhh¡QL$“p KX$p ‘qfiug““p

‘qf‘pL$ê$‘¡ Ap "“¥h¡Û' N°„’ A¡ A¡d“y„ Ap‘Zp rhÛpn¡Ó¡ dlÒh“y„ A‘®Z R>¡. X$p¡gfcpB“¡

"“¥h¡Û' N°„’“p k„ip¡ “L$pe® dpV¡$ NyS>fps fpS>e“p¡ A¡hp¡X®$ A“¡ cpfs kfL$pf sfa’u B.k.

1964dp„ kprlÐe AL$pv$du“p¡ A¡hp¡X®$ A‘®Z ’ep¡ lsp¡. Ap N°„’“u kdunp L$fsp îufpdâkpv$

bnu “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""îu X$p¡gffpe¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ kdN° Æh“ d yfsd kp[ÒhL$ sÒhp¡“p¡ k„Qe L$fu

k„õL$pf L$fu“¡ dp“hsp“¡ QfZ¡ A‘£gp "“¥h¡Û' “u cph“p’u ‘qf‘|s bÞey„ R>¡ A“¡ âcy“¡ s’p

dp“hsp“¡ QfZ¡ A¡dZ¡ A‘£gy„ A¡ “¥h¡Û rdô$ (iyÙ) A“¡ d yf R>¡. Apõhpv$ A“¡ Apeyóe R>¡.

k„õL$pf‘|s A“¡ k„õL$pf‘p¡jL$ R>¡.''2929292929 fd¡i iyL$g “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""h¡v$, ‘yfpZp¡, âpN¥rslprkL$ A“¡

A¥rslprkL$ rhje“p "“¥h¥Û' dp„“p k„ip¡ “ g¡Mp¡dp„ s¡d“u sÕe“¡ s‘pku r“óL$j® L$pY$hp“u

M¡h“p, k|ÿd Ørô$, õhõ’ rhh¡L$byqÙ A“¡ ipõÓue ‘Ùrs“p„ v$i®“ ’pe R>¡.3030303030

138

4.2.7 NyS>fpsu L$pìe âL$pfp¡ (s¡“y„ hN}L$fZ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘) : 1964 :4.2.7 NyS>fpsu L$pìe âL$pfp¡ (s¡“y„ hN}L$fZ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘) : 1964 :4.2.7 NyS>fpsu L$pìe âL$pfp¡ (s¡“y„ hN}L$fZ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘) : 1964 :4.2.7 NyS>fpsu L$pìe âL$pfp¡ (s¡“y„ hN}L$fZ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘) : 1964 :4.2.7 NyS>fpsu L$pìe âL$pfp¡ (s¡“y„ hN}L$fZ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘) : 1964 :

dy„bB eyr“hrk®V$u“p D‘¾$d¡ W$L$L$f hk“Æ dp^hÆ ìep¿ep“dpmpdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

S>¡ ‘p„Q ìep¿ep“p¡ Apàep lsp s¡ "NyS>fpsu L$pìe âL$pfp¡' “p “pd¡ N°„’õ’ L$fhpdp„ Apìep lsp.

Ap N°„’ ‘p„Q ìep¿ep“p¡dp„ rhcprS>s A“¡ Ly$g 219 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. A¡dp„ â’d ìep¿ep“dp„

cpfsue A“¡ eyfp¡‘ue rkÙp„sp¡ âdpZ¡ L$pìe“p„ S>¡ hN}L$fZ L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡ s¡“u s¡dS>

NyS>fpsudp„ L$pìeâL$pfp¡ rhi¡ S>¡ QQp® ’B R>¡ s¡“u kdunp L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ A“¡ sp[ÒhL$ Ørô$A¡

s¡ âL$pfp¡“u ‘y“ìe®hõ’p L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. buÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ dlpL$pìe“u A“¡ ÓuÅ ìep¿ep“dp„

M„X$L$pìe“u QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Qp¡’p A“¡ ‘p„Qdp„ ìep¿ep“dp„ gOyL$pìe“p„ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p õhê$‘p¡“p¡

rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡.

Ap ìep¿ep“dp„ Ap‘Z¡ ‘|h®“u L¡$ ‘ròd“u L¡$ b„“¡ rdî ‘f„‘fp âdpZ¡ L$pìeâL$pfp¡“u S>¡

ìehõ’p õhuL$pfsp Apìep R>uA¡ s¡ bfpbf R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d s¡“u QQp® X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$fu R>¡. A¡

ìehõ’p bfpbf “’u. A¡V$g¡ ‘y“®ìehõ’p ’hu Å¡BA¡ A¡d A¡d“¡ gpN¡ R>¡, A“¡ A¡ ‘y“ìe®hõ’p

L¡$hu lp¡hu Å¡BA¡ s¡ Ap ìep¿ep“p¡ Üpfp k|Qìey„ R>¡.

â’d ìep¿ep“dp„ L$pìe“p hN}L$fZ rhi¡ R>¡. ìep¿epsp iê$Apsdp„ k„õL©$s

L$pìeipõÓuAp¡A¡ Ap qv$ipdp„ S>¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡ s¡“p¡ Dëg¡M L$f¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ cpdl, v$„X$u, hpd“,

fyÖV$, Ap“„v$h ®“, l¡dQ„ÖpQpe®, rhð“p’ Apqv$“p dsp¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡. k„õ¼©sdp„ L$pìe“p hN}L$fZdp„

d|mc|s ‘p„Q rkÙp„sp¡ R>¡, A¡d ìep¿epsp spfhu bsph¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„, (1) cpjp õhê$‘, (2)

cpjpâL$pf (3) hõsy“y„ d|m (4) L$pìeõhê$‘ L¡$ ApL$pf (5) AÞsõsÐh L¡$ DØu‘“.

Ap ‘R>u k„õ¼©s A“¡ eyfp¡‘ue L$pìe hN}L$fZ“p rkÙp„sp¡“p¡ kdÞhe L$fu ìep¿epsp

“uQ¡ âdpZ¡ L$pìe“y„ hN}L$fZ L$fu Ap‘¡ R>¡.3131313131

(1) dp“hÆh““p r“ê$‘Z“u Ørô$A¡

(L$) dlpL$pìe (M) M„X$ L$pìe (N) gOyL$pìe

(2) hõsy“p Dv¹$u‘““u Ørô$A¡, L¡$ A„sõsÐh“u Ørô$A¡

(L$) fkÝhr“ (Erd®â^p“ L$pìe) (M) hõsyÝhr“ (rhQpf â^p“ L$pìe), (N) Ag„L$pf

Ýhr“ (L$ë‘“pâ^p“ L$pìe)

(3) hõsy“p Apg„b““u Ørô$A¡

(L$) ApÐdgnu (M) ‘fgnu

139

Ap ‘y“:ìehõ’p L$fsp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ fdZcpB, b.L$.W$pL$p¡f A“¡ fp.rh.‘pW$L$“u

L$pìe“p hN}L$fZ A„N¡“u dudp„kpdp„ S>¡ ÓyqV$Ap¡ flu R>¡ s¡“p¡ r“v$£i L$f¡ R>¡.

Apd, cpfsue A“¡ âpòpÐe L$pìeâL$pfp¡“p hN}L$fZ ‘pR>m“p rkÙp„sp¡ s‘pksp

A¡d“¡ cpfsue rkÙp„sp¡“¡ dyL$pbg¡ eyfp¡‘“p rkÙp„sp¡ âp’rdL$ L$np“p gpÁep R>¡.

buÅ ìep¿ep“p¡dp„ s¡Ap¡ dlpL$pìe“u QQp® L$f¡ R>¡. cpdl, v$„lX$u, cp¡S>, fyÖV$, l¡dQ„ÖpQpe®,

rhð“p’ Apqv$A¡ dlpL$pìe“p„ S>¡ gnZp¡ Apàep R>¡ s¡“p Üpfp dlpL$pìe A„N¡“p cpfsue

L$pìedudp„kL$p¡“p ¿epg“¡ õ‘ô$ L$ep£ R>¡. eyfp¡‘ue rhh¡Q“dp„ A¡r‘L$ A„N¡ A¡qfõV$p¡V$g s’p AÞe

L$pìedudp„kL$p¡“p ds“p¡ ¿epg Ap‘u s¡A¡p Apj® A¥r‘L$ A“¡ riô$ A¡r‘L$ hÃQ¡“p gnZc¡v$“¡

Ap„L$u bsph¡ R>¡. NyS>fpsudp„ b.L$.W$pL$f¡ A“¡ fp.rh.‘pW$L¡$ dlpL$pìe A„N¡ L$f¡gu QQp®“p¡ ‘Z Al]

Dëg¡M L$f¡ R>¡. dlpL$pìe“u QQp® L$fsp„ hõsy hZ®“i¥gu, hõsyN|„’Zu, R>„v$, fk, Apqv$ s¡“p„

A„Nc|s sÒhp¡“u Apgp¡Q“p L$f¡ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ dlpL$pìe“p Qp¥v$ gnZp¡ NZpìep R>¡. s¡dp„ KX$p Dsfu“¡ Ap gnZp¡“u

kØô$p„s QQp® L$fu R>¡.

ÓuÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ M„X$L$pìe“u dudp„kp L$f¡ R>¡. k„õL©$s M„X$L$pìe A„N¡“p¡ ¿epg õ‘ô$

“’u. A¡ "d¡Ov|$s'“p Øô$p„s Üpfp bsph¡ R>¡. "d¡Ov|$s' “¡ gOyL$pìe L¡$ M„X$L$pìe sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpìey„

R>¡. M„X$L$pìe A“¡ dlpL$pìe hÃQ¡“p¡ saphs Ap„L$sp X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Arc“hNyàs A“¡ fyÖV$“u

klpe g¡ R>¡. A¡ fus¡ ìeqL$s“p kdõs Æh““y„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡“p¡ ^d®, A’®, L$pd A“¡ dp¡n A¡ Qpf¡

‘pkp“y„ S>¡dp„ r“ê$‘Z lp¡e s¡ dlpL$pìe A“¡ A¡“p M„X$Æh““y„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡L$pv$ ‘yê$jp’®“y„ r“ê$‘Z

lp¡e sp¡ s¡ M„X$L$pìe. Ap ìep¿ep s¡Ap¡ bp„ u Ap‘¡ R>¡. Apd M„X$L$pìe“¡ dlpL$pìe“p âL$pfp¡dp„

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ ‘yfyjp’® r“ê$‘Z“p¡ rkÙp„s ApNm ^f¡ R>¡.

Qp¡’p A“¡ ‘p„Qdp„ ìep¿ep“dp„ s¡Ap¡ gOyL$pìe“u rhõspf’u QQp® L$f¡ R>¡.

gOyL$pìe“¡ A¡dZ¡ âk„N A“¡ ‘qf[õ’rs r“^p®qfs A¡d b¡ hNp£ hl¢Qu âk„N A“¡

‘qf[õ’rs rhjeL$ kdS> Ap‘u R>¡. rgqfL$“u A¥rslprkL$ ¾$d¡ dudp„kp L$fu R>¡. Å¡ L¡$, âpòpÐe

kprlÐedp„ rgqfL$“p rhL$pk dpV¡$ A¡dZ¡ îu b.L$.W$pL$p¡f“p AhsfZ“¡ S> ‘|fsy„ NÎey„ R>¡. rgqfL$

rhi¡“p îu b.L$.W$pL$p¡f“p, “ftklfph, qX²„$L$hp¡V$f, L$g¡d¡ÞV$ hyX$ hN¡f¡“p dsp¡“u QQp® L$fu“¡ A¡“¡

õhs„Ó L$pìe âL$pf sfuL¡$ “ õhuL$pfhp“y„ A¡d“y„ hgZ õ‘ô$ L$ey® R>¡. dlpL$pìe A“¡ M„X$L$pìe

rkhpe“p bpL$u“p b^p„ L$pìep¡“¡ s¡Ap¡ gOyL$pìe“p âL$pf“p NZ¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡“p gnZp¡ bp„ ¡ R>¡.

140

rhQpf, Erd® A“¡ L$ë‘“pâ^p“ A“¡ DØu‘“ Ørô$A¡, ApÐdgnu, ‘fgnuA¡ Apg„b“ Ørô$A¡

cS>“-âcprsep Apqv$ rhje Ørô$A¡ A“¡ dyL$sL$-kp¡“¡V$ Apqv$ L$pìeê$‘ Ørô$A¡ A¡hp âc¡v$p¡

L$ep® R>¡.3232323232 A“¡ ‘R>u A¡d“p sp[ÒhL$ õhê$‘p¡“¡ s‘põep R>¡. Ap dpV¡$ ‘|h®k|qfAp¡“u QQp®’u

c|rdL$p bp„ u Dv$plfZ krls s¡ õhê$‘“¡ hZ®ìey„ R>¡. kp¡“¡V$“¡ ApL$pf-h¥rQÔe L$lu L$ë‘“p-Erd®

A“¡ rhQpf â^p“ kp¡“¡V$“p Øô$p„sp¡ Apàep R>¡. AÞep¡qL$s L$pìe, A‘l“yrs L$pìe, ‘v$, cS>“,

àepgp¡, ApNd, L$us®“, âcprsep, Nfbp, fpk-fpkX$p A“¡ ‘L©$rs L$pìe“u Apgp¡Q“p TuZhV$cfu

A“¡ Ørô$h„s R>¡. Mpk sp¡ ‘°L©$rsL$pìe“p A¡dZ¡ v$ip®h¡gp R> âc¡v$p¡ A¡ A¡d“y„ dp¥rgL$ âv$p“

NZpi¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$pìep¡“p õhê$‘ rhi¡ k|Qh¡gu Ap ‘y“:ìehõ’p sL®$iyÙ A“¡ rhiv$ R>¡.

õhõ’sp’u rhQpf L$fsp ‘p¡sp“¡ S>¡ kd|rQs gpÁey„ A¡“y„ r“c}L$‘Z¡ Al] r“ê$‘Z L$ey® R>¡.

Apd Ap ‘yõsL$ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe“p L$pìeipõÓ“p AæepkuAp¡“¡ dpV¡$ D‘ep¡Nu R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ k„õ¼©s kprlÐe“p¡ Aæepk ‘Z Ap N°„’dp„ âNV$ ’pe R>¡. rhNsp¡ ‘fsy„

A¡d“y„ âcyÐh A“¡ A¡ ‘f’u AdyL$ Qp¡¼L$k Arcâpe ‘f Aphhp“u A¡d“u ‘Ùrsdp„ h¥or“L$sp“u

spqL®$L$sp A“¡ ìeh[õ’ssp âNV$ ’pe R>¡. A¡d“p gMpZp¡dp„“u rhiv$sp Ýep“ M¢Q¡ R>¡. s¡ ds“y„

TuZhV$’u, suÿZbyqÙ’u ‘funZ L$fu A¡ dsdp„ fl¡gp kÐe“¡ spfhu bsphhp“u A¡d“u

iqL$s âiõe R>¡. A¡d“u ipõÓue âdpZc|s A“¡ dp¥rgL$ õhÃR> rhh¡QL$ Ørô$“p¡ âL$pi Al]

W¡$f-W¡$f v$¡Mpe R>¡. rhhpv$põ‘v$ bpbsp¡“¡ ‘Z õhÃ’sp’u s‘pku A¡dp„’u kÐe“¡ ‘L$X$u g¡hp“u

A¡d“u fus ApL$j®L$ R>¡. õhs„Ó fus¡ L$p¡B‘Z dyØp“¡ rhQpfu A“¡ r“c}L$sp’u s¡Ap¡ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡.

L$p¡B A¡L$ dyØp ‘f ‘l¡gp„ dmu iL¡$ A¡V$gu kpdN°u c¡Nu L$fhu, s¡“¡ ìeh[õ’s fus¡ QL$pkhu A“¡

A¡dp„ kÐe Ørô$A¡ L¡$V$gy„ S>ê$fu A“¡ rb“S>ê$fu R>¡ s¡ “L$L$u L$fhy„ A“¡ Ðepf ‘R>u S>¡ S>ê$fu lp¡e s¡

gB“¡ A¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ s¡ dyØp ‘f“p¡ Arcâpe ìeh[õ’s fus¡ fS|> L$fhp¡ Ap ‘Ùrs“y„

QuhV$‘|h®L$“y„ A“ykfZ s¡dZ¡ L$ey® R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p Ap ìep¿ep“p¡ A„N¡ îu d“kyMgpg

Th¡fu “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""Ap ìep¿ep“p¡ Å¡B S>sp, dpfp d“ ‘f A¡ R>p‘ ‘X¡$ R>¡ L¡$ îu dp„L$X$“y„ õ’p“

Ap‘Zp kpQp A“¡ ìeyÐ‘Þ“ rhh¡QL$p¡dp„ R>¡. A¡d“p¡ ArcNd ‘|f¡‘|fp¡ sV$õ’, õhs„Ó A“¡

ipõÓue lp¡e R>¡. âp¥Y$ A“¡ ‘qf‘L$h byqÙ’u rhQpfsp A¡d“¡ S>¡ kpQy„ gpN¡ s¡ õ‘ô$ A“¡ r“c}L$

fus¡ L$lu v$¡ R>¡.''3333333333

141

4.2.8 L$’pL$pìe :4.2.8 L$’pL$pìe :4.2.8 L$’pL$pìe :4.2.8 L$’pL$pìe :4.2.8 L$’pL$pìe :

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) cNhp““u gugpcNhp““u gugpcNhp““u gugpcNhp““u gugpcNhp““u gugp3434343434 (1948) : (1948) : (1948) : (1948) : (1948) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡L$ kpfp L$rh$ ‘Z lsp. s¡dZ¡ B.k. 1943dp„ "cNhp““u gugp'

“pd¡ L$pìe fÃey„ lsy„ L¡$ S>¡ B.k. 1948dp„ hpZu âL$pi“, Ap„Zv$ Üpfp âNV$ ’ey„ lsy„. Ap

L$pìe“p¡ âL$pi“ L$pm Ap‘Zp v$¡i“p A“¡ NyS>fps“p âÅÆh“dp„ dlpeyÙ, õhps„Ôe âp[às

A“¡ v$¡i“p rhcpS>“¡ kS>£gu ‘qf[õ’rs“p k„np¡c“p¡ L$pm lsp¡. hmu L$rhsp n¡Ó¡ Np„ uÆ A“¡

bmh„sfpe W$pL$p¡f“p¡ âcph ‘Z Ap¡kfsp¡ S>sp¡ lsp¡ A“¡ kprlÐe“p “hp hl¡Zp¡ iê$ ’ep lsp.

Aphp kde¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ 1273 S>¡V$gu ‘„qL$sAp¡ A“¡ AM„X$ A“yôy$‘dp„ A“¡ ÓZ M„X$p¡dp„

Ap L$pìe fÃey„ lsy„.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ âpQu“ L$pìeipõÓ“p A¡L$ kpfp Aæepku sfuL¡$ ÅZusp lsp A“¡

Ahp®Qu“ AÛs“ NyS>fpsu L$rhsp“p A¡L$ kyo ‘funL$ sfuL¡$ ‘Z ÅZusp lsp.

"cNhp““u gugp' “p Vy„$L$p r“h¡v$“dp„ L$rh L$l¡ R>¡ s¡d L$pìe“y„ hõsy A¡dZ¡ “p“‘Zdp„

kp„cm¡gu gp¡L$L$’p D‘f’u gu y„ R>¡. A¡dZ¡ kp„cm¡gu A¡ gp¡L$¼’p rhi¡ rhi¡j dprlsu L¡$ rhNsp¡

Ap‘u “’u. A¡V$g¡ dpÓ A“ydp“ L$fhp“y„ fl¡ R>¡. ApMu L©$rs hp„Qsp A¡d ‘Z kdÅe R>¡ L¡$

A¡d“p d“dp„ L$pìefQ“p hMs¡ A¡L$ “l] ‘Z A“¡L$ L$’pAp¡ fdsu li¡, ‘Z Apqv$’u A„s

ky u“p buS>’u r“h®lZ““¡ ‘qfZpd ky u“p Ap g¡M“dp„ S>¡ km„N ‘fp¡hpe¡gu R>¡, “¡ L$pìe“y„

L$pWy„$ OX$hpdp„ S>¡“p¡ rhr“ep¡N ’ep¡ R>¡ s¡ dy¿e Ap^pfê$‘ L$’p sp¡ kyv$pdp“¡ L©$óZ¡ bsph¡gu gugp“¡

gNsu lp¡hp“y„ gpN¡ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap L$pìedp„ õ’mL$pm“p k„v$c®dp„ cNhp““u kL$m gugp“p rhrQÓ

A“ych“¡ op“bp¡ dpV¡$ âep¡S>ep¡ R>¡. "cNhp““u gugp'“u L$’p k„n¡‘dp„ Ap‘u R>¡. Ap L$pìe

s¡d“y„ L$’pL$pf A“¡ R>„v$p¡ep¡S>L$ sfuL¡$ S>¡ ‘qfQe L$fph¡ R>¡ s¡ fkâv$ R>¡. â’dM„X$dp„ aëNy “pd“p

“v$u qL$“pf¡ hk¡gp Npddp„ A¡L$ ^prd®L$ A“¡ k„syô$ b°pûZ“u rh^hp s¡“p A¡L$“p A¡L$ v$uL$fp“¡

DR>¡fu flu R>¡. A¡ v$uL$fp¡ A¡“u bp“¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$, Ap‘Z¡ L$ep„ ky u Aphu r“ ®“phõ’pdp„ fluiy„. A¡

b°pûZu R>p¡L$fp“¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$, "A¡ kdÅsy„ “’u' A¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ ‘p¡sp“p Of¡ Aph¡gp kp yS>““u k¡hp

L$f¡. cNhp““u gugp ‘p¡sp“¡ kdS>hp dmi¡ A¡hp Aprihp®v$ d¡mh¡ R>¡. fp¡S>“u S>¡d aëNy “v$udp„

õ“p“ L$fhp Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ Ðep„ s¡“¡ Av$c|s op“ ’pe R>¡.

142

buÅ M„X$dp„ Ap b°pûZ‘yÓ “v$udp„ X|$$bL$u dpfsp„ ApMp¡ “hp¡ ch husu Åe R>¡. “hp

chdp„ s¡ A‘yÓ fpZu“¡ “v$udp„ riiy ê$‘¡ dm¡ R>¡. s¡ ‘R>u fpÅ“p ‘yÓ sfuL¡$ L$f¡gp ‘fp¾$dp¡“u L$’p

ApNm h ¡ R>¡.

ÓuÅ M„X$dp„ fpS>Ly$dpfê$‘¡ rk y S>mdp„ X|$bL$u dpf¡ R>¡ “¡ aëNy “v$u“p ‘¡gp Npd“p OpV¡$

“uL$m¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ b°pûZ‘yÓ“p d“dp„ cNhp““u gugp“y„ Av¹$cys op“ ’pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡“p d“dp„

A“¡L$ rhQpfp¡ Dv¹$ch¡ R>¡. L$ep ‘¡gy fpS>Ly$dpfÒh“¡ ? L$ep„ Ap rhâLy$dpfÐh ? Ap s¡ L¡$hu ANp^

gugp ? hui hj® husu Nep“¡ lh¡ lº„ ‘pR>p¡ Npddp„ ‘N d|Ly$„ Ry>„. s¡ b^p d“¡ L¡$hu fus¡ Ap¡mMi¡?

‘Z S>epf¡ s¡ dpsp ‘pk¡ ‘lp¢Ãep¡ Ðepf¡ huk hj® huÐep“u L$p¡B ÅZ “ lp¡e s¡d dpspA¡ L$üy„ L¡$,

""b¡V$p, sy„ L¡$d ApS>¡ “v$uA¡’u hl¡gp¡ Aphu Nep¡ ?'' Apd, Ap’u, Apòe® ’ey„. Npddp„ rcnp

g¡hp Åe Ðepf¡ L$p¡B“¡ L$iy„ “hpB S>¡hy„ gpÁey„ S> “rl, ÅZ¡ hj® huÐep S> “’u !'' Apd X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$¡ cNhp““u gugp“y„ Al] Av$cys hZ®“ L$f¡gy„ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ kpdpÞe L$’p Üpfp Al] sÒhop“, kÐeop“ L¡$ b°ûop““y„ r“ê$‘Z

L$fhp“y„ EQy„ r“ip“ spL$ey„ R>¡. L$pìedp„ cNhp““u gugp kp’¡ dpep“y„ kduL$fZ ’e¡gy„ S>Zpe

Ap‘Zu õ’|g Ørô$“¡ õ’m A“¡ L$pm“p¡ S>¡ A“ych ’pe R>¡ s¡ kpQp¡ “’u. Ap‘Zu Ørô$“¡

õ’m A“¡ L$pm“p b¡ tbvy$Ap¡’u A¡hp ipðs Æh““¡ A¡L$ kp’¡ Å¡hp“u iqL$s dmu “’u. s¡’u

A“„s kyÿd Æh““y„ AM„X$ ê$‘¡ ApL$g“ L¡$ v$i®“ L$fu iL$sp “’u A¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ bsphu

Apàey„ R>¡.

cNhp““u gugp A¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u A¡L$ fus¡ rhfgnZ L©$rs R>¡. A¡dp„ hZ®“, L$’“

“¡ tQs““p¡ kycN k„hpv$ k^pep¡ R>¡. gp¡L$L$’p“¡ gB“¡ L$rhA¡ L$pìeõhê$‘“¡ N„cuf tQs““y„

hpl“ b“pìey„ R>¡. A¡dp„ A¡d“u Ørô$ A“¡ iqL$s“p¡ ‘qfQe ’pe R>¡.

4.2.9 bpmhpsp® :4.2.9 bpmhpsp® :4.2.9 bpmhpsp® :4.2.9 bpmhpsp® :4.2.9 bpmhpsp® :

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) L$Z®L$Z®L$Z®L$Z®L$Z®3535353535 (1934) (1934) (1934) (1934) (1934)

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ kepÆ bpmÆh“ dpmp î¡Zu A„sN®s A¡d.A¡k.eyr“hrk®V$u Üpfp

âL$pris L$Z®“p Æh““¡ hZ®hsu bpmcp¡Áe bpmhpsp® gMu lsu. Ap hpsp®dp„ dlpcpfs“p

L$Z®“y„ L$’phõsy gB kfm fus¡ bpmL$p¡“¡ fk ‘X¡$ s¡hu fkpm i¥gudp„ hpsp®ê$‘¡ ‘y[õsL$p gMu R>¡.

Ap hpsp®dp„ L$Z®“p¡ S>Þd, rh^pâp[às, AõÓ ‘funp, fpS>eâp[às, v$p“¡ðfu, Mfp¡ rdÓ, k¡“p‘rs,

Ahkp“ hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡“¡ Aphfu gu^u R>¡.

143

4.34.34.34.34.3 k„õLk„õLk„õLk„õLk„õL©$s kprlÐe :©$s kprlÐe :©$s kprlÐe :©$s kprlÐe :©$s kprlÐe :

k„õL©$s A¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ AÝee“ A“¡ AÝep‘““p¡ dy¿e rhje füp¡ lsp¡. k„õL©$s

kprlÐedp„ A¡d“p¡ fk“p¡ rhje “pV$eipõÓ“p¡ lsp¡. âpQu“ cpfsue “pV$eipõÓ A„N¡ A¡

kdedp„ M|b S> Ap¡R>p rhÙhp“p¡A¡ k„ip¡ “ A“¡ g¡M“L$pe® L$ey® lsy„. Apd âpQu“ cpfs“p

“pV$eipõÓ rhje“u rb“M¡X$pe¡gu bpbsp¡“¡ âL$pidp„ gphhp“u s¡d“u DÐL$V$ BÃR>p lsu.

âpQu“ N°„’p¡dp„ “pV$eipõÓ A„N¡ dmsu dprlsu“p Ap^pf¡ “pV$e“p¡ Dv¹$ch, kdep„sf¡ s¡“p¡

rhL$pk A“¡ õhê$‘“u QQp® L$fu“¡ s¡ A„N¡ L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡ L$ep® R>¡ s¡ ApS>“p k„ip¡ L$p¡

dpV¡$ M|b S> D‘ep¡Nu R>¡. s¡d“u ‘pk¡’u Ap‘Z“¡ ‘The Types of Sanskrit Drama” (1936)

"k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp' (1943), ‘Ancient Indian theatre’ (1950),

‘Studies in Dhananjay’s Dasarupkam’ (1958) hN¡f¡ N°„’p¡ âpàs ’pe R>¡. Ap N°„’p¡ A¡d“p

“pV$eipõÓ rhi¡ sgõ‘i} A“¡ Nl“tQs““p¡ rQspf Ap‘¡ R>¡.

4.3.1 4.3.1 4.3.1 4.3.1 4.3.1 The Types of Sanskrit Drama (1936) :

L$fp„Qu L$p¡g¡S>dp„ k„õL©$s AÝep‘“L$pm v$fçep“ A¡dZ¡ k„õ¼©s “pV$eipõÓ“p¡ kpfp¡

Aæepk L$ep£ lsp¡. k„õL©$s “pV$L$“u DÐ‘rÑ s’p rhL$pk rhj¡ L¡$V$gpL$ dsp¡ eyfp¡‘ue rhÙp“p¡A¡

âQrgs L$ep® lsp. s¡“p rhj¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p d“dp„ S>¡ i„L$p ÅNu lsu A¡“p ‘qfZpd õhê$‘¡

B.k. 1934dp„ A¡dZ¡ The Types of Sanskrit Drama’ “pd“p¡ N°„’ âNV$ L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap

N°„’dp„ s¡dZ¡ gNcN AQrQ®s fl¡gp rhjedp„ dp¥rgL$ r“óL$j® Apàep¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ k„õL©$s

“pV$L$“p¡ Dv$e s’p “©s, “©Ðe, “pV$e, ê$‘L$p¡ A“¡ D‘ê$‘L$p¡ rhi¡“u ipõÓue QQp®Ap¡“y„ ‘qfiug“

L$fu k„õL©$s “pV$eõhê$‘“p ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk“u âL$ë‘“p âõsys L$fu R>¡.

k„õL©$s “pV$L$ rhj¡ A¡L$ ds A¡ âQrgs lsp¡ L¡$$ S>Þd kde’u S> k„‘|Z® rhL$rks

õhê$‘dp„ fl¡gy„ S>Zpe R>¡. A¡“p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk ’e¡gp¡ v$¡Mpsp¡ “’u A“¡ buÅ A¡ L¡$ A¡“u DÐ‘rÑ

^prd®L$ rhr^dp„’u ’B lsu. Ap b„“¡“y„ ‘funZ îu X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap N°„’dp„ L$f¡ R>¡ A“¡ A¡hp

r“Z®e ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap b„“¡ dpÞespAp¡ kÐe’u h¡Nmu R>¡. âpàs “pV$L$p¡“y„ õhê$‘ âpQu“

kde’u S> r“ròs ’B Q|L¡$gy„ S>Zpe R>¡ A¡ kpQy„, ‘Z A¡dp„ rhL$pk S>¡hy„ L„$B v$¡Mpsy„ “’u. A¡d

L$l¡hy„ bfpbf “’u. L$pfZ L¡$ A¡ õhê$‘ âpàs L$fsp„ ‘l¡gp„ A¡ A“¡L$ Ahõ’pdp„’u ‘kpf ’ey„ R>¡

A¡d “pV$L$“p A“¡L$ âL$pfp¡“u S>¡ QQp® “pV$eN°„’p¡dp„ dm¡ R>¡ s¡ ‘f’u S>Zpe R>¡. Ap hps kprbs

L$fhp“p¡ A¡L$ kbm âepk X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Al] L$ep£ R>¡ s’p k„õL©$s “pV$L$“p„ d|m ^prd®L$

rhr^dp„ “rl ‘Z gp¥qL$L$ ìehlpfdp„, gp¡L$h©Ñdp„ fl¡gp R>¡ A¡d s¡Ap¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡.

144

X$p®. A¡.bu.L$u’¡ ‘p¡sp“p ‘The Sanskrit Drama” D‘f“p¡ DÃQ L$p¡qV$“p¡ N°„’ B.k.

1924 dp„ ârkÙ L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“p ÓuÅ rhcpNdp„ “pV$L$“p rhrh^ âL$pf D‘f bfpbf

kps S> ‘©›$p¡dp„ Ap ApMp¡ rhje kdphu gu^p¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ “pV$L$“p dy¿e v$i âL$pfp¡“y„ hZ®“ L$ey®

R>¡, ‘Z ‘R>u’u rhrh^ õhê$‘dp„ rhL$pk ‘pd¡gp AY$pf D‘ê$‘L$p¡ L$epf¡ Qp¡L$L$k A[õsÐhdp„

Apìep s¡“p¡ X$p®. L$u’ r“Z®e L$fu iL$sp “’u. L$pfZ L¡$ buÅ D‘ê$‘L$p¡“p Øô$p„sp¡ âpQu“

“pV$ekprlÐedp„’u dmsp “’u. s¡Ap¡ A¡d dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ bpL$u“p Np¥Z D‘ê$‘L$p¡ “©Ðe, hpÛ“¡

k„Nus“p krhi¡j Ap^pf¡ fQpe¡gp li¡. Ap D‘f’u ¿epg Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ âpòpÐe rhÙp“p¡“¡

Ap‘Zp k„õL©$s “pV$L$p¡“p ê$‘L$p¡“¡ D‘ê$‘L$p¡dp„ KX$p¡ fk ‘X$sp¡ “’u. s¡d“¡ sp¡ L¡$V$gpL¡$ âL$pfp¡ sp¡

L¡$hm r“f’®L$ L¡$ L$‘p¡g L$[ë‘s S>¡hp gpN¡ R>¡.3636363636 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ X$p®. L$u’“p kps ‘©›$p¡dp„’u

‘p¡sp“p N°„’“p bkp¡ ArNepf ‘©›$p¡ ky u buÅ AÞe õÓp¡sp¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fu“¡ Ap rhje“p

KX$pZdp„ Esfu OZp¡ “hp¡ hmp„L$ Apàep¡ R>¡. “pV$eipõÓ“p N°„’p¡ L¡$ lõsâsp¡ s¡d“¡ âpàs ’ep

s¡“p¡ kyÿdsp’u Aæepk L$fu rhh¡L$byqÙ hp‘fu c¡v$p¡“¡ D‘c¡v$p¡dp„ kfmsp’u Espfu A¡L$ dp¥rgL$

N°„’“u fQ“p L$fu R>¡.

Ap N°„’ A„N°¡Æ cpjpdp„, Ly$g 211 ‘©›$p¡dp„ A“¡ ApW$ âL$fZp¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. ‘l¡gp

âL$fZdp„ “©s, “©Ðe s’p “pV$e iåv$p¡“p rhhfZdp„ ‘p„qX$ÐeeyL$s R>sp„ kfm QQp® L$fu, “pV$e“¡

ê$‘L$“p¡ c¡v$ ‘Z õ‘ô$ L$ep£ R>¡. A¡“p kpfê$‘ A¡d L$lu iL$pe L¡$ “©s A¡ cphâ^p“ lp¡e R>¡, “©Ðe

A¡ spgâ^p“ lp¡e R>¡ A“¡ “pV$eA¡ fkâ^p“ lp¡e R>¡. buÅ âL$fZdp„ “pV$e A“¡ ê$‘L$“p h^pf¡

kyÿdc¡v$p¡dp„ Esfu “©Ðe, k„Nus s’p Arc“e R>¡hV¡$ ê$‘L$dp„ rhL$pk ‘pd¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ L¡$hu ‘fpL$p›$pA¡

‘lp¢Qu iL¡$ R>¡ s¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡. ÓuÅ âL$fZdp„ ê$‘L$“p v$k âL$pfp¡dp„ blº TuZhV$’u, rhrh^

N°„’p¡“p Ap^pf¡ Esfu, “pV$L$, âL$fZ, kdhL$pf, qX$d, Blpd©N, ìepep¡N, A„L$, âlk“, cpZ

s’p hu’u“p„ ep¡Áe Øô$p„sp¡ ‘Z rhNshpf Apàep R>¡.

Qp¡’p âL$fZdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ d„sìe fS|> L$f¡ R>¡. b^p ê$‘L$p¡ ¾$d¡ ¾$d¡ “pV$L$ L¡$

âL$fZ“u ‘fpL$pô$pA¡ L¡$hu fus¡ ‘lp¢Qu iL$ep A“¡ s¡d“p¡ ¾$di: rhL$pk, A„L$p¡, ‘pÓp¡ hN¡f¡“u

Ørô$’u, L¡$hu fus¡ kp^u iL$pep¡ s¡ s¡dZ¡ îd‘|h®L$ kdÅhhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡. “pV$eipõÓ

N°„’p¡“p Aæepk ‘f’u A¡d“u dpÞesp b„ pB L¡$ “pV$L$p¡ “©Ðe âL$pfp¡dp„’u A“¡ “©ÐeâL$pfp¡ “©s

âL$pfp¡dp„’u rhL$pk ‘pçep R>¡. "^mU' A¡ kh® “pV$e âL$pfp¡dp„ â’d A[õsÐhdp„ Aph¡gp¡ âL$pf R>¡

A¡d ‘|fhpf L$fhp A¡dZ¡ kbm âepk L$ep£ R>¡. "^mU' dp„ A¡L$ S> ‘pÓ lp¡e R>¡, A¡ hZ®“pÐdL$

145

lp¡e R>¡, A¡dp„ A¡L$ hõsy S>¡hy„ L„$B lp¡sy„ “’u, ‘Z A¡ dpÓ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p b“php¡“p hZ®“ê$‘ lp¡e R>¡,

s’p A¡“p d|mdp„ k„õ¼©s A¡ A¡L$ S> cpjp âep¡Åsu Ap b^u lL$uL$sp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡dZ¡ Ap

r“Z®e gu^p¡ R>¡.3737373737

‘p„Qdp„ âL$fZdp„ “pV$L$ A“¡ âL$fZdp„’u S> âipMpAp¡ S>¡hp rhõsf¡gp Qpf “pV$eâL$pfp¡

“pV$u L¡$ “pqV$L$p, âL$fZu L¡$ âL$frZL$p, sp¡V$L$ L¡$ Óp¡V$L$ “¡ kË$L$ D‘f rhhfZ L$ey® R>¡. R>Ì$p

âL$fZdp„ S>¡“¡ “©Ðe âL$pfp¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡hp D‘ê$‘L$p¡ A¡L$ ‘R>u A¡L$ gB ipõÓue ‘Ùrs’u

A¡L$ ‘R>u A¡L$ N°„’“p¡ Ap^pf gB s¡“p¡ rhNshpf Aæepk L$ep£ R>¡. Ap kOmp¡ KX$p¡ Aæepk

s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡L$ L$p¡ô$L$ s¥epf L$fu spfìep¡ R>¡. Ap k|ÿd spfhZu S> A¡V$gu dp¥rgL$ R>¡ L¡$ A¡“p D‘f’u

s¡Ap¡ “pV$eipõÓ“p Nl“ Aæepku lp¡hp“u R>p‘ ‘pX¡$ R>¡. v$f¡L$ D‘ê$‘L$“p Ap^pfc|s N°„’

D‘f’u, sÒhQQp®, hõsy, k„Nus, A„L$, “peL$, fk, “preL$p, k[Þ^, h©rÑ hN¡f¡ Ørô$’u blº S>

D‘ep¡Nu kfMpdZu L$fu ky„v$f kpdN°u fS|> L$fu R>¡. kpsdp âL$fZdp„ Ap “©Ðe âL$pfp¡“p¡ L¡$hp¡

¾$di rhL$pk ’ep¡ li¡ s¡“p¡ rhQpf L$ep£ R>¡. “©s âL$pfp¡dp„’u “©ÐeâL$pfp¡ L¡$ D‘ê$‘L$p¡“p¡ ¾$di:

rhL$pk“¡ s¡dp„’u “pV$eâL$pfp¡ L¡$ ê$‘L$p¡“p¡ ¾$di:rhL$pk ’sp„ "“pV$L$' L¡$ "âL$fZ'“p ê$‘dp„ k„õL©$s

“pV$e âL$pf“u ‘fpL$p›$p Ap d„sìe“p kd’®“dp„ R>¡ëgy„ “¡ ApW$dp âL$fZdp„ v$ip®hhpdp„ Aph¡g

R>¡.

Ap QQp®“¡ A„s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ “pV$erhL$pk“p ‘p„Q sb¼¼pAp¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡.3838383838

1. kp¥’u Apf„c“p¡ sb¼L$p¡-S>¡dp„ A¡L$ ‘pÓ A“¡ A¡L$ A„L$ lp¡e s¡hy„ “pV$eõhê$‘

2. buÅ¡ sbL$¼p¡ - A“¡L$ ‘pÓ, ‘f„sy A¡L$ S> A„L$ lp¡e s¡hy„ “pV$eõhê$‘

3. ÓuÅ¡ sbL$¼p¡ - S>¡dp A“¡L$ A„L$p¡ lp¡e, ‘f„sy Ap¡Ry>„ k„Ly$g “pV$eõhê$‘

4. Qp¡’p¡ sbL$¼p¡ - ‘|Z® rhL$rks “pV$eõhê$‘

A„sdp„ ‘l¡gp ‘qfriô$dp„ blº D‘ep¡Nu A¡L$ epv$u Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. S>¡’u Ap‘Z¡

ÅZu iL$uA¡ L¡$ “pV$eipõÓ“¡ gNsp N°„’p¡dp„ L$ep„ L$ep„ “pV$L$p¡ Dëg¡M R>¡. buÅ ‘qfriô$dp„

“pV$eipõÓ“p ‘pqfcprjL$ iåv$p¡ D‘f D‘ep¡Nu rhhfZ Apàey„ R>¡ A“¡ R>¡hV¡$ k„õ¼©s A„N°¡Æ

“pdphrgAp¡“p AphíeL$ k|rQ‘Óp¡ ‘Z R>¡. D‘fp„s L¡$V$guL$ D‘ep¡Nu âpk„rNL$ “p¢ p¡ s¡dZ¡ b¡

NyS>fpsu rhÙp“p¡ âp¡. L¡$.l. °yh A“¡ âp¡. b.L$.W$pL$p¡f ‘pk¡’u d¡mhu“¡ “p¢ u R>¡. Apd X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$¡ ê$‘L$p¡“¡ D‘ê$‘L$p¡“p c¡v$p¡ ipõÓue fus¡“¡ kfm s’p byqÙNçe cpjpdp„ ky„v$f fus¡ õ‘ô$

L$f¡g R>¡ A“¡ ‘|h® A“¡ ‘ròd“p k„õ¼©s cpjp-kprlÐe“p AæepkuAp¡“¡ ‘p¡sp“p KX$p¡ k„ip¡ ““p¡

gpc Apàep¡ R>¡.

146

kdN° QQp®“p A„s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡ r“Z®e ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ k„õ¼©s “pV$L$ Apf„c’u

r“óâpZ S>Þd¡gy„ bpmL$ lsy„ A¡hp ds“¡p ârshpv$ L$f¡ R>¡. B.k.“p Apf„c ‘l¡gp„ cpk A“¡

L$prgv$pk“p “pV$L$p¡ dþep„ s¡ “pV$e“u DÐ¾$p„rs“p¡ âpf„c“p¡ “rl, R>¡ëgp¡ sb¼L$p¡ lsp¡. s¡ ‘l¡gp„

ÓZ sb¼¼pAp¡dp„’u “pV$eõhê$‘ ‘kpf ’ey„ lsy„. Ap âq¾$ep“p¡ Apf„c L$epf¡ ’ep¡ s¡ r“ròs

’B iL$sy„ “’u. R>sp„ F>Áh¡v$“u A¡L$p¡qL$sAp¡ A“¡ k„hpv$p¡ s¡d“p ds¡ âp’rdL$ “©Ðe âL$pfp¡ li¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u kdN° QQp® A¡L„$v$f¡ sp[ÒhL$, sL®$bÙ A“¡ âdpZiyÙ R>¡. ê$‘L$p¡ A“¡

D‘ê$‘L$p¡“p rhL$pk¾$d“¡ s‘pksp„ ‘l¡gp„ s¡d“p õhê$‘ gnZp¡ gnZN°„’p¡“p Ap^pf¡ A“¡

gÿeN°„’p¡“p Øô$p„sp¡ krls syg“pÐdL$ fus¡ s¡dZ¡ QÃep® R>¡.

Ap fus¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ “pV$L$“p¡ rhL$pk bsphhp“p¡ A¡L$ kbm âepk Ap ‘yõsL$dp„

L$ep£ R>¡. A¡d“p ‘p¡sp“p ds“¡ k„‘|Z® rkÙ lL$uL$s sfuL¡$ “ õhuL$pfhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ ‘Z A¡dZ¡

“pV$L$ õhê$‘“u Sy>v$p Sy>v$p N°„’p¡dp„ k„N°lpe¡gu lL$uL$s c¡Nu L$fu A¡dp„’u S> A¡L$ sL®$k„Ns õ’p‘“p

fS|> L$fu A¡ L$p¡B ‘Z rhÙp““¡ v$pv$ Ap‘¡ A¡hu R>¡. Ap N°„’“u âõsph“pdp„ X$p®. kyr“rsLy$dpf X$$¡

S>¡hp âp¥Y$ rhÙp“ A¡d“p âepk“¡ rbfv$pìep¡ lsp¡. s¡ Ap A„N¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ‘The young author

with the judgement and insight of more mature years has expressed very lucidly

what he has to say and has exhibited not only a thorough familiarity with theory

but also a complete mastery of details controlled and ordered by the sobriety of

true scholarship.3939393939

4.3.2 k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp (1943) :4.3.2 k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp (1943) :4.3.2 k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp (1943) :4.3.2 k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp (1943) :4.3.2 k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp (1943) :

Ap N°„’ Ly$g 126 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ A“¡ ÓZ rhcpNp¡dp„ rhcprS>s R>¡. Ap N°„’dp„

k„õL©$sdp„ “pV$ekprlÐe rhi¡ S>¡ L„$B QQp®Ap¡ ’B lsu s¡“p¡ k„n¡‘dp„ ‘qfQe Apàep¡ R>¡. Ap A¡L$

N°„’dp„ kdN° “pV$ekprlÐe“p r“ê$‘Z’u Ap rhje“p AæepkuAp¡ ‘f X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ A“lv$

D‘L$pf L$ep£ lsp¡. k„õL©$s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk A„N¡ blº S> Ap¡R>p rhÙp“p¡A¡ Ap rhje ‘fÐh¡

L$pd L$ey R>¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“u âõsph“p X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ gM¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""NyS>fpsu A„N°¡Æ L¡$ buÆ L$p¡B

cpjpdp„ Ap rhje“y„ A¡L$ õhs„Ó ‘yõsL$ lÆ ky u gMpey„ “’u, s¡’u Ap ‘yõsL$ gMhpdp„ A“¡

ârkÙ L$fhpdp„ L$p¡B Ås“u ndpepQ“p“u S>ê$f “’u.''4040404040 kp„âs kdedp„ “pV$eipõÓ ‘f S>¡

L$pd ’ey„ lsy„ s¡ khp¯Nu “ lsy„. s¡’u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap N°„’ Üpfp âpQu“ kde’u Ap yr“L$

kde ky u S>¡ L$pB “pV$eipõÓ rhi¡ gMpey„ lsy„ s¡dp„’u s¡d“¡ S>¡ âpàs ’ey„ lsy„ s¡ b^p kprlÐe“p¡

147

khp¯Nu Aæepk L$fu“¡ A¥rslprkL$ A“¡ syg“pÐdL$ Ørô$A¡ “pV$eipõÓ“p¡ rhL$pk Apg¡¿ep¡ R>¡

A“¡ “pV$e A„N¡ ‘p¡sp“p dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡ ‘Z Apàep R>¡.

â’d M„X$dp„ “pV¹$e rhi¡ r“ê$‘Z L$f“pfp b^p S> N°„’L$pfp¡ rhi¡ dprlsu Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu

R>¡. S>¡d“p N°„’p¡ âpàs ’pe R>¡ s¡ D‘fp„s S>¡d“p¡ L$ep„L$ Dëg¡M dmsp¡ lp¡e s¡ N°„’L$pfp¡“¡ ‘Z Al]

kdphu g¡hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. Ap N°„’L$pfp¡dp„ cfs, Arc“hNyàs, ^“„S>e, ^r“L$, cp¡S>,

l¡dQ„ÖpQpe®, fpdQ„Ö-NyZQ„Ö, ipfv$ps“e, kpNf“„v$u, rhÛp“p’, rhÛp^f, rhð“p’,

tiNc|‘pg, ê$‘Np¡õhpdu Apqv$ ârkÙ “pV$edudp„kL$p¡“p„ r“ê$‘Zp¡“u rdscpju R>sp„ sÒhN°plu

QQp® R>¡. sv¹$D‘fp„s ApÁS>“¡ecfs, Apqv$cfs, L$pdv$¡h, hpkyqL$, Öp¥luZu, bpv$fpeZ, “„qv$L¡$ðf,

ds„NpQpe®, L$p¡lg, dps©NyÐ‘pQpe®, gp¡ëgV$, i„Ly$L$, cË$ “peL$, cË$sp¡s Apqv$ S>¡d“p¡ Dëg¡M

ârkÙ “pV$édudp„kL$p¡A¡ L$ep£ R>¡ s¡hp “pV¹$erhv$p¡ A“¡ s¡d“p L$pep£“u ‘qfQepÐdL$ “p¢ Ap‘hpdp„

Aphu R>¡. Ap “pV$erhv¹$p¡“p N°„’p¡“u lõsâsp¡“u D‘gå^ dprlsu ‘Z Al] “p¢ hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

Ap N°„’L$pfp¡ rhi¡ kp„âs kdedp„ L$p¡B dlÒh“u QQp® ’B lp¡e sp¡ s¡ rhi¡ ‘Z ‘pv$V$u‘dp„ “p¢

Ap‘u R>¡. Ap r“v$£ip¡ L¡$hm Qe“ âL$pf“p “’u. Ap^pf A“¡ k„ip¡ ““u qv$ip Q]^“pfp ‘Z

R>¡. Ap M„X$dp„ kÑfdu kv$u ky u“p ‘„Qph“ “pV$eL$pfp¡“p¡ ‘qfQe Ap‘hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. M„X$“u

‘|rs®ê$‘¡ “pV$e kp’¡ k„b„ ^fphsp k„Nus A“¡ “©Ðe rhi¡ r“ê$‘Z L$f“pfp ipN®v$¡h Apqv$

AY$pfdu kv$u ky u“p A¡L$huk N°„’L$pfp¡“p “pd r“v$£i s¡d“p N°„’p¡ A“¡ kde“p Dëg¡M kp’¡

L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡.

buÅ M„X$dp„ "“pV$eipõÓ' A“¡ s¡ D‘f“u "Arc“h cpfs“u V$uL$p', "v$iê$‘L$',

"cphâL$pi“', "“pV$ev$‘®Z', "“pV$L$ gnZfÐ“L$p¡i' A“¡ "Arc“ev$‘®Z' hN¡f¡ “pV$erhQpf“p

dlÒh“p N°„’p¡“p¡ ‘qfQe Ap‘¡ R>¡. Ap N°„’p¡dp„ QrQ®s rhjep¡“p r“v$£ip¡ D‘fp„s s¡d“p îÙ¡e

k„‘pv$“p¡“u rhNsp¡ ‘Z Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

ÓuÅ M„X$dp„ “pV$erhQpf“p dy¿e rhjep¡“p rkÙp„sp¡“p¡, s¡ rhi¡ r“ê$‘Z L$f“pfp ApQpep£

A“¡ N°„’p¡“p¡ k„v$c® kp’¡ ‘qfQe Ap‘hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. Ap rhjep¡dp„ â¡npN©l, ê$‘L$pqv$ “pV$eâL$pfp¡

A“¡ s¡“p„ gnZp¡ D‘ê$‘L$p¡ L¡$ “©Ðe âL$pfp¡, hõsy, hõsyc¡v$, hõsyNy„a“, hõsyrhL$pk s’p hõsy

h¡N“p k„v$c®dp„ k„r^Ap¡, A’®âL©$rsAp¡, D‘pep¡ A“¡ Ahõ’pAp¡ fk A“¡ fkr“ó‘rÑ rhi¡

rhrcÞ“ dsp¡, h©rÑAp¡, Aqc“e, ‘pÓc¡v$, °yhpAp¡ rdspnfu“p¡ sp[ÒhL$ ‘qfQe Apàep¡ R>¡.

Ap rhcpNdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ “pV$eipõÓ“p âL$pfp¡ A“¡ õhê$‘“p¡ S>¡ ¾$di rhL$pk ’ep¡ lsp¡

s¡“¡ dmu iL$ep s¡V$gp Ap^pfp¡“u dv$v$’u A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ Apg¡Mhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ lsp¡.

148

Ap N°„’“p D‘k„lpfdp„ “pV$eipõÓ“p„ Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ A„s¡ L¡$V$gpL$ spfZp¡ Apàep

R>¡.4141414141 S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp“y„ “pV$eipõÓ A„N¡“y„ rhipm op“ A“¡ sL®$‘|Z® ‘Ùrs“p¡ kpfp âdpZdp„

Apifp¡ g¡ R>¡ S>¡ Ap dyS>b R>¡.

(1) cfs“p “pV$eipõÓdp„ “pV$e“p kpdpÞe A„Np¡ ê$‘L$, D‘ê$‘L$p¡, “pÞv$u, âõsph“p,

A„L$, ‘„QL$Qsyô$e, h©rÑ, ‘pÓ, cpjpqv$, °yhpqv$ A“¡ Arc“epqv$ hN¡f¡ dpÓ ê$‘L$

rkhpe b^p S> sÒhp¡ rhL$rks v$ipdp„ lsp. ‘Z Å¡ A¡ ‘R>u“p “pV$L$p¡“p¡ kyÿd’u

syg“pÐdL$ Aæepk L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Ap A„N¡“p¡ rhL$pk ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡“p¡ õ‘ô$ ¿epg

Aph¡ R>¡. Ap ¾$di rhL$pk“¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Dv$plfZ Ap‘u kdÅìey„ lsy„.

(2) cfs’u cpk A“¡ L$prgv$pk ky u“p “pV$L$p¡dp„ “pV$L$p¡“y„ S>¡ OX$sf ’ey„ lsy„ A¡“p Ap^pf¡

s¡Ap¡ A“ydp“ spfh¡ R>¡ L¡$ B.k.‘|h£ ‘prZr“, cpk, kybÞ y A“¡ lj® hN¡f¡ “pV$eQpep®

’B Nep li¡.

(3) “pV$e“p ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk“p kdN° Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ A„s¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep R>¡

L¡$, ""Sy>v$u Sy>v$u Ørô$Ap¡’u s‘pksp A¡V$gy„ rkÙ ’pe R>¡ L¡$ “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“¡

s‘pkhp“p Ap‘Zu ‘pk¡ L$p¡B õ‘ô$ ‘|fphp “’u, R>sp„ A¡dp„ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk ’ep¡ R>¡ A“¡

A¡d ‘Z L$lu iL$pe L¡$ Ap rhL$pk S>¡d “pV$eipõÓ“u ‘l¡gp“p„ L$pmdp„ ’ep¡ lp¡hp¡

Å¡BA¡ s¡d L¡$V$g¡L$ A„i¡ s¡“u ‘R>u“p L$pmdp„ ‘Z ’sp¡ füp¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.4242424242

A¡L„$v$f¡ Ap N°„’dp„ A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ “pV$eipõÓ“p¡ Brslpk A“¡ A¡“p rhL$pk“u

ê$‘f¡Mp õ‘ô$ ’pe R>¡. Ap ‘yõsL$dp„ s¡d“p¡ k„õL©$s kprlÐe“p¡ k|ÿd Aæepk, A¥rslprkL$

Ørô$, sV$õ’h©rÑ A“¡ syg“pÐdL$ iqL$s“p¡ ky‘qfQe dm¡ R>¡. S>¡ ‘qfQe rhiv$ A“¡

‘©’¼¼fZpÐdL$, kfm A“¡ ky„v$f k‘ep®às i¥gudp„ ’pe R>¡.

4.3.3 4.3.3 4.3.3 4.3.3 4.3.3 Ancient Indian Theatre (1950) :

Ap ‘yõsL$ A„N°¡Æ cpjpdp„ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap ‘yõsL$ âNV$ L$fsp ‘l¡gp Ap rhje

‘fÐh¡ "âpQu“ rlÞvy$ “pV$eN°l'4343434343 A“¡ ‘The Hindu Theatre”4444444444 “pd’u g¡Mp¡ g¿ep lsp.

Ðepfbpv$ Ap rhjedp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ rhõs©s AÝee“ L$fu“¡ B.k. 1950dp„ ‘yõsL$ õhê$‘¡ âNV$ L$ey®

lsy„. Ap ‘yõsL$ Ly$g ÓZ âL$fZdp„ rhcprS>s R>¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“p âpQu“ cpfsdp„ “pV$eN©l“y„

õhê$‘ A“¡ S>¡ rhL$pk ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡“¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Al] A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ s‘põey„ R>¡.

149

â’d âL$fZdp„ f„Nipmp rhi¡ S>¡ cfs“p “pV$eipõÓ A“¡ Arc“hcpfsu V$uL$p“p

Ap^pf¡ “pV$eN©l r“dp®Z“y„ hZ®“ L$ey® R>¡, S>epf¡ buÅ A“¡ ÓuÅ âL$fZdp„ “pV$eipõÓ A“¡

Arc“hcpfsu ‘f’u “pV$eN©l“u fQ“p rhi¡ V$uL$p V$uà‘Zu L$fu R>¡.

k„õ¼©s “pV$e X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ rhi¡j Aæepk“p¡ rhje R>¡. “pV$eN©l“p fQ“prhÛp““u

QQp®dp„ s¡d“p¡ sp[ÒhL$ ArcNd R>¡. “pV$e rhi¡“p¡ ‘|fp¡ k„v$c® s‘pkhp dpV¡$ “pV$eN©l“u QQp®

Ar“hpe® R>¡. kdN° “pV$L$“p¡ dplp¡g s’p lhp kS>®hp“y„ L$pe® “pV$eN©l L$f¡ R>¡. “pV$L$dp„ A‘pe¡gu

“pV$ek|rQAp¡“p¡ k„b„ f„Nd„X$‘ kp’¡ lp¡e R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ S>epf¡ "“pV$eipõÓ'“p Ap^pf¡

“pV$eN©l“p “L$ip“u A“¡ s¡“p rhrh^ A„Np¡“u QQp® L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d“p¡ ArcNd kp„õL©$rsL$

D‘fp„s kdN° “pV$erhQpf“u c|rdL$p fQhp“p¡ A“¡ kdS>hp“p¡ ‘Z R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ S>epf¡ ‘l¡gp Ap S> rhje ‘f krhõspf k„ip¡ “ L$fsp¡ g¡M ‘Indian

Historical Quarterly“p Sept-1932“p A„L$dp„ âNV$ ’ep¡ lsp¡ Ðepf¡ ârkÙ L$gprhv¹$ Ap“„v$Ly$dpf

õhpduA¡ Ap r“ê$‘Z“¡ Ap rhje“u QQp® L$fsp„ gMpZp¡dp„ DÑd L$üy„ lsy„. ârkÙ k„õL©$srhv$

d“dp¡l“ Op¡j¡ ‘Z s¡“y„ EQy„ d|ëe ApL$sp„, A¡L$ AhNZpe¡gp rhje“u QQp® L$fu X$p¡gfcpBA¡

Ap rhje“p rS>opkyAp¡ ‘f F>Z QY$pìey„ lp¡hp“p¡ Arcâpe Apàep¡ lsp¡.4545454545

cfs“p "“pV$eipõÓ'“u hpQ“p OZu Aõ‘ô$ AQp¡L$L$k A“¡ A‘|Z® R>¡. s¡ rhi¡“u

V$uL$p "Arc“hcpfsu' ‘Z ‘|fsu D‘L$pfL$ “’u. R>sp„ hpQ“p A“¡ V$uL$p kp’¡ hp„Qsp sÐL$pgu“

“pV$eN©l rhi¡ ApR>p¡ ¿epg dm¡ R>¡. Ap rkhpe A“yL$pgu“ “pV$eN°„’p¡dp„ “pV$eN©l“p õ’p‘Ðe

rhi¡ L$p¡B îÙ¡e dprlsu dmsu “’u. Ap’u "“pV$eipõÓ' A“¡ "Arc“hcpfsu'“p Aõ‘ô$

r“ê$‘Z“¡ Ap^pf¡ spqL®$L$ A’®OV$“ L$fu X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ âpQu“ cpfsue “pV$eN©l“p õ’p‘Ðe

rhi¡ ‘y“rh®Qpf L$ep£ R>¡. S>¡ Ap rhje“p kprlÐedp„ d|ëehp“ âv$p“ b“u füy„ lsy„.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ iê$Apsdp„ “pV$eipõÓ A“¡ "Arc“hcpfsu' V$uL$p“p Ap^pf¡ “pV$eN©l“u

dp‘Zu rhi¡ dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡. “pV$eN©l ÓZ âL$pf“p lsp. rhL©$ô$ (g„bQp¡fk), QsyfõÓ

(Qp¡fk) A“¡ ÔeõÓ (rÓL$p¡Z). Ap v$f¡L$“p S>e¡›$, dÝe A“¡ Ahf A¡d ÓZ âL$pfp¡ lsp.

S>e¡›$ âL$pf“y„ “pV$eN©l v$¡hp¡ dpV¡$, dÝe âL$pf“y„ fpÅAp¡ dpV¡$ A“¡ Ahf âL$pf“y„ kpdpÞe S>“sp

dpV$ b“phhpdp„ Aphsy„ lsy„. S>¡ “pV$L$dp„ v$¡hpqv$ “peL$ lp¡e s¡ S>e¡›$, fpÅ “peL$ lp¡e sp¡ s¡

dÝe“pV$eN©l A“¡ kpdpÞe S>“ “peL$ lp¡e sp¡ Ahf âL$pf“p “pV$eN©ldp„ fS|> ’sp lsp.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ “p¢Ýey„ R>¡ s¡d “pV$eN©l blº dp¡Vy„$ fpMhp’u s¡“u iåv$ îhZiqL$s OV¡$ R>¡. s¡“p¡

150

¿epg “pV$eipõÓL$pf“¡ lsp¡. D‘fp„s v|$f b¡W¡$gp â¡nL$p¡“¡ “V$p¡“u dyMc„NuAp¡ ‘Z õ‘ô$ “

v$¡Mpe Ap’u d“yóep¡ dpV¡$ dÝe âL$pf“y„ “pV$eN©l Bô$ NZpsy„ lsy„. S>epf¡ rhL©$ô$ dÝe âL$pf“p

“pV$eN©l“p Qpf cpN ’sp lsp. S>¡dp„ f„N (Auditorium), f„N‘uW$ (Stage), f„Niuj® (back

stage) A“¡ “¡‘ÕeN©l (green-room), f„N‘uW$“¡ b„“¡ R>¡X¡$ dÑhpfZuAp¡ fMpsu lsu. v$f¡L$

b¡W$L$“u lpf s¡“u ApNm“u lpf L$fsp„ A¡L$ lp’ S>¡V$gu JQu fl¡su lsu.4646464646

buSy>„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ "“pV$eipõÓ' A“¡ "Arc“hV$uL$p'dp„ “pV$eN©ldp„ Üpf“y„ õ’p“

A“¡ s¡“u k„¿ep rhi¡ S>¡ dsc¡v$p¡ lsp s¡“p rhi¡ kfmsp’u kdÅhu Ap dsc¡v$ DL¡$ëep¡ R>¡.

"“pV$eipõÓ'dp„ “¡‘ÕeN©l“p b¡ Üpf b“phhp“y„ rh^p“ L$ep® ‘R>u AÝepe“p A„s cpNdp„

afu’u f„N‘uW$ ‘f âh¡i L$fph“pf A¡L$ Üpf A“¡ buSy>„ f„Nd„Q“u kpd¡ b“phhp“y„ rh^p“ L$f¡ R>¡.

S>epf¡ Arc“hNyàs“p ds¡ Qpf Üpf b“phhp“y„ rh^p“ R>¡. b¡ Üpf “¡àÕeN©l“u v$uhpgdp„, ÓuSy>

Üpf “V$‘qfhpf“p âh¡i dpV¡$ A“¡ Qp¡’y„ kpdprS>L$p¡“¡ ‘°¡npNpfdp„ Aphhp dpV¡$ lsy„.

“¡‘ÕeN©ldp„ b¡ A“¡ â¡npNpf“y„ A¡L$ A¡d ÓZ Üpfp¡ rhi¡ sp¡ L$pB i„L$p “’u. "“pV$eipõÓ'

f„N‘uW$dp„ âh¡i L$fph“pf sfuL¡$ A¡L$ h^pfp“p Üpf“u ep¡S>“p k|Qh¡ R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ "Arc“hcpfsu'“u

V$uL$p õ‘ô$ “’u. s¡’u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap rhjedp„ õhs„Ó rhQpfu ‘p¡sp“p¡ ds spfh¡ R>¡, S>¡ Ap

âdpZ¡ R>¡.

“¡‘ÕeN©l A“¡ f„Niuj® hÃQ¡“u v$uhpgdp„ b¡ Üpf sp¡ ANpD k|Qhpep R>¡. s¡’u f„N‘uW$

âh¡iÜpf f„Niuj® A“¡ f„N‘uW$ hÃQ¡ lp¡B iL¡$ A¡hy„ A“ydp“ s¡dZ¡ L$ey® R>¡. "“pV$eipõÓ'“p A¡L$

rh^p“ A“ykpf L¡$V$gpL$ ‘pÓp¡ v$rnZ Üpf’u A“¡ L¡$V$gpL$ DÑf Üf’u âh¡isp k|Qhpep R>¡.

A¡’u DÑf v$rnZ“p b¡ Üpf sp¡ f„N‘uW$dp„ ‘pÓp¡“p¡ âh¡i dpV¡$ lsp. Al]ep X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$

A¡d“p k|Q“ L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$, “pV$eipõÓdp„ Dëg¡rMs "a§JnrR> na IwbZodmbm EH$ Ûma' Å¡ Ap‘Z¡

"AoH$ Ûma"“y„ blºhQ“ A’® kdÆ gBA¡, S>¡d L¡$ Arc“hNyàs A¡ ‘p¡sp“u V$uL$pdp„ L$ey® R>¡. s¡d

"a§JnrR> na IwbZodmbo Xmo Ûma' A¡hp¡ A’® Ap‘Z¡ L$fu iL$uA¡. Ap âdpZ¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡

R>¡ L¡$ f„N‘uW$ A“¡ f„Niuj® hÃQ¡ v$uhpg “rl, ‘X$v$p“u ep¡S>“p ’su. s¡’u Ap b¡ Üpfp¡ b¡ bpSy>“u

dÑhpfZuAp¡ A“¡ f„Niuj® hÃQ¡ d|L$hpdp„ Aphsp li¡. A¡L$ sb¼L¡$ âpQu“ “pV$eN©ldp„ f„Niuj®

A“¡ f„N‘uW$“u hÃQ¡ ‘X$v$p“u ìehõ’p “ lsu Ðepf¡ s¡d“u hÃQ¡ v$uhpg li¡. A¡ v$uhpgdp„

f„N‘uW$dp„ âh¡ihp“y„ A¡L$ Üpf dyL$psy„ li¡. ‘R>u“p sbL$¼pdp„ ‘X$v$p“p¡ D‘ep¡N iê$ ’ep¡ Ðepf¡

D‘f âdpZ¡ b¡ Üpf“u ep¡S>“p ’B ’B li¡.4747474747 Ap fus¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ly$g ÓZ Üpf A“¡ Qpf

Üpf“p dsp„sfp¡“p¡ DL¡$g Ap‘¡ R>¡.

151

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Al]ep f„Nd„Q“p ‘X$v$p rhi¡ ‘Z ‘p¡sp“p¡ ds S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$,

""“pV$eipõÓ“p buÅ AÝepedp„ ‘X$v$p rhi¡“p¡ L$p¡B S> Dëg¡M “’u. ‘Z "ehr“L$p' iåv$“p¡

Dëg¡M ‘p„Qdp AÝepedp„ R>¡. Arc“hNyàs, "ehr“L$p'“y„ õ’p“ f„Niuj® A“¡ f„N‘uW$ hÃQ¡

bsph¡ R>¡. S>epf¡ L$u’ A“¡ AÞe âpòpÐe rhÜp“p¡ "AnQ>rjonoU' A¡ âL$pf“p “pV$er“v$i®’u nQ>r

“p¡ Dëg¡M L$f¡ R>¡. X$p¡gfcpBA¡ Ap bpbs“y„ M„X$“ L$fu“¡ A¡ bspìey„ R>¡ L¡$ Ap bpbsp¡“p¡ L$p¡B

Ap^pf S> “’u A“¡ nQ>r A¡ L$p¡B ‘X$v$p¡ “’u. S>epf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ ‘X$v$p“y„ L$p‘X$ N°ukdp„’u

Aphsy„ lsy„ A“¡ s¡ ‘f’u "ehr“L$p' iåv$ Apìep¡ A¡ d„sìe ‘Z A¡d“¡ e’p’® gpNsy„ “’u. s¡’u

s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$V$guL$ ‘p„Xy$rgr‘Ap¡ A“¡ dyqÖs k„õL©$s ‘yõsL$p¡dp„ "ehr“L$p'“¡ õ’p“¡ "edr“L$p'

iåv$ âep¡Åep¡ R>¡. S>¡“p¡ A’® "Y$p„L$hy„' A¡hp¡ ’pe R>¡. Apd ‘X$v$p“p¡ ¿epg Å¡ N°ukdp„’u “’u

Apìep¡ sp¡ s¡“y„ L$p‘X$ Ðep„’u gphhp“p¡ ip¡ A’® ?'4848484848 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ A¡ Al] âpQu“ k„õL©$s“p

N°„’p¡dp„ Dëg¡rMs "edr“L$p' iåv$“p Dv$plfZp¡ Ap‘u“¡ A¡ bsphhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡ L¡$ s¡ d|m

cpfsue iåv$ R>¡; N°ukdp„’u Apìep¡ “’u.

cpfsue f„Nd„Q ‘f A¡L$’u rhi¡j ‘X$v$p fl¡sp ‘Z ‘X$v$p¡ ‘pX$hp“u âq¾$ep ’su L¡$ “rl,

s¡ rhi¡ ‘Z X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap^pfc|s A“¡ rhNs¡ Al] QQp® L$fu R>¡. Ap dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡A¡

"Ly$Ë$“udsd' “pV$L$dp„ d„Q“u S>¡ QQp® R>¡ s¡dp„ "XþarH¥$Vm' A“¡ "AnZrVm' A¡ b¡ rhi¡jZp¡ ‘X$v$p“u

D^pX$Y$p„L$$“u âq¾$ep“p¡ S>¡ r“v$£i L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡ buÆ bpSy> k„õL©$s “pV$L$p¡“p A„L$p¡ “pV$epÐdL$ fus¡

A’hp AQp“L$ ‘|fp ’sp “’u. A„L$“¡ A„s¡ r“ó¾$dZ k|Qhpe R>¡. Ap k„v$c®dp„ ‘X$v$p“u DOpX$Y$p„L$

Aâõsys b“¡ R>¡. Ap D‘f’u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡hp r“óL$j® ‘f Apìep L¡$ ‘X$v$p“u ep¡S>“p

“pV$eN©l“p rhL$pk“u DÑf sb¼L$p“u li¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap ‘yõsL$ Üpfp “pV$eN©l“p r“dp®Z A“¡ kdep„sf¡ s¡dp Aph¡gp

‘qfhs®“p¡“u A¥rslprkL$ k„v$c®dp„ Ap^pfcys QQp® L$fu R>¡. Ap A„N¡ k„õL©$s rhÜp“ S.K.De

“p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, “You have been able to make the best of a hopelessly abscure subject

and you highly probable explanation of Bharat’s rather difficult and in places

abscure text is all that is possible under the circumstances.”4949494949 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p

“pV$eipõÓ“p Ap ÓZ¡e N°„’p¡ “pV$eipõÓ rhi¡“p iåv$L$p¡i L¡$ op“L$p¡i S>¡hp R>¡ L¡$d L¡$ s¡dp„

“pV$eipõÓ“p Dv¹$ch’u dp„X$u“¡ s¡“p rhrh^ ‘pkpAp¡ rhi¡ hps L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. “pV$eipõÓ“p

AÝee“ dpV¡$ lõsâsp¡“u hpQ“p L$fu s¡Ap¡A¡ S>¡ ‘pW$r“Z®e L$ep£ R>¡ s¡ ‘Z rhi¡jipõÓue R>¡.

152

Ap N°„’p¡ Üpfp X$p¡gfcpBA¡ “pV$eipõÓ ‘f hZM¡X$pe¡gu bpbsp¡“¡ âL$pidp„ gphu“¡ s¡“¡ kfmsp’u

kdÅhu R>¡. kp’¡ kp’¡ OZu bpbsp¡ ‘f ‘p¡sp“u dp¥rgL$ k„ip¡ “ ‘Ùrs“p Ap^pf¡ ‘f„‘fpNs

d„sìep¡’u AgN sfu“¡ S>¡ A’®OV$“p¡ k|Qìep R>¡ s¡“p Ap^pf¡ afu hMs s¡ rhje ‘f ‘y“:k„ip¡ “

L¡$ ‘y“: rhQpfZp“u AphíeL$sp Dcu L$fu lsu.

4.44.44.44.44.4 Brslpk :Brslpk :Brslpk :Brslpk :Brslpk :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ kpfp rhh¡QL$ lp¡hp R>sp„ A¡L$ DÐL©$ô$ BrslpkL$pf ‘Z lsp. s¡Ap¡

k„õL©$s“p âpÝep‘L$ lp¡hp’u âpQu“ k„õL©$s“p N°„’p¡“p¡ Aæepk s¡d“p¡ Brslpk“u L¡$X$uAp¡ ‘f

gB Nep lsp. s¡dZ¡ cpfs“p âpQu“ kprlÐe“p¡ Aæepk L$fu“¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p fpS>h„ip¡“u

h„iphmu A“¡ s¡“p¡ kdep“y¾$d A„N¡ ‘y“: ìehõ’p k|Qhu lsu, s¡“p ‘qfZpd õhê$‘ Ap‘Z¡

‘Kalidas and the Guptas’, ‘The Yugapuranam’, The Puranic Chronology’, date of

Rgveda’, The critical edition of Ramayan (The Kiskindha Kanda) hN¡f¡ N°„’p¡ dm¡

R>¡. Ap N°„’p¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ âpQu“ fpS>h„ip¡“u h„iphmu L¡$ kdep“y¾$d rhi¡ QugpQpgy ‘Ùrs’u

AgN sfu“¡ L$pBL$ “hp S> spfZp¡ ‘f Apìep R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ s¡d“y„ dp¥rgL$ âv$p“ b“u fl¡i¡.

sp¡, buÆ bpSy> õ’pr“L$ Brslpk A¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ M|b S> fk“p¡ rhje lsp¡.

õ’pr“L$ Brslpk“¡ ÅZhp dpV¡$ Ap^pf sfuL$¡ gp¡L$kprlÐe“¡ k„ip¡ ““p¡ rhje b“pìep¡ lsp¡.

s¡dZ¡ kp¥fpô²$“p Brslpk“u hZM¡X$pe¡gu bpbsp¡ S>¡hu L¡$ kp¥fpô²$“p rhrh^ fpS>h„ip¡“u h„iphmu

A“¡ kdep“y¾$d, ‘f„‘fpAp¡, d„qv$fp¡, NyapAp¡, Arcg¡Mp¡, ‘prmepAp¡ L¡$ AÞe âpQu“ A¥rslprkL$

õ’mp¡“u rhi¡“p¡ A‘|Z® L¡$ Mpdu cf¡gp¡ Brslpk lsp¡. s¡ dpV¡$ S>¡ s¡ õ’pr“L$ kprlÐe“p¡ Ap^pf

gB L¡$ s¡dp„ Dëg¡rMs õ’mp¡“u d|gpL$ps gB L$p„BL$ “hp S> r“Z®ep¡ ‘f Apìep R>¡. Apd s¡d“p

õ’pr“L$ Brslpk“¡ gNsp "Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk' A“¡ "Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk' hN¡f¡ ‘yõsL$p¡

dm¡ R>¡.

4.4.1 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ Brslpk g¡M““p¡ ArcNd :4.4.1 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ Brslpk g¡M““p¡ ArcNd :4.4.1 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ Brslpk g¡M““p¡ ArcNd :4.4.1 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ Brslpk g¡M““p¡ ArcNd :4.4.1 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ Brslpk g¡M““p¡ ArcNd :

Apf„cdp„ eyfp¡‘ue rhÜp“p¡ s¡dS> A¡d“¡ ‘Ng¡ Qpg“pfp Ap‘Zp A“¡L$p“¡L$ cpfsue

rhÙp“p¡A¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p Brslpk“p ‘y“O®V$“dp„ âpQu“ cpfsue A“yîyrs“u AhNZ“p S>

L$fu lsu. s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ âpQu“ cpfs“p Brslpk rhi¡ Apf„cdp„ eyfp¡‘ue rhÜp“p¡A¡ AÞh¡jZ

L¡$ r“Z®ep¡ L$ep£ R>¡. ‘f„sy A¡d“pdp„ Nd¡ s¡V$gu kúv$esp lp¡e R>sp„ sm‘v$u Ørô$“p Acph“¡ gu ¡

s¡dS> âpf„c“p Aæepk“¡ “X$su AphíeL$ A¡hu L¡$V$guL$ dep®v$pAp¡“¡ gu ¡ Ap r“Z®ep¡ L$fsp

153

L$fsp„ s¡dZ¡ Ap‘Zu d|mc|s A“yîyrs“¡ X$Ng¡ “¡ ‘Ng¡ DhMu R>¡.5050505050 s¡ bpbs“p¡ X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$“¡ rhfp¡ R>¡. s¡’u ‘yfpZp¡ A“¡ âpQu“ cpfsue A“yîyrs“p¡ Ap^pf gB“¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p

fpS>h„ip¡“u h„iphmu L¡$ kdep“y¾$d “L$L$u L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“ Apv$f¡ R>¡. S>¡“p cpNê$‘¡ S> s¡Ap¡

âpQu“ cpfsue fpS>h„ip¡“u h„iphmu A“¡ kdep“y¾$d rhi¡ ‘y“:ìehõ’p k|Qh¡ R>¡.

õ’pr“L$ Brslpk g¡M“dp„ ‘Z dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ A“yîyrsAp¡“u AhNZ“p S> L$fhpdp„ Aphsu

lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ kp¥fpô²$ Brslpk g¡M“ A„N¡ gp¡L$kprlÐe L¡$ QpfZu kprlÐe“u rhNsp¡“¡

Arsiep¡qL$s cfu NZu“¡ s¡d“u AhNZ“p S> L$fhpdp„ Aphu lsu. Ðepf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap

gp¡L$kprlÐe L¡$ QpfZu kprlÐe“p¡ Aæepk L$fu“¡ s¡dp„ Dëg¡rMs b“php¡“y„ AÞe kprlÐe kp’¡

syg“p L$fu“¡ L¡$ õ’mp¡ A“¡ ‘prmepAp¡“u ê$bê$ dygpL$ps gB“¡ kp¥fpô²$“p Brslpk“p AâL$pris

L¡$ rhhpv$põ‘v$ ‘pkpAp¡“¡ DÅNf L$ep£ R>¡. õ’pr“L$ Brslpk ÅZhp dpV¡$ S>ep„ L$p¡B Ap^pf

D‘gå^ S> “’u Ðep„ s¡Ap¡ õ’pr“L$ kprlÐe L¡$ ‘f„‘fpAp¡“p¡ Ap^pf gB“¡ k„ip¡ “ Apf„c

L$fhp“u rldpes L$f¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ A“yîyrs A„N¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ "L$p¡B ‘Z A“yîyrs kph L$‘p¡m L$[ë‘s

R>¡ A¡ hps, âÅ-dp“k“u d|mc|s kdS>Z“p¡ Acph S> k|Qh¡ R>¡. lp, A¡hu L$p¡B N|„Qp¡ A“yîyrsdp„

‘X$u NB lp¡e L¡$ A¡hu L$p¡B AkÐe hpsp¡ A¡dp Aphu NB lp¡e s¡p A¡ N|„Qp¡“¡ DL¡$ghp“u A“¡ A¡

AkÐe hpsp¡ ip’u A¡dp„ Aphu NB s¡ kdÅhhp“u v$f¡L$ AæepkL$“u afS> R>¡.''5151515151

Apd âpQu“ cpfs“p Brslpk“p¡ kdep„L$““p¡ âñ lp¡e L¡$ õ’pr“L$ Brslpk“p¡ âñ

s¡Ap¡“u k„ip¡ ““u A¡L$ AgN S> ‘Ùrs lsu. Ap A„N¡ s¡Ap¡ NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “ ‘qfjv$“p

‘p„Qdp„ Ar^h¡i“dp„ Dv¹$OpV$““p âhQ“dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ S>Zpìey„ lsy„ L¡$ "Aops“¡ ops L$fhp dpV¡$

k„ip¡ L$ S>¡d S>¡d âeÐ“ L$fsp¡ Åe R>¡, s¡d s¡d A¡ AdyL$ ‘ÙrsAp¡ D‘Åhsp Åe R>¡. Aphu

‘Ùrsdp„ h¥opr“L$sp ‘|f¡‘|fu S>mhpB fl¡ s¡“¡ dpV¡$ A¡ L$pmÆ fpM¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ A¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ L¡$

‘Ùrs Å¡ AZuiyÙ h¥opr“L$ “lu lp¡e sp¡, A¡ Aops“¡ ops L$fu iL$hp“p¡ “’u. A¡V$g¡ Ap

Ørô$A¡ k„ip¡ “dp„ ‘ÙrsAp¡“y„ dlÒh R>¡.''5252525252

4.4.2 4.4.2 4.4.2 4.4.2 4.4.2 Kalidas and the Guptas5353535353 (1944) :

Ap¡L$V$p¡.-1944dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe kcpdp„ ‘Kalidas and The Guptas’

rhje ‘f ìep¿ep“ Apàey„ lsy„. Ap ìep¿ep“ ‘R>u’u NyS>fpsu kprlÐekcp Üpfp B.k. 1947

dp„ ‘yõsL$ õhê$‘¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjpdp„ âNV$ ’ey„ lsy„. Ap ‘yõsL$dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$pguv$pk“p

“pV$L$p¡dp„ Aphsp rhrh^ ‘pÓp¡ L¡$ âk„Np¡“u syg“pÐdL$ QQp® L$fu“¡ L$pguv$pk“p¡ kde r“^p®qfs

154

L$fhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡. ‘yõsL$“p A„s¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ b¡ “p¢ dp„ ‘p¡sp“p k„ip^“p¡“p spfZp¡ Apàep

R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$pguv$pk“p¡ kde r“^p®qfs L$fhp dpV¡$ S>¡ k„ip¡ “ ‘Ùrs A‘“phu R>¡,

L¡$ rhrh^ âk„Np¡“p¡ S>¡ syg“pÐdL$ Aæepk s¡dZ¡ Al] fS|> L$ep£ R>¡ s¡S> s¡d“u âpQu“ kprlÐe

‘f“p blp¡mp op““u Ap‘Z¡ âsurs L$fph¡ R>¡. âp¡. rÓh¡v$u "rhL$dp¡h®iued¹$'dp„ Aphsp rhrh^

Dëg¡Mp¡“p Ap^pf¡ L$pguv$pk“¡ Q„ÖNyàs buÅ“p¡ kdL$pgu“ NZ¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap d„sìe“y„

M„X$“ L$fu“¡ rhL$dp¡h®iued¹$ D‘fp„s L$pguv$pk kp’¡ k„L$mpe¡gp AÞe õÓp¡sp¡“p Aæepk L$fu“¡

L$pguv$pk“¡ fL$Þv$Nyàs’u by Nyàs“u hÃQ¡ d|L¡$ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ Ap ‘yõsL$“u âõsph“pdp„ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$,

""dpÓ L$pguv$pk“u L©$rsAp¡dp„ Aphsp "rh¾$d' iåv$“p Dëg¡M“¡ S> Ap^pf¡ dp¡V$pcpN“p rhÙp“p¡

L$pguv$pk“¡ Q„ÖNyàs-2“p¡ kdL$pgu“ S> NZ¡ R>¡, ‘Z s¡“p rhi¡ ApS> qv$“ ky u L$p¡B rhi¡j

k„ip¡ “ ’ey„ “’u. s¡’u dpfp Ap ìep¿ep“ l¡sy Ap dyØp ‘f rhi¡j Aæepk L$fhp“p¡ R>¡.5454545454

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$pguv$pk“p "rhL$dp¡h®iued¹$', "dpgrhL$p[Á“rdÓd¹$', "fOyh„i',

"Arcop“ipLy„$sg' hN¡f¡ “pV$L$p¡ L¡$ AÞe kprlÐedp„ Aphsp âk„Np¡“p¡ syg“pÐdL$ Aæepk

L$fu“¡ Nyàs fpÅAp¡ L¡$ s¡“p âk„Np¡ kp’¡ kfMphu L¡$ k„b„ õ’pr‘s L$fu“¡ L$pguv$pk õL„$Þv$Nyàs’u

by Nyàs“u hÃQ¡ ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡ kprbs L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“ A¡dZ¡ Ap ìep¿ep“ Üpfp L$ep£ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ ‘p¡sp“p Ap Aæepk“¡ A„s¡ S>¡ spfZp¡ ‘f Apìep R>¡ S>¡ Ap dyS>b R>¡.

(1) X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ â’d A¡ Ap^pf Ap‘¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$pguv$pk“p "dpgrhL$p[Á“rdÓd' “pV$L$dp„

“peL$ A[Á“rdÓ“y„ S>¡ ‘pÓ R>¡ s¡ kdyÖNyàs“p Æh“ ‘f Ap^pqfs R>¡, S>epf¡ dpgrhL$p“y„ S>¡

‘pÓ A¡ kdyÖNyàs“u fpZu "v$Ñpv$¡hu' ‘f Ap^pqfs R>¡.5555555555 Ap d„sìe“p kd’®“dp„ X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$ Ap dyS>b“p Ap^pfp¡ fS|> L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ “pV$L$“p k„hpv$p¡dp„ A¡L$ b¡ hpf "v$Ñpv$¡hu'“p “pd“p¡

Dëg¡M Aph¡ R>¡. Ap “pV$L$dp„ L$pguv$pk¡ kdyÖNyàs“p Æh“dp„’u âk„Np¡ gB“¡ A[Á“rdÓ“p

‘pÓ“p Ap^pf¡ Ap “pV$L$ âõsys L$ey® R>¡. s¡ kde“u kpdpÞe âÅ s¡“¡ kdÆ iL$su lsu. L$pfZ

L¡$ A[Á“rdÓ rhi¡ kpdpÞe âÅ ÅZsu “ lsu A“¡ “pV$L$dp„ S>¡ âk„Nf¡ Aphsp lsp s¡

kdyÖNyàs“p Æh“ kp’¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp. buSy>„ A¡ L$pfZ Ap‘¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$pguv$pk¡ Ap ‘pÓ L¡$d ‘k„v$

L$ey® ? L$pguv$pk¡ ‘p¡sp“u eyhp“u õL$Þv$$Nyàs“p kdedp„ ‘kpf L$fu lsu, S>¡ kde¡ õL$Þv$NyàsA¡

‘yóerdÓp¡ (lºZp¡)“¡ lfpìep lsp. S>¡ b“ph dp“rkL$ fus¡ L$prgv$pk“p d“dp„ spÅ¡ lp¡hp’u s¡“¡

Ap OV$“p bsphhp dpV¡$ iy„Nh„i“p¡ ‘yóerdÓ L¡$ s¡“p h„iÅ¡“¡ ‘pÓ sfuL¡$ ‘k„v$ L$ep£ li¡.

155

L$pguv$pk ‘p¡sp“p “pV$L$dp„ “peL$ (A[Á“rdÓ)“p h„iÅ¡“u b¡ ’u ÓZ hMs hiphmu bsph¡

R>¡. S>¡’u L$fu“¡ kpdpÞe gp¡L$p¡ kdÆ iL¡$ L¡$ Ap kdyÖNyàs rhi¡ hps L$f¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ S>¡hu fus¡

h„ihpmu“p ¾$d âdpZ¡ A[Á“rdÓ“p¡ buÅ¡ ¾$d Aph¡ R>¡ s¡hu S> fus¡ kdyÖNyàs ‘Z dlpfpÅr^fpS>

sfuL¡$ buÅ ¾$d¡ Aph¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap b^p S> k„v$cp£“¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡ bsphhp“p¡ âeÐ“

L$ep£ R>¡ L¡$ “pV$L$dp„ "A[Á“rdÓ'“y„ S>¡ ‘pÓ R>¡ s¡ kdyÖNyàs“p Æh““p âk„Np¡ kp’¡ k„L$mpe¡gy„

R>¡. ‘Z X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Al]ep A¡ bpbs“y„ õ‘ô$uL$fZ “’u L$ey L¡$ L$pguv$pk¡ ‘p¡sp“p “pV$L$dp„

ku y„ S> kdyÖNyàs“y„ ‘pÓ L¡$d “ gu y„ ? “¡ dpÓ ‘p¡sp“p sL®$ rhïg¡jZ ‘Ùrs“p Ap^pf¡ S>

k„b„ p¡ õ’p‘hp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$f¡ R>¡.

(2) X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ buÅ¡ Ap^pf A¡ Ap‘¡ R>¡ L¡$, "rh¾$dp¡h®iued¹$' “pV$L$dp„ “peL$ ‘yê$hp®

A“¡ “preL$p Dh®iu“y„ S>¡ ‘pÓ R>¡ s¡ Q„ÖNyàs-2Å¡ A“¡ s¡“u ‘Ð“u °yhv$¡hu“p Æh“ ‘f Ap^pqfs

R>¡.5656565656 S>¡hu fus¡ ‘yê$hp®A¡ Dh®iu“¡ bQph¡ R>¡, s¡hu S> fus¡ Q„ÖNyàs-2A¡ rhv$¡iuAp¡ ‘pk¡’u

°yhv$¡hu“¡ bQphu s¡“u kp’¡ gÁ“ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap “pV$L$dp„ QÞÖ: “pd“p¡ Dëg¡M ‘Z Qp¡¼L$k‘Z¡

Q„ÖNyàs-2“p “pd“p¡ S> k„v$c® R>¡. Ap “pV$L$dp„ ‘Z L$pguv$pk¡ kpdpÞe gp¡L$p¡“¡ Mbf ‘X¡$ L¡$

“peL$ ‘yê$hp®A¡ Q„ÖNyàs buÅ¡ R>¡ s¡ dpV¡$ “peL$ ‘yê$hp®“u h„iÅ¡“u h„iphmu Ap‘¡ R>¡ A¡ fus¡

Å¡BA¡ sp¡ b°ûp, AÓu, kp¡d, by A“¡ ‘yê$hp®. Ap “pV$L$“p¡ “peL$ ‘yê$hp® A¡ ‘p„Qdp„ ¾$d Aph¡

R>¡ s¡hu S> fus¡ Q„ÖNyàs buÅ¡ ‘Z ‘p„Qdp„ ¾$d Npv$uA¡ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap k„v$cp£ Ap‘u“¡ X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$ Aluep„ A¡ r“v$£i L$fphhp dpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ ‘yê$hp®“y„ ‘pÓ A¡ Q„ÖNyàs buÅ“p Æh“ ‘f

Ap^pqfs R>¡.

(3) X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ ÓuÅ¡ Ap^pf A¡ Ap‘¡ R>¡ L¡$ "Ly$dpfk„ch' dp„ S>¡ L$prs®L¡$e“y„ ‘pÓ R>¡ s¡

õL$Þv$Nyàs“p Æh“ ‘f Ap^pqfs R>¡. S>¡hu fus¡ Ap L$pìedp„ L$prs®L¡$e“p¡ S>Þd spfL$pkyf“¡ dpfhp

dpV¡$ ’ep¡ lsp¡. s¡hu S> fus¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs“u L$’p l|Zp¡ kpd¡“p Ap¾$dZ’u Å¡X$pe¡gu R>¡. S>¡hu fus¡

i„L$f cNhp“ spfL$pkyf“¡ dpfhp dpV¡$ L$prs®L¡$e“¡ dp¡L$g¡ R>¡ s¡hu S> fus¡ Ly$dpfNyàs â’d l|Zp¡“¡

lfphhp dpV¡$ õL„$Þv$Nyàs“¡ dp¡L$g¡ R>¡. buÆ kfMpdZu L$fsp„ s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ ‘ph®su“p¡ cpB

d¡“L$pA¡ “pNh„i“p¡ lsp¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ i„L$fcNhp““¡ “pNh„i kp’¡ S>¡ gÁ“¡Ñf k„b„ p¡ lsp. s¡hu

S> fus¡ Ly$dpfNyàs ‘°’d A¡ “pNh„i“u fpS>Ly$dpfu kp’¡ gÁ“ L$ep® lsp. Ap L$pìedp„ L$pqgv$pk

b¡-ÓZ hMs "Nyàs' iåv$ ‘Z hp‘f¡ R>¡. Ap dlpL$pìe“p âk„Np¡ Nyàsh„i kp’¡ A¡V$gp b^p

“ÆL$’u Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp L¡$ s¡ kde“p gp¡L$p¡ s¡“¡ kfmsp’u kdÆ iL$sp lsp. A¡d X$p¡gffpe

156

dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡. fOyhidp„ Aphsy "Arsr’' ‘pÓ ‘Z "õL$Þv$Nyàs'“p Æh“ ‘f Ap^pqfs lsy„.

‘R>u kfMpdZu L$fsp„ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡hu fus¡ v$p“hp¡A¡ Ly$i“¡ eyÙdp„ dpfu “p¿ep¡ R>¡ s¡ ‘R>u s¡“p¡

‘yÓ Arsr’ eyhp“ he¡ Npv$uA¡ Apìep¡ lsp¡. A¡hu S> fus¡ l|Z kpd¡“p eyÙdp„ Ly$dpfNyàs-â’d

d©Ðey ‘pçep lsp s¡ ‘R>u õL$Þv$Nyàs eyhp“he¡ Npv$uA¡ b¡W$p¡ lsp¡. Ly$i¡ “pNLy$dpfu kp’¡ gÁ“ L$ep®

lsp sp¡ Nyàs¡ ‘Z “pNh„i kp’¡ gÁ“¡Ñf k„b„ p¡’u Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp. Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡

R>¡ L¡$ Ap dlpL$pìe“p Ap âk„Np¡ L¡$ s¡“y„ L$’p“L$ Nyàsh„i“p âk„Np¡dp„’u gu^y„ li¡. S>epf¡

fOyh„idp„ Arsr’“p h„iÅ¡“u h„iphmu bsph¡ R>¡ s¡ âdpZ¡ kfMpdZu L$fsp qv$gu‘’u iê$

L$fuA¡ sp¡ "Arsr’' ApW$dp ¾$d¡ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡hu S> fus¡ îu Nyàs’u iê$ L$fuA¡ sp¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs ‘Z

ApW$dp ¾$d¡ Aph¡ R>¡.5757575757 Ap D‘fp„s fOyh„id“p AÞe âk„Np¡“u kfMpdZu õL$Þv$Nyàs“p âk„Np¡

kp’¡ L$fu R>¡. Ap syg“pÐdL$ kfMpdZu“p Ap^pf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡ kprbs L$fhp dpN¡ R>¡ L¡$

"Ly$dpfk„ch'dp„ "L$prs®L¡$e' A“¡ "fOyhid' dp„ "Arsr’' ‘pÓ“y„ L$’p“L$ õL$Þv$Nyàs“p Æh“ ‘f

Ap^pqfs R>¡.

Ap D‘fp„s L$prgv$pk“p “pV$L$p¡ L¡$ dlpL$pìep¡dp„ õL$Þv$Nyàs“p Æh“ ‘f Ap^pqfs OZp

âk„Np¡ Aph¡ R>¡, ‘Z s¡dp„ dpÓ ‘pÓ S> buÅ R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ "dpgrhL$p[Á“rdÓd¹$'dp„ Aðd¡O eodp„

hkyrdÓ“y„ ‘fp¾$d, fOyh„iddp„ BÞÖ“u kp’¡ fOy“y„ ‘fp¾$d L¡$ S>¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs“p lºZ kpd¡“p ‘fp¾$d

‘f Ap^pqfs R>¡.

Apd A„s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap b^p âk„Np¡“y„ syg“pÐdL$ AÝee“ L$fu“¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f

Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$pguv$pk¡ ‘p¡sp“p “pV$L$p¡ L¡$ dlpL$pìep¡dp„ rhrh^ ‘pÓp¡ Üpfp ‘fp¡n fus¡ kdyÖNyàs,

Q„ÖNyàs,-fÅ¡ Ly$dpfNyàs-â’d, õL$Þv$Nyàs hN¡f¡ Nyàs fpÅAp¡“p Æh“ ‘f Ap^pqfs âk„Np¡“u

hps L$f¡ R>¡ ‘Z Ap b^p Nyàs fpÅAp¡dp„’u õL$Þv$Nyàs“p Æh“ kp’¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp âk„Np¡ L$pguv$pk“p

“pV$L$ L¡$ dlpL$pìedp„ OZuhpf Aph¡ R>¡. s¡“p ‘f’u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$pguv$pk A¡

õL$Þv$Nyàs“p¡ kdL$pgu“ lsp¡. S>epf¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs Npv$uA¡ Apìep¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ 24 hj®“p¡ lsp¡ Ðepf¡

L$prgv$pk“u Jdf 26 hj® li¡. õL$Þv$Nyàs d©Ðey ‘pçep¡ Ðepf¡ s¡“u Jdf 38 hj®“u lsu. Ðepf¡

L$pguv$pk 40 hj®“p¡ li¡. õL$Þv$Nyàs ‘R>u 9 hj®dp„ ‘yê$Nyàs, “ftklNyàs bpgpqv$Ðe-â’d

A“¡ Ly$dpfNyàs-buÅA¡ ipk“ L$ey® lsy„. s¡“p ‘R>u by Nyàs Npv$uA¡ Apìep¡ lsp¡. "fOyh„i'dp„

hZ®“ âdpZ¡ Arsr’“p d©Ðey ‘R>u s¡“p S>¡ hpfkv$pfp¡ Npv$uA¡ Apìep s¡dp„ Npv$uA¡ Aphhp“p¡

¾$d A“¡ âk„Np¡“¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs“p hpfkpv$pfp¡ ‘fhs} Nyàs fpÅA¡p kp’¡ kfMphu Ap dlpL$pìedp„

157

Arsr’“p A„rsd hpfkv$pf“p¡ k„b„ by Nyàs kp’¡ Å¡X$u“¡ A„s¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ r“Z®e ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$

L$pguv$pk by Nyàs“p kdedp„ d©Ðey ‘pçep¡ li¡. L$pfZ L¡$ by Nyàs A¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs“p d©Ðey ‘R>u

28dp„ hj® d©Ðey ‘pçep¡ lsp¡. Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ L$pguv$pk“¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs’u by Nyàs“p kdedp„

d|L¡$ R>¡.5858585858

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$pguv$pk“¡ õL$Þv$Nyàs A“¡ by Nyàs“p¡ kdL$pgu“ lp¡hp“y„ kprbs L$ep®

‘R>u ‘p¡sp“u ‘p¥fprZL$ L$pgNZ“p“ykpf L$pguv$pk“p¡ kde r“^p®qfs L$ep£ lsp¡. kpdpÞe fus¡

dp¡V$pcpN“p rhÜp“p¡ Nyàsk„hs“p¡ Apf„c B.k. 319-20 “p¡ NZ¡ R>¡, S>epf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$

‘p¡sp“u L$pgNZ“p A“ykpf Nyàs k„hs Apf„c B.k. ‘|h£ 312 ’u 310 NZ¡ R>¡ s¡ A“ykpf

õL$Þv$Nyàs B.k.‘|h£ 162dp„ d©Ðey ‘pçep¡ li¡ s¡d s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡. s¡“p Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ L$pguv$pk

B.k.‘|h£ 200 ’u 130“p kdeNpmpdp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡ A¡d dp“¡ R>¡.5959595959 X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Al] ‘p¡sp“u

L$pmNZ“p“ykpf õL$Þv$Nyàs A“¡ L$pguv$pk“p¡ S>¡ kdeNpmp¡ “L$L$u L$ep£ R>¡ s¡“¡ Ap yr“L$ rhÙp“p¡

dpÞe fpMsp “’u.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ap ‘yõsL$dp„ ‘p¡sp“u dp¥rgL$ rhQpfkfZu’u L$pguv$pk“p “pV$L$p¡dp„

Aphsp rhrh^ âk„Np¡“¡ NyàsfpÅAp¡ kp’¡ kp„L$mu“¡ L$pguv$pk“p kdL$pgu“sp rhi¡ s¡dZ¡

Al] A¡L$ “hp¡ S> ds fS|> L$ep£ R>¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ap Aæepk Üpfp Ap rhje ‘fÐh¡ k„ip¡ L$p¡“¡

‘y“:rhQpf L$fhp“p k„Å¡Np¡ Dcp L$ep® lsp.

4.4.3 4.4.3 4.4.3 4.4.3 4.4.3 The Yugapuranam (1951) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ B.k. 1951dp„ eyN ‘yfpZ“y„ lõsâsp¡“p Ap^pf¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjpdp„ k„‘pv$“

L$ey® lsy„. Ap eyN‘yfpZ“p â’d âL$fZdp„ eyN‘yfpZ“u lõsâsp¡“y„ âp[às õ’p“ A“¡ lõsâsp¡

rhi¡ rhNs¡ ‘qfQe Apàep¡ R>¡. S>epf¡ buÅ âL$fZdp„ eyN‘yfpZ“y„ dy¿e rhjehõsy kdÅìey„

R>¡. ÓuÅ âL$fZdp„ 1 ’u 235 ‘„qL$sAp¡dp„ rhcprS>s eyN‘yfpZ“p d|m ‘pW$dp„’u ‘pW$hpQ“p

L$fu“¡ v$f¡L$ ‘„qL$sdp„’u dmsu A¥rslprkL$ dprlsu“¡ AgN spfhu R>¡. ‘p„Qdp„ âL$fZdp„ lõsâsp¡“p¡

d|m‘pW$ R>p‘hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡ s¡“u kp’¡ ‘pv$V$u‘dp„ ‘pW$hpQ“dp„ S>ep„ S>ep„ dyíL¡$gu lsu Ðep„ ‘p¡s¡

L$f¡gu ‘pW$hpQ“p“u “p¢ Ap‘¡gu R>¡ A“¡ R>¡ëg¡ L¡$.‘u.S>eõhpg¡ ‘pW$hpQ“dp„ S>¡ c|g L$fu R>¡ s¡

bsphu“¡ ‘p¡sp“¡ dm¡gu lõsâs“¡ Ap^pf¡ ‘p¡s¡ L$f¡gu ‘pW$hpQ“p“u “p¢ Ap‘u R>¡.

"eyN‘yfpZ'A¡ NN®k„rlsp “pd¡ A¡L$ S>ep¡rsj N°„’“p¡ cpN R>¡. "eyN‘yfpZ'A¡ rih-

õL$Þv$“p k„hpv$ê$‘¡ R>¡. õL„$v$ rih“¡ eyNp¡“p gnZp¡ ‘yR>¡ R>¡ A“¡ A¡“p DÑfdp„ rih eyNp¡“p gnZ

158

r“ê$‘¡ R>¡. Ap cpNdp„ "L©$seyN, Ó¡speyN A“¡ Üp‘f eyN“p h©Ñp„s ‘R>u L$rgeyN“y„ r“fy‘Z

cphu b“php¡“u ApNpluê$‘¡ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. s¡ A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ dlÒh“y„ “uhX$ey„ R>¡, L¡$d

L¡$ A¡dp„ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Ap‘¡gp L$rgeyN“p fpS>h„ip¡“u S>¡d A¥rslprkL$ L$pg“p fpS>h„ip¡ s’p A¡“p

AdyL$ fpÅAp¡ rhi¡ dprlsu Ap‘¡gu R>¡.

NN®k„rlsp“p Ap A¥rslprkL$ AÝepe sfa â’d Ýep“ B.k. 1864dp„ X$p®. L$“®A¡

v$p¡f¡gy„ lsy„. Ap cpN“u ÓZ lõsâsp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ B.k. 1928dp„ L¡$.‘u.S>eõhpg¡ eyN‘yfpZ“p

A¥rslprkL$ cpN“¡ k„‘pqv$s L$ep£ lsp¡. eyN‘yfpZdp„ Ly$g 235 ‘„qL$sAp¡ R>¡. s¡dp„’u s¡d“¡ dm¡gu

ÓZ lõsâsp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ 73 ’u 186 ‘„qL$s“p¡ cpN k„‘pqv$s L$ep£ lsp¡. A¡ ‘R>u s¡dp„ L¡$ihgpg

l. °yh¡ L¡$V$guL$ ‘pW$iyqÙ k|Qhu A“¡ A¥rslprkL$ dyØpAp¡“y„ rhh¡Q“ L$ey® lsy„.6060606060

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ Å¡qX$ep Npddp„’u A¡L$ ipõÓu ‘pk¡’u eyN‘yfpZ“u (rih-õL$Þv$“p

k„hpv$ê$‘¡) lõsâs âpàs ’B lsu. s¡’u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap ‘yõsL$dp„ ‘u.L¡$.S>eõhpg“¡ dm¡gu

ÓZ lõsâsp¡“p¡ Ap^pf gB“¡ ‘„qL$s 73 ’u 186 “y„ Al] afu hMs k„‘pv$“ L$ey® A“¡ L¡$V$guL$

S>ÁepA¡ ‘pW$iyqÙ“p ky pfpAp¡ ‘Z k|Qìep R>¡. s¡d“¡ dm¡gu Qp¡’u lõsâs ‘f’u A¡“u ‘„qL$s

1 ’u 72 s’p 187 ’u 235 kp’¡ ApMp eyN‘yfpZ“y„ “h¡kf’u k„‘pv$“ L$ey® lsy„. Ap D‘fp„s

‘u.L¡$.S>eõhpg A“¡ L¡$ihgpg l. °yh¡ k|Qh¡gu ‘pW$iyqÙ rhi¡ V$uL$p qV$à‘Zu L$fu R>¡. ‘l¡gp“u

ÓZ lõsâsp¡ ‘|h® cpfs“u S>epf¡ Qp¡’u lõsâs ‘ròd cpfs“u lp¡hp’u ‘pW$‘f„‘fp“u Ørô$A¡

rhriô$ dlÒh ^fph¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ kdN° eyN‘yfpZ“y„ “h¡kf’u k„‘pv$“ L$fu“¡ A¡dp„

Aphsp âpQu“ fpS>h„ip¡“p Dëg¡Mp¡ S>¡d L¡$, dp¥e®, i©„N, Ap„ hN¡f¡ fpS>h„ip¡“p kdep„L$“ rhi¡

L¡$V$gp„L$ dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡ k|Qìep R>¡. sp¡ buÆ bpSy> Ap lõsâsp¡“p k„‘pv$“dp„ X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$“u ‘pW$r“Z®e ‘Ùrs“p ipõÓue v$i®“ ’pe R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ 1 ’u 72 A“¡ 187 ’u

235du ‘„qL$sAp¡“y„ Ap ‘yõsL$ Üpfp â’dhpf S> k„‘pv$“ L$ey® R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap eyN‘yfpZ“u

lõsâsp¡“p k„‘pv$“ s¡dZ¡ k|Qh¡gu ‘pW$iyqÙ A“¡ s¡dp„’u s¡dZ¡ spfh¡g A¥rslprkL$ A’®OV$“p¡

Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡.

Ap ‘yõsL$dp„ ‘„qL$s 1-10 âñp¡Ñfu“p hpõsrhL$ ê$‘¡ R>¡. ‘„qL$s 11 ’u 28dp„ L©$seyN“p

gnZp¡ hZ®ìep R>¡. Ó¡speyNdp„ Qpsyh®Îe ìehõ’p iê$ ’B. Ó¡speyN“p A„s¡ ‘fiyfpd¡ ‘©Õhu“¡

A¡L$hukhpf r“:nÓue L$fu (‘„qL$s 29-45) ÓuÅ¡ eyN Üp‘f iê$ ’pe R>¡. Al]’u Ap eyN‘yfpZdp„

crhóeL$pm iê$ ’pe R>¡. Ap eyNdp„ eyr^r›$f, cud, ASy>®“, cuód, Öp¡Z, L$Z® hN¡f¡ ’i¡.

(‘„qL$s 46-74).

159

‘„qL$s 75 ’u L$rgeyN“y„ r“ê$‘Z iê$ ’pe s¡ S>¡dp„ ‘u.L¡$.S>eõhpg¡ 73 ’u Ap cpN iê$

L$fu“¡ Öp¥‘v$u“¡ gNsu ‘„qL$s 73 “¡ ‘„qL$s 74-75 kp’¡ kp„L$mu Öp¥‘v$u“y„ d©Ðey ’sp L$rgeyN iê$

’i¡ A¡hp A’® ^V$ph¡gp¡. ‘f„sy Al] Mfp¡ A’® A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Öp¥‘v$uA¡ fpÅAp¡“p h¥f“y„ r“rdÑ b“i¡

“¡ “fp¡“p¡ ne ’sp L$rgeyN iê$ ’i¡. A¡d X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Qp¡’u lõsâs“p Ap^pf¡ ‘pW$r“Z®e

L$fu Apàep¡ R>¡. Al]ep X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p h¡ L$ k„ip¡ “ Ørô$“p v$i®“ ’pe R>¡.6161616161 ‘„qL$s 75-87

“p g¡M âdpZ¡ riiy‘pg“p¡ ‘yÓ Dv$pQu N„Np“p v$rnZsuf¡ ‘yó‘‘yf L¡$ ‘pV$gu‘yÓ “pd¡ “Nf

õ’p‘i¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Al]ep A¡ bpbs ‘f Ýep“ v$p¡f¡ R>¡ L¡$ riiy“pNh„i“¡ gNsu hs®dp“

‘yfpZp¡“u Ap Ak„Ns A“yîyrs eyN‘yfpZ“p fQ“pL$pm S>¡V$gu âpQu“ R>¡.

‘„qL$s 92-93dp„ “p rh^p“ dpV¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ “hp¡ S> A’® fph¡ R>¡. ‘u.L¡$.S>eõhpg

"gmYwHo${V{Îm' “¡ bv$g¡ "gmYw Ho$V{Îm' ‘pW$iyqÙ k|Qh¡ R>¡. ‘f„sy X$p¡gfcpB s¡“¡ Ak„Ns NZ¡ R>¡.

Qp¡’u lõsâs“p Ap^pf¡ "Ho${V{Îm' “¡ bv$g¡ "Ho$Vo{Îm' R>¡. s¡ ‘f’u Ðep„ "gmHo$V' ‘pW$ lp¡hp“y„

dp¥rgL$ k|Q“ L$ey® R>¡. 94“u ‘„qL$sdp„ Dëg¡rMs kp„L¡$s“p k„v$c®dp„ OÏ„ k„crhs gpN¡ R>¡.6262626262

‘R>u“u ‘„qL$sAp¡dp„ A¡L$p„sf¡ kpL¡$s A“¡ dN^“p fpÅA¡p“p¡ h©Ñp„s Apàep¡ R>¡. ‘„[¼s 124-

31dp„ Dëg¡M âdpZ¡ iL$ fpÅ Å¡ dN^dp„ ’ep¡ lp¡e sp¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ s¡d dN^“p

Brslpk dpV¡$ Ap “hp¡ S> dyØp¡ NZpe R>¡.

‘„qL$s 148-153“p Dëg¡M âdpZ¡ b°pûZ fpÅ ‘yóerdÓ i©„N lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡ A¡hy„

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ k|Q“ L$f¡ R>¡. L¡$d L¡$ A¡“u ‘l¡gp dp¥e®h„i“u ‘X$su“p¡ “¡ A¡“u ‘R>u A[Á“rdÓ“p

fpS>e“p¡ h©Ñp„s Apàep¡ R>¡. A[Á“rdÓA¡ ÓZ hj® fpS>e L$ey lp¡hp“y„ Al] “p¡Ýey„ R>¡. Ðep„ "Ìr{U'

“¡ bv$g¡ {ÌeV lp¡hy„ Å¡BA¡ A¡hy„ s¡Ap¡ k|Qh¡ R>¡. ‘yfpZp¡dp„ sp¡ ‘yóerdÓ“p¡ fpS>eL$pm 36 hj®“p¡

NZpìep¡ R>¡. Al] "hîQ>§' iåv$k|QL$ lp¡e sp¡ A¡ ÓZ hj® rkqÙAp¡“¡ A„s¡ dm¡gu Ålp¡S>gpgu“¡

gNsp„ li¡. A¡d X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ S>Zph¡ R>¡.

‘„qL$s 159-60dp„ Dëg¡M âdpZ¡ "A[Á“h¡íe' A¡ iy„N h„i“y„ buSy> “pd lp¡hy„ Å¡BA¡

A¡ k|Q“ L$fu“¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡“p kd’®“dp„ ‘p¥fprZL$ h„iphmuAp¡“p Dëg¡Mp¡“u syg“p fS|>

L$fu R>¡. A[Á“rdÓ ‘R>u“p b¡ fpÅAp¡“p Arcop“ dpV¡$ k|Q“ L$ey® R>¡, ‘f„sy hkyrdÓ“p ‘yfpZp¡L$s

fpS>eL$pg kp’¡ huk hj®“p¡ d¡m b¡ksp¡ “’u. ‘„qL$s 177-186dp„ iL$p¡“p Aph¡gp Ap‘ÐL$pg“y„

r“ê$‘Z Aph¡ R>¡. iL$p¡“p Ap¾$dZ’u hksu“p¡ Qp¡’p¡ cpN “pi ‘pçep¡ hmu s¡dp„ bpf hj®“u

A“ph©rô$ Aphu. L$rgeyN“p A„s¡ kh®âpZuAp¡“p¡ rh“pi ’i¡. eyN‘yfpZ“p¡ A¥rslprkL$ cpN

Al] kdpàs ’pe R>¡.

160

A¡ ‘R>u“u bpL$u“u ‘„qL$sAp¡ ‘l¡gu S> hpf âL$pris ’B R>¡. A¡dp„ ‘©Õhu L¡$hu r“S>®“

A“¡ r“d®m ’i¡ hN¡f¡ cp¥Np¡rgL$ bpbsp¡“y„ hZ®“ Aph¡ R>¡. Apd Ap fus¡ rih¡ õL„$v$“¡ crhóe

r“ê$àey„ R>¡.

eyN‘yfpZdp„ S>¡ kp„L¡$s A“¡ dN^“p fpS>h„ip¡ rhi¡ S>¡ Dëg¡M R>¡ s¡“p Ap^pf¡ Ap

‘yõsL$“p A„s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ dp¥e®’u Ap ° h„i ky u“p kdep“y¾$d rhi¡ L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡

L$f¡gp R>¡ s¡ A“ykpf dN^dp„ iprgiyL$ dp¥e®“p A“¡ ‘yóerdÓ iy„N“p fpS>eL$pm hÃQ¡ rhv$¡iu

ipk“ s’p AfpS>L$sp“p¡ Npmp¡ fl¡gp¡ lsp¡. Ap kde¡ rhv$¡iu ipkL$p¡“p lp’dp„ ipk“ li¡ A¡hy„

A“ydp“ bp„ ¡ R>¡. A¡hu fus¡ iy„Np¡“p fpS>eL$pm ‘R>u iL$p¡“y„ gp„by rksîu fpS>e ’ey„ lp¡hp“y„

S>Zpe R>¡. ‘yfpZ A“¡ N°uL$ g¡ML$ A¡fpe“ dp¥e®’u Ap„ °h„i hÃQ¡ 300 A“¡ 120 hj®“p A¡d

b¡ fpÅrhrl“ kdeNpmp NZpìep lsp. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ eyN‘yfpZdp„“p Ap^pf¡ Ap hps“y„

kd’®“ dþey„ lsy„. s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap bpbs“¡ Al] h^pf¡ õ‘ô$ L$fu R>¡. s¡Ap¡ dp¥e® A“¡ iy„N hÃQ¡

300 hj®“p¡ kdeNpmp¡, buÅ¡ 120 hj®“p¡ iy„N’u L$Îh A’hp L$Îh A“¡ Ap„ ° hÃQ¡“p¡

kdeNpmp¡ NZph¡ R>¡. Apd dN^dp„ 300 hj®“p Npmpdp„ eh“p¡“y„ ipk“ ‘R>u AfpS>L$sp A“¡

‘R>u buÅ ‘p„Q fpÅAp¡“y„ fpS>e ’ey„ A¡d S>Zph¡ R>¡. A¡ kde v$fçep“ kp„L¡$sdp„ eh“p¡“p

Aë‘L$pgu“ fpS>e ‘R>u kpsfpÅAp¡ ’ep lp¡hp“y„ “p¢Ýey„ R>¡.6363636363 Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ eyN‘yfpZ“p

Ap^pf¡ ‘p¡sp“u L$pgNZ“p A“ykpf L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡ L$ep® R>¡ A“¡ Qp¡’p lõsâs“p

Ap^pf¡ eyN‘yfpZ“p L¡$V$gpL$ cpNp¡“y„ Al] â’d hMs S> k„‘pv$“ L$fu“¡ eyN ‘yfpZdp„ Aphsu

A¥rslprkL$ bpbsp¡“¡ spfhhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡.

4.4.4 4.4.4 4.4.4 4.4.4 4.4.4 Date of Rgveda (1952) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap N°„’dp„ F>Áh¡v$“p¡ kde r“^p®qfs L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$ep£ R>¡. Ap

‘yõsL$ A„N°¡Æ cpjpdp„ A“¡ ÓZ rhcpNdp„ rhõsf¡gy„ R>¡.

â’d âL$fZ "klL$pgu“sp', buSy>„ âL$fZ "F>rjAp¡' A“¡ ÓuSy>„ âL$fZ "spfZp¡'“y„ R>¡.

‘qfriô$dp„ s¡d“¡ M|b S> ‘qfîd’u F>Áh¡v$dp„ AgN AgN d„X$mdp„ Aphsp F>rjAp¡“u epv$u

Ap‘u R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ Ap ‘yõsL$ gMhp“p¡ dy¿e l¡sy F>Áh¡v$dp„ S>¡ F>rjAp¡ Üpfp F>QpAp¡

gMpZu s¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fu“¡ F>Áh¡v$“p¡ kder“^p®qfs L$fhp“p¡ R>¡.

F>Áh¡v$“u A“y¾$drZL$pdp„ Aphsp rhrh^ F>rjAp¡“p Dëg¡M âdpZ¡ 400 S>¡V$gp

F>rjAp¡A¡ F>Áh¡v$“u F>QpAp¡ gMu R>¡. Ap F>rjAp¡ L$ep kde¡ ’B Nep ? s¡dZ¡ F>Áh¡v$“u

161

F>QpAp¡ L$epf¡ gMu ? s¡“¡ ÅZhp dpV¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ â’d âL$fZdp„ F>Áh¡v$dp„ S>¡ F>rjAp¡“p¡

Dëg¡M R>¡ s¡“p Ap^pf¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„ Aphsp rhrh^ âk„Np¡ A“¡ ‘yfpZ, fpdpeZ, dlpcpfs L¡$

AÞe âpQu“ õÓp¡sdp„ Aphsp F>rjAp¡, fpÅAp¡ L¡$ âk„Np¡ kp’¡ F>Áh¡v$ L$pgu“ F>rjAp¡“p¡

k„b„ õ’pr‘s L$fu“¡ s¡ F>rjAp¡ L$ep kde¡ ’B Nep L¡$ L$p¡“p kdL$pgu“ lsp s¡ “L$L$u L$fhp“p¡

âeÐ“ L$ep£ R>¡.

buÅ âL$fZ “Rsis’ (F>rjAp¡)dp„ s¡dZ¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„ Aphsp d„X$m âdpZ¡ F>rjAp¡“p¡

kde “L$L$u L$ep£ R>¡. Ap âL$fZ“u iê$Apsdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ âpN fpdL$pm, fpdL$pm, A“y

fpdL$pm A¡d ÓZ L$pm “L$L$u L$ep® ‘R>u fpdL$pm“¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ F>Áh¡v$“p 1 ’u 10 d„X$m“p

fQ“pL$pf ¾$di 1 ’u 10 d„X$mdp„ Aphsp F>rjAp¡ L$ep h„i“p fpÅAp¡“p kdL$pgu“ lsp. Ap

v$f¡L$ F>rjAp¡ Ap âdpZ¡ k„b„ õ’pr‘s L$fu“¡ s¡“p¡ kde L¡$ kdL$pgu“sp r“^p®qfs L$fu R>¡.

F>Áh¡v$“p L$pm r“Z®e dpV¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Alu„ A¡L$ “hp¡ S> ArcNd A‘“pìep¡ R>¡.

fpdL$pm“¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ F>Áhv$¡“p k|L$s“p fQ“pf F>rjAp¡“p¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p AÞe õÓp¡s

fpdpeZ, dlpcpf L¡$ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Aphsp F>rjAp¡ kp’¡ kfMphu F>Áh¡v$“p k|L$sp¡“p L$sp® F>rjAp¡“u

kdL$pgu“sp “L$¼u L$f¡ R>¡.

F>Áh¡v$“p k„L$g“ L$sp® F>rjAp¡“¡ fpdpeZ, dlpcpfs L¡$ AÞe kprlÐedp„ Aphsp

F>rjAp¡“p Dëg¡Mp¡ kp’¡ k„b„ âõ’pr‘s L$fhp dpV¡$ M|b S> TuZhV$‘|h®L$ Aæepk L$fu“¡

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap N°„’dp„ F>rjAp¡ âdpZ¡ S>¡ ‘©’¼¼fZ L$ey® R>¡ s¡ v$pv$ dpNu g¡ s¡hy„ R>¡. Ap

‘©Õ’¼L$fZ s¡d“p âpQu“ N°„’p¡dp„ rhipm op““u âsurs L$fph¡ R>¡.

â’d spfZdp„ fpdL$pm“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ “L$L$u L$ep£ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ F>Áh¡v$“p k|L$sp¡“p rhïg¡jZ

‘f’u A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep R>¡ L¡$ F>Áh¡v$dp„ k|L$sp¡“u fQ“p L$f“pf L$p¡B A¡L$ Ly$m“p h ydp„ h y

‘p„Q ‘¡Y$uAp¡“p S> “pd Aph¡ R>¡. fpd“¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ F>Áh¡v$“p F>rjLy$mp¡“p dlÒh“p ‘p„Q

‘¡Y$uAp¡“p fpdpeZdp„ Aphsp F>rjAp¡ kp’¡ k„b„ õ’pr‘s L$fu“¡ s¡Ap¡ r“Z®e ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$

F>Áh¡v$“p L$p¡B ‘Z F>rjLy$m“p ‘p„Q ‘¡Y$u“p¡“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ 150 hj® NZu iL$pe. s¡“p Ap^pf¡

s¡Ap¡ fpdL$pm“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ 150 hj® NZ¡ R>¡. Ap fpdL$pm“¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ fpd L$pm, fpd

‘l¡gp ’B Ne¡gp F>rj“¡ âpN fpdL$pm A“¡ fpd L$pm ‘R>u ’B Ne¡gp F>rj“¡ A“yfpdL$pgdp„

dyL¡$ R>¡.6464646464

162

s¡Ap¡ F>Áh¡v$“p F>rjAp¡“p Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ F>Áh¡v$“u 75% F>|QpAp¡“u

fQ“p fpdL$pmdp„ ’B lsu. F>Áh¡v$“p k„L$g“L$sp® F>rj hri›$, rhðprdÓ, hpdv$¡hA¡ v$if’

A“¡ fpd kp’¡ ^r“›$ fus¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp. ‘R>u A¡ âñ Dcp¡ ’ep¡ lsp¡ L¡$ Å¡ F>Áh¡v$“u fQ“p

fpdL$pmdp„ ’B lp¡e sp¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„ fpd“p¡ Dëg¡M L¡$d “’u. Ap b^p F>Áh¡v$“p F>rj v$if’ L¡$

fpd kp’¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp lp¡hp R>sp„ kdN° F>Áh¡v$dp„ v$if’, fpd L¡$ fpd-fphZ eyÙ“y„ hZ®“ L¡$d

“’u. ‘p¡sp“p Ap d„sìe“p kd’®“dp„ s¡Ap¡ Ap âdpZ¡“u v$gugp¡ L$f¡ R>¡ : (1) Ap kde¡

v$if’“u NZ“p L$p¡B dlÒh“p fpÅdp„ ’su “ lsu. (2) F>Áh¡v$ A¡ L$p¡B Brslpk“p¡ N°„’ “’u,

‘Z âp’®“p“p¡ N°„’ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡dp„ BÞÖ A“¡ Arð“u õsyrsdp„ ïgp¡L$p¡ fQhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. (3)

F>Áh¡v$dp„ v$ieo k„N°pd“u hps A¡V$gp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ k|L$sp¡“p k„L$g“ L$sp® hri›$

A“¡ rhðprdÓ Ap eyÙdp„ âÐen fus¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp. (4) g„L$p“p eyÙdp„ fpd A¡L$gp S> lsp.

Ap eyÙ kp’¡ L$p¡B F>rj Å¡X$pe¡gp “ lsp. s¡’u S> L$p¡B F>rjA¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„ Ap eyÙ“u âi„kp

dpV¡$ F>QpAp¡“u fQ“p L$fu “’u. (5) hpëduL$uA¡ fpd“p Æh“QqfÓ“u fQ“p L$fu R>¡ s¡ h¡v$

“’u ‘Z Brslpk R>¡.6565656565 Al] X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ rhrh^ Ap^pfp¡ Üpfp F>Áh¡v$“p F>rjAp¡“¡ fpd“p

kdL$pgu“ kprbs L$fhp S>¡ v$gugp¡ L$fu R>¡ s¡ s¡d“u h¡ L$ k„ip¡ “ Ørô$ A“¡ byqÙdÑp“p„ v$i®“

’pe R>¡. Al] F>Áh¡v$“p F>rjAp¡“¡ fpd“p kdL$pgu“ NZhp dpV¡$ s¡“u kpd¡ S>¡ âñ Dcp¡ ’ep¡

lsp¡ s¡“p r“fpL$fZ dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡ AÞe Ap^pfp¡“¡ Ýep“dp„ gu^p rh“p dpÓ sL®$‘|Z® fus¡$ A“ydp“

L$fu“¡ s¡“p¡ DL¡$g gph¡ R>¡.

Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ â’d spfZdp„ F>Áh¡v$dp„ Dëg¡rMs F>rjAp¡“¡ fpd“u kp’¡ k„b„

õ’p‘u“¡ Ap F>rjAp¡“p ‘p„Q ‘¡Y$u“p kdeNpmp“p„ 150 hj® NÎep R>¡. s¡“p Ap^pf¡ fpdL$pm“p

150 hj® NZ¡ R> ¡. F>Áh¡v$“p k„L$g“L$sp® dp¡V$pcpN“p F>rjAp¡ s¡d“p kdL$pgu“ S> lsp s¡

kprbs L$fu“¡ ‘yfpZp¡“p Ap^pf¡ ‘p¡sp“u L$pmNZ“p A“ykpf fpd“¡ B.k.‘|. 3750dp„ dyL¡$ R>¡.6666666666

s¡“p Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap kde“u Apk‘pk F>Áh¡v$“u dp¡V$pcpN“u F>QpAp¡“u fQ“p

’B lsu.

buSy>„ A¡ spfZ L$pY$ey„ R>¡ L¡$ F>Áh¡v$“p d„X$mp¡“p klg¡ML$A¡ kdL$pgu“ S> lsp. s¡ A¡L$

S> kde¡ kp’¡ dmu“¡ S> F>QpAp¡ gMu lsu. s¡Ap¡ Aluep F>rjAp¡“u k„¿ep kp’¡ L¡$V$gp

F>rjAp¡ kdL$pgu“ lsp s¡“p rhi¡ rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡.

163

ÓuÅ spfZdp„ s¡Ap¡ F>Áh¡v$ k„rlsp“p k|L$sp¡“p F>rjAp¡“p¡ kdL$pgu“sp“p¡ syg“pÐdL$

Aæepk L$fu“¡ v$ip®ìey„ R>¡ L¡$ 1128 k|L$sp¡ ‘¥L$u 774 k|L$s fpdL$pgdp„, 48 kyL$s âpN fpdL$pgdp„

A“¡ 101 k|L$s A“y-fpdL$pmdp„, 23 dlpcpfs L$pmdp„, 58 k|L$sp¡ i„L$põ‘v$ A“¡ 24 k|L$sp¡

Ar“qv®$ô$ S>Zpe R>¡. ApS> fus¡ F>Áh¡v$“p Ly$g F>rjAp¡dp„ 319dp„’u 22 âpN fpdL$pm“p, 198

fpdL$pm“p, 78 A“y-fpdL$pm“p, 8 dlpcpfs L$pm“p, 58 i„L$põ‘v$ s’p 27 F>rjAp¡ Ar“qv$®ô$

S>Zpe R>¡.6767676767 Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ fpd“¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ F>Áh¡v$“p¡ L$pm r“Z®e L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“

L$ep£ R>¡.

Ap D‘fp„s s¡Ap¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ F>Áh¡v$“u fQ“pdp„ A„rNfkLy$m“p¡ kp¥’u dlÒh“p¡ apmp¡

R>¡. F>Áh¡v$“p d„X$m“p AÞe F>rjAp¡ ‘Z A„rNfk ‘qfhpf kp’¡ ‘pqfhpqfL$ L¡$ gÁ“¡Ñf k„b„ p¡’u

Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp. A¡ ‘R>u s¡Ap¡A¡ F>Áh¡v$“p F>rjAp¡ rhrh^ fpÅAp¡“p ‘yfp¡rls lsp. Ap

F>rjAp¡“p¡ rhrh^ fpÅAp¡ kp’¡“p k„b„ bsphu“¡ A¡ kprbs L$ey® R>¡ L¡$ Ap F>rjAp¡ A¡L$ L$fsp

h^pf¡ Ly$m kp’¡ k„b„ ^fphsp lsp.

Qp¡’p spfZdp„ F>Áh¡v$dp„ Dëg¡rMs F>rjAp¡ A“¡ fpdpeZdp„ Dëg¡rMs F>rjAp¡“¡

s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ S> NZ¡ R>¡. fpdpeZdp„ Aphsp F>rjAp¡“p Apîdp¡“p cp¥Np¡rgL$ hZ®“p¡ A“¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„

Dëg¡rMs fpÅAp¡“p fpS>ep¡“u cp¥Np¡rgL$ [õ’rs“y„ syg“pÐdL$ AÝee“ L$fu F>Áh¡v$“p L$sp®Ap¡“p¡

hkhpV$ L$ep„ lsp¡ s¡ bsphhp“p¡ s¡dZ¡ Al] âepk L$ep£ R>¡. Ap A„N¡ s¡Ap¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$

F>Áh¡v$“p ÓuÅ d„X$m“p fQ“pL$pf rhðprdÓ“p¡ Apîe fpdpeZ“p Dëg¡M âdpZ¡ kfey A“¡

N„Np“p k„Nd qL$“pf¡ lsp¡ s¡ L$p¡ig A“¡ Aep¡Ýep“p fpS>e kp’¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp lsp. Qp¡’p d„X$m“p

fQ“pL$pf hpdv$¡h A¡ v$if’“p ‘yfp¡rls lsp A“¡ Aep¡Ýepdp„ fl¡sp lsp. ‘p„Qdp„ d„X$m“p fQ“pL$pf

ArÓ“p¡ Apîd rQÓL|$V$dp„ lsp¡. R>Ì$p d„X$m“p fQ“pL$pf cpfÜpS>“p¡ Apîd âepNdp„ lsp¡.

kpsdp„ d„X$m“p fQ“pL$pf hri›$A¡ Aep¡Ýepdp„ fl¡sp lsp. F>Áh¡v$dp„ hrZ®s qv$hp¡v$pk,

Acehs}, L$pepdp“p, kyv$pk, klv$£h, âísp¡L$p, d©vy$Ng, k„S>e, kp¡dL$p hN¡f¡ F>rjAp¡ DÑf

‘p„Qpg L¡$ L$piudp„ ipk“ L$fsp lsp. Apd fpdpeZ A“¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„ Aphsp F>rjAp¡“p cp¥Np¡rgL$

hZ®“p¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ F|>L$¹$ k„rlsp“p¡ dy¿e âv$¡i ‘„Åb “rl, ‘Z N„Np-

edy“p“u MuZp¡ R>¡. h¥qv$L$ F>rjAp¡“p F>Áh¡v$ A“¡ fpdpeZdp„’u S>¡ cp¥Np¡rgL$ hZ®“p¡ dmu

Aph¡ R>¡, s¡“p ‘f’u A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ fpdL$pmdp„ Ape®hkplsp¡“p¡ rhõspf rldpge’u

thÝe-“d®v$p ‘e¯s s’p ‘„Åb-kp¥fpô²$’u Apkpd ‘e®Þs lsp¡.6868686868

164

Apd F>Áh¡v$“p k|L$sp¡ A“ykpf F>rjAp¡“p„ kde õ’m rhi¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ kh®

rhNs A¡L$Ó L$fu A¡“y„ rhiv$¡ ‘©Õ’L$fZ L$ey R>¡. s¡“p Ap^pf¡ fpd“¡ L¡$ÞÖdp„ fpMu“¡ F>Áh¡v$“p¡

kde r“^p®qfs L$ep£ R>¡. A¡d“p k„ip¡ ““p spfZp¡ rhi¡ rhÙp“p¡ k„ds ’pe L¡$ “ ’pe ‘f„sy

A¡d“y„ F>Áh¡v$“p F>rjAp¡ L¡$ F|>QpAp¡ ‘fÐh¡ AÝee“ A“¡ ‘©Õ’L$fZ A¡ k„ip¡ ““u S>l¡ds

s’p k|T“u âsurs L$fph¡ R>¡.

4.4.5 4.4.5 4.4.5 4.4.5 4.4.5 The Puranic Chronology (1952) :

Ap N°„’ A„N°¡Æ cpjpdp„ 4 M„X$, 16 âL$fZp¡ A“¡ 355 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. Ap N°„’“y„

sfrgL$pb¡“ ApQpe®A¡ "‘p¥fprZL$ L$pmNZ“p“ykpf h„ip“y¾$d'“p “pd¡ A“yhpv$ L$ep£ R>¡. Ap

N°„’dp„ ‘yfpZp¡“¡ dy¿e Ap^pfê$‘ dp“u“¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p fpS>h„ip¡“u h„iphmu L¡$ kdep“y¾$d“¡

afu’u rhQpfZp L$fu“¡ ìeh[õ’s Np¡W$hhp“p¡ Av¹$cys âepk X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$ep£ R>¡. ApS>

ky u âròd“p L¡$ cpfs“p dp¡V$pcpN“p rhÙp“p¡A¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p Brslpk g¡M“dp„ âpQu“

A“yîyrsAp¡ L¡$ ‘yfpZp¡“u AhNZ“p S> L$fu R>¡ Ðepf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘yfpZp¡“p Aæepk“¡

Ap^pf¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p fpS>h„ip¡ L¡$ s¡“p kdep“y¾$d“¡ k„b„r^s A¡L$ “hu S> ìehõ’p Al]

k|Qhu R>¡.

â’d M„X$dp„ Qpf âL$fZ R>¡. â’d âL$fZdp„ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡“p N°„’p¡dp„’u dmsu dprlsu

A“¡ rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡dp„’u dmsu dprlsu“p Ap^pf¡ âpQu“ fpS>h„ip¡ rhi¡ rhrh^ NZsfuAp¡

dp„X¡$ R>¡. N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡ àgu“u (Pliny) A“¡ kp¡gu“uk (Solonis) L¡$ S>¡“¡ d¡N¡õ’“uk“p "B[ÞX$L$p'“p

Ap^pf¡ A“¡ A¡qfe“ ‘p¡sp“p N°„’dp„ âpQu“ cpfs“p fpS>h„ip¡“u k„¿ep A“¡ kdeNpmp rhi¡

õ‘ô$ r“v$£i L$f¡ R>¡. s¡“u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Al] rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu“¡ A„s¡ A¡ âñ Dcp¡ L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap

N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ Ap dprlsu L$e„p’u âpàs L$fu li¡ ? s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ Ap‘¡gu

dprlsu“p Ap Qp¡L$L$k Ap„L$X$pAp¡ dpÓ ip¡ Mp¡m’u dmu iL¡$ “rl. s¡’u cpfs“p ‘yfpZp¡ rkhpe

Aphu dprlsu d¡mhhp dpV¡$ buÅ¡ L$p¡B õÓp¡s “’u. Ap dprlsu N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ ‘yfpZdp„’u âpàs

L$fu R>¡ s¡“¡ kprbs L$fhp dpV¡$ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ Ap‘¡gu dprlsu“¡ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Aphsp rhrh^ fpS>h„ip¡“p

kdeNpmp kp’¡ syg“p L$fu s¡“u rhNshpf NZsfu Al] L$fu R>¡ s¡ Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡.

d¡N¡õ’“uk“p ds âdpZ¡ b¡L$k (Bachhos) “p kde’u gB“¡ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p kde

ky u 154 fpÅAp¡ NZhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. S>¡“p¡ ipk“L$pm 6451 hj® A“¡ ÓZ drl“p“p¡ lsp¡,

S>epf¡ A¡fue““p ds A“ykpf X$pep¡“ukp¡k (Dionysos) “p kde’u gB“¡ k¡ÞX²$p¡L$V$k ky u

153 fpÅAp¡ A“¡ 6042 hjp£“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ NÎep¡ R>¡.

165

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ d¡N¡õ’“uk A“¡ A¡fpe“¡ b¡L$k A“¡ X$pep¡“ukp¡k’u NZsfu iê$ L$fu

R>¡. s¡ b„“¡ A¡L$ ìeqL$s sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMph¡ R>¡ A“¡ Ap NZsfu d“yh¥hõhs’u iê$ ’su v$ip®hu R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡hy„ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ ‘yfpZL$pfp¡A¡ Ap N°uL$ eprÓL$p¡“¡ d“yh¥h¡fhs’u k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$k

ky u“u dprlsu Ap‘¡g lp¡hu Å¡BA¡. ‘R>u s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp“u Ap bpbs“¡ kprbs L$fhp dpV¡$ Ap

N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ Ap‘¡gu fpÅAp¡“u k„¿ep L¡$ kdeNpmp“¡ rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Ap‘¡gu âpQu“

h„iphmu“¡ Ap^pf¡ d“yh¥hõhs’u k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V¹$k ky u kfMph¡ R>¡. rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡“p Aæepk“¡

Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ d“yh¥hõhs’u dlpcpfs“p eyÙ ‘l¡gp„ 48 fpÅAp¡ A“¡

dlpcpfs“p eyÙ’u Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® ky u 47 fpÅAp¡ ’B Nep lsp. Å¡ Apd d“yh¥hõhs’u

NZuA¡ sp¡ Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® A¡ 95dp¡ fpÅ NZpe, S>epf¡ d¡N¡õ’“uk A“¡ A¡fpe¡““p ds âdpZ¡

k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$kA¡ d“yh¥hõhs’u 153 dp¡ fpÅ NZpe, Apd N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡“u NZsfu ‘yfpZp¡ kp’¡

b„ b¡ksu “’u. s¡’u s¡Ap¡ Al] A¡L$ “hp¡ S> ds Dcp¡ L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ k|Qh¡gp¡

A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p¡ kdL$pgu“ k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$kA¡ Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® “rl ‘Z Nyàsh„i“p¡ Q„ÖNyàs-â’d

lsp¡.6969696969

afu hMs s¡Ap¡ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ k|Qh¡gp¡ kdeNpmp“¡ ‘yfpZp¡ kp’¡ d¡m b¡kpX$hp dpV¡$

NZsfu dp„X¡$ R>¡. d“yh¥hõhs’u dlpcpfs“p eyÙ ‘|h® 48 fpÅAp¡ A“¡ dlpcpfs“p eyÙ’u

ApÞ^h„i ky u 104 fpÅAp¡, Ap„ °h„i“p A“yNpdu sfuL¡$ 105dp fpÅ“u NZsfu“¡ Ýep“dp„

fpMu“¡ 48+105 = 153, Apd d“yh¥hõhs’u Q„ÖNyàs-â’d“p¡ ¾$d 153dp¡ ’pe R>¡. Ap

NZsfu“¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡d k|Qh¡ R>¡ L¡$ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ A¡g¡L$pTp„X$f“p¡ kdL$pgu“ NZph¡gp¡

k¡ÞX²$p¡L$V$kA¡ dN^“p¡ fpÅ Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® “rl ‘Z Nyàs fpÅ Q„ÖNyàs-â’d lsp¡. s¡ ‘R>u

N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ k|Qh¡gp kdeNpmp“y„ ‘yfpZp¡ S> ‘Z kd’®“ L$f¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡ ‘Z Q„ÖNyàs-â’d

“p kde ky u s¡ kprbs L$fhp dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡ rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Aph¡gp rhrh^ fpÅh„ip¡“p kde“y„

hN}L$fZ A“¡ ‘©Õ’L$fZ L$fu“¡ A„s¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ d“yh¥hõhs’u dlpcpfs“p eyÙ

hÃQ¡“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ 3600 hj®“p¡ R>¡. dlpcpfs“p eyÙ’u Q„ÖNyàs-â’d ky u“p¡ kdeNpmp¡

2807 hj®“p¡ R>¡. A¡ b„“¡ kfhpmp¡ 6407 ’pe R>¡ s¡ d¡N¡õ’“uk¡ Ap‘¡gp 6451 “p kdeNpmp“¡

b„ bk¡ R>¡.7070707070

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap âL$fZdp„ ‘yfpZp¡“p Ap^pf¡ rhrh^ NZsfuAp¡ L$fu“¡ A¡ kprbs

L$ey L¡$ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ S>¡ kde“u “p¢ L$fu R>¡ s¡ ‘yfpZp¡dp„’u S> gu^u R>¡ A“¡ s¡“¡ ‘yfpZp¡dp„

166

Ap‘¡gp kdeNpmp kp’¡ kfMphsp N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ Ag¡L$Tp„X$f“p kdL$pgu“ sfuL¡$ NZph¡gp¡

k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$kA¡ NyàsfpS>hu Q„ÖNyàs-â’d S> R>¡. ‘R>u s¡Ap¡ ApNm“p v$f¡L$ âL$fZdp„ Ap

kdep“y¾$d“y„ A“ykfZ L$f¡ R>¡.

"dÞhÞsf Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs'“p buÅ âL$fZdp„ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Aphsp rhrh^ fpS>h„ip¡“u

h„iphmu A“¡ s¡“u L$pgNZ“p dpV¡$ A¡L$ Qp¡L$L$k ‘Ùrs âQrgs lsu s¡ kprbs L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“

L$ep£ R>¡.

X$p¡gfcpB ‘yfpZp¡“p L$pmNZ“p Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep R>¡ L¡$ ‘yfpZp¡dp„

L$pmNZ“p dpV¡$ A¡L$ Qp¡L$L$k ‘Ùrs lsu s¡“¡ s¡Ap¡ "dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N' ‘Ùrs sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMph¡

R>¡. "dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs' A¡ ‘p¥fprZL$ L$pmNZ“p dpV¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u v$¡“ lsu. Ap

‘Ùrs ‘yfpZp¡dp„ L$pmNZ“p dpV¡$ L¡$hu fus¡ h‘fpsu lsu s¡“u Al] rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡. X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$ rhrh^ ‘p¥fprZL$ h„iphmuAp¡“p "dÞhÞsf'“y„ A¡hy„ A’®OV$“ L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ "dÞhÞsf' A¡V$g¡

fpS>h„i“p ipk““p¡ Ly$g kdeNpmp¡, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$p¡B fpS>h„i“p õ’p‘L$“p kde’u A¡“p R>¡ëgp

h„iS> ky u“p¡ kde. S>¡d L¡$ õhpe„cyh„i A¡V$g¡ õhpe„cy d“y’u iê$ ’sp¡ ApMp¡ h„ip“y¾$d.

õhpe„cyh dÞhÞsf A¡V$g¡ õhpe„cy d“y“p kde’u A¡“p h„i“p L$p¡B Qp¡¼L$k fpÅ“y„ “pd Apàey„

lp¡e Ðep„ ky u“p¡ kdeNpmp¡.7171717171 ‘R>u s¡Ap¡A¡ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ L$pmNZ“p dpV¡$ Ap "dÞhÞsf' NZsfu

L¡$hu fus¡ ’B lsu s¡“p rhi¡ rhrh^ Dv$plfZp¡ Ap‘u rhNshpf kdÅìey„ R>¡.

rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Ap‘¡gu NZsfu“p Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ rhNshpf QQp® L$fu“¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$

Qsyey®N A¡V$g¡ 40 hj®, ‘Z Ap 40 hj®“p kdeNpmp“¡ fpS>L$sp®“p Qp¡¼L$k kde sfuL¡$ “rl

‘Z A¡L$ fpS>eh„i“p ipk““p A¡L$d sfuL¡$ NZu iL$pe.

Apd, "dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N'“p¡ A’® õ‘ô$ L$ep£ ‘R>u "dÞhÞsf Qsyey®N'“u ‘Ùrs

‘yfpZL$pfp¡A¡ ip dpV¡$ A‘“phu s¡“p ‘pR>m“p L$ep L$pfZp¡ lsp s¡“¡ õ‘ô$ L$fu“¡ âpQu“ cpfsue

h„iL$pm¾$d¡ NZ“pL$pfp¡ Ap ‘Ùrs âdpZ¡ L¡$hu fus¡ NZsfu L$fsp lsp s¡ s¡dZ¡ L$p¡ô$L$p¡ Üpfp

rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡.

âL$fZ-3 "Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs“y„ AdguL$fZ A“¡ L$rg, ‘l¡gp“u h„iphmu'dp„ ‘p¡s¡ Ap‘¡gu

"dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs' (MCM) âdpZ¡ dlpcpfs ‘l¡gp“u h„iphmu ‘Z ‘p¥fprZL$ L$pm

NZ“pL$pfp¡A¡ ‘Z Ap S> ‘Ùrs’u A‘“ph¡gu R>¡. A¡ kprbs L$fhp dpV¡$ d“yh¥hõhs’u dlpcpfs

ky u“u h„iphmuAp¡“¡ hpey, rhóÏ, dÐõe, cpNhs, crhóe, NfyX$ hN¡f¡ ‘yfpZp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡

167

"dÞhÞsf-Qsy$eyN®' ‘Ùrs âdpZ¡ d“yh¥hõhs’u kp¡dpr^ ky u“p¡ 3640 hj®“p¡ kdeNpmp¡

k|Qh¡ R>¡. d“yh¥hõhs“¡ B.k.‘|h£ 5567 dp„ d|L¡$ R>¡. dlpcpfs ‘R>u“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ kp¡dpr^’u

Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs-‘l¡gp ky u b¡ kdeNpmp k|Qh¡ R>¡ : (1) crhóep¡Ñf ‘yfpZ“¡ Ap^pf¡ 2807

hj® (2) hpey A“¡ dÐõe ‘yfpZ“¡ Ap^pf¡ 2398 hj®. ‘R>u s¡Ap¡ Ap bÞ“¡ kdeNpmp“¡

dlpcpfs ‘l¡gp„“p kdeNpmp 3640+2807 = 6447 A“¡ 3640+2398 = 6038 A¡d

d“yh¥hõhs’u Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp“p fpS>epfp¡lZ ky u“p b¡ kdeNpmp k|Qh¡ R>¡. Ap b¡ kdeNpmp“¡

N°uL$ g¡ML$ d¡N¡õ’“uk¡ k|Qh¡gp 6451 hj® A“¡ A¡fpe“¡ k|Qh¡gp 6042 hj® kp’¡ syg“p

L$fsp„ 4 hj®“p¡ saphs Aph¡ R>¡. Ap saphs“y„ L$pfZ bsphsp„ s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs

‘l¡gp“p fpS>epfp¡lZ“p kde’u ‘yfpZp¡A¡ ‘p¡sp“u NZsfu b„ L$fu v$uû lsu. S>epf¡ N°uL$

g¡ML$p¡A¡ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p cpfsdp„ âh¡i“p kde’u NZsfu b„ L$fu v$uû lsu. A¡V$g¡ ‘yfpZp¡

A“¡ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡ hÃQ¡ Qpf hj®“p¡ saphs R>¡. Ap NZsfu“p Ap^pf¡ A„s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

r“óL$j® ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs â’d“p fpS>eipk““p ‘p„Qdp„ hj£ A¡V$g¡ L¡$

B.k.‘|h£ 325dp„ cpfsdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡. Ap NZsfu“¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs â’d“u

fpS>epfp¡lZ hj® B.k.‘|h£ 329 NZph¡ R>¡.7272727272

Ap âL$fZ Üpfp X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ A¡ bsphhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡ L¡$ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ S>¡

kdeNpmp¡ k|Qìep¡ R>¡ s¡ ‘yfpZp¡dp„’u S> g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡. "dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N' “¡ 40 L¡$ 20

hj®“p A¡L$d kp’¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p L$pm¾$d¡ NZ“pL$pf¡ kpdpÞe ‘Ùrs âdpZ¡ S> A‘“phu

guû lsu.

âL$fZ Qp¡’yy„ "dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs A¡“y„ AdguL$fZ-L$rgL$pg¾$dNZ“p' rhrh^

‘yfpZp¡dp„ Ap‘¡gu dlpcpfs“p eyÙ’u Ap„ °h„i ky u“u h„iphmuAp¡“¡ dÞhÞsf Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs’u

NZsfu L$fu“¡ Ap kdeNpmp“p A¡fpe“¡ k|Qh¡gp ÓZ âÅkÑpL$ kdeNpmp“¡ ‘Z Ap

‘Ùrs âdpZ¡ s‘pk¡ R>¡. A„s¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ r“óL$j® ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Ap‘¡gu dlpcpfs“p

eyÙ’u Ap„ °h„i ky u“u h„iphmu“¡ dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N âdpZ¡ NZsfu L$fsp A¡fpe“¡ k|Qh¡gp

ÓZ âÅkÑpL$ kdeNpmp“¡ ‘yfpZp¡ ‘Z kd’®“ Ap‘¡ R>¡. Ap kdeNpmp“u NZ“p dpV¡$

âpQu“ ‘p¥fprZL$ NZ“pL$pfp¡A¡ Ap S> MCM ‘Ùrs“y„ A“ykfZ L$ey® lsy„ A¡d s¡Ap¡ k|Qh¡ R>¡.

dlpcpfs“p eyÙ’u Ap„ °h„i ky u rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡“p Ap^pf¡ MCM ‘Ùrs âdpZ¡

NZsfu L$fu“¡ ‘f„‘fpNs ds’u “hp¡ S> kdeNpmp¡ k|Qh¡ R>¡.7373737373 S>¡ Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡.

168

B.k.‘|. 3201 dp„ dlpcpfs“y„ eyÙ

B.k.‘|. 3136 ’u B.k.‘|. 2136 b©lÖh„i

B.k.‘|. 2136 ’u B.k.‘|. 1998 (138 hj®)

dN^“p¡ tbrbbpf h„i, Ah[Þsdp„ âÛp¡s h„i

B.k.‘|. 1998 ’u 1986 (12 hj®) i¥iy“pNp¡“u dN^dp„ dlpkÑp

B.k.‘|. 1986 ’u 1936 ‘l¡gy„ (350) hj®“y„ âÅkÑpL$ fpS>e

B.k.‘|. 1636 ’u B.k.‘|. 1550 (86 hj®) dN^dp„ “Þv$h„i

B.k.‘|. 1550 ’u 1413 (137) hj® dN^dp„ dp¥e®

B.k.‘|. 1413 ’u B.k.‘|. 1113 (300) hj®“y„ buSy>„ âÅkÑpL$ fpS>e

B.k.‘|. 1001 ’u 880 (120) hj®“y„ ÓuSy>„ âÅkÑpL$ fpS>e

B.k.‘|. 880 ’u 835 (45 hj®) dN^dp„ L$Îhp¡

B.k.‘|. 835 ’u 379 (456 hj®) Ap„ dp„ ApÞ °p¡

B.k.‘|. 379 ’u 329 (50 hj®) ‘R>u“p ApÞ °p¡

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap kdeNpmp¡ k|Qhu“¡ A¡L$ “hp¡ S> rhhpv$ Dcp¡ L$ep£ lsp¡. L$pfZ L¡$

Ap kdeNpmp¡ ‘f„‘fpNs ds’u AgN lsp¡. ‘yfpsÒhue Ap^pfp¡ ‘Z s¡“¡ kd’®“ Ap‘sp

“’u.

â’d M„X$“p A„s¡ rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡ A“¡ ‘prS>®V$f¡ Ap‘¡gu ‘p¥fprZL$ h„iphmu“¡ dlpcpfs

‘R>u“p bplºÖ’p¡, â^p¡sp¡, i¥iy“pNp¡, “Þv$p¡, dp¥ep£, iy„Np¡, L$Îhp¡ A“¡ Ap„ °h„i“p AgN-AgN

fpÅAp¡“p ipk“L$pm rhj¡ Ap‘¡gp hjp£“y„ ‘©’¼L$fZ L$fu“¡ Al] L$p¡ô$L$p¡ õhê$‘¡ Apàep R>¡. Ap

L$p¡ô$L$p¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p AæepkuAp¡“¡ M|b S> D‘ep¡Nu b“¡ s¡hp R>¡. Ap L$p¡ô$L$p¡ Å¡sp Ap‘Z“¡

¿epg Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ AgN-AgN ‘yfpZp¡dp„’u AgN-AgN fpS>h„i“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ spfhhp s¡dZ¡

L¡$V$gp¡ ‘qfîd L$ep£ li¡ !

M„X$“p buÅ â’d âL$fZ "L$píduf“u h„iue L$pg¾$dNZ“p'dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

bsphhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡. L$ëlZ“u fpS>sf„NuZudp„ MCM âdpZ¡ L$píduf“u L$pg¾$dNZ“pdp„

’B R>¡ L¡$ “rl L¡$ L$pmNZ“p dpV¡$ buÆ L$p¡B ‘Ùrs hp‘fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ s¡Ap¡ fpS>sf„rNZudp„

Aphsu L$pmNZ“p ‘yfpZp¡ A“¡ AÞe kdL$pgu“ kprlÐedp„ Aphsu L$pmNZ“p“u Al] rhNs¡

QQp® L$fu“¡ fpS>sf„rNZu“¡ A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ dlÒh“p¡ N°„’ NZpìep¡ R>¡. fpS>sf„rNZudp„ Aph¡gu

L$pmNZ“p“¡ MCM âdpZ¡ NZsp A„s¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ fpS>sf„rNZudp„ MCM

169

âdpZ¡“u L$pmNZ“p L$pfL$p¡V$h„i“p buÅ fpÅ“p ipk““p A„s ky u S> A‘“phpB lsu.

fpS>sf„rNZudp„ Aphsp rhrh^ A¥rslprkL$ âk„Np¡“u s¡dS> AÞe âpQu“ õÓp¡sdp„ Aphsp

âk„Np¡ kp’¡ syg“p L$fu“¡ S>¡ k|Q“p¡ L$ep® R>¡ s¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p k„ip¡ L$p¡ dpV¡$ M|b S> D‘ep¡Nu

R>¡.

buSy>„ "L$pg¾$dh„iphmu“u rhrh^ NZsfu'dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡ bspìey„ R>¡ L¡$ ‘yfpZ“p

L$pg¾$dNZ“pL$pf¡ âÅkÑpL$ fpÅ hNf“p ÓZ Mpgu NpmpAp¡ NÎep R>¡. S>¡ Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡ :

(1) 350 hj®“p¡ kdeNpmp¡ - i¥iy“pN ‘R>u A“¡ “Þv$ ‘l¡gp„. (2) 300 hj®“p¡ MpguNpmp¡,

dp¥e® ‘R>u A“¡ iy„N ‘l¡gp. (3) 120 hj®“p¡ iy„N ‘R>u A“¡ L$Îh ‘l¡gp lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.

kp’¡ kp’¡ rhrh^ ‘yfpZp¡, L$ëlZ“u fpS>sf„NZu A“¡ S>¥“ bp¥Ù NZsfuAp¡ Ap ÓZ

kdeNpmp“y„ kd’®“ L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ “rl s¡“u Al] rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡.

âL$fZ-ÓZ "“¡‘pg“u L$pg¾$dNZ“p'dp„ cNhp“gpg BÞÖÆA¡ Ap‘¡gu “¡‘pm“p

âpQu“h„ip¡“u ‘h®sue h„iphmu“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fu s¡“¡ cpfsue âpQu“ h„iphmu kp’¡ kfMphu

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ kprbs L$ey® R>¡ L¡$ “¡‘pg“u L$pmNZ“pdp„ ‘Z MCM âQrgs lsu.

âL$fZ Qp¡’pdp„ "“fL$pkyf L$’p A“¡ Apkpd“u L$pg¾$dNZ“p' dp„ L$prgL$p‘yfpZ“p 37

’u 41 AÝepedp„ hZ®hpdp„ Aph¡gp “fL$pkyf ¼’p“¡ A“¡ Apkpd“p Brslpk“p rhrh^ âk„Np¡

kp’¡ Å¡X$u“¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$prgL$p‘yfpZ“u “fL$“u L$’p A¥rslprkL$ A’®k|QL$ A“¡

dp“u iL$pe A¡hu kpQu lL$uL$s’u s¡ cf‘yf R>¡ A“¡ Apkpd“p Brslpk dpV¡$ s¡ M|b S> D‘ep¡Nu

b“¡ s¡hu R>¡.

ÓuÅ M„X$“p â’d âL$fZ "Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® A“¡ N°uL$ ‘yfphpAp¡'dp„ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p¡ kdL$pgu“

fpÅ L$p¡Z lsp¡ s¡ kprbs L$fhp N°uL$ ‘yfphpAp¡“p¡ ‘y“:rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡.

Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® A“¡ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“u kdL$pgu“sp ‘|fhpf L$fhp dpV¡$ N°uL$ ‘|fphpAp¡“¡

r“Z®epÐdL$ NZ¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Al] T¡ÞX²¡$Bçk A“¡ k¡ÞX²$L$p¡V$k“p¡ Dëg¡M L$fsp N°uL$

g¡ML$p¡ X$uAp¡X$p¡fk, L$huÞV$k àeyV$pL®$, S>õV$u“, A¡fpe“, õV¡$bp¡, Aà‘¡B“ A“¡ A’“¡Ap¡Bk“p

aL$fp V$p„L$u A“¡ Ap âñ“p¡ “h¡kf’u rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡. A„s¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ N°uL$g¡ML$p¡A¡

k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$k rhi¡ L$f¡gp Dëg¡Mp¡ ‘f’u s¡“¡ Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® NZhpdp„ OZu b^u dyíL¡$guAp¡ “X¡$

R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$k“¡ Sy>gdu fpÅ NZph¡ R>¡. cpfsue L$p¡B‘Z Al¡hpg

Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e®“¡ Sy>gdu fpÅ NZpìep¡ “’u. cpfsue l¡hpgp¡“p ds¡ Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® QpZL$e“u

170

dv$v$’u Npv$u ‘f Apìep¡ lsp¡. ‘Z N°uL$ l¡hpgp¡ Aphp b^p AN°Îe dyØpAp¡ ‘f A¡L$v$d ip„s R>¡.

L$ep„e QpZL$e“p¡ Dëg¡M L$ep£ “’u. Ap rkhpe buÆ AÞe rhfp¡ pcpku bpbsp¡“p¡ Dëg¡M

Al] L$ep£ R>¡.

âL$fZ buSy>„ "N°uL ‘yfphpA¡p A“¡ Nyàsp¡' dp„ S>¡ N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡ T¡ÞX²¡$Bçk A“¡ k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$k

rhi¡ S>¡ Dëg¡M L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡“¡ Q„ÖNyàs A“¡ kdyÖ Nyàs“p âk„Np¡ kp’¡ syg“pÐdL$ Aæepk

L$fu“¡ s¡Ap¡ T¡ÞX²¡$$Bçk“¡ Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp A“¡ k¡ÞX²$p¡L$p¡V$k kdyÖNyàs kp’¡ A¡L$ê$‘ S> NZ¡

R>¡. N°uL$ ‘yfphp“p Aæepk“¡ A„s¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ r“óL$j® ‘f Apìep R>¡ L¡$ (1) “Þv$ A“¡ dp¥e®

h„i dpV¡$ N°uL$ Al¡hpg âdpZ¡ L$l¡hy„ l¡pe sp¡ OZu N„cuf dyíL¡$gu ‘X¡$ A¡d R>¡ (2) N°uL$ g¡ML$p¡A¡

hZ®h¡gu rhNsp¡ kp’¡ Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp¡ A“¡ kdyÖNyàs“p Æh““¡ kfMphhy„ A¡ iL$e b“u

iL¡$ Mfy„. Ap buÆ bpbs ‘f’u Ap‘Z¡ A¡ r“óL$j® ‘f Aphu iL$uA¡ L¡$ Nyàs fpS>hu Q„ÖNyàs

‘l¡gp¡ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p¡ kdL$pgu“ lsp¡. “rl L¡$ Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e®, sp¡ ‘R>u N°uL$ ‘yfphpAp¡ Ap bpbsdp„

Ahfp¡ ê$‘ “rl b“¡.7474747474

"râev$k}“p¡ rigpg¡M'“p ÓuÅ âL$fZdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ AÐepf ky u rhÙp“p¡ S>¡“¡

Aip¡L$“p Arcg¡Mp¡ NZph¡ R>¡. s¡“¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ kdyÖNyàs“p rigpg¡Mp¡ lp¡hp“y„ kprbs

L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap dpV¡$ s¡A¡p Aip¡L$“p Arcg¡Mp¡dp„ Aphsp rhrh^ Dëg¡Mp¡“¡ NyàseyN“p

rhrh^ âk„Np¡ kp’¡ kfMphu“¡ Arcg¡Mp¡dp„ Aphsp rhrh^ Dëg¡Mp¡“¡ kdyÖNyàs“p Æh“ kp’¡

Å¡X¡$ R>¡. Ap bpbs“¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡d kprbs L$fhp dpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p¡ kdL$pgu“ Nyàs

fpS>hu Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp¡ S> lsp¡. Ap âL$fZdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ ‘p¡sp“p d„sìe“¡ kprbs L$fhp

dpV¡$ sL®$, A“ydp“p¡ A“¡ S>ep„ “pd, âk„Np¡ L¡$ AÞe bpbsp¡ kfMu v$¡Mpe s¡“u syg“p L$fu“¡

dy¿e dyØp kp’¡ Å¡X$hp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$f¡ R>¡.

"NyàseyN'“p âL$fZdp„ NyàseyN“p¡ âpf„c rhi¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Nyàs k„hs“p Apf„c rhi¡

rhÙp“p¡dp„ S>¡ dsc¡v$p¡ R>¡ s¡“p’u AgN S> ‘p¡sp“u L$pgNZ“p âdpZ¡ Nyàs k„hs kp’¡ AÞe

k„hsp¡“¡ Å¡X$u“¡ rhrh^ NZsfu“p Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ Nyàs k„hs“p¡ Apf„c“p¡ kde B.k.‘|h£

312-10 d|L¡$ R>¡.

M„X$ Qp¡’p“p â’d âL$fZ "eyNp¡' dp„ eyN rhi¡ rhõs©s kdS> Ap‘u“¡ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ Ap‘¡gp

eyN“p kdeNpmp“y„ ‘©’¼L$fZ L$fu“¡ s¡Ap¡ ‘yfpZ“u ‘f„‘fpdp„ 1200 hj®“p¡ eyN A“¡ A¡“p

‘¡V$p rhcpN“p 40 hj®“p¡ eyN âQrgs lsp¡ A¡hy„ spfZ L$pY¡$ R>¡.

171

"kàsrj® k„hs'“p buÅ âL$fZdp„ kàsrj® k„hs L$epf¡ A[õsÐhdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡, Ap

dpV¡$ kàsrj® k„hsp¡“p Dëg¡Mp¡ âpQu“ kprlÐedp„’u dm¡ R>¡. s¡“¡ AÞe k„hsp¡ kp’¡ syg“p

L$fuA¡ sp¡ k|Qh¡ R>¡ L¡$ kàsrj® S>epf¡ L©$rsL$pdp„ lsp Ðepf¡ kàsrj® k„hs B.k.‘|. 6676 dp„ iê$

’ep¡ lsp¡.

"lj® qh¾$dpqv$Ðe' “p ÓuÅ âL$fZdp„ cpfs“p fpÅ lj® rh¾$dpqv$Ðe“u A¥rslprkL$sp

kprbs L$fhp dpV¡$ L$ëlZ“u fpS>sf„rNZudp„ lj® rh¾$dpqv$Ðe rhi¡ S>¡ Dëg¡Mp¡ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡“¡

cpfs“p âpQu“ AÞe N°„’p¡dp„ Aphsp rh¾$dp¡“p Aæepk“p Ap^pf¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$

lj®rh¾$d cpfs“p¡ dlpfpÅr^fpS> rhóÏh ®““p¡ ‘yÓ A“¡ h„iS> lsp¡.

âL$fZ Qpf "dlpcpfs ‘l¡gp„“p¡ Aep¡Ýep“p¡ h„i'dp„ s¡Ap¡ dlpcpfs eyÙ“p kdedp„

kye®h„iu fpÅAp¡ fpS> L$fsp lsp. A¡“u Ly$g k„¿ep“p¡ d“yh¥hõhs’u L¡$V$gpdp¡ ¾$d R>¡ A¡ “L$L$u

L$fhp dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡ Al] d“yh¥hõhs’u i„MZ, îyspey, b©lv¹$$bg b^p S> fpÅ“¡ A¡L$ ‘R>u A¡L$

gB“¡ AÞe õÓp¡sp¡dp„ Aphsp Dëg¡Mp¡“p¡ syg“pÐdL$ Aæepk L$fu“¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$

dlpcpfs“p eyÙ kde¡ ÓZ k|e®h„iu fpÅAp¡ fpS> L$fsp lsp. A¡dp„’u d“yh¥hõhs’u iê$ L$fsp

b©lv$bg A“¡ i„MZ“p¡ 71 dp¡ fpÅ NZu iL$pe A“¡ îyspey“¡ 72dp¡ fpÅ NZu iL$pe.

Ap N°„’dp„ S>¡hu fus¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘yfpZp¡“p Ap^pf¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p fpS>h„ip¡“u

h„iphmu L¡$ s¡“p¡ kdep„L$“ “L$L$u L$ep£ lsp¡ s¡“¡ kdL$pgu“ BrslpkL$pfp¡dp„ OZp¡ S> Dlp‘p¡l

S>Npìep¡ lsp¡. ‘Z s¡Ap¡A¡ ‘p¥fprZL$L$pm NZ“p dpV¡$ S>¡ dÞhÞsf Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs Ap‘u R>¡ s¡ S>

s¡d“p ‘yfpZp¡“p KX$p Aæepk“p ‘qf‘pL$ê$‘¡ S> lsu. Ap kdN° N°„’dp„ d“yh¥hõhs“p¡ kde,

dÞhÞsf-Qsyey®N ‘Ùrs“u L$pgNZ“p, L$rgeyN“p hjp£, L$píduf, “¡‘pm hN¡f¡“u L$pgNZ“p

hN¡f¡“u sØ“ dp¥rgL$ QQp® L$fu R>¡ A“¡ A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p¡ kdL$pgu“ L$p¡Z lsp¡, Q„ÖNyàs dp¥e® L¡$

Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp¡ ? Nyàsk„hs“p¡ Apf„c“p¡ kde, eyN“p hjp£“y„ rhcpS>“ s’p kàsrj®

k„hs, rh¾$dk„hs A“¡ dlpcpfs ‘l¡gp„“p¡ Aep¡Ýep fpS>h„i hNf¡“u rhïg¡jZpÐdL$ R>ZphV$

L$fu“¡ L¡$V$guL$ dp¥rgL$ kdS|>su Ap‘u R>¡. cpfsue ‘yfpZp¡“p rhfpV$ kprlÐefpri“¡ TuZhV$‘Z¡

s‘pku, A¡dp„’u L$pgNZ“p A“¡ h„iphmuAp¡ r“ròs L$fhp s¡d“¡ S>¡ ANp^ ‘qfîd L$ep£ R>¡ s¡

S> s¡d“p Ap dlp“L$pe®“u âsurs L$fph¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ S> X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p ‘yfpZp¡ rhi¡“p Ap

rhõs©s Aæepk“¡ X$p®. A¡k.X$u.‘ykgL$f¡ cpfsue rhÛp n¡Ódp„ ‘an exhaustive study’ sfuL¡$

Ap¡mMpìep¡ R>¡.7575757575

172

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap N°„’dp„ ‘yfpZp¡“p KX$p Aæepk“p ‘qfiug“ê$‘¡ B.k.‘|h£ 5976

dp„ d“yh¥hõhs, B.k.‘|h£ 3201dp„ dlpcpfs“y„ eyÙ, B.k.‘|h£ 2976 L$rgeyN“y„ â’d hj®,

B.k.‘|h® 2066dp„ byÙ r“hp®Z, B.k.‘|h£ 2051 dlphufr“hp®Z, B.k. ‘|h£ 1498dp„ Aip¡L$“p¡

fpS>eprcj¡L$, B.k.‘|h£ 329 Nyàs Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp“y„ fpS>epfp¡lZ, A¡g¡L$Tp„X$f“p¡ kdL$pgu“

Nyàs fpS>hu Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp¡ A“¡ Aip¡L$“p Arcg¡Mp¡“¡ kdyÖNyàs kp’¡ Å¡X$pZ hN¡f¡ S>¡ kde

k|Qìep¡ R>¡ s¡ M|b S> rhhpv$põ‘v$ R>¡. L¡$dL¡$ s¡dZ¡¡ spfh¡gp Ap r“Z®ep¡ ‘yfpZp¡ rkhpe L$pmr“Z®e“u

AÞe L$p¡B ‘Ùrs S>¡hu L¡$ ‘yfpsÒh, Arcg¡Mp¡, f¡qX$ep¡L$pb®“ hN¡f¡ kd’®“ Ap‘su “’u. s¡’u S>

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p Ap kdeNpmp“¡ L¡$ spfZp¡“¡ rhÙp“p¡ dpÞe fpMsp “’u.

4.4.6 4.4.6 4.4.6 4.4.6 4.4.6 The Critical Edition of Ramayan (The Kiskindha Kanda) (1965)

fpdpeZ“u kdurns Aph©rÑ s¥epf L$fhp dpV¡$ sp. 12-3-1951“p fp¡S> âpÃerhÛp

d„qv$f, hX$p¡v$fpdp„ fpdpeZ k„ip¡ “ rhcpN“u õ’p‘“p L$fhpdp„ Aphu lsu. âp. Np¡rhÞv$gpg

cË$“p AÝen‘Zp “uQ¡ B.k. 1955dp„ Ap kdurns Aph©rÑ s¥epf L$fhp“y„ L$pe® iê$ ’ey„

lsy„.7676767676 fpdpeZ“p k„‘pv$““u kh®kpdpÞe ‘Ùrs “L$L$u ’ep ‘R>u Sy>v$p Sy>v$p L$p„X$p¡“y„ k„‘pv$“

Sy>v$p Sy>v$p rhÙp“p¡“¡ kp¢‘hpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„. s¡dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“y„ k„‘pv$“ kp¢‘hpdp„

Apìey„ lsy„.

Ap N°„’ ÓZ rhcpNdp„ A“¡ 466 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. â’d rhcpNdp„ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“p

k„‘pv$“ dpV¡$ h‘fpe¡gu lõsâsp¡“p¡ ‘qfQe Ap‘hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡ A“¡ q¾$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“u L¡$V$guL$

dlÒh“u bpbsp¡ ‘f âL$pi ‘pX$ep¡ R>¡. buÅ rhcpNdp„ N°„’“p iåv$p¡“u hZp®“y¾$d k|rQ Ap‘hpdp„

Aphu R>¡ A“¡ ÓuÅ rhcpNdp„ 32 lõsâsp¡“p Ap^pf¡ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“y„ k„‘pv$“ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„

R>¡. A„s¡ ‘qfriô$ê$‘¡ k„‘pv$“L$pe®dp„ ‘pv$V$u‘ê$‘¡ “ kdphpe¡g lp¡e s¡hp 26 S>¡V$gp dp¡V$p ‘pW$p„sfp¡

Ap‘¡gp R>¡.

"‘qfQe'“p â’d rhcpNdp„ k„‘pv$“ L$pe® dpV¡$ D‘ep¡Ndp„ gu ¡gu kOmu kpdN°u“p¡

‘qfQe Apàep¡ R>¡. s¡dZ¡ DÑf“u hpQ“p (Northen Recension) A“¡ v$rnZ“u hpQ“p

(southren Recension) “u Ly$g 32 lõsâsp¡“p Ap^pf¡ q¾$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“y„ k„‘pv$“ L$ey® lsy„. Ap

k„‘pv$“ dpV¡$ D‘ep¡Ndp„ gu ¡gu kOmu kpdN°u“p¡ ‘qfQe Apàep¡ R>¡. DÑf“u hpQ“p A“¡ s¡“p

ê$‘p„sfp¡ A“¡ v$rnZ“u hpQ“p A“¡ s¡“p ê$‘p„sfp¡“u L„$B lõsâs L$ep õ’m¡’u âpàs ’B, s¡ L$B

rgr‘dp„ R>¡, L¡$V$gp ‘©›$p„L$p¡ S>mhpep R>¡. âÐe¡L$ ‘p“p ‘f L¡$V$gu ‘„qL$sAp¡ A“¡ âÐe¡L$ ‘„qL$sAp¡dp„

173

L¡$V$gp Anf R>¡, L$ep„ ‘pW$ gyàs R>¡ hN¡f¡ TuZhV$cfu rhNsp¡ Ap‘u R>¡. Ap D‘fp„s qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“p

k„‘pv$“’u A“¡ ‘p¡sp“p rhipm kprlÐe“p op““¡ Ap^pf¡ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$dp„ Aphsu L¡$V$guL$ bpbsp¡

A„N¡ sL®$bÙ fus¡ L¡$V$gpL$ “hp S> A’®OV$“p¡ L$ep® lsp S>¡ Ap dyS>b R>¡.

(1) qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$dp„ Aphsp kdep„L$““p Dëg¡Mp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡ r“Z®e ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ fpd¡

rhS>epv$idu“p qv$hk¡ g„L$p ‘f QY$pB L$fu “ lsu. fpd ‘„‘p hk„sF>sydp„ Apìep lsp. hpgu“¡

dpfu“¡ kyN°uh“p¡ fpS>eprcj¡L$ îphZ drl“pdp„ ’ep¡ lsp¡. kyN°uh¡ L$prs®L$ drl“pdp„ Qpf Sy>’p¡“¡

kusp“u ip¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ AgN-AgN qv$ipdp„ dp¡L$ëep lsp. s¡dp„’u ÓZ Sy>’ dpNif drl“pdp„

‘pR>p aep® lsp. S>epf¡ l“ydp“ A“¡ A„Nv$“y„ Sy>’ ‘p¡j drl“p“p ‘„v$f qv$hk ‘R>u ‘pRy> aey® lsy„.

Ap NZsfu“¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ r“Z®eQ ‘f Apìep R>¡ L¡$ fpd¡ g„L$p ‘f ‘p¡j drl“p (h“hpk“p

14dp hj®) dp„ îug„L$p ‘f Ap¾$dZ L$ey® lsy„ “rl L¡$ rhS>epv$idu ‘f.7777777777

(2) s¡Ap¡A¡ hp“fp¡“p gnZp¡“u rhiv$ QQp® L$fu R>¡. Ap kdurns Aph©rÑdp„ l“ydp“ hp“f

R>¡ A¡hy„ args ’sy„ “’u. Apd hp“fp¡“¡ d“yóe“u A¡L$ Apqv$Års sfuL¡$ NZ¡ R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ Ap

dyS>b“p Ap^pfp¡ Ap‘¡ R>¡.7878787878

(1) ‘|„R>X$u“p¡ k„v$c® L$ep„e “’u.

(2) hp“fp¡ kæe dpZkp¡“u ‘¡W¡$ S> hpsQus L$f¡ R>¡.

(3) 4.6.9 dp„ L$üy„ R>¡ L¡$ kuspA¡ DÑfue-Of¡Zp„ a¡L$ep„, Å¡ hp“f lp¡s sp¡ “ a¢L$s.

(4) s¡d“p ApQpfpqv$ dp“hp¡“p S>¡hp S> R>¡. v$p.s. lp’ ‘L$X$hp¡, A[Á““u kpnuA¡

hQ“bÙ ’hy„, A[Á““u ‘|Å, kyN°uh hprg“y„ fpS>R>Ó g¡ R>¡, hpgu gX$hp Åe

Ðepf¡ õhõÐee“ L$fpey„, hpgu“p¡ A[Á“k„õL$pf k„‘|Z® ipõÓue R>¡. kyN°uh“p¡

fpS>eprcj¡L$ h¥qv$L$ R>¡.

(3) X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Al] A¡ kprbs L$ey® R>¡ L¡$ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“p¡ L¡$V$gp¡L$ cpN hpey A“¡ dÐõe

‘yfpZdp„’u g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. kN® 39 ’u 42dp„ Aphsp qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“p cp¥Np¡rgL$ hZ®“

dÐõe ‘yfpZdp„ Aphsp Ap Dëg¡Mp¡“u Al] syg“p L$fu“¡ bsphu Apàey„ L¡$ Ap Qpf kN®“u

AdyL$ ‘„qL$sAp¡ Anfi: dÐõe ‘yfpZdp„’u g¡hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Ap D‘fp„s kNf h©Ñp„s, S>“L$“u

h„iphrg, qv$rs-BÞÖ“u L$’p hN¡f¡ hpey, b°ûp„X$ A“¡ dÐõe ‘yfpZdp„’u g¡hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.7979797979

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ hpey A“¡ dÐõe ‘yfpZ“u fQ“p Qp¡’u kv$udp„ ’B lsu. fpdpeZdp„

Ap n¡‘L$p¡“p¡ Dd¡fp¡ Qp¡’u kv$u ‘R>u A“¡ DÑf“u hpQ“p A“¡ v$rnZ“u hpQ“p Ry>V$p ‘X$ep A¡

‘l¡gp ’ep¡ li¡.8080808080

174

(4) X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$dp„ Aphsp cp¥Np¡rgL$ hZ®“p¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ g„L$p dÝeâv$¡i“p

rhÞÝepQmdp„ Aphu R>¡ A¡d dp“¡ R>¡. s¡ A„N¡ s¡Ap¡ sL®$‘|Z® v$rggp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. B.k. 1940dp„ îu

V$u.‘fdrih Apef¡ ‘Ramayan and Lanka’ “p N°„’dp„ blº S> sL®$bÙ fus¡ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$dp„

Aphsp cp¥Np¡rgL$ õ’mp¡ dÝeâv$¡i“p S>bg‘yf rhõspfdp„ lp¡hp“u hps L$fu lsu. X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$ A¡ A„N¡ MpÓu L$fhp dpV¡$ îu Ad©s ‘„X$ep kp’¡ B.k. 1950dp„ îu Apef¡ L$l¡gp õ’mp¡“p¡

âhpk L$ep£ lsp¡.8181818181 s¡“p Ap^pf¡ îu Apef“p¡ ds ep¡Áe lp¡hp“y„ õhuL$pey® lsy„. ‘p¡sp“p Ap

A“ych“p Ap^pf¡ Ap kdurns Aph©rÑdp„ g„L$p“p õ’m r“Z®e A„N¡ rhiv$sp’u QQp® L$fu R>¡.

S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$dp„ fpd“p Aep¡Ýep’u rQÓL|$V$, rQÓL|$V$’u ‘„QhV$u, ‘„QhV$u’u F|>óed|L$

A“¡ F|>óed|L$’u g„L$p ky u“p S>¡ âhpk hZ®“p¡ R>¡ A“¡ kyN°uh S>epf¡ kusp“u ip¡ dpV¡$ S>¡

S|>’p¡“¡ dp¡L$g¡ R>¡ s¡“¡ dpN® bsphhp S>¡ cp¥Np¡rgL$ hZ®“ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡dp„ Aphsp ‘h®sp¡, “v$uAp¡,

Apîdp¡“p cp¥Np¡rgL$ Dëg¡Mp¡“y„ rhïg¡jZ L$fu“¡ A¡ r“Z®e ‘f Apìep R>¡ L¡$ rhÞÝepQm“p

v$rnZ R>¡X¡$ Aph¡gp¡ dl¡ÞÖ ‘h®s, F|>óed|L$ ‘h®s, âõÓhZ ‘h®s, qL$[óL„$^p“Nfu, ‘„‘p kfp¡hf,

ds„NF|>rj“p¡ Apîd, ANÐõe Fy>rj A“¡ kysuÿZ Fy>rj“p¡ Apîd Apd rQÓL|$V$’u gB“¡

qL$[óL„$^p“Nfu ky u“p b^p„ S> õ’mp¡ dÝeâv$¡idp„ R>¡. qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$dp„ g„L$p ApNm“p kdyÖ“p

hZ®“p Aph¡ R>¡ s¡“u Al] rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu“¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap kdyÖ “ lsp¡

‘Z rR>R>fy smph lsy„. fpd“p âhpk dpNp£, cp¥Np¡rgL$ hZ®“p¡ hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡

r“Z®e ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ g„L$p A¡ dÝeâv$¡i“p rhÞÝepQm“p rÓL|$V$ ‘h®s ‘f lsu.8282828282

Ap N°„’“p buÅ rhcpNdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ 32 lõsâsp¡“p Ap^pf¡ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“y„

k„‘pv$“ L$ey® R>¡. Ap k„‘pv$“ L$pe®dp„ L¡$V$gpL$ ïgp¡L$p¡ ârnàs W$ep® lsp. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ fpdpeZ“p¡

d|m cpN “’u ‘Z ‘pR>m’u Dd¡fhpdp„ Apìep lsp. S>¡d L¡$ dp¡V$p cpcu sfa“p¡ ‘|S>ecph

v$ip®hsp¡, gÿdZ“p dyM¡ ‘L$pe¡gp¡ ârkÙ ïgp¡L$

Zmh§ OmZm{‘ Ho$¶yao Zmh§ OmZm{‘ Hw$ÊS>bo &

Zynwao Ëd{¶OmZm{‘ {ZË¶§ nmXm{^dÝXZmV² &&8383838383

A¡ lõsâsp¡“u ‘yfphp“u L$kp¡V$uA¡ ârnàs L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap k„‘pv$“ L$pe®dp„ d|m‘pW$ A“¡

‘pv$V$u‘dp„ rhrh^ lõsâsp¡“p ‘pW$p„sfp¡ A“¡ n¡‘L$p¡ dyL$ep R>¡.

Ap N°„’dp„ hp“f Åsu“p gnZp¡, ‘yfpZp¡dp„’u ’e¡gp Dd¡fp A“¡ g„L$p“p¡ õ’m r“Z®e

hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡ “L$L$u L$fhpdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u rhïg¡jZ iqL$s, sL®$bÙsp A“¡ ‘p¥fprZL$

175

kprlÐe“p rhipm op““u âsurs ’pe R>¡. Apd kdurns hpQ“p“p n¡Ódp„ qL$[óL„$^pL$p„X$“y„

k„‘pv$“ A¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p rhÙsp“p A¡L$ õdpfL$ kdp“ R>¡. Æh“cf“p ‘p¥fprZL$ kprlÐe“p

Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡dZ¡ S>¡ ‘pL$V$sp ^pfZ L$fu lsu s¡“p v$i®“ Ap N°„’dp„ ’pe R>¡.

4.4.7 Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk4.4.7 Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk4.4.7 Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk4.4.7 Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk4.4.7 Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk8484848484 (1969) : (1969) : (1969) : (1969) : (1969) :

X$p¡gfcpBA¡ L$p¥Vy„$rbL$ ‘f„‘fp“u Ørô$A¡ A“¡ ìeqL$sNs Ly$Vy„$b“p Brslpk“p Aæepk“¡

“d|“p“u Ørô$A¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk rhrh^ v$õsph¡Å¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ s¥epf L$ep£ lsp¡.

Ap ‘y[õsL$p“p â’d rhcpNdp„ X$p¡gfcpBA¡ ‘p¡sp“u 14 ‘¡Y$u“u h„iphmu Ap‘u R>¡.

v$õsph¡Å¡“p Ap^pf¡ ‘p„Qdu ‘¡Y$uA¡’u A¡V$g¡ L¡$ B.k. 1780’u s¡Ap¡“p ‘|h®Å¡“u rhNshpf

dprlsu dm¡ R>¡. X$p¡gfcpBA¡ B.k. 1780’u ‘p¡sp“u ‘p„Q ‘¡Y$u ky u“p ‘|h®Å¡“p d|m hs“,

Ðep„’u AÞe âv$¡idp„ õ’mp„sf, ìehkpe, ‘qfhpf, k„‘rÑ A“¡ rinZ hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡“u dprlsu

Ap‘u R>¡.

buÅ rhcpNdp„ Ly$Vy„$b“u L¡$V$guL$ “p¢ ‘pÓ rhNsp¡ Ap‘u R>¡. S>¡dp„ h„i-Dspfpdp„ h„i

‘f„‘fpNs âdpZ¡ ‘yÓp¡ A“¡ ‘yÓuAp¡“u “pdphgu Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. ‘p¡sp“p Ly$Vy„$b“p gnZp¡

S>¡hp L¡$ kplrkL$h©rÑ, âpdprZL$sp, ^d®, fpS>ek¡hp, kprlÐerâesp, e„ÓrhÛp, v$u ®Ærhsp

A“¡ Apr’®L$ [õ’rs hN¡f¡ rhi¡ dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡.

ÓuÅ rhcpNdp„ X$p¡gfcpBA¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk 12 v$õsph¡Å¡“p Ap^pf¡ s¥epf

L$ep£ lsp¡. s¡ 12 v$õsph¡Å¡“¡ Al]ep d|mê$‘¡ v$ip®hhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u Brslpk

g¡M““u A¡L$ rhriô$sp A¡ lsu L¡$ s¡Ap¡ l„d¡ip ‘p¡sp“p ‘yõsL$dp„ d|m v$õsph¡Å¡“¡ d|m õhê$‘¡

d|L$sp lsp. S>¡’u L$fu“¡ L$p¡B ‘Z k„ip¡ L$“¡ vy$g®c d|m v$õsph¡Å¡ kfmsp’u âpàs ’B iL¡$.

A„s¡ ‘p¡sp“p ‘qfhpf“u h„iphmu Ap‘¡gu R>¡.

Apd L$p¡B Ly$Vy„$b“u h„iphmu L¡$ Brslpk“u “p¢ L¡$hu fus¡ L$fhu A’hp Ly$Vy„$bh©n“y„

k„ip¡ “ L¡$hu fus¡ L$fhy„ A¡ A„N¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘p¡sp“u dp¥rgL$ g¡M“ ‘Ùrs’u ‘p¡sp“p Ly$Vy„$b“p¡

Brslpk gMu A¡L$ DÑd “d|“p¡ ‘|fp¡ ‘pX$ep¡ lsp¡.

4.4.8 Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk (1972) :4.4.8 Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk (1972) :4.4.8 Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk (1972) :4.4.8 Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk (1972) :4.4.8 Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk (1972) :

Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk S>¡ "evy$h„i âL$pi' õhê$‘¡ D‘gå^ lsp¡. A¡ Brslpk“p afu’u

L„$BL$ “hp k„ip¡ “ õhê$‘¡ dyL$hp dpV¡$ A“¡ dprlsu“u kÐesp“u QL$pkZu dpV¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

õ’pr“L$ A“yîyrsAp¡, A¥rslprkL$ Ap^pfp¡ A“¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p ‘prmepAp¡, Sy>“p d„qv$fp¡, d[õS>v$p¡,

176

Åd“Nf“p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p “pdp„qL$s h¥Û, k„NusL$pf hN¡f¡“u ê$bê$ dygpL$ps gB A“¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p

v$õsph¡Å¡ Üpfp$ dprlsu A¡L$W$u L$fu“¡ "Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk' ê$‘¡ âL$pris L$ey® lsy„.

Ap ‘yõsL$ Ly$g ‘p„Q rhcpNdp„ rhcprS>s R>¡. S>¡dp„ Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk, Æh“QqfÓ,

d„qv$fp¡, S|>“p DÛp¡Np¡ A“¡ rigpg¡Mp¡“p¡ kdph¡i ’pe R>¡.

Åd“Nf il¡f“p Brslpk“p rhcpNdp„ â’d Åd“Nf “pd L¡$hu fus¡ ‘X$ey„ s¡Ap¡A¡

rhrh^ Ap^pfp¡ kp’¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡. S>¡dp„ evy$h„iâL$pi, shpfuM¡ kp¡fW$, rdfps¡ rkL„$v$fu, rdfps¡

Aldv$u A“¡ d„qv$f“p Arcg¡Mpdp„ Dëg¡rMs Åd“Nf“p “pd ‘f’u s¡Ap¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap

“Nf“y„ “pd A¡“p õ’p‘“pL$pm¡ “h“Nf L¡$ “hp“Nf lsy„ ‘R>u A¡“¡ “ìe“Nf, “hu“Nf,

“p¥sd“Nf hN¡f¡ “pd¡ ‘Z Ap¡mMpsy„ lsy„. S>¡ N°„’p¡ L¡$ rigpg¡Mp¡dp„ Åd“Nf“u õ’p‘“prsr’

rhi¡ Dëg¡Mp¡ R>¡ s¡“p rhi¡ Al] rhNshpf kdÅhu“¡ s¡Ap¡ Åd“Nf“u õ’p‘“p rh¾$d k„hs

1956 îphZ kyv$-7 by hpf“p fp¡S> d|L¡$ R>¡, ‘Z s¡Ap¡ QpfZu A“yîyrs Ap^pf¡ dp¥rgL$ k|Q“

L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ådfphm L$ÃR>dp„’u Ap âv$¡idp„ Apìep ‘R>u sfs S> s¡dZ¡ Ap “Nf õ’pàey„ “ lsy„,

‘Z Ådfphm¡ ‘l¡gp„ ApdfZ ÆÐey„ A“¡ s¡ ‘R>u hui¡L$ hj£ Ap “Nf“u õ’p‘“p L$fu lsu.8585858585

Ådfphm, iÓyiëe, gpMpÆ, Åd fZdgÆ ‘l¡gp, Ådfpetkl ‘l¡gp, Ådîu rhcpÆ,

Ådîu fZÆstkl, Ådîu qv$[ÁhS>etklÆ ky u“p fpS>hu L$pm v$fçep“ Åd“Nfdp„ d„qv$fp¡,

dl¡gp¡, smphp¡, fõspAp¡ hN¡f¡ b„ pep s¡“y„ rhNshpf Al] hZ®“ L$ey® R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Al]

A¡ rhNs d|L¡$ R>¡ L¡$ ÅdkÑpÆ (iÓyiëe)“p kdedp„ c|Qfdp¡fu“u gX$pBdp„ ÅdkspÆ lpep£

Ðepf¡ dykgdp“p¡ ‘l¡gu hMs Åd“Nfdp„ Apìep lsp. S>epf¡ c|Qfdp¡fu“u gX$pB ‘R>u S>kpÆ

qv$ëgu Nep Ðepf¡ fOy“p’ “pNf¡ s¡d“¡ dv$v$ L$fu lsu. S>kpÆ“p kdedp„ õÓp¡s âdpZ¡ S>kpÆA¡

lmhv$ ap¡S> dp¡L$gu Ðepf¡ i„L$fv$pk “pNf“¡ ‘Z dp¡L$ëep lsp. Apd “pNfp¡ ‘Z Ap kde¡

Åd“Nfdp„ hkhpV$ L$ep£ lsp¡.8686868686 ÅdrhS>eL$pìe,Åd“Nf“p S>¥“d„qv$f“p¡ g¡M, spfuM¡-A¡-

kp¡fW$ A“¡ Þlp“pgpg¡ L$f¡gy„ ÅdN“f“p hZ®““¡ d|m õhê$‘¡ d|L$ey„ R>¡. S>¡ L$p¡B k„ip¡ L$“¡ kfmsp’u

A¡L$ S> ‘yõsL$dp„ Ap d|m v$õsph¡S> âpàs ’pe R>¡. A¡“p ‘R>u evy$h„i âL$pi A“¡ kp¡fW¡$ shpfuM“p

Ap^pf¡ Ådh„i“p fpÅ¡“u Ådfphm’u qv$[ÁhS>etklÆ ky u“u kpghpfu âdpZ¡ h„iphmu

Ap‘u R>¡. Ap â’d rhcpN“p A„sdp„ Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk gMhp dpV¡$ Ap^pf kdp“ N°„’p¡,

d„qv$f“p rigpg¡Mp¡, ‘prmepAp¡“p rigpg¡Mp¡ hN¡f¡“u epv$u Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. s¡ õÓp¡sdp„

Åd“Nf rhi¡ S>¡ dprlsu Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡ s¡“p¡ Al]ep kpf A“¡ d|m õhê$‘¡ d|L$u R>¡. S>¡’u

L$fu“¡ L$p¡B k„ip¡ L$p¡“¡ Ap A¥rslprkL$ dprlsu kfmsp’u Ap N°„’ Üpfp âpàs ’B iL¡$.

177

buÅ rhcpNdp„ Åd“Nf“p rhrh^ n¡Óp¡“p sS>op¡“p¡ rhõs©s’u ‘qfQe Ap‘hpdp„

Apìep¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ ê$bê$ dy|gpL$ps A“¡ AÞe N°„’p¡“p Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ dlpÐdp T„Xy$

cË$Æ, k„NuspQpe®, Apqv$ÐefpdÆ, L¡$ihÆ ipõÓu, lp’ucpB ipõÓu hN¡f¡“p ‘|h®Å¡, âpf„rcL$

Æh“, rinZ A“¡ s¡d“p e¡pNv$p“ rhi¡ dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡. Ap rhcpN A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡

Åd“Nf“p Ap rhÙp“p¡“p¡ Brslpk ÅZhp dpV¡$ M|b S> D‘ep¡Nu R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

s¡d“u ê$bê$ d|gpL$ps gB“¡ s¡d“p kdN° Æh“ rhi¡“u dprlsu“¡ Al] V|„$L$dp„ Apg¡Mu R>¡.

ÓuÅ rhcpNdp„ Åd“Nf il¡f“p ^prd®¼ õ’mp¡ rhi¡ rhõs©s dprlsu Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu

R>¡. rhrh^ õÓp¡s“p Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ ApZv$bphp“p¡ Apîd, hëgcpQpe®Æ dlpâcyÆ“u

lh¡gu, dlpâcyÆ“u b¡W$L$, s¡S>ku-kyÑ fpeku ipl“y„ S>¥“ v$¡fpkf, cuX$c„S>“ dlpv$¡h d„qv$f,

‘pfku AÁepfu, MuS>X$p d„qv$f, âNV¡$ðf dlpv$¡h, îu lpV$L¡$ðf dlpv$¡h, iuMp¡“y„ d„qv$f, rÀõsu

v$¡hm, Sy>dp d[õS>v$ hN¡f¡ prd®L$ õ’m“p¡ Brslpk, s¡d“p¡ õ’p‘“pL$pm, õ’p‘L$, s¡“y„ A¥rslprkL$

dlÒh, s¡d“u õ’p‘Ðe L$gp hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡ rhi¡ rhõs©s QQp® Al] L$fu R>¡.

Åd“Nf“p Ap¡mMkdp Sy>“p D^p¡Np¡“u ê$bê$ d|gpL$ps gB“¡ s¡“p L$pfuNfp¡“¡ dmu“¡

s¡“p rhi¡ rhNshpf Al] dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ f„NpV$u D^p¡N“u f„Nhp“u ApMu ‘Ùrs

Al] kdÅhu R>¡. MÓu oprsAp¡ h„i ‘f„‘fpNs âdpZ¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ f„Nhp“p¡ hpfkp¡ L¡$hu fus¡

Åmhu fp¿ep¡ A“¡ rhrh^ L$gf“p f„Np¡ S>epf¡ kygc “ lsp Ðepf¡ Ap L$pfuNfp¡ L¡$hu fus¡ Sy>v$p

Sy>v$p f„Np¡“u d¡mhZu L$fu f„Np¡ s¥epf L$fsp lsp s¡“u dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡. Åd“Nfdp„ bp„ Zu,

AÑf A“¡ ‘¢X$p“p¡ „ p¡ L¡$hu fus¡ rhL$õep¡ A“¡ s¡“u kp’¡ ‘f„‘fpNs fus¡ L$B oprsAp¡ k„L$mpe¡gu

R>¡ s¡“p rhi¡ ‘Z dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡. Ap N°„’“p A„s¡ s¡dZ¡ Åd“Nf“p Brslpk rhi¡ dprlsu$

Ap‘sp A¥rslprkL$ rigpg¡Mp¡“¡ ap¡V$p õhê$‘¡ d|L$ep R>¡.

Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Åd“Nf rhi¡ rhrh^ N°„’p¡dp„ dmsu dprlsu, A¥rslprkL$ õ’mp¡,

rigpg¡Mp¡ L¡$ ìeqL$sAp¡“u ê$bê$ d|gpL$ps gB“¡ ‘p¡sp“u dp¥rgL$ A“¡ ApNhu i¥gudp„ Åd“Nf“p¡

Brslpk gMhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$ep£ R>¡.

Ap N°„’“u rhi¡jsp A¡ R>¡ L¡$ OZu A¥rslprkL$ dprlsu â’dhpf S> Ap N°„’dp„ âL$pris

L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ A“¡ Åd“Nf“p Brslpk“p A¥rslprkL$ v$õsph¡S> kdp OZp kp^“p¡“¡ d|m

õhê$‘¡ R>p‘hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. S>¡’u L$fu“¡ k„ip¡ L$p¡“¡ kfmsp’u Ap A¡L$ S> N°„’dp„’u Ap b^p

v$õsph¡Å¡ dmu iL¡$ R>¡. Brslpk“p blº S> Ap¡R>p N°„’p¡dp„ Aphp v$õsph¡Å¡ d|mõhê$‘¡ fS|> L$fhpdp„

Apìep lp¡e R>¡.

178

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap N°„’ Üpfp Åd“Nf“p Brslpk rhi¡ S>¡ N°„’p¡dp„ dprlsu âpàs ’su

lsu s¡ A‘|Z®, i„L$piug L¡$ dsdsp„sfp¡ cf¡gu lsu. s¡’u Aphu A‘|Z® fl¡gu dprlsu“¡ ‘|Z®

L$fhp L¡$ i„L$piug dprlsu“p¡ kÐesp“u QL$pkZu L$fhp kprl[ÐeL$ ‘|fphpAp¡ A“¡ A¥rslprkL$

õ’mp¡“u ê$bê$ d|gpL$ps gB dm¡gu Ap^pfc|s dprlsu“u syg“p L$fu Åd“Nf“y„ “pd, fpS>h„ip¡“u

h„iphmu, Åd“Nf“p¡ ¾$di: rhL$pk, Åd“Nf“p ^prd®L$ õ’mp¡ A“¡ s¡“y„ A¥rslprkL$ dlÒh

s’p S|>“p D^p¡Np¡ rhi¡ Ap^pfc|s dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡.

Ap N°„’ õ’pr“L$ Brslpk k„ip¡ “ L¡$ g¡M““u Ørô$A¡ dlÒh“p¡ R>¡ L¡$d L¡$ õ’pr“L$

Brslpkdp„ k„ip¡ “ L¡$ g¡M“ L$B fus¡ L$fhy„ s¡“u ‘Ùrs ‘Z k|Qh¡ R>¡.

4.54.54.54.54.5 ^d® A“¡ sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“ :^d® A“¡ sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“ :^d® A“¡ sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“ :^d® A“¡ sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“ :^d® A“¡ sÒhop““p n¡Ó¡ âv$p“ :

X$p¡gfcpBA¡ k„õ¼©s“p AÝep‘L$ lp¡hp“p “ps¡ cpfs“p âpQu“ N°„’p¡“p DÐL©$ô$ Aæepku

lsp. s¡Ap¡A¡ h¡v$p¡, D‘r“jv$p¡, ‘yfpZp¡, fpdpeZ, dlpcpfs, S>¥“ A“¡ bp¥Ù ^d®“p N°„’p¡“p¡

Aæepk L$fu“¡ ‘p¡sp“p A’®OV$“p¡“p Ap^pf¡ s¡dp„’u ^prd®L$ sÒhop““¡ spfhu s¡“¡ ‘yõsL$p¡

õhê$‘¡ d|L$ep R>¡.

s¡Ap¡“p ^d® A“¡ sÒhop““p KX$p Aæepk“p ‘qfiug“ ê$‘¡ "F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$$“y„

v$i®“', "tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN®', "^d®k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu', "Nusp“p¡ byqÙâep¡N', "îudv¹$ cpNhs

L$’p' A“¡ "Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$' hN¡f¡ ‘yõsL$p¡ dm¡ R>¡. tlvy$ d®“p N°„’p¡“p Aæepk ‘f’u

L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥rgL$ A’®OV$“p¡ spfìep R>¡ A“¡ cpfsue ^d®“p sÒhop““p rhQpfp¡“¡ kfmsp’u

kdÅhhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$ep£ R>¡.

4.5.1 F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$“y„ v$i®“ (1964) :4.5.1 F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$“y„ v$i®“ (1964) :4.5.1 F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$“y„ v$i®“ (1964) :4.5.1 F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$“y„ v$i®“ (1964) :4.5.1 F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$“y„ v$i®“ (1964) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ sp. 18, 19 qX$k¡çbf, 1964dp„ îu rhÛpbl¡“ õdpfL$ ìep¿ep“dpmp

A„sN®s Ap‘¡gp b¡ ìep¿ep“p¡“¡ "F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$ F>rj“y„ v$i®“'“p “pd¡ N°„’õ’ L$fhpdp„

Apìep R>¡. Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„ Ly$g b¡ ìep¿ep“p¡dp„ rhcprS>s R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap rhje“u

‘k„v$Nu“p l¡syAp¡ dpV¡$ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ ‘ròd“p rhÙp“p¡ h¡v$dp„, Mpk L$fu“¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„ L$d®L$p„X$

A“¡ âp’®“p Ap b¡ S> dy¿e R>¡ A¡d dp“¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ Ap‘Z¡ h¡v$“p¡ Aæepk Ap‘Zu Ørô$A¡

L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap‘Zu A“yîyrs, ‘yfpZpqv$“u A“yîyrs“p kdõs k„v$c®dp„ S> Ap‘Z¡ h¡v$“p¡

Aæepk L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. L¡$d L¡$, h¡v$dp„ r“ê$‘pe¡gu Ap‘Zu k„õ¼©rs“y„ kpsÐe, Ap‘Zu A“yîyrsdp„

S>mhpB füy„ R>¡.8787878787 F>Áh¡v$dp„ âp’®“p A“¡ L$d®L$p„X$ D‘fp„s buSy>„ OÏ„ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ rhNsp¡dp„ Dsfu“¡

179

A¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. A¡V$gp dpV¡$ F>Áh¡v$dp„ hri›$ F>rj“p 104 L¡$ 106 k|L¡$sp¡dp„

A¡“u Ørô$“u ìep‘L$sp A“¡ A¡“p ìeqL$sÐh“u kp¥çesp“¡ gu ¡ Ap rhje ‘k„v$ L$ep£ R>¡.

â’d ìep¿ep“dp„ F>Áh¡v$“p kp¥’u h^pf¡ k|L$sp¡ hri›$ F>rjA¡ fÃep R>¡. s¡ lL$uL$s“y„

ârs‘pv$“ L$fu hri›$ F>rj frQs k|L$sp¡dp„ s¡d“u rhriô$ Ørô$“y„ r“ê$‘Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

A“¡L$ v$¡hhpv$“u QQp® L$fu Sy>v$p Sy>v$p v$¡hspAp¡ sfa“u hri›$“u Ørô$, v$¡hp¡ kp’¡“u F>rj“u

k¿e cph“p, L$d®L$p„X$pÐdL$ Ørô$L$p¡Z A“¡ L$d®L$p„X$“u iyqÙ ‘f A¡dZ¡ d|L¡$gp¡ cpf ìeh[õ’s

fus¡ QQ®hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. Ap D‘fp„s â’d ìep¿ep“dp„ hri›$ F>rj“p k|L$sp¡dp„ cqL$ssÒh

‘Z rhrh^ Dv$plfZp¡ krls õ‘ô$ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. buÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ v$¡hp¡A¡ L$f¡gy„ k©rô$“y„

kS>®“, ApÐdp, Æh, bû, Bðf“y„ AdfÐh hN¡f¡ rhNsp¡“u V|„$L$u QQp® L$ep® bpv$ ‘p‘“p L$pfZp¡

A“¡ F>s, kÐe A“¡ dp¡n“u cph“p rhi¡ rhNs¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡. Sy>v$u Sy>v$u rhNsp¡“u QQp®“¡ Ap^pf¡

g¡ML¡$ hri›$“p ìeqL$sÐh A“¡ hri›$“u ApÝep[ÐdL$ cph“p“¡ âpkpqv$L$ fus¡ ìeL$s L$fu Ap‘u

R>¡. ìep¿ep“p¡dp„ g¡ML$“u ANp^ rhÙsp rhiv$ rhïg¡jZpÐdL$ Ørô$“p v$i®“ ’pe R>¡.

4.5.2 tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN® (1964) :4.5.2 tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN® (1964) :4.5.2 tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN® (1964) :4.5.2 tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN® (1964) :4.5.2 tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN® (1964) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ qX$k¡çbf-1963“p fp¡S> “p“pcpB ìep¿ep“dpmp A„sN®s ÓZ ìep¿ep“p¡

Apàep lsp. S>¡ "tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝed dpN®'“p ‘yõsL$ õhê$‘¡ âNV$ ’ep lsp. â’d ìep¿ep“dp„

s¡Ap¡A¡ bp¥Ù A“¡ S>¥“^d®dp„ dÝed dpN®“¡ rhõspf’u kdÅìep¡, S>epf¡ buÅ ìep¿ep“dp„

Nusp ‘yfpZL$pmdp„ A“¡ i„L$fpQpe®“p v$i®“dp„ fl¡gp¡ dÝeddpN® A“¡ ÓuÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ cpfsdp„

dÝeddpN®“u DÐ‘rÑ A“¡ s¡“u rhL$pkf¡Mp Apg¡Mhpdp„ Aphu R>¡.

â’d ìep¿ep“dp„ bp¥Ù A“¡ S>¥“^d® rlÞvy$ ^d®“p S> ‘y“:k„õL$fZ ‘pd¡gp õhê$‘p¡ R>¡.

s¡“y„ ârs‘pv$“ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Al] ìep¿ep“L$pf¡ bp¥Ù A“¡ S>¥“^d®“p ^prd®L$ N°„’p¡“p¡

Aæepk L$fu“¡ bp¥Ù A“¡ S>¥“ ^d®dp„ ApQpf A“¡ sÒh“u Ørô$A¡ dÝedpN® L¡$hu fus¡ fl¡gp¡ R>¡

s¡ rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ bp¥Ù ^d®dp„ fl¡gp¡ dÝeddpN® rhi¡ kdÅh¡ R>¡ L¡$ bp¥Ý^^d®“¡

dÝeddpN®“u â¡fZp Ap‘“pf kdL$pgu“ ‘qfbmp¡ S>¡hp L¡$ Qphp®L$hpv$uAp¡“u cp¥rsL$ kyM“u

Arsiesp s’p v$¡lv$d“hpv$uAp¡“u Arsiesp lsu. Ap bÞ“¡ ArsqfL$sp ÐepN L$fu“¡ byÙA¡

dÝeddpN®“y„ A“ykfZ L$fu Aô²$pNuL$ dpN® Apàep¡. S>¡dp„ "kçeL$¹$' iåv$ A¡ dÝedcph k|Qh¡

R>¡. byÙ dpÓ ApQpf“u Ørô$ S> hps “’u L$fsp ‘Z sÒhop““u Ørô$A¡ ‘Z dÝeddpN®“u

hps L$fu R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ byÙ“p kdedp„ A[õsÒhpv$u A¡hp¡ ApÐdp ipðshõsy R>¡ A¡hy„ L$l¡“pf

180

L¡$V$gpL$ sÒhh¡ÑpAp¡ lsp, sp¡ buÆbpSy> “p[õsL$hpv$u A¡V$g¡ ApÐdp S>¡hu L$p¡B hõsy R>¡ S> “l]

A¡hy„ L$l¡“pfp sÒhhpv$uAp¡ ‘Z lsp. Ap bÞ“¡dp„ byÙ¡, S>¡ dÝed ds L$üp¡ s¡ âsuÐekdyÐ‘pv$“¡

“pd¡ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. Ap ds âdpZ¡ ApÐdpipðs A’hp Aipðs “’u, ‘Z L$pe®L$pfZ“p

r“ed’u bv$gpsp¡ fl¡“pfp¡ R>¡.8888888888 byÙ“p âsuÐekdyÐ‘pv$hpv$“¡ ‘Z s¡dZ¡ AÐe„s âpkpqv$L$

cpjpdp„ õ‘ô$ L$ep£ R>¡. Ap ‘R>u S>¥“ ^d®“p Dv¹$Nd“u QQp®“p A“yk„ p“dp„ S>¥“p¡“p â’d

su’®L$f F>jcv$¡h A’hp Apqv$“p’“p¡ cpNhsdp„ dmsp¡ k„v$c® krhõspf kdÅhu F>jcv$¡h

s‘“p ApÐe„rsL$ A“ykfZ L$f“pfp lsp. s¡’u S>¥“ ^d®dp„ dÝeddpN®“¡ âpf„c âpð®“p’ L¡$

dlphuf õhpdu’u ’ep¡ R>¡ s¡ rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡. S>¥“ ^d®“p¡ rÓfÐ““p¡ rkÙp„s s’p dlph°sp¡

A“¡ AÏh°sp¡“u ìehõ’p dÝed hN®“u Op¡sL$ R>¡. Apd N©lõ’uAp¡ k„kpfdp„ fl¡sp lp¡e A¡“p’u

ApÐep[ÞsL$h°Ñp¡“y„ ‘pg“ iL$e “ b“¡ s¡’u S>¥“^d£ S>¡ AÏh°s“u ìehõ’p L$fu s¡ dÝedhN® S>

R>¡. S>epf¡ S>¥“^d®“p¡ rÓfÐ““p¡ rkÙp„s ‘Z dÝed dpN® S> R>¡. A¡“u ‘pR>m ìephlpqfL$ Ørô$ R>¡

A“¡ kpdpÞe dpZk“u L$np“u NZsfu R>¡. Ap D‘fp„s sÒh“u Ørô$A¡ A“¡L$pÞshpv$ A“¡

õepv¹$hpv$ R>¡ A¡dp„ ‘Z dÝeddpN® õhuL$pfpe¡gp¡ R>¡. A„s¡ sL®$“u Ørô$A¡ S>¡ N°ple lp¡e s¡ õhuL$pfhy„

A¡d L$l¡“pf S>¥““u Ørô$dp„ dÝed dpN®“p¡ rhS>e R>¡ A¡d g¡ML¡$ rhiv$sp’u kdÅìey„ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ bp¥Ùp¡ s¡dS> S>¥“p¡dp„ ApQpf Ørô$A¡ s¡dS> sÒhØrô$A¡ dÝeddpN® õhuL$pfpe¡gp¡

R>¡. Ap“¡ gu ¡ cpfsdp„ d®-^d® hÃQ¡“p tlkL$ TOX$p Mpk ’ep “’u. Ap Ørô$tbvy$’u krlóÏsp

L¡$mhpe R>¡.

buÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ Nusp, ‘yfpZ-õd©rsAp¡ A“¡ i„L$fpQpep®qv$dp„ ‘Z dÝeddpN®“u

rhQpfZp L¡$hu fus¡ A‘“phpB R>¡ s¡ A¡dZ¡ rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ Nusp kpdpÞe

d“yóe“¡, dÝed L$np“p d“yóe“¡ DØ°¡iu“¡ L$l¡hpB R>¡. Apd Nusp“y„ âep¡S>“ S> dÝedpN} R>¡.

Nusp d“yóe“p õhcph âdpZ¡ kp[ÐhL$, fpS>ku, spdku A¡d ÓZ âL$pfp¡ ‘pX¡$ R>¡. d“yóe

õhcph“u Ap ÓZ L$npAp¡ õhuL$pfhpdp„ S> dÝeddpN® N©lus b“u Åe R>¡. S>¡hu fus¡ A“pkqL$s“p

A¡L$ S> k|Ó’u NuspA¡ A¡L$buÅ’u rhfp¡ lp¡e A¡hp b^p S> bmp¡“¡ bp„ u v$u^p R>¡. kdÞhe

L$fhp“u Ap L$p¡B AS>b L$mp R>¡ A“¡ Ap N°„’“u Ap Av¹$cys rkÙ R>¡.8989898989 A¡d g¡ML$ S>Zph¡ R>¡.

s¡Ap¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ h¥qv$L$L$pm’u ‘yfpZ õd©rsL$pmdp„ (B.k.‘|h® 500 ’u B.k. 1000)

S>¡ âq¾$epAp¡ iê$ ’B s¡“p d|mdp„ Ap dÝeddpN® S> R>¡. h¥qv$L$L$pmdp„ S>¡ rih“p Qp¥v$ S>¡V$gp

v$¡hp¡“p õhê$‘p¡ lsp s¡“¡ ‘yfpZL$pmdp„ rihdp„ kdphu g¡hpdp„ Apìep lsp A“¡ rhóÏ“p AgN-

181

AgN õhê$‘ S>¡ v$¡hp¡ lsp s¡“¡ rhóÏdp„ kdphu g¡hpdp„ Apìep. Ap b^p v$¡hp¡“¡ A¡L$ v$¡hdp„

kdÞhe L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. Ap ‘Z dÝed dpN®“y„ S> A¡L$ õhê$‘ R>¡. A“¡L$ v$¡huAp¡ ‘pR>m Å¡ A¡L$

iqL$s“y„ sÒh R>¡ s¡“p D‘f cpf d|L$u“¡ iqL$s‘|Å âNV$phhpdp„ Aphu s¡ ‘Z kdÞhe“u S>

âq¾$ep R>¡. s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ kde S>sp rih, rhóÏ A“¡ v$¡hu“u bpbsdp„ A“¡L$ v$¡hp¡“p¡ kdÞhe

’B“¡ A¡L$ Sy>v$p ^d® OX$pep. Ap Sy>v$p ^d®dp„ ‘p¡sp“p ^d®“p v$¡h S> î¡›$ R>¡ S>¡ Bô$ v$¡hhpv$“u

c|rdL$p Aphu lsu. s¡’u afu A¡L$ hpf kdÞhe“u L¡$ dÝeddpN®“u âq¾$epAp¡ iê$ ’B s¡dp„’u

A ®“pfuðfhpv$ D‘S>ep¡, s¡’u S> v$¡h A“¡ v$¡huAp¡ hÃQ¡ L$p¡B A„sf füy„ “lu. A¡ ‘R>u“p

kdedp„ kdÞhe“u âq¾$ep ApNm h^u rÓd|rs®“u L$ë‘“pL$pfu b°ûp, rhóÏ A“¡ dl¡i“¡ A¡L$

S> v$¡h“p õhê$‘p¡ NZhp gpÁep. Ap ApMu kdÞhe“u A“¡ krlóÏsp“u âq¾$ep ‘Z dÝeddpN®

S> NZpe A¡d rhiv$sp’u kdÅìey„ R>¡.

s¡Ap¡ i„L$fpQpe®“p dÝedpN® rhi¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ "i„L$fpQpe® A¡ ‘Z rhÙp“p¡ dpV¡$ v$pi®r“L$

rhQpfp¡“p¡ kdÞhe “pNpSy>®“, D‘r“jv$ A“¡ Nusp“p rhQpfp¡“p¡ kyÞv$f ApL$pf fQu“¡ L$ep£ R>¡.

Ap b„Þ“¡dp„ s¡d“u kdÞhe“u L¡$ dÝedpN®“u Ørô$ v$¡Mpe R>¡.

S>epf¡ ÓuÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ h¡v$L$pm’u bp¥Ù S>¥“ ^d® ky u dÝeddpN®“u DÐ‘rÑ

A“¡ rhL$pk s’p [õ’Ðe„sfp¡“¡ A¥rslprkL$ k„v$cp£ Ap‘u“¡ rhrh^ Dv$plfZp¡’u õ‘ô$ L$ep£ R>¡.

A¡dp„ g¡ML$“p rhipm agL$ A“¡ v$i®““p¡ ‘qfQe ’pe R>¡. s¡Ap¡ Ap dÝedpN®“u DÐ‘rÑ A“¡

rhL$pk“u âq¾$ep Ap‘“pf ‘qfbmp¡dp„ hZ®ìehõ’p, Apîdìehõ’p, ‘yê$jp’® A“¡ rinZ¡

L¡$hp¡ cpN cS>ìep¡ lsp¡ s¡“p rhi¡ rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡.

cpfs“p rhrh^ ^dp£dp„ kde A„sf¡ rhrh^ õhê$‘¡ fl¡gp dÝeddpN®“p Aæepk ‘f’u

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep R>¡ L¡$, ""cpfsdp„ S>epf¡ L$p¡B ‘Z rhQpf“p¡ Arsf¡L$ ’ep¡

R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡B ‘Z rhQpf“u ibgsp ’B NB R>¡ Ðepf¡ Ðepf¡ A¡“y„ S>¡ ‘y“:k„õL$fZ ’ey„ R>¡ s¡

dÝeddpN£ S> ’ey„ R>¡.''

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap ìep¿ep“p¡dp„ rhrh^ dp£“p N„°’p¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fu“¡ cpfs“p rhrh^

^dp£ L¡$ k„âv$pep¡dp„ fl¡gp¡ dÝedpN® A“¡ kdeA„sf¡ Ap dÝedpN®“p¡ L¡$hp õhê$‘¡ Dv$e A“¡

rhL$pk ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡“p rhi¡ S>¡ rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡ A¡ s¡d“y„ dp¥rgL$ âv$p“ S> b“u fl¡i¡. âpQu“

kdedp„ ^prd®L$ krlóÏsp L¡$mhhpdp„ dÝeddpN®“p sÒhp¡A¡ L¡$hp¡ cpN cS>ìep¡ lsp¡ A¡“p rhi¡

s¡dZ¡ S>¡ k|Q“p¡ L$ep® R>¡ A¡ s¡d“u h¡ L$ k„ip¡ “ Ørô$“p v$i®“ L$fph¡ R>¡.

182

4.5.3 ^d®„k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu4.5.3 ^d®„k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu4.5.3 ^d®„k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu4.5.3 ^d®„k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu4.5.3 ^d®„k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu9090909090 (1968) : (1968) : (1968) : (1968) : (1968) :

X$p¡gfcpBA¡ b^p S> ^d®“p k„õ’p‘L$p¡A¡ Ap‘¡gp âhQ“p¡“¡ Al] A¡L$ kp’¡ Ap ‘yõsL

$õhê$‘¡ dyL$ep R>¡. S>¡dp„ â’d D‘r“jv$p¡“u hpZudp„ b©lv$pfÎeL$ D‘r“jv$dp„ epohëL$e-d¥Ó¡eu

k„hpv$ L¡$ S>¡ cpfsue k„õ¼©rs cp¥rsL$ “rl ApÝep[ÐdL$ R>¡ s¡ bsph¡ R>¡. buÅ byÙ“u hpZudp„

byÙ“p¡ kpf“p’“p¡ D‘v$¡i Apàep¡ R>¡. ÓuÅdp„ dlphuf, Qp¡’pdp„ S>f’yô$“u hpZu, ‘p„Qdp„

L$p¡Þaeyiek“u, R>Ì$pdp„ Biy A“¡ kpsdp„ dlçdv$ ‘e„Nbf“p¡ D‘v$¡i Ap‘hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Al]ep b^p S> d®“p k„õ’p‘L$p¡A¡ S>¡ D‘v$¡ip¡ Apàep s¡“¡ kfm iåv$p¡dp„ dyL$ep

R>¡ A“¡ s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap b^p ^dp£“p õ’p‘L$p¡A¡ Ap‘¡gp âhQ“p¡ kh® d® kdcph“p“p„

âsuL$ kdp“ R>¡. Ap b^p D‘v$¡ip¡ kfMphsp„ b^p ^dp£ hÃQ¡ d|mc|s kpçe L¡$V$gy„ b y„ R>¡ s¡“p¡

¿epg Aph¡ R>¡.

4.5.4 Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N (1969) :4.5.4 Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N (1969) :4.5.4 Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N (1969) :4.5.4 Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N (1969) :4.5.4 Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N (1969) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ B.k. 1969dp„ S>gpfpd N°„’dpmp-2 A„sN®s N„NpS>m âL$pi“ Üpfp

Ap ‘y[õsL$p âNV$ L$fu A“¡ ‘R>u’u Ap ‘y[õsL$p“y„ kp¥fpô²$ eyr“hrk®V$u Üpfp 2008dp„ ‘y“:dyÖZ

’ey„ lsy. Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p Nusp“p Æh“cf“p KX$p ‘qfiug““p r“óL$j®ê$‘¡

NusprhQpfdp„ Arc“h A’®OV$“ Ørô$Np¡Qf ’pe R>¡. Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„ Nuspdp„ Ap‘¡gp îuL©$óZ

A“¡ ASy>®“ hÃQ¡“p k„hpv$“y„ k“ps“ âep¡S>“ iy„ lsy„ ? s¡“p¡ Aæepk L$fu“¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ørô$L$p¡Z’u

Nusp“¡ "byqÙe¡pN' L$üp¡ R>¡. s¡dZ¡ Nuspdp„ fl¡gp Ap byqÙep¡N“¡ Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„ kfmsp’u

kdÅìep¡ R>¡.

Nusp“¡ rhrh^ ipõÓL$pfp¡A¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ørô$L$p¡Z’u d|ghhp“p¡ âepk L$ep£ R>¡. S>¡dp„

i„L$fpQpe®“¡ A¡dp„ op“ep¡N S>Zpep¡ A“¡ L¥$hgÜ¥Ðh“y„ ârs‘pv$“ S>Zpey„ R>¡. L$p¡B“¡ rhriô$pÜ¥s

dmu Apìey„ R>¡. L$p¡B“¡ cqL$sep¡N“p v$i®“ ’pe R>¡. rsgL$“¡ A¡dp„ L$d®ep¡N v$¡Mpep¡, Np„ uÆ“¡

A“pkqL$sep¡N L¡$ r“óL$pd L$d®ep¡N v$¡Mpep¡. Apd Nusp A¡L$ A¡hp¡ N°„’ R>¡ L¡$ eyN¡ eyN¡ A¡dp„ “hu“

A’®“u Tp„Mu ’pe A“¡ eyNâñp¡“p DL¡$g A¡dp„’u kp„‘X¡$. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u Ørô$A¡ Nusp“p¡

dy¿e rhQpf byqÙep¡N“p¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ Nuspdp„ Ap dy¿e rhQpf s¡“p buÅ AÝepe“p 47

’u 53 ïgp¡L$p¡dp„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dpÓ kps ïgp¡L$p¡dp„ kdpB Åe R>¡.9191919191 Nusp“p Æh“cf“p ‘qfiug““p

‘qf‘pL$ê$‘¡ A¡L$ “hu Nyê$Qphu g¡ML$“p lp’dp„ Aphu R>¡.

183

Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N kdÅhsp ‘l¡gp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Nusp“u A¥rslprkL$ âðpv$c|rdL$p

rhi¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>epf¡ NuspL$pf¡ Nusp gMu Ðepf¡ Ap‘Zp v$i®“p¡dp„“y„ L$p¡B v$i®“ “ lsy„.

NuspL$pf ‘pk¡ sÒhrhQpfZp“u A“¡ AÝepÐdrhQpf“u S>¡ L„$B kpdN°u lsu s¡dp„ h¡v$p¡, b°pûZp¡,

ApfÎeL$p¡ A“¡ D‘r“jv$p¡ lsp. S>epf¡ NuspL$pf S>¥“ A“¡ bp¥Ù“p rhQpf’u OZ¡ cpN¡ Aops

lsp.

dlpcpfs“p eyÙdp„ ‘p¡sp“p õhS>“p¡“¡ Å¡B“¡ ASy>®“ bpZ l¡W$p d|L$u v$¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ ASy>®““¡

A¡hy„ L$s®ìe kdÅhhp dpV¡$ cNhp“ L©$óZ âh©Ñ ’pe R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ iê$Apsdp„

L©$óZ cNhp“ ‘p¡sp“p kdedp„ h¡v$L$pm’u Qpgsu Aph¡gu v$pi®r“L$ Ørô$ hp‘fu“¡ D‘r“jv$rhQpf

A“¡ õd©rsdp„’u Ap^pf gB ASy>®““¡ kdÅh¡ R>¡. ‘R>u buÅ AÝepe“p Ap¡NZQpguidp„

ïgp¡L$’u Nusp“p¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ S> ApNhp¡ rhQpf iê$ ’pe R>¡. A¡ ‘R>u L©$óZ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ "spfu drs

dyTpB NB R>¡, spfu úv$e“u gpNZu“u Ap hps “’u, spfu byqÙ“u dy„ThZ“u Ap hps R>¡....

AÐepf ky u d¢ s“¡ D‘r“jv$“p rhQpf“u hps L$fu s¡ sp¡ kp„¿e“u byqÙ R>¡. lh¡ lº„ s“¡ ep¡N“u

byqÙ“u hps L$fy„ Ry>„. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ ep¡N“u Ap byqÙ A’hp sp¡ byqÙep¡N A¡ S>

cpfsue sÒhrhQpfdp„ NuspA¡ Ap‘¡gp¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ ApNhp¡ A“¡ AÐe„s dlÒh“p¡ apmp¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„

NuspL$pf¡ S>Ns“u âÅAp¡“¡ eyNp¡ ky u Qpg¡ s¡hp¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ dy¿e rhQpf S>Zphu v$u^p¡ R>¡. Ap

byqÙep¡N A¡V$g¡ L$d®“p ag“u BÃR>p sS>hu A“¡ s¡ ‘Z byqÙ‘|h®L$ sS>hu s¡ Ap byqÙep¡N R>¡.

i„L$fpQpe®, L$d®ags©óZp, A¡hy„ hQ“ hp‘f¡ R>¡ A¡“p¡ A’® A¡ R>¡ L¡$ dpZk L$d®“¡ sp¡ R>p¡X$u iL$sp¡

“’u, ‘Z L$d®“p am“u s©óZp L¡$ BÃR>p“¡ R>p¡X$u iL¡$ R>¡.9292929292 Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Nuspdp„

byqÙep¡N“y„ rhriô$ ârs‘pv$“ S|>A¡ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap ‘y[õsL$pdp„ Nusp“p byqÙep¡N“¡ rhiv$sp’u kdÅìep¡ R>¡. A„s¡

s¡Ap¡ Nusp“p kpfê$‘¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap byqÙep¡N Üpfp NuspL$pf¡ ‘p¡sp“p L$pmdp„ âQrgs sÒhrhQpf“p¡

A¡L$ dlp“ A“¡ kycN kdÞhe L$ep£ R>¡. h¡v$k„rlsp A“¡ D‘r“jv$p¡“y„ op“, k„rlspL$pm’u

âQrgs lsu s¡ cqL$s A“¡ k„rlsp A“¡ b°pªZ N°„’p¡“p hMsdp„ S>qV$g ’B Ne¡gy„ L$d®“y„ Åmy„

s¡dS> ‘p¡sp“p hMsdp„ âQrgs kp„¿e A“¡ ep¡Npqv$“p âpf„rcL$ rhQpfp¡ - Ap b^p“p¡ A¡L$

S>åbf kdÞhe NuspL$pf¡ L$ep£ R>¡. Nusp“u Mfu dlÑp A¡“p kdÞhe A¡V$g¡ dÝeddpN®dp„ R>¡.

Ap kdÞhe NuspA¡ byqÙâep¡N“p¡ Apîe gB“¡ L$ep£ R>¡. A¡L$ byqÙep¡Ndp„ A¡dZ¡ op“, L$d®

A“¡ cqL$s kdphu gu^p R>¡.9393939393

184

Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Nuspdp„ byqÙep¡N“y„ ârs‘pv$“ ’ey„ R>¡ A¡ sL®$iyÙ fus¡ v$ip®ìey„ R>¡.

s¡Ap¡A¡ îudv¹$ cNhsNusp“p Arc“h A’®v$i®““p¡ A¡L$ rhfg A“¡ dp¥rgL$ âeÐ“ Al] L$ep£

R>¡. s¡Ap¡ Ap “p“L$X$u ‘y[õsL$pdp„ Nusp“p Nl“ flõe“y„ A¡L$ “hy„ Üpf Mp¡g¡ R>¡ A“¡ “hp¡ âL$pi

‘p’f¡ R>¡.

4.5.5 îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p (1974) :4.5.5 îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p (1974) :4.5.5 îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p (1974) :4.5.5 îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p (1974) :4.5.5 îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p (1974) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ AguApbpX$p“p N°pdS>“p¡ s’p rhÛp‘uW$ ‘qfhpf kdn 7 ’u 13

“h¡çbf, 1963dp„ îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p“y„ kfmi¥gudp„ fk‘p“ L$fpìey„ lsy„. Ap ‘pfpeZ âÐen

L$’“i¥gudp„ L$fsp L$fsp sÐL$pgu“ kdpS>Æh““p rhrh^ ‘pkp„Ap¡ dpV¡$ Nusp ip¡ bp¡ Ap‘¡ R>¡

A¡“y„ fkv$i®“ L$fpìey„ lsy„. Ap cpNhsL$’p V¡$B‘f¡L$p¡X®$ õhê$‘¡ D‘gå^ lsu s¡“¡ X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$“p r“^“ ‘R>u B.k. 1974dp„ N°„’õ’ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. Ap N°„’ A¡ bpf õL„$^ A“¡ Ly$g

284 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. cpfsue k„õ¼©rsdp„ "îudv¹$ cpNhs'“y dlÒh rhriô$ âL$pf“y„ R>¡.

s¡dp„ Brslpk, ^d®, cqL$s, k„õ¼©rs, sÒhop“ hN¡f¡“y„ k„ep¡S>“ R>¡. ^d®, sÒhop“ Brslpk

hN¡f¡ cqL$s“p kyÓdp„ ‘fp¡ìep R>¡ A“¡ cqL$s“p rhrh^ âL$pfp¡ ‘Z v$ip®ìep R>¡. cpNhsdp„

bpfõL„$^, 335 AÝepe, 1275 DqL$sAp¡ A“¡ 18 lÅf ïgp¡L$p¡ R>¡. s¡’u kprlÐe-Ørô$A¡ ‘Z

s¡“y„ õ’p“ OÏ„ KQy„ R>¡. s¡’u S> X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ L$üy„ R>¡ L¡$ cqL$s, L$rhÐh A“¡ N|„’Zu A¡ ÓZ¡e

Ørô$A¡ “p¡Mu fus¡ Sy>Ap¡ L¡$ kdN° Ørô$A¡ Sy>Ap¡, cpNhs“p¡ vy$r“epdp„ Å¡V$p¡ “’u. R>¡ëgp A¡L$

lÅf hj® v$frdep“ tlvy$ ^d® A“¡ cpfsue k„õ¼©rs“¡ Æhsu fpMhpdp„ cpNhs¡ S>¡hp¡ apmp¡

Apàep¡ R>¡ s¡hp¡ apmp¡ buÅ L$p¡B N°„’¡ Apàep¡ “’u.9494949494

cpfsue k„õL©$rs“p Aphp Np¥fhN°„’“p r“ê$‘Z dpV¡$ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u OZu kS>S>sp

lsu A“¡ d yL$fh©rÑ’u k„L$g“ L$fu“¡ s¡dZ¡ Ap L$pe® ‘pf Dspey lsy„. s¡d“pdp„ âL$p„X$ ‘p„qX$Ðe,

cqL$scph“p, gp¡L$k„N°plL$ Ørô$, r“fnuf rhh¡L$ hN¡f¡ fl¡gp R>¡ A“¡ s¡’u cpNhs“u L$’p“y„

kdyrQs r“ê$‘Z L$fhpdp„ s¡d“¡ kamsp kp„‘X$u R>¡ ‘Z X$p¡gfcpBA¡ kdN° cpNhs“y„ ‘|f¡‘|fy„

r“ê$‘Z Al] L$ey “’u, s¡d s¡ Ap‘hp“p¡ s¡d“p¡ DØ¡i ‘Z “’u. Ap A„N¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ DØ¡i õ‘ô$

L$fsp s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""dpfp¡ l¡sy dep®qv$s R>¡, dy¿e l¡sy R>¡. cqL$scph“u dudp„kp A“¡ Np¥Z

l¡sy R>¡. cpNhsdp„ kQhpe¡gp Ap‘Zp ‘yfpZp Brslpk A“¡ k„õ¼©rs“y„ k„ip¡ “ L$fhy„. cpfs“u

k„õL©$rsdp„ S>¡ L„$B DÑd sÒhp¡ R>¡ s¡ cpNhsL$pf¡ blº M|bu’u ‘p¡sp“p N°„’dp„ hZu gu^p R>¡. A¡

AdfsÒh S>ep„ S>ep„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðep„ Ðep„ A„Nyrgr“v$£i L$fhp“p¡ dpfp¡ Bfpv$p¡ R>¡.9595959595

185

Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ cpNhsNusp“u S>¡ hps“u A„v$f cpfsue k„õL©$rs L¡$ cpfsue

sÒhop“ L¡$ cpfsue ^d® A¡“p rhL$pk“u L$p¡B“u L$p¡B c|rdL$pAp¡ lsu s¡ âk„Np¡“¡ gu^p R>¡.

A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡dZ¡ kde“u dep®v$p õhuL$pfu“¡ AdyL$ S> âk„Np¡ Ap‘¡gp R>¡ A¡dp„ gNcN v$kdp„

cpN“y„ cpNhs Aph¡ R>¡, ‘f„sy v$kdp„ cpNdp„ A¡dZ¡ cpNhs“p¡ r“óL$j® Ap‘u v$u^p¡ R>¡. cqL$s“u

Erd® s¡d“pdp„ R>¡, s¡d R>sp„ A¡dZ¡ bp¥qÙL$ d|ëe„pL$““u Ørô$ fpMu R>¡ A“¡ cpNhsdp„ R>¡ s¡ b y„

S> s¡dZ¡ Apàey„ “’u. s¡dS> A’®OV$“dp„ ‘Z “hu“sp v$pMhu R>¡. A¡dZ¡ dlv$A„i¡ kpdpÞe

gp¡L$p¡“¡ A“¡ AdyL$ A„ip¡ rhÙp“p¡“¡ gndp„ fp¿ep R>¡, Brslpk k„ip¡ “ A“¡ k„õ¼©rs“¡ gNsp

âk„Np¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ k„ip¡ L$ rhÙp““u Ørô$ fpMu R>¡. A¡dZ¡ âÐe¡L$ õL„$^dp„’u AdyL$ AÝepep¡

‘k„v$ L$ep® A“¡ s¡dp„ ‘Z k„n¡‘ Ap‘hp sfa s¡d“y„ hgZ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ byqÙep¡Ndp„ dp““pfp lp¡B,

bp¥qÙL$ QL$pkZu L$fhp“u âqL$ep ‘Z A„sN®s flu R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap N°„’“y„ g¡M“L$pe® L$ey®

“’u, ‘f„sy AguApbpX$pdp„ S>¡ cpNhs“y„ ‘pfpeZ L$ey® s¡“p Ýhr“dyÖZ ‘f’u Ap N°„’ s¥epf

L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. Å¡ A¡dZ¡ ‘p¡s¡ S> Ap L$W$e õhê$‘dp„ fS|> L$fhp“¡ bv$g¡ g¡rMs õhê$‘¡ fÃep¡

lp¡s sp¡ A¡“y„ õhê$‘ S|>vy$„$ lp¡s. A¡dZ¡ cpNhsdp„’u AdyL$ âk„N¡ R>p¡X$u v$u^p A“¡ AdyL$ âkNp¡

õhuL$pep® R>¡ s¡ ‘pR>m A¡d“u rhriô$ Ørô$ fl¡gu R>¡. cqL$s A“¡ ^d®“u cph“p“¡ ‘p¡j¡, r“Ðe

âL$pf“p Æh“d|ëep¡ kdpS>dp„ V$L$u fl¡ A“¡ d“yóe“¡ ^d®“y„ kfmsp’u op“ ’pe s¡hp¡ A¡d“p¡

DØ¡i R>¡.

Ap N°„’“u âõsph“dp„ Ap N°„’ rhi¡ dyLy$Þv$ L$L$L$X$ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, "cpNhs“p ïgp¡L$p¡ A“¡

s¡“p hpÃep’®“¡ ApV$gu Qyõssp’u hapv$pf fl¡hp R>sp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap N°„’dp„ âNV$ ’B

iL$ep R>¡. s¡d“p Æh“ ApMp“p¡ r“Qp¡X$ Apdp„ Aphu Nep¡ R>¡. ‘p¡s¡ dÝeddpN} sÒhop“u R>¡.

Nuspdp„ dy¿e byqÙdpN® R>¡ A¡hy„ Sy>A¡ R>¡ “¡ ‘p¡s¡ Æh¡ R>¡. khp£v$eu Æh“Ørô$“¡ ‘p¡s¡ f„N¡f„Ndp„

A‘“phu b¡W$p R>¡.''9696969696

Ap N°„’ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p¡ cpNhs“p Aæepk“p r“Qp¡X$ R>¡ s¡dS> k„õL©$s“p A¡L$

‘„qX$s, fko s’p k„õL©$rs“p dd®o sfuL¡$“u s¡d“u Ap fQ“pdp„ A¡d“u ‘qfrZs âop“p v$i®“

Ap‘Z“¡ ’pe R>¡.

4.5.6 Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$ (1978) :4.5.6 Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$ (1978) :4.5.6 Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$ (1978) :4.5.6 Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$ (1978) :4.5.6 Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$ (1978) :

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“¡ cp¡.S>¡.rhÛpch“ Üpfp "cpfsue k„õ¼©rs ìep¿ep“dpmp A„sN®s

ìep¿ep“ Ap‘hp“y„ r“d„ÓZ Ap‘hpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„ s¡ A„sN®s X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ "Ahspfp¡ A“¡

186

Ahspfhpv$'A¡ rhje ‘f ìep¿ep“p¡ Ap‘hp“p lsp s¡ v$fçep“ S> s¡d“y„ Ahkp“ ’ey„ lsy„.

s¡Ap¡A¡ S>¡ ìep¿ep“p¡ s¥epf L$ep® lsp s¡“¡ s¡d“p ‘yÓu sfrgL$pbl¡“ ApQpe®A¡ 25-26 kàV¡$çbf

1971“p fp¡S> ìep¿ep“p¡ Apàep lsp9797979797 A“¡ A yfy„ fl¡gy„ L$pe® ‘yfy„ L$ey® lsy„. ‘R>u’u Ap ìep¿ep“p¡“¡

cp¡.S>¡.rhÛpch“ Üpfp Ahspf A“¡ Ahspfhpv$“p ‘yõsL$ê$‘¡ âNV$ ’ep lsp. Ap ìep¿ep“p¡

ÓZ cpNdp„ rhcprS>s A“¡ 36 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡.

‘yfpZp¡“¡ gNsp A¡hp A“¡L$ rhjep¡dp„ s¡Ap¡ AhNpl“ L$fsp A¡dp„“p¡ Ap A¡L$ rhje R>¡.

Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$, L¡$ S>¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap ìep¿ep“p¡ dpV¡$ ‘k„v$ L$f¡gp¡ R>¡ L¡$d L¡$ Bðf“p

Ahspf“u rhcph“p tlvy$ âÅ“u f„Nf„Ndp„ Dsf¡gu R>¡. Ahspfp¡dp„ rhóÏ“p v$k L¡$ Qp¡huk

Ahspfp¡ ÅZusp R>¡. ‘f„sy Al] â’d ìep¿ep“dp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘yfpZp¡dp„ r“ê$‘pe¡gp A“¡L$

âL$pf“p Ahspfp¡“u hps L$fu R>¡. ‘l¡gp S>e “pd¡ v$¡hp¡“u kps k„c|rsAp¡“u hps L$fu R>¡. ‘R>u

A¡“u kp’¡ rhóÏ“u kps k„c|rsAp¡“u hps Aph¡ R>¡. Ahspfp¡“¡ gNsu ÓuÆ A“yîyrshpmu

ÓZ qv$ìe A“¡ kps dp“yju A¡hu v$k k„c|rsAp¡ NZphu R>¡. Ap k„c|rsAp¡ ‘Z rhóÏ“u R>¡,

‘Z A¡dp„ b^p “pd bv$gpB Nep R>¡. ‘R>u dy¿e Ahspfp¡“u hps L$fu R>¡, “¡ cpNhs A“¡

‘p„QfpÓ k„âv$pedp„ Ahspfp¡“u k„¿ep 24 ky u L¡$hu fus¡ h^u s¡ v$ip®ìey„ R>¡. A¡ fus¡ rih“p A“¡

ìepk“p Ahspf ‘Z NZpìep R>¡. s¡ AÌ$phuk R>¡. ‘l¡gp ìep¿ep“dp„ Ap b^p âL$pf“p

Ahspfp¡“u k„¿ep s’p s¡“p„ “pdp¡ A¡“p d|m Ap^pfp¡ kp’¡ rhNshpf kdÅìey„ R>¡.

buÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ rhóÏ“p Ahspfp¡ ‘¥L$u L$ep A¥rslprkL$ NZpe R>¡, ip dpV¡$ s¡“u

Ahspf sfuL¡$ NZ“p ’pe R>¡ A“¡ A¡ Ahspf“p¡ kde L$ep¡ lsp¡ s¡“p rhi¡ rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡.

Ap dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡A¡ ‘yfpZp¡ A“¡ AÞe âpQu“ kprlÐedp„ S>ep„ Ahspfhpv$“p¡ Dëg¡M Aph¡ R>¡ s¡“p¡

TuZhV$‘|h®L$ Aæepk L$fu“¡ kdep„sf¡ rhóÏ“p S>¡ Ahspfp¡ ’ep lsp s¡“¡ rhóÏ“p Ahspf

sfuL¡$ L¡$d Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A“¡ s¡ dpV¡$ L$ep L$pfZp¡ S>hpbv$pf lsp s¡ rhNs¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡ s¡

Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡.

dÐõe Ahspf A„N¡ is‘’b°pûZ, dÐõe‘yfpZ L¡$ AÞe N°„’p¡dp„ "dÐõe' A¡V$g¡ "dpR>gy„'

S> L$üy„ R>¡ s¡“p Ap^pf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘|h® pqfs L$ë‘“p L$fu dÐõe dpV¡$ "du“' iåv$ ÅZusp¡

R>¡ s¡ fpÅ d“y“p¡ S> ê$‘p„sf lp¡hp“p¡ k„ch R>¡. Å¡ s¡ lp¡e sp¡ d“y“¡ rhóÏ“p Ahspf sfuL¡$

A¡V$gp dpV¡$ NÎep R>¡ L¡$ d“yh¥hõhs ‘p¡sp“u âÅ“¡ âgedp„’u bQph“pf “¡sp lsp¡.9898989898 “ftkl¡

rhóÏ rhfp¡ u rlfÎeL$riey“¡ lÎep¡ dpV¡$ s¡“¡ rhóÏ Ahspf sfuL¡$ NZhp gpÁep lsp. v$¡hpkyf

187

k„N°pddp„ v$¡hp¡ ‘pk¡ c|rd flu “rl s¡’u eyqL$s’u hpd“¡ v$¡hp¡“p¡ rÓgp¡L$“y„ fpS>e ‘pRy>„ A‘pìey„.

A¡V$g¡ v$¡hp¡“¡ d“ hpd“ ‘p¡sp“p¡ “¡sp NZpe. s¡’u S> s¡ rhóÏ“p Ahspf sfuL¡$ NZpep¡ li¡,

A“¡ L$pídufdp„ Aph¡gy„ ksuif kfp¡hf “¡ fpnk’u dyL$s L$fu v$¡hp¡“¡ hkhpV$ ep¡Áe b“pìey„. s¡’u

S> hfpl“¡ rhóÏ Ahspf sfuL¡$ NZhpdp„ Apìep¡ li¡.

A¡ ‘R>u L$r‘g, “f“pfpeZ, k“ÐLy$dpf, F>jc, ^Þh„sqf, l„k, L$|d®, leN°uh, ìepk,

bgfpd, dp¡rl“u, ‘fiyfpd, fpd, L©$óZ hN¡f¡ L¡$hu fus¡ rhóÏ“p Ahspfp¡ sfuL¡$ ÅZusp bÞep

s¡“p rhi¡ rhiv$sp’u QQp® L$fu R>¡.

ÓuÅ ìep¿ep“dp„ Ahspfhpv$“p¡ rhL$pk v$ip®hsp Ahspfp¡“¡ dÞh„sfp¡ A“¡ eyNp¡ kp’¡

L¡$hu fus¡ kp„L$mhpdp„ Apìep R>¡ s¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡. Al] s¡Ap¡A¡ ‘yfpZp¡“p Ap^pf¡ dÞh„sf A“¡

eyNp¡“p¡ kde “L$L$u L$fu“¡ L¡$V$gpL$ Ahspfp¡“¡ dÞh„sf A“¡ L¡$V$gpL$ Ahspfp¡“¡ eyN“u kp’¡

kp„L$mu“¡ L$ep¡ Ahspf L$ep kde¡ ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡“p rhi¡ V|„$L$u QQp® L$fu R>¡.

Ahspfp¡“p “pdp¡ rhi¡ S>¡ “p“u dp¡V$u A“yîyrsAp¡ ‘yfpZp¡ hN¡f¡dp„ Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>$¡

s¡“u rhNs¡ ìep¿ep“p¡“p A„s¡ ÓZ L$p¡ô$L$dp„ Ap‘u R>¡.

4.64.64.64.64.6 A“yhpv$“u âh©rÑ :A“yhpv$“u âh©rÑ :A“yhpv$“u âh©rÑ :A“yhpv$“u âh©rÑ :A“yhpv$“u âh©rÑ :

A“yhpv$“u âh©rÑ A“¡L$cprjsp“¡ L$pfZ¡ Dv¹$chsu âh©rÑ R>¡. d“yóe“u kpdprS>L$sp

A“¡ k„õL$pqfsp s¡“¡ A“yhpv$“p kudpX¡$ gphu“¡ fl¡ R>¡. d“yóe“u dps©cpjp sp¡ A¡L$ S> lp¡e R>¡,

‘f„sy A¡ Å¡ A¡dp„ b„ pB füp¡ lp¡s sp¡ A¡“p¡ S> kp„õ¼©rsL$ rhL$pk ApS>¡ Ørô$Np¡Qf ’pe R>¡ s¡ “

’ps. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ NyS>fpsu, k„õ¼©s A“¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjp“p kpfp ÅZL$pf lsp. Ap cpjpdp„

s¡Ap¡A¡ N°„’p¡ ‘Z g¿ep lsp. s¡Ap¡A¡ k„õ¼©s cpjpdp„ dlÒh“u lõsâsp¡ L¡$ N°„’p¡ lsp s¡“u iyÙ

hpQ“p s¥epf L$fu s¡“y„ NyS>fpsudp„ cpjp„sf L$ey® lsy„. NyS>fpsu A“¡ A„N°¡Æ cpjpdp„ A¥rslprkL$

fus¡ dlÒh fphsp L¡$V$gpL$ N°„’p¡“y„ NyS>fpsudp„’u A„N°¡Ædp„ A“¡ A„N°¡Ædp„’u NyS>fpsudp„ cpjp„sf

L$ey® lsy„.

cpjp„sf L$f“pf¡ A“yhpv$“u d|mL©$rs“u cpjp A“¡ k„õL©$rs’u bfpbf hpL¡$a lp¡hp“u

S>ê$f fl¡ R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ A“yhpv$“y„ L$pd cpjp„sf Üpfp ku^u L¡$ ApX$L$sfu fus¡ A“yhpv$“u cpjp

A“¡ A“yhpqv$s cpjp hÃQ¡ kp„õL©$rsL$ k¡sy fQhp“y„ ‘Z R>¡. Ap A„N¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$,

""kpdpÞe fus¡ d|m L©$rs“u i¥gu, fk, L$rhÐh hN¡f¡“¡ bfpbf d¡mhu“¡ s¡“¡ buÆ cpjpdp„

Espfhu s¡ cpjp„sf''.9999999999

188

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ "ê$ÖpÝepe', i¾$pv$e õÓp¡s A“¡ "ÝhÞepgp¡L$'“y„ k„õL©$sdp„’u NyS>fpsudp„

cpjp„sf L$ey lsy„.

B.k. 1929dp„ "ê$ÖpÝepe'“p¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ A“yhpv$ L$ep£ lsp¡. ê$ÖpÝepe¡ eSy>®h¡v$“u hpS>k“¡

k„rlsp“p kp¡mdp„ AÝepe“y„ ê$‘ A“¡ s¥rÑfue¡ k„rlsp“p ‘p„Qdp AÝepe“y„ ê$‘ R>¡. s¡dZ¡ A¡L$ S>

R>p‘¡g âs D‘f’u d|m Al] cpjp„sf L$ey® lsy„. Ap ‘yõsL$“p âpõsprhL$dp„ gM¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""ê$ÖpÝepe“u

Ap Aph©rÑ R>‘phhpdp„ ndpepQ“p S>ê$fs “’u. NyS>fpsu cpjpdp„ s¡dS> buÆ L$p¡B ‘Z cpjpdp„

ê$ÖpÝepe“u Sy>v$u Aph©rÑ Aphp„ ^p¡fZ D‘f fQpe¡gu ÅZu “’u.''100100100100100

ê$ÖpÝepedp„ ê$Ö cNhp““u õs©rs dpV¡$“p A“yhpL$ (ïgp¡L$) R>¡. S>¡dp„ ê$Ö“p kp¡ “pdp¡“p¡

k„N°l R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap ê$ÖpÝepe“p ArNepf A“yhpL$“p¡ A“yhpv$ k„õL©$sdp„’u NyS>fpsudp„

L$ep£ lsp¡.

Ap cpjp„sf“u rhriô$sp A¡ lsu L¡$ ArNepf A“yhpL$“y„ d|m k„õL©$sê$‘“u kp’¡ NyS>fpsu

cpjp„sf A“¡ s¡“u kp’¡ rhi¡j kdS|>su dpV¡$ v$f¡L$ A“yhpL¡$ AgN-AgN qV$à‘Zp¡ ‘Z Ap‘u

R>¡. ‘qfriô$dp„ ê$ÖpÝepedp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$dp„’u ANÐe“p iåv$“p¡ A’® A“¡ s¡“u ìeyÐ‘rÑ

‘Z Ap‘u R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ B.k. 1929dp„ dpL®$X$e‘yfpZ“p kphrZ®L$ dÞh„sf“p Qp¡’p AÝepe

i¾$pv$e õÓp¡s“p¡ A“yhpv$ L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap cpjp„sf kdïgp¡L$u R>¡ A“¡ N¡e“p s¡dp„ d|m“¡ A“ykfu“¡

Åmhhp“p¡ âeÐ“ cpjp„sfL$pf¡ L$ep£ R>¡. S>epf¡ Ap kde¡ L$d®L$p„X$ dpV¡$ dlÒh ^fphsp Aphp

ïgp¡L$ dps©cpjpdp„ D‘gå^ “ lsp Ðepf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap b„“¡ ïgp¡L$p¡“p¡ i¥h^d}Ap¡ dpV¡$

‘|Å‘pW$ A“¡ L$d®L$p„X$ dpV¡$ D‘ep¡Nu ’pe s¡ dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡A¡ s¡“y„ NyS>fpsudp„ cpjp„sf L$ey® lsy„.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap“„v$hr ®s frQs "ÝhÞepgp¡L$'“y„ NyS>fpsudp„ cpjp„sf L$fu B.k. 1969

dp„ N°„’ õhê$‘¡ âL$pris L$ey® lsy„. s¡Ap¡A¡ îu cp„X$pfL$f Ap¡qfA¡ÞV$g B[ÞõV$V$e|V$, sp„Å¡f dlpfpÅ

N°„’pge A“¡ AX$epf d¡Þey[õ¾$$àV$k N°„’pgedp„’u dm¡g ApW$ lõsâsp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ iyÙ hpQ“p

s¥epf L$fu "ÝhÞepgp¡L$'“y„ NyS>fpsudp„ cpjp„sf L$ey® lsy„. Ap ‘l¡gp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ L$fp„Qu’u âNV$ ’sp

"Erd®' dprkL$dp„ b¡ Dv¹$Ûp¡s ky u g¡Mp¡“p õhê$‘¡ cpjp„sf âNV$ L$ey® lsy„. ‘R>u’u s¡dp„’u ky pfp-

h^pfp L$fu“¡ s¡“¡ N°„’ õhê$‘¡ âNV$ L$ey® lsy„. s¡d R>sp„ s¡Ap¡“¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ap L$pe®’u k„sp¡j “ lsp¡.

s¡Ap¡ Ap A„N¡ âõsph“p “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""Aphp dlÒh“p N°„’“u Ap Aph©rÑ“y„ L$pd dpfp’u Å¡BA¡

s¡hu kph^p“u’u A“¡ ‘|Z®ipõÓuesp’u ’B iL$ey„ “’u.''101101101101101 Apd X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ S>¡hp

cpÁe¡ S> rhÜp“p¡ li¡ L¡$ S>¡ ‘p¡sp“u MpduAp¡“¡ Ål¡fdp„ õhuL$pfsp lp¡e.

189

s¡Ap¡ Ap N°Þ’“u âõsph“pdp„ ÝhÞepgp¡L$“p L$pqfL$p A“¡ h©rÑ bÞ“¡“p L$sp® rhi¡ S>¡

dsc¡v$p¡ lsp s¡“p rhi¡ õ‘ô$sp L$fsp s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$ buÅ Dv¹$Op¡s“u ‘l¡gu b¡ L$pqfL$pAp¡,

‘l¡gp Dv¹$Ûp¡s“u D‘f Ahspf¡gu h©rÑ D‘f S> d„X$pB R>¡. A¡“p¡ A’® A¡ ’ep¡ L¡$ L$pqfL$p A“¡

h©rÑ“p¡ L$sp® A¡L$ S> R>¡. s¡Ap¡ Ap“„v$h ®““¡ “hdp„ k¥L$pdp„ d|L¡$ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ ÝhÞepgp¡L$“u b^u S>

Aph©rÑ“y„ d|m L$píduf“u ipfv$p rgr‘dp„ gM¡gu lõsâsdp„ lp¡hy„ Å¡BA¡ s¡d dp“¡ R>¡.

Ap N°„’ Ly$g 347 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ â’d rhcpNdp„ "ÝhÞepgp¡L$'“y„ k„õ¼©s“y„

d|mê$‘ d|L$hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. S>epf¡ buÅ rhcpNdp„ s¡“p d|m k„õL©$s ‘pW$“y„ NyS>fpsu cpjp„sf R>¡.

d|m lõsâsp¡ S>¡ s¡ kde¡, S>¡ s¡ rgr‘dp„ gMpe¡gu lp¡e s¡“u rgr‘ DL¡$gu“¡ iyÙ hpQ“p s¥epf

L$fhp“y„ L$pe® M|b S> S>l¡dscey® R>¡. s¡d Rsp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘pW$ kdunp“u L$pdNufu ‘Z kpfu

fus¡ ‘pf ‘pX$u R>¡. S>epf¡ ÓuÅ rhcpNdp„ "ÝhÞepgp¡L$'“y„ Qpf Dv¹$Ûp¡s rhi¡ V$uà‘Zu Ap‘u R>¡.

v$f¡L$ Dv¹$Ûp¡s âdpZ¡ ïgp¡L$p¡“y„ A’®OV$“ L$fu“¡ s¡ ïgp¡L$p¡“y„ spÐ‘e® iy„ R>¡, s¡“u rhõs©s kdS>

Ap‘u R>¡. Ap V$uà‘Zudp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“y„ k„õL©$s“y„ rhipm op“ A“¡ dp¥rgL$sp“p v$i®“ ’pe

R>¡.

s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡.A¡k.Aës¡L$f Üpfp rgrMs ‘Education in Ancient India’ “y„ A„N°¡Ædp„’u

"âpQu“ cpfsdp„ rinZ'102102102102102 “p “pd¡ NyS>fpsudp„ A“yhpv$ L$ep£ lsp¡.

Ap N°„’“u B.k. 1957 dp„ ‘p„Qdu Aph©rÑ âL$pris ’B lsu. s¡“y„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡

N°„’“p d|m ê$‘¡ S> NyS>fpsudp„ cpjp„sf L$ey® lsy„. Ap N°„’ bpf âL$fZ A“¡ 281 ‘©›$p¡dp„

rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. Ap N°„’dp„ âpQu“ cpfsdp„ rinZ“p õhê$‘“u kdN°gnu dprlsu Ap‘hpdp„

Aphu R>¡. S>¡dp„ âpQu“ cpfsdp„ rinZ“u cph“p-Ýe¡ep¡, i¥nrZL$ rkÙp„sp¡, rin¼-rióe,

rinZ“y„ ìehõ’ps„Ó A“¡ A’®s„Ó, L¡$V$gpL$ i¥nrZL$ L¡$ÞÖp¡, k„õ’pAp¡, âp’rdL$-DÃQ A“¡

ìephkpreL$ rinZ, õÓu rinZ, bp¥Ù A“¡ S>¥“^d®“p¡ rinZdp„ apmp¡ A“¡ A„s¡ ‘qfriô$ ê$‘¡

rinZ kp’¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu rhr^Ap¡“u dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡. Ap N°„’ âpQu“ cpfsdp„ rinZ âZpgu“p

Aæepk dpV¡$ âdpZc|s NZpe R>¡. s¡’u X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap N°„’“p¡ A“yhpv$ L$fu“¡ dps©cpjpdp„

Ap kpdN°u D‘gå^ L$fphu s¡ Aæepky A“¡ k„ip¡ L$p¡“¡ dpV¡$ M|b S> D‘ep¡Nu R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ îu dp“i„L$f ‘u. dl¡spA¡ Tf’yõÓd„Ó "Alº“hf' D‘f d|m NyS>fpsudp„

k„ip¡ “ g¡M gM¡gp¡ s¡“y„ X$p¡gfcpBA¡ B.k. 1935dp„ "Alº“hf'“p “pd¡ A„N°¡Ædp„ cpjp„sf

L$ey® lsy„.

190

S>¥“d|r“ îu rhÛprhS>eA¡ "kyfuðf A“¡ kd°pV$' “pd¡ NyS>fpsu cpjpdp„ N°„’ g¿ep¡ lsp¡.

s¡“y„ X$p¡gfcpBA¡ B.k. 1944dp„ ‘A Monak and Monarch’103 “p “pd¡ A„N°¡Ædp„ A“yhpv$

L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap N°„’ Ly$g s¡f âL$fZ A“¡ 413 ‘p“pAp¡dp„ rhõsf¡gp¡ R>¡. ApV$gp dp¡V$p N°„’“p d|m

ê$‘“¡ ‘L$X$u fpMu“¡ A„N°¡Ædp„ cpjp„sf L$ey® lsy„. Ap N°„’ dyOg kd°pV$ AL$bf A“¡ s¡“p kdL$pgu“

S>¥“pQpe® îu lqfrhS>ek|qf“p k„b„^p¡ rhi¡ dprlsu Ap‘¡ R>¡. Ap N°„’dp„ îulqfrhS>ek|qf“y„

Æh“h©Ñp„s, AL$bf“y„ r“d„ÓZ, îu lqfrhS>ek|qf“p¡ âhpk A“¡ ApN°p“p v$fbpfdp„ AphpNd“,

kd°pV$“y„ S>¥“^d® sfa“y„ hgZ A“¡ îu rlfrhS>ek|qf“p âcph’u kd°pV¡$ blpf ‘pX¡$gp L$ëepZL$pfu

afdp“p¡ hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡“u rhNs¡ dprlsu Ap‘hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. blº S|>S> N°„’p¡ S> AL$bf A“¡

S>¥“^d® hÃQ¡“p k„b„ p¡ ‘f âL$pi ‘pX¡$ R>¡. S>epf¡ Ap N°„’ AL$bf A“¡ S>¥“^d® hÃQ¡“p k„b„ p¡

ÅZhp dpV¡$ A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ M|b S> dlÒh“p¡ R>¡.

Ap N°„’ A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ dyOg eyN“p¡ ^prd®L$ Brslpk ÅZhp dpV¡$ ‘Z A¡V$gp¡ S>

D‘ep¡Nu R>¡, ‘Z s¡ âpv$¡riL$ cpjpdp„ gMpe¡gp¡ lp¡hp’u NyS>fps“p k„ip¡ L$p¡ rkhpe“p AÞe

k„ip¡ L$p¡ s¡“p¡ gpc gB iL$sp “ lsp. s¡’u S> Ap A¥rslprkL$ N°„’“p¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ A„N°¡Æ

cpjpdp„ A“yhpv$ L$fu“¡ kdN° cpfs“p k„ip¡ L$p¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$ dp¡V$u k¡hp L$fu lsu.

4.74.74.74.74.7 rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âNV$ ’e¡gp g¡Mp¡ :rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âNV$ ’e¡gp g¡Mp¡ :rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âNV$ ’e¡gp g¡Mp¡ :rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âNV$ ’e¡gp g¡Mp¡ :rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âNV$ ’e¡gp g¡Mp¡ :

X$p¡gfcpB“p 1920 ’u 1970 ky u rhrh^ kpdreL$p¡dp„ AgN-AgN rhjep¡“p g¡Mp¡

âNV$ ’ep lsp. S>¡dp„ NyS>fpsu A“¡ k„õL$©s kprlÐe“y„ rhh¡Q“, cpjp, N°„’phgp¡L$“, cpjp„sf,

Brslpk, k„õL©$rs A“¡ ‘°pÃerhÛp hN¡f¡ rhjep¡“¡ Aphfu g¡sp k„ip¡ “ g¡Mp¡ dp¡V$u k„¿epdp„

BÞX$ue“ rlõV$p¡fuL$g L$hpV®$fgu, S>“®g Ap¡a ^u bp¡çb¡ A¡riepV$uL$ kp¡kpeV$u, S>“®g Ap¡a ^

Ap¡qfA¡ÞV$g fukQ® B[ÞõV$V$e|V$, S>“®g Ap¡a ^ Ap¡qfA¡ÞV$g B[ÞõV$V$eyV$-bfp¡X$p, ‘y“p

Ap¡qfA¡ÞV$prgõV$, ey.‘u.rlõV$p¡fuL$g S>“®g, AqX$epf gpBb°¡fu byg¡V$u“, Erd®, “pNqfL$, dp“ku,

byqÙâL$pi, AM„X$ Ap“„v$, Ofipmp, L$p¥dyv$u, k„õL©$rs, Drd®“hfQ“p, NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “ d„X$m“y„

rÓdprkL$, apb®k Ó¥dprkL$, õhpÝepe hN¡f¡ kpdreL$p¡dp„ âL$pris ’ep lsp.

d¢ dpfp k„ip¡ ““u dep®v$p“¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMu“¡ dlÒh“p g¡Mp¡“p¡ r“óL$j® Ap‘hp“p¡ Al]

âeÐ“ L$ep£ R>¡.

îu “ftklfph¡ ÓuÆ NyS>fpsu kprlÐe ‘qfjv$dp„ "kÐecpdp fp¡jv$ri®L$p¿ep“', ‘p„Qpgu

âkÞ“p¿ep“', "s‘Ðep¿ep“' “pV$L$p¡ â¡dp“„v$“p “’u A¡d Ål¡f L$fu A¡L$ “hp¡ rhhpv$ Dcp¡

191

L$ep£ lsp¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ "A¡ ÓZ “pV$L$p¡' g¡Mdp„ îu “ftklfph’u A¡L$ X$Ngy„ ApNm Qpgu“¡

A¡d bsphu Apàey„ L¡$ Ap “pV$L$ â¡dp“„v$“p “’u ‘Z hëgc“p R>¡. Ap kdN° g¡Mdp„ Ap “pV$L$p¡

A“¡ hëgc“p L$pìep¡ A“¡ AÞe L©$rsAp¡“u cpjp, i¥gu A“¡ buÆ Ap„sqfL$ A“¡ bpü gnZp¡“u

A¡L$buÅ kp’¡ kfMphu A¡ spfZ ‘f Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap “pV$L$p¡ hëgc“p S> R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p

Ap r“Z®e A„N¡ OZp¡ Dlp‘p¡l A“¡ rhfp¡ ‘Z ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡d R>sp„ Ap g¡M“p A„s¡ s¡Ap¡ “p¢ ¡

R>¡ L¡$, d¢ g¿ey„ R>¡ s¡, dpfu byqÙ“p¡ S>¡ kÐe kyTey„ s¡ dpf¡ bsphhy„ Å¡BA¡, A¡d rhQpfu“¡ g¿ey„

R>¡, “rl L¡$ kprlÐe“p„ Ny„Qhpe¡gp L$p¡L$X$p„“¡ h y Ny„Qhhpê$‘¡ A¡L$ sp¡ap“ dQphhp Mpsf''104104104104104 Ap

g¡Mdp„ s¡d“u sL®$byqÙ A“¡ KX$u AÞh¡jZ Ørô$“p v$i®“ ’pe R>¡.

"cpfsue gÁ“k„õ’p'105105105105105 (F>Áh¡v$)“p g¡Mdp„ F>Áh¡v$L$pgu“ gÁ““p õhê$‘p¡, blº

‘Ð“uÐh â’p, gÁ““p âL$pfp¡, rh^hp ‘y“®gÁ“, r“ep¡Nâ’p rhi¡ rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡.

"L$p¥dyv$u dlp¡Ðkh“u D‘ep¡rNsp'106106106106106 g¡Mdp„ Ap “pV$L$ ‘f’u îu L$piuâkpv$ S>eõhpg¡

L¡$V$guL$ A¥rslprkL$ bpbsp¡ spfhu lsu. s¡dp„“u AdyL$ bpbsp¡“y„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ M„X$“ L$ey® lsy„.

îu S>eõhpg“p S>Zpìep âdpZ¡ QÎX$k¡“ (Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp¡) dN^“p fpÅ kyÞv$f hdp®“p¡ L©$sL$

‘yÓ lsp¡, ‘Z fpS>e“¡ h©Ùphõ’pdp„ Ap¥fk‘yÓ (L$ëepZhdp„) ’sp„, QÎX$k¡““¡ fpÅ b“hp“p¡

k„ch “ gpNsp rgÃR>rhAp¡“u dv$v$’u ky„v$fhdp®“¡ lfphu ‘pV$rg‘yÓ“u Npv$uA¡ Apìep¡ lsp¡.

QÞÖNyàs S>epf¡ âÐeÞs ‘pgp¡“y„ b„X$ idphhp Nep¡ lsp¡ Ðepf¡ AdpÐep¡A¡ L$ëepZ hdp®“¡

Npv$uA¡ b¡kpX$ep¡ A“¡ Ap kde¡ Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp¡ dfpep¡ lsp¡. kdyÖ NyàsA¡ Qpf¡L$ hj®dp„

L$ëepZhdp®“¡ lfphu fpS>e ‘pRy>„ d¡mìey„ lsy„. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap g¡Mdp„ A¡d k|Qh¡ R>¡ L¡$

kdyÖNyàs¡ fpS>eâp[às L$fu lsu Ðepf¡ Q„ÖNyàs¡ ‘l¡gp¡ Æhsp¡ lsp¡. kdyÖNyàs¡ ‘p¡sp“p r‘spîu“¡

afu hMs ‘y“: fpS>eâp[às L$fphu lsu. Apd Q„ÖNyàs“¡ b¡ hMs fpS>e âp[às ’B lsu. A¡L$

kyÞv$fhdp®“¡ lfphu“¡ A“¡ buÅ kdyÖNyàs Üpfp.

îu S>eõhpg "L$p¥dyv$u dlp¡Ðkh'“¡ Q„ÖNyàs ‘l¡gp“p kdedp„ fQpe¡gy„ NZ¡ R>¡ A“¡

L$prgv$pk“¡ Q„ÖNyàs buÅ“p kdedp„ d|L¡$ R>¡. Ap bpbs“y„ M„X$“ L$fu“¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ L$prgv$pk“p

“pV$L$p¡“p L$p¥dyv$u dlp¡Ðkhdp„ Aphsp Dëg¡Mp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡ spfZ L$pY$ey„ R>¡ L¡$ L$p¥dyv$u dlp¡Ðkh“u

g¡rML$p“¡ L$prgv$pk“u L©$rsAp¡ rhi¡ op“ lsy„. s¡’u L$prgv$pk L$p¥dyv$u dlp¡Ðkh“u fQ“p ‘l¡gp„

’ep¡ lsp¡. Ap g¡M Üpfp îu S>eõhpg“u AdyL$ bpbsp¡“y„ M„X$“ L$fu“¡ Ap^pf kp’¡ “hu bpbsp¡

Ap‘u R>¡.

192

"dyÖpfpnk“p kde rhi¡'107107107107107 “p g¡Mdp„ "dyÖpfpnk'“p¡ L$pm r“Z®e L$ep£ R>¡.

"dyÖpfpnk'“u fQ“p QÞÖNyàs, Ah[Þshdp® L¡$ v$[Þshdp® ? “p kdedp„ ’B lsu s¡“p rhi¡

rhÙp“p¡dp„ dsc¡v$p¡ lsp. S>epf¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ rhipMpv$Ñ“y„ "dyÖpfpnk', "v$¡hu QÞÖNyàs'

A“¡ AÞe õÓp¡sp¡“¡ Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep lsp L¡$ rhipMpv$Ñ¡ dyÖpfpnk“¡

QÞÖNyàs ‘l¡gp“p ‘y“:fpS>eâp[às âk„N¡ A“¡ v$¡huQÞÖNyàs A¡ QÞÖNyàs buÅ“p fpS>epfp¡lZ

âk„N¡ g¿ey„ lsy„. Apd s¡Ap¡ rhipMpv$Ñ“¡ QÞÖNyàs, kdyÖNyàs A“¡ Q„ÖNyàs buÅ“p kdedp„

d|L¡$ R>¡.

"L$pW$ugp¡L$p¡'108108108108108 “p g¡Mdp„ L$pW$uAp¡ L$pqW$ephpX$dp„ Apìep A¡ ‘|h®“p¡ rhNshpf Ap^pfc|s

Brslpk dmsp¡ “ lsp¡. s¡’u X$p¡gfcpBA¡ L$pqW$Ap¡“u d|m DÐ‘rÑ A“¡ s¡d“p õ’p“p„sfp¡“p¡

Aæepk L$fu“¡ rhõs©s QQp® L$fu R>¡. dlpcpfsdp„ Aphsp "L$pW$L$' “pd¡ ep¡Ùp kp’¡ "L$pW$u'

gp¡L$p¡“p¡ k„b„ õ’pr‘s L$fhp“p¡ âeÐ“ ‘Z L$ep£ lsp¡.

""lº„', "A¡L$' A“¡ "lp¡hy„'“p¡ d|m BÞX$p¡-eyfp¡r‘e“ iåv$'109109109109109 “p g¡Mdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ D‘f“p

iåv$p¡“p d|m L$ep BÞX$p¡-eyfp¡r‘e“ iåv$dp„ li¡ ? s¡“p rhi¡ rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡. s¡Ap¡ ‘p¡sp“p

Aæepk“p Ap^pf¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep lsp L¡$ âp’rdL$ BÞX$p¡-eyfp¡r‘e“ bp¡guAp¡dp„ "lº„' A“¡

"A¡L$' “¡ dpV¡$ d|m A¡L$ S> iåv$p¡ lsp. BÞX$p¡-eyfp¡r‘e“ cpjpAp¡“p "A¡L$' A“¡ "lº„' dpV¡$“p iåv$p¡

d|m "EVg" (ets$) dp„’u Dsfu Apìep¡ R>¡. g¡M“p A„s¡ cpjp A“¡ iåv$p¡“p L$p¡ô$L$p¡ Ap‘u Ap

A„N¡ rhõs©s kdÅìey„ R>¡. Ap g¡Mdp„ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“u Mpdu cf¡gu AÞh¡jZ ‘Ùrs A„N¡ îu

lqfhëgc cpepZu110110110110110 A¡ A“¡L$ âñp¡ Dcp L$ep® lsp.

"L$prgL$p‘yfpZ“y„ “fL$pkyfp¡‘p¿ep“'111111111111111 “p g¡Mdp„ L$prgL$p ‘yfpZdp„ 37 ’u dp„X$u“¡ 41dp

AÝepe ky u “fL$pkyf“y„ D‘p¿ep“ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡“p rhrh^ âk„Np¡“¡ A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ kdÅhu“¡

s¡Ap¡A¡ Apkpd“p âpQu“ Brslpk ‘f kpfp¡ âL$pi ‘pX$ep¡ lsp¡.

"k„hs âhs®L$ rh¾$dpqv$Ðe L$p¡Z?'112'112'112'112'112 “p g¡Mdp„ âp¡. L$p[Þsgpg ìepk¡ k„hs âhs®L$

rh¾$d“p rhi¡ A¡L$ g¡Mdp„ B.k.‘|.57-58dp„ rh¾$dpqv$ÐeA¡ dpghNZ“p¡ fpÅ lsp¡. s¡“¡

rh¾$dk„hs“u iê$Aps L$fu lsu A¡d õ’pr‘s L$ey® lsy„. âp¡. L$p[Þsgpg ìepk¡ S>¡ Ap^pfp¡ gB“¡

rh¾$dpqv$Ðe“¡ rh¾$dk„hs“u iê$Aps L$f“pfp¡ NÎep¡ lsp¡ s¡ b^p Ap^pfp¡“u rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu“¡

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap b^p Ap^pfp¡“¡ ‘peprhlp¡Zp NZpìep lsp. A„s¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep lsp

L¡$ rh¾$dk„hs A“¡ dpghNZk„hs A¡L$ S> lp¡e sp¡ Ap k„hs dpghp¡“p NZkÑpL$ fpS>ep¡dp„ iê$

193

’e¡gu NZu iL$pe. ‘Z A¡“p¡ õ’p‘L$ kd°pV$ rh¾$dpqv$Ðe lp¡B S> “ iL¡$, ‘Z dpghNZ“p¡

âdyM S> lp¡B iL¡$.

‘Sri Krsna’s Family Solar or Launar ?’113113113113113 g¡Mdp„ lqfh„i‘yfpZdp„ Aphsu evy$h„i

rhi¡“u dmsu dprlsu“p Aæepk“¡ Ap^pf¡ A¡ r“óL$j® ‘f Apìep lsp L¡$ îu L©$óZ r‘s©‘n¡

kye®h„iu lsp A“¡ le®ð‘yÓ evy$ D‘f’u A¡d“y„ Ly$m epv$hLy$m L$l¡hpsy„ lsy„. Apd âpQu“ cpfsue

Brslpkdp„ b¡ epv$hLy$m lsp. A¡L$ eeprs‘yÓ evy$“y„ s¡ QÞÖh„iu A“¡ buSy> le®ð‘yÓ evy$“y„ s¡

k|e®h„iu. d y“u ‘yÓu d ydsu“¡ le®ð ‘fÎep. A“¡ d yA¡ le®ð“¡ ‘p¡sp“p¡ hpfkpNs q“çep¡

lsp¡ s¡’u b„“¡ Ly$m A¡L$ S> ’ep lsp.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ "Apep£“y„ ApNd“'114114114114114 “p g¡Mdp„ Apep£“p ApNd“ rhi¡ S>¡ dsdsp„sfp¡

âhs£ R>¡ s¡“p¡ Dëg¡M L$fu“¡ Apep£“y„ r“hpkõ’p“ “L$L$u L$fhp L¡$hp kp^“p¡“p¡ Ap^pf g¡hp¡

Å¡BA¡ A¡ bpbs âÐe¡ k„ip¡ L$p¡“y„ Ýep“ v$p¡ey® lsy„. Apep£“p¡ Brslpk ÅZhp dpV¡$ ‘yfpZp¡dp„’u

dmsp ‘yfphpAp¡“¡ F>Áh¡v$“u kp’¡ S> gndp„ g¡hp Å¡BA¡ A¡d s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡. âpQu“ cpfs“p¡

Brslpk ÅZhp dpV¡$ ‘yfpZp¡“¡ ‘Z F>Áh¡v$ S>¡V$gy„ S> dlÒh Ap‘hy„ Å¡BA¡. s¡ dpV¡$ ‘yfpZp¡“u

syg“pdp„ A¥rslprkL$ Ørô$A¡ F>Áh¡v$dp„ fl¡gu MpduAp¡“¡ bsphu R>¡. F>Áh¡v$“p k|L$sp¡ L$p¡B A¡L$

kde¡ gMpe¡gp “ lsp ‘Z lÅfp¡ hjp£dp„ fQpep lsp. ApV$gp gpbp L$pmdp„ fQpe¡gp k|L$sp¡

Sy>v$p Sy>v$p cp¥Np¡rgL$ õ’mp¡A¡ fQpe¡gp lp¡hp“p¡ k„ch R>¡. F>Áh¡v$ A¡ k„‘|Z®‘Z¡ A¥rslprkL$ N°„’

“’u ‘Z s¡dp„ AdyL$ Ørô$’u prd®L$ D‘ep¡N dpV¡$ gMpe¡g k|L$sp¡ R>¡. Aphp lÅfp¡ k|L$sp¡ fQpep

li¡ s¡dp„’u ApS>¡ sp¡ dpÓ 1928 k|L$sp¡ S> dm¡ R>¡. Nd¡ s¡V$gu rhðpk“uesp lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z

F>Áh¡v$dp„ L$qX$bÝ^ Brslpk dmsp¡ “’u ‘Z ‘yfpZp¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gp Arhðk“ue lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z

Ap‘Z“¡ L$qX$bÝ^ Brslpk âpàs ’pe R>¡. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ Ap g¡Mdp„ ‘yfpZp¡dp„’u A“¥rslprkL$

dprlsu“¡ v|$f L$fu“¡ Å¡ s¡“¡ h¡v$“u kp’¡ Ap^pf sfuL¡$ D‘ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ âpQu“ cpfs“p

OZp dsc¡v$p¡ DL¡$gu iL$pe s¡d R>¡, A¡d ârs‘pv$“ L$ey R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ A¡d.A¡k.eyr“hrk®V$u“p NyS>fpsu rhcpN“p D‘¾$d¡ B.k. 1956dp„

"fkpcpk“y„ õhê$‘' rhje ‘f ìep¿ep“ Apàey„ lsy„. Ap ìep¿ep“ A„N¡ îu fpdâkpv$ bnu115115115115115,

S>eÞsu dpZ¡L$116116116116116, S>e„s L$p¡W$pfu A“¡ “Vy$cpB fpS>‘fp117117117117117 A“¡ “Nu“v$pk ‘pf¡M118118118118118 hN¡f¡ rhÙp“p¡A¡

‘p¡sp“p g¡Mp¡ Üpfp AdyL$ bpbsp¡“y„ M„X$“ L$ey® lsy„. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“p fkpcpk“p õhê$‘ rhi¡$“p

ìep¿ep“ A„N¡ rhÙp“p¡dp„ S>¡ dsc¡v$p¡ Dcp ’ep lsp s¡“u ârsq¾$ep ê$‘¡ h y õ‘ô$uL$fZ dpV¡$

194

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ "fkpcpk“y„ õhê$‘'119'119'119'119'119 A“¡ "fkpcpk''120120120120120 “pd“p b¡ g¡Mp¡ g¿ep lsp. Apd

fkpcpk“p õhê$‘ rhi¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ A“¡ AÞe rhÙp“p¡ hÃQ¡ S>¡ QQp® ’B lsu S>¡dp„’u

fkpcpk“p õhê$‘“p sp[ÒhL$ rkÙp„sp¡“u M|b S> KX$u kdS> âpàs ’pe R>¡. S>¡ Ap rhje“p

Aæepk dpV¡$ M|b S> D‘ep¡Nu R>¡.

"NyS>fps“y„ kp„õL©$rsL$ v$i®“'121121121121121 “p g¡Mdp„ X$p¡gfcpBA¡ NySfps“y„ âpN¥rslprkL$, tk y

MuZ“u k„õL©$rs, dp¥e®eyN, NyàseyN, d¥ÓL$h„i, kp¡g„L$uh„i A“¡ kës“s kde ky u NySfps“p¡

S>¡ kp„õ¼©rsL$ rhL$pk ’ep¡ lsp¡ s¡“¡ Al] k„rnàsdp„ Apg¡¿ep¡ R>¡. NyS>fps“u rhriô$sp kdp“

kprlÐe ^d®, L$gp, hlpZhVy„$, L$pfuNfu rhi¡ rhNs¡ R>ZphV$ L$fu R>¡.

Studies in puranic history, geneologies, chronology in modern times’122122122122122 “p

g¡Mdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap yr“L$ kdedp„ rhrh^ k„ip¡ L$p¡ Üpfp ‘yfpZp¡“¡ k„b„r^s lõsâsp¡“u d|m‘pW$

‘y“f®Q“p, A¥rslprkL$ ‘y“f®Q“p, h„iphmu L$pgp“y¾$d“u ‘y“®fQ“p A“¡ kdep“y¾$d“u ‘y“f®Q“p

hN¡f¡ ‘f ’e¡gp k„ip¡ ““u k„rnàsdp„ ê$‘f¡Mp Ap‘u R>¡.

""‘p¡fk„O“u ‘qfcpjp''123123123123123 “pd“p g¡Mdp„ X$p¡gfcpBA¡ hX$p¡v$fp fpS>e sfa’u

çeyr“rk‘pg“p L$pe®“¡ gNsp A„N°¡Æ iåv$p¡“p NyS>fpsu ‘ep®e s¥epf L$fhp“y„ L$pd kp¢‘hpdp„

Apìey„ lsy„. s¡“p cpNê$‘¡ çeyr“rk‘g kp’¡ k„L$mpe¡gp AgN-AgN A„N°¡Æ hluhV$u rhcpN“p

V¡$L$“uL$g iåv$p¡“u NyS>fpsu ‘ep®e iåv$“u A¡L$ epv$u s¥epf L$fu lsu. Ap epv$u kpdpÞe k„ip¡ L$“¡

‘Z D‘ep¡Nu ’pe s¡ dpV¡$ Al] g¡M õhê$‘¡ âL$pris L$fu lsu.

‘The twelve devasurasangramas’124124124124124 “p g¡Md„p s¡Ap¡A¡ ‘yfpZp¡“p Ap^pf¡ v$¡hpkyf

k„N°pd rhi¡ 30 ‘©›$p¡dp„ rhNs¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡. Ap g¡M“p¡ r“óL$j® A¡ R>¡ L¡$ v$¡hpkyfp¡ hÃQ¡“p¡ k„Oj®

Ap‘Zp ‘p¥fprZL$ Brslpkdp„ kp¥’u dp¡V$p¡ k„Oj® lsp¡. Ap k„Oj® r‘sfpB cpBAp¡ hÃQ¡“p¡ lsp¡.

‘Chronological Distance between Ram and Krishna’125125125125125 “p g¡Mdp„ ‘yfpZp¡“p

Ap^pf¡ s¡Ap¡ cpfÜpS>, Öp¡Z, hri›$, Ü¥‘pe“, S>fpk„O, L$hj, A¥g|j, i„MZ, qÖrhÝhp“f,

d¥[Þv$, “fL$pkyf, ‘fiyfpd, cuód, l“ydp“, Op¡f, Ap„rNfk, dpL®$ÎX¡$e, “©N, dyQyLy$Þv, $“pfv$

hN¡f¡ ìeqL$sAp¡“¡ fpd L¡$ L©$óZ“p kdL$pgu“ NZu“¡ A¡ spfZ ‘f Apìep lsp L¡$ fpd-L©$óZ

hÃQ¡ gNcN kp¡ A¡L$ hfk“y„ A„sf lsy„.

"v$pifpo k„N°pd'126126126126126 “pd“p g¡Mdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ F>Áh¡v$“p hri›$“p b¡ k|L$sp¡dp„ (k|L$s

18 A“¡ 83) v$pifpo gX$pB“u hps Aph¡ R>¡. A¡ k|L$sp¡“¡ d|mê$‘¡ Ap‘u A“¡ s¡“y„ NyS>fpsu

195

cpjp„sf L$ey R>¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ F>Áh¡v$“p Ap k|L$sp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ v$pifpo k„N°pd“p bÞ“¡ ‘n“p ep¡ÙpAp¡,

F>rjAp¡, k„N°pd“y„ õ’m, eyÙ kde“p AÞe kdL$pgu“ fpÅA¡p hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡“y„ ‘©Õ’L$fZ

L$fu“¡ s¡dp„’u A¥rslprkL$ sÕep¡“¡ spfìep R>¡. A„s¡ s¡Ap¡ F>Áh¡v$“p Ap^pf¡ kyv$pk“¡ rhðprdÓ

A“¡ hrk›$“p kdL$pgu“ NZ¡ R>¡. Ap ÓZ¡e“¡ v$if’ L¡$ fpd“p kdL$pgu“ NZphu gX$pB

v$if’ L¡$ fpd“p kdedp„ ’B lsu A¡d s¡Ap¡ dp“¡ R>¡.

"ÅdrhS>eL$pìe'127127127127127 “pd“p g¡Mdp„ Åd“Nf“p Brslpk rhi¡“u A¥rslprkL$ bpbsp¡“¡

spfhu R>¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ ÅdrhS>e L$pìe“p A¥rslprkL$ A„ip¡“¡ d|m ê$‘¡ Ap‘u“¡ s¡dp„ Aphsp Dëg¡Mp¡“¡

AÞe kdL$pgu“ kp^“p¡ kp’¡ syg“p L$fu“¡ ÅdrhS>eL$pìe“p¡ L$sp®“p¡ kde, c|Qfdp¡fu“p eyÙ“p¡

kdep„L$“, Ådfphm“p h„i“u iê$Aps“p fpÅAp¡“u rhi¡“u dprlsu Ap‘u R>¡. Ap g¡M“p A„s¡

ÅdrhS>e L$pìe, spfuM-B-kp¡fW$, rhcprhgpk, evy$h„i âL$pi, Np¢X$g fpS>e“p¡ Brslpkdp„

AgN-AgN õhê$‘¡ fl¡gu Ådfphm“u h„iphgu“¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ Al] syg“pÐdL$ L$p¡ô$L$ê$‘¡ Ap‘¡gu

R>¡. “hp“Nf fpS>e“p¡ Brslpk dpV¡$ Ap "ÅdrhS>e' L$pìe L¡$V$gp A„i¡ D‘ep¡Nu R>¡, s¡ Ap g¡M

Üpfp bsphu Apàey„ R>¡.

X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘p„Qdp„ NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “ k„d¡g““p Dv¹$OpV$“ ìep¿ep“dp„ k„ip¡ “

A¡V$g¡ iy„ ?128128128128128 kpQp¡ k„ip¡ L$ L$p¡“¡ L$l¡hpe ? A¡“p rhi¡ ‘p¡sp“p k„ip¡ ““p A“ych“p Ap^pf¡

dp¥rgL$ kdS> Ap‘u lsu. Ap ìep¿ep“dp„ k„ip¡ L$ A“¡ k„ip¡ ““u ìep¿epAp¡ Ap‘u s¡ rhi¡

rhNs kdÅhu A“¡ k„ip¡ ““u ‘ÙrsAp¡, âL$pfp¡, k„ip¡ ““p NyZp¡“u AphíeL$sp hN¡f¡“u

M|b S> V|„$L$u ‘Z pfv$pf QQp® L$fu R>¡. s¡Ap¡ dp“sp lsp L¡$ k„ip¡ L$dp„ AõÓp“u pf S>¡hu suÿZ

A“¡ k|ÿd rhïg¡jZ iqL$s lp¡hu Å¡BA¡, sp¡ k„ep¡S>““y„ L$p¥ig ‘Z A¡“pdp„ lp¡hy„ Å¡BA¡. Ap

ìep¿ep“dp„ s¡dZ¡ k„ip¡ “ A„N¡ S>¡ dp¥rgL$ ¿epgp¡ Apàep lsp S>¡dp„ s¡Ap¡“p A“¡L$ hjp£“p

k„ip¡ ““p A“ychp¡“p v$i®“ ’pe R>¡.

"kyfpô²$' A“¡ Ap“s®' (âpQu“sd Brslpkdp„)129129129129129 kp¥fpô²$“p le®íh (lqf) h„i A“¡

Ap“s®“p Ap“s®h„i“p âpQu“sd Brslpk“u ê$‘f¡Mp Ap‘u R>¡. s¡Ap¡A¡ ApS>¡ S>¡“¡ kp¥fpô²$

sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡“p¡ DÑfcpN âpQu“L$pmdp„ "Ap“s®' A“¡ v$rnZ cpN "kyfpô²$' sfuL¡$

ârkÙ lsp¡. âpQu“ kprlÐe“p Ap^pf¡ kyfpô²$“p¡ le®íhh„i A“¡ Ap“s®“p¡ Ap“®sh„i“p

fpÅAp¡“u h„iphmu “L$L$u L$fu A“¡ s¡“u kp’¡ îu L©$óZ“u ÜpfL$p A“¡ f¥hs âhs®“p õ’m“p¡

blº S> spqL®$L$ fus¡ DÑf Apàep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ rNqf“Nf“¡ kp¥fpô²$“u A“¡ Ly$õ’m“¡ Ap“s®“u

196

fpS>^p“u NZph¡ R>¡. s¡’u s¡A¡p dp“¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ly$õ’mu D‘f ÜpfL$p hõey lp¡e A¡V$g¡ õ‘ô$ R>¡ L¡$ s¡

kyfpô²$dp„ “’u. kyfpô²$ blpf“y„ ApS>“y„ ÜpfL$p S> îuL©$óZ“y„ ÜpfL$p S> R>¡. Å¡ Ly$õ’m kyfpô²$“u

blpf lp¡B sp¡ f¥hsL$ ‘Z Ap‘Z¡ ANpD Å¡ey„ s¡d kyfpô²$“u blpf S> lp¡B. f¥hsL$ ApS>“u

ÜpfL$p ‘pk¡ lsy„. ApS>“u ÜpfL$p ‘pk¡“p L$p¡B ^pf“¡ L¡$ V¡$L$fu“¡ f¥hsL$ L$l¡sp lp¡B A“¡ ‘R>u S>epf¡

Ap“s® A“¡ kyfpô²$ A¡L$ S> lLy$ds “uQ¡ Aphu Nep Ðepf¡ dp¡V$p rNf“pf“p A¡L$pv$ cpN“¡ ‘Z

f¥hsL$ “pd Apàey„ lp¡e A¡d b“¡. Ap g¡Mdp„ s¡Ap¡ sL®$ A“¡ L$ë‘“pAp¡“p¡ h^pf¡ klpfp¡ g¡ R>¡.

B.k. 1970dp„ fpS>L$p¡V$ dyL$pd¡ ep¡Åe¡gp NyS>fps Brslpk ‘qfjv$“p ‘p„Qdp„ Ar^h¡i“dp„

Dv¹$OpV$“ ìep¿ep“ kp¥fpô²$“p Brslpk k„ip¡ “ dp„ bpfp¡V$“p Qp¡‘X$p“y„ d|ëe'130130130130130 dp„ kp¥fpô²$“p

fpS>h„ip¡ Brslpk ÅZhp dpV¡$ Ap kpdN°u L¡$hu fus¡ D‘ep¡Nu b“u iL¡$ s¡ A„N¡ rhNshpf

kdÅìey„ lsy„.

"QpfZ L$rhfpS> Bkfv$p“Æ“y„ d©Ðey hj®'131131131131131 “p g¡Mdp„ Bkfv$p“Æ“p d©Ðey kde A„N¡

S>¡ rhhpv$ Qpgsp¡ lsp¡ s¡“p DL¡$g dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡L$ ‘Ùrs ip¡ u L$pY$u lsu. Bkfv$p“Æ“p d©Ðey

‘R>u s¡d“p ‘Ð“u kp„“bpB s¡d“p d©Ðey“p kdpQpf kp„cmu“¡ ksu ’ep lsp. s¡“p¡ ‘prmep¡

dp¡fbu“p hufhv$fL$p Npd ‘pk¡ Aph¡gp¡ lsp¡. s¡ ‘prmep“¡ ip¡ u A“¡ s¡“p gMpZ“¡ Ap^pf¡

kp¡“bpB k„hs 1622 Q¥Ó kyv$ 13“p fp¡S> ksu ’ep lsp. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ Ap ‘prmep rsr’

A“¡ AÞe õÓp¡s“p Ap^pf¡ Bkfv$p“Æ“u d©Ðeyrsr’ k„. 1622 Q¥v$ kyv$ “hd“p fp¡S> “L$L$u L$fu

lsu. Ap kde¡ s¡Ap¡ kp¥fpô²$ eyr“hrk®V$u“p Ly$g‘rs ‘v$¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ Ap Npd“p ‘pmuep“u

dygpL$ps gB s¡“p ap¡V$p¡N°pak ‘pX$u, ‘prmepdp“p gMpZp¡“u ‘pW$iyqÙ L$fu s¡“p rhi¡ h y rhNs

Ap‘sp¡ ‘p¡sp“p Æh““p¡ A„rsd g¡M s¡Ap¡A¡ g¿ep¡ lsp¡.132132132132132 Ly$g‘rs“p ‘v$¡ ìeõs lp¡hp R>sp„

‘Z õ’pr“L$ Brslpk“p “p“pdp„ “p“p âñp¡“p r“fpL$fZ dpV¡$ s¡d“¡ L¡$V$gu DÐkyL$sp lsu s¡“p¡

Ap ‘f’u ¿epg Aph¡ R>¡.

îu kusp“p’ â^p“¡ ‘p¡sp“p N°„’ ‘Chronology of ancient India’ dp„ qv$hp¡v$pk“¡

v$if’ kdL$pgu“ NZpìep lsp. X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘the divodasa’133133133133133 “pd“p g¡Mdp„ ‘yfpZp¡“p

rhrh^ Ap^pfp¡ fS|> L$fu“¡ îu â^p““p Ap d„sìe“¡ kd’®“ Apàey„ lsy„.

197

4.84.84.84.84.8 r“óL$j® :r“óL$j® :r“óL$j® :r“óL$j® :r“óL$j® :

NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ fkpcpk“y„ õhê$‘, L$pìesÒh“u k¥Ùp„rsL$ rhQpfZp L¡$ hN}L$fZ“p¡

dyØp¡ lp¡e, “pV$L$“p¡ Dv¹$ch L¡$ ¾$di rhL$pk“p¡ âñ lp¡e, F>Áh¡v$ L¡$ L$pguv$pk“p¡ kdep„L$““p¡

S>qV$g dyØp¡ lp¡e, ‘p¥fprZL$ h„iphrg Np¡W$hhp“u ‘Ùrs lp¡e, lõsâsp¡“u ‘pW$hpQ“p lp¡e L¡$

õ’pr“L$ Brslpk“p¡ L$p¡B S>qV$g dyØp¡ lp¡e v$f¡L$ bpbs“p k„ip¡ “dp„ s¡d“¡p ApNhp¡ ArcNd L¡$

dp¥rgL$ AÞh¡jZ ‘Ùrs S> fl¡gu R>¡. s¡“p Ap^pf¡ L$p¡B “hp S> r“Z®ep¡ ‘f Apìep R>¡. S>¡

rhjep¡dp„ dsc¡v$p¡ lp¡e L¡$ dprlsu“p¡ Acph lp¡e Ðep„ L¡$hu ‘Ùrs’u A¡ rhjedp„ k„ip¡ “L$pe®

ApNm h^pfu iL$pe A¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$¡ ‘p¡sp“p k„ip¡ “ L$pe® Üpfp bsphu Apàey„ R>¡. A¡S>

s¡d“y„ k„ip¡ ““p n¡Ó¡ dp¥rgL$ âv$p“ b“u fl¡i¡.

s¡Ap¡ cpfsue k„õL©$rs’u âcprhs lp¡hp’u L$p¡B rhje ‘fÐh¡ cpfsue k„õL©$rs“p rhQpfp¡“¡

Ørô$L$p¡Zdp„ fpMu“¡ A¡ dyØp ‘fÐh¡ rhQpfZp Apv$f¡ R>¡. S>epf¡ ‘ròd“p rhÙp“p¡A¡ cpfsue

kprlÐe L¡$ Brslpkdp„ k„ip¡ “ L$pe® L$ey® R>¡. s¡dp„ s¡d“u sm‘v$u Ørô$“p Acph¡ s¡d“u AÞh¡jZ

‘Ùrsdp„ A“¡L$ MpduAp¡ fl¡gu R>¡ A“¡ Ap‘Zu âpQu“ A“yîyrsAp¡“¡ X$Ng¡ “¡ ‘Ng¡ Dh¡Mu R>¡.

s¡“p¡ X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ rhfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap rhjep¡ cpfsue Ørô$L$p¡Z’u ‘y“:rhQpfZp L¡$ k„ip¡ “

L$pe®dp„ cpfsue k„õL©$rs, ‘p¥fprZL$ kprlÐe A“¡ A“yîyrs“p¡ âcph Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. X$p¡gffpe

dp„L$X$“p k„ip¡ “ L$pe®“y„ d|ëep„L$“ L$fsp ârkÙ rhh¡QL$ rhS>efpe h¥Û “p¢ ¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""X$p¡gffpedp„

k„ip¡ L$“¡ rhi¡ lp¡hu OV¡$ s¡hu Aæepk‘f„sp, kdsp¡g‘Ï„ A“¡ îdiugsp sp¡ dp¡Sy>v$ R>¡ S>,

‘Z õhd„sìe dpV¡$“p¡ vy$fpN°l L¡$ QuL$ZpB, S>¡ OZp k„ip¡ L$“p ðpk A“¡ âpZ lp¡e R>¡, A¡

kv¹$cpÁe¡ s¡d“pdp„ “’u.''134134134134134

198

‘pv$V$u‘ :‘pv$V$u‘ :‘pv$V$u‘ :‘pv$V$u‘ :‘pv$V$u‘ :

1. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, ‘p„Qdp NyS>fpsu k„ip¡^“ L$pe®L$fp¡“p k„d¡g““p Dv¹$OpV$“ âk„N¡,

NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “ d„X$m“y„ Ó¥dprkL$, ÅÞey.-1967, ‘©. 71.

2. ‘gpZ, “fp¡Ñd, "dÝeL$pgu“ kprlÐe“p kL$g Øô²$p', X$p¡gffpe dp„X$L$, apb®k NyS>fpsu

kcp, A¡râg-S|>“-2010, ‘©. 26.

3. L$p¡W$pfu, S>e„s, rhh¡Q““y„ rhh¡Q“, Adv$phpv$, 1976, ‘©. 93.

4. A¡S>“, ‘©. 44.

5. Å¡iu, Ddpi„L$f, NyS>fpsu kprlÐe“p¡ Brslpk (N°„’-4), Adv$phpv$, 1981, ‘©. 471.

6. dl¡sp, Ly„$S>rhlpfu, kprlÐe f„N, kyfs, 1957, ‘©. 292.

7. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, Ag„L$pf âh¡riL$p, dy„bB, 1947, ‘©. 7.

8. A¡S>“, ‘©. 9.

9. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, t‘Nm âh¡riL$p, fpS>L$p¡V$, 2008, ‘©. 2.

10. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe kcp“u L$pe®hplu, (1936-37), Adv$phpv$, 1937, ‘©. 1.

11. A¡S>“, ‘©. 4.

12. A¡S>“, ‘©. 49.

13. A¡S>“, ‘©. 67.

14. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, L$pìerhh¡Q“, fpS>L$p¡V$, 1976, ‘©. 1.

15. A¡S>“, ‘©. 58.

16. A¡S>“, ‘©. 100.

17. A¡S>“, ‘©. 117.

18. v$h¡, Bðfgpg, îu X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ (Adpfp â’d Ly$g‘rs), fpS>L$p¡V$, 1973, ‘©. 16.

19. h y rhNs dpV¡$ "k„õL©$rs' kpdreL$“p A„L$ Å¡hp. dpZ¡L$, A¡râg-1960, ‘©. 152.

dp„L$X$, kàV¡$çbf-1960, ‘©. 325. L$p¡W$pfu, A¡râg-1961, ‘©. 159. ‘pf¡M, Ap¡NõV$-

1963, ‘©. 467. dp„L$X$, S|>“-1965, ‘©. 208. ‘pf¡M, Sy>gpB-1965, ‘©. 244.

20. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, kprlÐe dudp„kp“p b¡ âñp¡, hX$p¡v$fp-1958, ‘©. 1.

21. A¡S>“, ‘©. 1.

22. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe kcp“u L$pe®hplu, (1946-47), Adv$phpv$, 1949, ‘©. 1.

199

23. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, “¥h¡Û, AguApbpX$p, 1959, ‘©. 59.

24. A¡S>“, ‘©. 71.

25. A¡S>“, ‘©. 101.

26. A¡S>“, ‘©. 197.

27. ipõÓu, L¡$ihfpd, "d|Ù®Þesf X$-Y$ A“¡ rS>P$d|guem', byqÙâL$pi, kàV¡$çbf-1930,

‘©. 279.

28. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "d|Ö®Þe X$ A“¡ d|Ü®Þesf X$', byqÙâL$pi, qX$k¡çbf-1930, ‘©.

381.

29. bnu, fpdâkpv$, "ApQpe® X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$ : ‘qfQe A“¡ Arc“Þv$“', NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “

d„X$m“y„ Ó¥dprkL$, Ap¡L$V$p¡. 1964, ‘©. 301.

30. iyL$g, fd¡i, "k„õL©$sr“›$ rhQpfL$', iåv$k©rô$, “h¡çbf-2005, ‘©. 49.

31. dp„L$X, X$p¡gffpe, NyS>fpsu L$pìeâL$pfp¡ (s¡“y„ hN}L$fZ A“¡ sp[ÐhL$ õhê$‘),

ArgApbpX$p, 1964, ‘©. 44-A¡.

32. A¡S>“, ‘©. 142.

33. Th¡fu, d“kyMgpg, ArcNd, dy„bB, 1966, ‘©. 487.

34. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, cNhp““u gugp, ApZ„v$, 1948.

35. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, L$Z® (bpghpsp®), hX$p¡v$fp, 1934.

36. eproL$, fdZgpg, "âp¡a¡kf X$p¡gffpe dp„L$X$“y„ k„ip¡ “',dp“ku, N°’p„L$-1, 1936,

‘©. 95.

37. Mankad, Dolarrai, The types of Sanskrit Drama, Karachi, 1936, P. 82.

38. Ibid, p. 165

39. Ibid, p. VIII

40. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, k„õ¼©s “pV$eipõÓ“p rhL$pk“u ê$‘f¡Mp, Adv$phpv$, 1943, ‘©. I.

41. A¡S>“, ‘©. 104.

42. A¡S>“, ‘©. 109.

43. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "âpQu“ rlÞvy$ “pV$eN©l, “pNqfL$ NÛphrg, L$fp„Qu, 1934, ‘©. 80.

200

44. Mankad, Dolarrai, The Hindu Theatre, The Indian Historical Quarterly

(VIII, 3), Sept.-1932.

45. ¶m{kH$, ZQ>dabmb, (AZwdmX), àmMrZ ^maVr¶ a§Jembm, AbrAm~mS>m, 1967.

46. Mankad, Dolarrai, Ancient Indian Theatre, Anadn, 1961, p. 2-3.

47. Ibid, p. 39-40.

48. Ibid, p. 21.

49. Ibid, p. last

50. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe kcp“u L$pe®hplu (1946-47), Adv$phpv$, 1949, ‘©. 4.

51. A¡S>“, ‘©. 6.

52. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, ‘p„Qdp„ NyS>fpsu k„ip¡^“ L$pe®L$fp¡“p k„d¡g““p Dv¹$OpV$“ âk„N¡,

NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “ d„X$m“y„ Ó¥dprkL$, ÅÞey-1967, ‘p. 70.

53. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe kcp“u L$pe®hplu (1944-45), 1946, Adv$phpv$, ‘©. 1-20.

54. Mankad, Dolarrai, Kalidas and the Guptas, Ahmedabad, 1944, P. I.

55. Ibid, p. 2.

56. Ibid, p. 3.

57. Ibid, p. 27.

58. Ibid, p. 24.

59. Ibid, p. 31.

60. Mankad, Dolarrai, The Yugapuranam, Anand, 1951, p. 1.

61. Ibid, p. 7.

62. Ibid, p. 10.

63. Ibid, p. 22-23.

64. Mankad, Dolarrai, Date of Rgveda, Anand. 1952, p. 77.

65. Ibid, p. 78.

66. Ibid, p. 78.

67. Ibid, p. 83.

68. Ibid, p. 91.

201

69. Mankad, Dolarrai, The puranic Chronology, Anand, 1952 (NyS>fpsu A“yhpv$

- ApQpe®, sfrgL$p, ‘p¥fprZL$ L$pmNZ“p“ykpf h„ip“y¾$d, Np„ u“Nf, 1996, ‘©. 9.

70. A¡S>“, ‘©. 15.

71. A¡S>“, ‘©. 26.

72. A¡S>“, ‘©. 66.

73. A¡S>“, ‘©. 93.

74. A¡S>“, ‘©. 277.

75. â. fphm, A“„sfpe, ‘|hp£L$s, ‘©. 160.

76. cË$, Np¡thv$gpg, "hX$p¡v$fp eyr“hrk®V$udp„ fpdpeZ“y„ k„ip¡ “', îu apb®k NyS>fpsu

kcp Ó¥dprkL$, Arâg-S|>“-1961, ‘©. 78.

77. Mankad, Dolarai, The Critical Edition of Ramayan (The Kiskindha Kanda),

Baroda, 1965, p. XXXII.

78. Ibid, p. xxxiv

79. Ibid, p. xxxix

80. Ibid, p. xxxix

81. ‘V¡$g, cpBgpgcpB, g„L$p“p¡ õ’m rhQpf, rhÛp“Nf, 1972, ‘©. 20.

82. Ibid, p. LXI

83. Ibid, p. 37.

84. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, Ap‘Zp Ly$Vy„$b“p¡ Brslpk, AguApbpX$p, 1970.

85. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, Åd“Nf“p¡ Brslpk, AguApbpX$p-1925, ‘©. 5.

86. A¡S>“, ‘©. 14.

87. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, F>Áh¡v$dp„ hrk›$“y„ v$i®“, Adv$phpv$, 1964, ‘©. 1.

88. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, tlvy$^d®dp„ dÝeddpN®, Adv$phpv$, 1964, ‘©. 13.

89. A¡S>“, ‘©. 72.

90. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, ^d®k„õ’p‘L$p¡“u hpZu, AguApbpX$p, 1968.

91. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, Nusp“p¡ byqÙep¡N, AguApbpX$p, 1969, ‘©. 7.

92. A¡S>“, ‘©. 8.

202

93. A¡S>“, ‘©. 21.

94. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, îudv¹$ cpNhsL$’p, AguApbpX$p, 1974, ‘©. 40.

95. A¡S>“, ‘©. 34.

96. A¡S>“, ‘©. 11.

97. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, Ahspfp¡ A“¡ Ahspfhpv$, Adv$phpv$, 1978, ‘©. 3.

98. A¡S>“, ‘©. 13.

99. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "ipLy$Þsg“y„ cpjp„sf', L$p¥dyv$u, Sy>gpB-1931, ‘©. 462.

100. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, ê$ÖpÝepe (NyS>fpsu A“yhpv$), L$fp„Qu, 1929, ‘©. 1.

101. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, ÝhÞepgp¡L$, Adv$phpv$ 1969, ‘©. 8.

102. Aës¡L$f, A¡.A¡k. (A“y.) dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, âpQu“ cpfsdp„ rinZ, Adv$phpv$,

1965.

103. Mankad, Dolarrai, A monak and monarch Aliabada, 1944.

104. kpsdu NyS>fpsu kprlÐe ‘qfjv$“p„ h©Ñp„s, cpjZp¡ s’p r“b„ p¡, cph“Nf, 1926,

‘©. 43.

105. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, cpfsue gÁ“k„õ’p (F>Áh¡v$), “pNqfL$ (QfZ ‘l¡gy„), 1932, ‘©.

33.

106. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, ""L$p¥dyv$u dlp¡Ðkh“u D‘ep¡rNsp', L$p¥dyv$u, Ap¡L$V$p¡bf-1934, ‘©.

307.

107. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "dyÖpfpnk“p kde rhi¡', byqÙâL$pi, ÅÞey-dpQ®, 1938, ‘©.

93.

108. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "L$pWu gp¡L$p¡', “pNqfL$ NÛphrg, L$fp„Qu, 1933, ‘©. 101.

109. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "lº„' "A¡L$' A“¡ "lp¡hy„' “p¡ d|m BÞX$p¡-eyfp¡r‘e“ iåv$', byqÙ âL$pi,

Ap¡L$V$p¡bf-rX$k¡çbf-1941, ‘©. 208.

110. cpepZu, lqfhëgc, "hþ§, EH$$ A“¡ hmodw§' “p cpfs-eyfp¡‘ue d|m õhê$‘p¡', Ap¡L$V$p¡bf-

qX$k¡çbf-1942, ‘©. 237.

111. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "L$prgL$p‘yfpZ“y„ “fL$pkyfp¡‘p¿ep“', byqÙâL$pi, ÅÞeyApfu-1947,

‘©. 13.

203

112. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "k„hs âhs®L$ rh¾$dpqv$Ðe L$p¡Z ?', byqÙâL$pi, Ap¡L$V$p¡bf-1948,

‘©. 264.

113. Mankad, Dolarrai, ‘Srikrsna’s Family - Solar or Lounar ?, Journal of the

oriental institute, Jan-1951-52, p. 12.

114. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "Apep£“y„ ApNd“', AM„X$ Ap“„v$, ÅÞeyApfu-1951, ‘©. 20.

115. Journal of the M.S.University of Baroda, Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 80.

116. dpZ¡L$ S>eÞsu, "fkpcpk“p õhê$‘ rhi¡ h y', k„õL©$rs, A¡râg-1960, ‘©. 152.

117. L$p¡W$pfu, S>e„s A“¡ fpS>‘fp “Vy$cpB, "fkpcpk A„N¡', A¡râg-1961, ‘©. 159.

118. ‘pf¡M, “Nu“v$pk, (1) "fkpcpk : s¡“y„ õhê$‘ A“¡ L$pìedp„ õ’p“', k„õL©$rs, Ap¡NõV$-

1963, ‘©. 467 (2). "fkpcpk ’p¡X$u QQp®' k„õL©$s, Sy>gpB-1965, ‘©. 244.

119. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "fkpcpk“y„ õhê$‘', k„õL©$rs, kàV¡$çbf-1960, ‘©. 325.

120. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "fkpcpk', k„õL©$rs, S|>“-1965, ‘©. 208.

121. ‘fuM, fpdgpg, NyS>fps A¡L$ ‘qfQe, cph“Nf, 1961, ‘©. 137.

122. Mankad, Dolarrai, ‘Studies in puranic history’, Genealogies, Chronology

in Modern times’, Purana, Jan. 1962, p. 3.

123. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "‘p¥fk„O“u ‘qfcpjp', Sy>gpB-1937, ‘©. 157.

124. Mankad, Dolarrai, ‘The Twelve Devasurasangrams’, journal of the orien-

tal institute, March-1963, p. 201.

125. Mankad, Dolarrai, ‘Chronological Distance between Ram and Krishna’,

Journal of the Oriental Institute, Jan.-1964, p. 1.

126. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "v$pifpo k„N°pd', õhpÝepe, d¡-1965, ‘©. 264.

127. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "ÅdrhS>e L$pìe', õhpÝepe, kàV¡$çbf-1966, ‘©. 395.

128. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "‘p„Qdp NyS>fpsu k„ip¡ “ k„d¡g““p Dv¹$OpV$“ âk„N¡', NyS>fpsu

k„ip¡ “ d„X$m“y„ Ó¥dprkL$, ÅÞeyApfu-1967, ‘©. 71.

129. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "kyfpô²$ A“¡ Ap“s®', õhpÝepe, A¡râg-1969, ‘©. 306.

130. “peL$, Qu“ycpB, "NyS>fps Brslpk ‘qfjv$“y„ ‘p„Qdy„ Ar^h¡i“, byqÙâL$pi, dpQ®-

1970, ‘©. 79.

204

131. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "QpfZ L$rhfpS> Bkfv$p“Æ“y„ d©Ðey hj®', Drd®“hfQ“p, a¡b°yApfu-

1970, ‘©. 687.

132. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, "QpfZ L$rhfpS> Bkfv$p“Æ“y„ d©Ðey hj®', Drd®“hfQ“p, “h¡çbf-

1970, ‘©. 546.

133. Dandekar, R.N. and Sharma R.K., Sanskrit and Indological Studies : Dr.

V.Raghavam Felicitation Volume, Delhi, 1975, p. 211.

134. dp„L$X$, X$p¡gffpe, b|Q, Q„Öi„L$f, “pNqfL$ NÛphrg, L$fp„Qu, 1933, âõsph“pdp„’u.

âl$fz-4 x$p¡gffpe dp„l$x$“y„ kprlÐe, brslpk a“¡ ^d®-sÒhop...

Documents