1

`K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw D -̄c-Ko-Xbpw þ Hcp ]T\w

sI. N{µ-lcn I. `K-h-ZvKoXbpsS hyXykvX hymJym-\-§Ä

{ioi¦cmNmcyþ{iocmam\pP {]`rXnIfmb {]Xn`m[\cmb BNmcy t{ijvT·mcpw {io. Achnµ alÀjn, kÀƸÅn cm[mIrjvW³ apXemb B[p\nI thZm´Nn´Icpw kmaqlnI cwK v̄ hyànap{Z ]Xn¸n¨ {io. _meKwKm[c XneI³, {io. taml³ Zmkv KmÔn apXemb ]ucapJy·mcp sams¡ KmVambn ]Tn¡pIbpw hymJym\n¡pIbpw sNbvX BßobXm {KÙamWv, {]kn²amb `KhXvKoX. ]Xns\«²ymb§fnembn Fgp\qdp tÇmI§Ä þ `mcX¯nsâ Bßobk¯bpsS kw£n]vXcq]sa¶v hntijn ¸n¡s¸Sp¶hbmWv. AssZzXmNmcy\mb BZni¦c\pw ssihmNmcy\mb A`n\hKp]vX\pw X§fptSXmb coXnbn `KhXvKoX¡v hymJym\§sf gpXnbXpt]mse ]n¶oSv h¶ BNmcy·mscms¡ X§fpsS Nn´mKXn¡\p kcWambn KoXsb hymJym\n¡pIbp−mbn. hyXykvX hymJym\§Ä \ÂIp¶ KoXmNmcy·mcpsS Cu ]Ým¯ew \nch[n tNmZy§fpbÀ¯p¶p.

hn`n¶§fmb Cu hymJym\§fn KoXbpsS bYmÀ°ktµiw F{Xam{Xw hnIrXam¡s¸«p?

KoXbpsS KoXmimkv{Xsa¶ hntijW¯n\v A\pcq]amb hn[w A´xk¯ Is−¯phm³ {ian¨ hymJym\w GsX¦nepapt−m?

`KhXv KoX Hcp imkv{Xtam þ imkv{X{KÙsa¦n C§s\ ]ehn[w hyJym\n¡phm³ Ignbp¶sX§s\?

CZw KoXmimkv{Xw kakvXthZmÀ° kmckw{Kl`qXw ZpÀhntÚ bmÀ°w þ F¶v BZni¦c³ Xs¶ ]dª ØnXn¡v KoX imkv{XamsW¶v k½Xn¡mw. ]s£ {ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fpsS `mjyw aäv \nch[n kwib §Ä¡v hgn \ÂIp¶p.

thZmÀ°kmcamb, BZni¦c³ AssZzXmarXhÀjnWnbm¡nb KoX sb§s\ C{µ\v ]Icw bmZhþIrjvW\n \n¶pfhmbn? sshZnIkwkvIr XnbpsS X\Xmb ssIs¿m¸pIsfm¶pw ZriyaÃm¯ alm`mcX¯n AssZzXmarXhÀjnWnbmb KoX F§s\ hn\ykn¡s¸«p?

A\mZnþi¦c\mWv alm`mcX¯nse§pw \ndªp\n¡p¶ Znhy ssNX\ysa¶ncns¡ BZni¦c³ kn²m´n¡p¶ thZm´þZrjvSm´thZy amb hmkptZhþ]c{_Ò¯n\v Ipcpt£{X¯nse´p {]kàn?

imkv{Xsa¶v {ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fm hntijn¸n¡s¸« `Khmsâ

KoX ‘ZpÀhntÚbmÀ°’ambsX§s\? hfs¨mSn¨mWv Rm\o KoXm`mjyw 'AssZzXmarXhÀjnWnbm¡n' FgpXphm³ t]mIp¶sX¶tà BZni¦c³ Sn hntijW¯neqsS kqNn¸n¨Xv?

2

]Xns\«²ymb§fnse Fgp\qdp tÇmI§fneqsS ]Tn-Xmhv F¯n-t¨-cp¶ [\y-X, `K-h-ZvKo-X-bpsS kmckw{Klw F´mWv? KoXbpsS bYmÀ° ktµisa´mWv? Úm\w, IÀ½w, `àn, tbmKw...?

Cuhn[ kwib§Ä C¶v GsXmcp ]TnXmhns\bpw Nn´m¡pg¸¯n em¡p¶p. Ignª Xeapdsb Bßob{]lÀj¯nemdmSn¨ KoXm`à\pw i¦cmNmcy`à\pw AXpeyhmÜnbpamb BKam\µ kzmanIÄ `KhZvKoX bmWv lnµpaX{KÙ§fn sh¨v Gähpw {][m\s¸«sX¶v ]dbp¶p. IqSmsX,

″`Khmsâ apJ]߯n¦Â \n¶pw t\cn«p ]pds¸«XmWv þ \nXy §fpw k\mX\[À½ {]Xn]mZI§fpw Bb thZ§fpsS kmcamWv...`Khm³ F¡me¯papÅ FÃm hnja {]iv\§Ä¡pw efnXamb `mjbnÂ

kam[m\w \ÂInbn«p−v″,

F¶v HcnS¯p ]dbpt¼mÄ asämcp {]`mjW¯n ]dbp¶Xv –

″KoXbnse `mjmemfnXyhpw tÇmI§fpsS sNdp¸hpw Bib§fpsS kv]jvSXbpw {KÙ¨pcp¡hpw AXnsâ alna hÀ²n¸n¡p¶p. F¶m KoXsb kw_Ôn¨pw Hcp _p²nap«p−mbn«p−v. AXmbXv. AXnsâ \m\m hymJym\§Ä AXnse apJymibsas´¶dnbp¶Xn hnjaap−m¡p¶p. KoX apJyambn D]tZin¡p¶Xv IÀatbmKamsW¶pw, `àntbmKamsW¶pw, Úm\tbmKamsW¶pw IÀabpàk\ymkamsW¶pw IÀaclnXk\ymk amsW¶pw ]e A`n{]mb§fp−v. Cu Hmtcm A`n{]mbhpw ]pds¸Sphn¨n«p ÅhÀ ]WvUnX·mcpw alm·mcpamWv. BcpsS ]£hpw sXsä¶p ]dbm³ ]mSnÃ. FÃmhcpw temIt£aImw£nIfpw Nn´ns¨gpXnbn«pÅhcpw BWv. B ØnXn¡v Fsâ A`n{]mbw CXn F{Xt¯mfw icnbmbncn¡psa¶v

\nÝbanÃ. ″

`KhZvKoXsb¸än {io. BKam\µkzmanIÄ ]dbp¶Xn ]ckv]c sshcp²yw D−v. kzmanIfpsS Cu hnÚm\{]Zamb hnhcW¯n \n¶pw \ap¡v F´mWv a\ÊnemIp¶Xv? ]WvUnX·mcpw alm·mcpamb hyànIÄ ]Tn¨n«v `KhZvKoXsb¸än ]dª A`n{]mbw s]m«¡®·mÀ B\sb¡− t]msebmWv. Sn A`n{]mb §fnteXmWv icnsb¶v Xs¶ {]Xn`m[\\mb kzmanIÄ¡v a\ÊnemIp ¶nÃ. At¸mÄ FhnsSbmWv Ipg¸w?

s]mXpsh kaql¯n \S¸nencn¡p¶ B²ymßnI (A²ymß) hnZy bpsS Zb\ob Nn{XamWnXv þ kzmanPn ]dbp¶p: “BcpsS ]£hpw sXsä¶v

]dbphm³ ]mSnÃ.” þ At±lw bpàn \ÂIp¶X,v alm·mÀ AhcpsS A\p`h¯n \n¶v ]dbp¶XmsW¶XmWv. hnhn[ hymJym-\-§Ä¡v Imc-W-amb hyXykvX A²ym-ßnI A\p-̀ -h-§Ä km²y-amtWm? \nÀhn-IÂ]-amb A\p-̀ -h-am-I-s«, khn-IÂ]-am-Is« Ah hyXykvX hymJym-\-§Ä¡v t{]c-W-bm-Ip-¶-sX-§s\? Hcp ]s£ bYmÀ° ImcWw AÔ·mÀ B\sb¡− ØnXn Bbn-¡qsS? A²ym-ß-hn-Zym-]-c-amb Hcp IrXn-bpsS hyXykvXamb hymJym-\-§Ä bpànIambn Øm]n¡s¸Smhp¶-h-bmtWm? FÃm A`n{]mb §Ä¡pw Øm]n¡s¸Sphm\pw JWvUn¡s¸Sphm\papÅ \ymb§Ä `KhZv KoXbpsS kwkmckmKcw t]mse ]c¶p InS¡p¶ ]Xns\«v A²ymb§

3

fnep−v F¶XmWv. BKam\µ kzmanIÄ¡v a\ÊnemIm¯(AYhm sshhn ²yamÀ¶p tXm¶p¶) KoXmktµihpw tbmKhpw thsd BÀ¡mWv a\Ênem IpI? FÃmhcpw AhchcptSXmb coXnbn {ioIrjW`Khms\bpw KoXm ktµis¯bpw a\Ênem¡p¶p þ AXns\´mWv Ipg¸w?

BNmcy hnt\m_m`mth Hcp \ymbm[n]sâ IY ]dªp sIm−mWv KoXmktµis¯¸änbpÅ Xsâ {]`mjW§fpsS ]c¼c Bcw`n¨Xv. kz´w aI\v h[in£ hn[nt¡− kµÀ`ap−mbt¸mÄ `qXZb _m[n¨v h[ in£bpsS A[mÀ½nIXsb¸än At±lw t_m[hm\mbn. AXphsc tXm¶m Xncp¶ \nch[n \ymb§Ä Dcp¯ncnªp. AÀÖp\hnjmZtbmK¯nse ØnXnbpw C{]ImcamsW¶v hnt\m_mPn ]dbp¶Xv F{X kXyw?

£{Xnb\mb AÀÖp\\v ss¢ºyw D−mbXv kzP\§sf h[nt¡− kµÀ`ap−mbXn\memWv. aaXbm tXm¶nb hnjmZw P\n¸n¨ hmZKXnIÄ þ AXp sIm−v Xs¶ ]mÀ°sâ \ymbhmZ§Ä¡v {ioIrjvW³ adp]Sn ]dªnÃ. aaXsb \in¸n¡phm³ th−, kz[À½m\pjvTm\¯n\v ]mÀ°\v Icp¯p ]Icp¶ in£Ww \ÂIpIbmWv `Khm³ {ioIrjvW³ sNbvXXv.

hnt\m_mPnbpsS Cu DÄ¡mgvN kaql¯n hncfamsW¶v ]e hninjvShyànIfpsSbpw KoXsb¸änbpÅ k¦Â]¯n \n¶pw a\Ênem ¡mw. kz´w aaXsb hfan«v hfÀ¯p¶Xn\mbn, hnjmZmhØ¡v \ymbo IcWambn, ]ecpw AdnbmsX Xs¶ KoXsb D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n t]mIp¶p. ap³ ]dª \ymbm[n]sâ kmlNcy¯n `Khm³ {ioIrjvWsâ kz[À ½m\pjvTm\¯n\pÅ t_m[\¯n\v ]Icw Sn sshapJy¯n \n¶pfhmIp ¶ hnjmZ¯n\v thZ\mkwlmcn t]mse KoXbnse tÇmI§Ä {]tbmP\ s¸Sp¯p¶p.

BßhnZym kw_Ôamb in£W¯nepw `KhXvKoXbpsS A`ymkw C¶v sshjay¯nemWv. Bßm\p`hw IqSmsXbpÅ {]`mjIÀ X¯ ]dbpw t]mse tÇmI§fpw ZrjvSm´§fpw BhÀ¯n¡p¶p. bpànIfpw ZrjvSm´ §fpw a\pjysâ PnÚmksb ian¸n¡phm³ ]cym]vXambncp¶ ImeL«w C§n\n hcm¯h®w IS¶pt]mbncn¡p¶p. B[p\nI imkv{Xt]mjnXamb _p²n¡v Bib{KlWw ZrjvSm´§fneqsS £n{]km²yamWv. ]s£ Bib¯nsâ km[pX¡v {ipXn hmIy¯n\p]cnbmb sXfnhpIÄ B[p\nI a\pjy{]Ú tXSp¶p. KmÔnPnbpw hnt\m_mPnbpw kzPohnXw sIm−v `KhZvKoXbpsS A´xk¯¡v sXfnhv \ÂInbhcmWv. A§s\bpÅ {]`m]qcw C¶v kaql¯n ZriyaÃ. {ipXnhmIy¯n\p]cnbmb sXfnhpIÄ `KhZvKoXbntem, thZm´¯ntem, im¦cmssZzX¯ntem CÃXm\pw. `KhZv KoX AssZzX]c{_Òt_m[w A\pimkn¡p¶Xmbn BZn`mjyImc\mb {io.i¦cmNmcyÀ ]dbp¶p. ZÀi\]cambn t\m¡nbm AssZzXthZm´ ZÀi\¯n\v ISIhncp²amb ]eXpw `Khm³ {ioIrjvW³ ]dbp¶psh¶v km[mcW¡mc\v tXm¶p¶p. hÔybpsS ]p{Xs\t¸mse anYybmWv temIhpw P·hpsa¦nÂ, AhnZybmWv \½psS kwkmcPohnX¯nse kl bm{XnIsb¦nÂ, b{X tbmtKizc IrjvtWm, b{X ]mÀt°m... F¶ KoXmhkm\¯nse kRvPb{ipXnbn \ngen¡p¶ ssZzX \cþ\mcmbW cq]¯nsâ {]kànsb´v?

4

{ipXnIÄ Xs¶ AssZzX¯nsâ Imcy¯n GIm`n{]mb¡mcmtWm? \njv]£amb {ipXn hymJym\amtWm {io. i¦cmNmcykzmanIfpsS {]Øm\ {Xb`mjy§fn ImWp¶Xv? DZmlcW¯n\v _rl-Zm-c-WytIm-]-\n-j-̄ n se im´n-]m-T-w {i²n¡mw þ Hmw ]qÀW-aZx ]qÀW-anZw ]qÀWmXv ]qÀW-ap-Z-NytX ]qÀWky ]qÀW-am-Zmb ]qÀW-ta-hm-h-in-jytX Hmw im´nx im´nx im´nx

Hmw AXp ]qÀWamWv CXpw ]qÀW-amWv. ]qÀW¯n \n¶pw ]qÀWw BhnÀ -̀hn-¡p-¶p. ]qÀW-̄ n \n¶pw ]qÀWs¯ FSp-̄ mepw ]qÀWw Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p.

hfsc hyàambn c−v ]qÀWw Bb AhØIsf¸änbmWv Cu {ipXn KoXw ]dbp¶Xv. AXp t]mse, BZni¦cmNmcysc alm·mcmb GXm\pw BfpIÄ \nkvXpeambn ]pIgv¯pt¼mÄ hnaÀin¡p¶hcnepw hfsc t{ijvTcmb hyànIfp−v. hn¹hImcnbpw ]n¶oSv almtbmKnbpambn¯oÀ¶ AchnµtLmjv, aq¶v L«§fn Cuizc³ {ioi¦cmNmcysc t\m¡n Nncn¨Xmbn ]dbp¶p−v. AssZz-X-̄ nsâ {]Nm-c-I-cmbn Ignª \qäm-−n ae-bm-f-̄ n h¶ ]ecpw {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-]-c-a-lw-k-cpsS injy-cm-Wv. Z£n-tW-iz-cs¯ almImfn-bpsS, almambbpsS D]m-k-I³ im¦-cm-ssZz-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶pthm? `mcXobZÀi\§fpsS Hcp ]TnXmhns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw k¦o À®amb Hcp ØnXnhntijamWv hnthIm\µkzmanIfneqsSbpw At`Zm\µ kzmanIsft¸msebpÅ {]kn²cpw {]KÛcpamb CXc {io cmaIrjvWinjy cneqsSbpw \ap¡v e`n¡p¶Xv. i¦-csâ {]Øm-\-{Xb`mjy-§-fn-enÃm¯h AssZz-X-̄ n\v apJ-ap-{Z-bm-Ip-¶-sX-§-s\-bm-Wv? ssihmssZzXambncp¶p {io cmaIrjvW]calwkcpsS apàn amÀKsa¶pw im¦cmssZzX]camb \nÀKpW {_tÒm]mk\bn \n¶pw AXv Xptemw hn`n¶amsW¶pw BWv Cu sshcp²y¯n\v e`yamIp¶ hniZoIcWw.

Cu `qanIbn \n¶mWv `mcXob Bßobk¯bpsS imkv{Xob ASn¯d tXSnbpÅ Fsâ At\zjWw Bcw`n¨Xv. A²ym-ßnI`mcX¯nsâ apJap{Z ktXym·pJXbpw imkv{XobXbpamsW¶ Dd¨ t_m[w ZrjvSm´ §fn a\Êns\ Xf¨nSphm³ Fs¶ A\phZn¨nÃ. At\zjWw, ]co£Ww, bpàn, A\p`hw ChbpsS DÖzeamb tim`bpw `mcXob imkv{X§fpsS kXymßIXbpw ]s¯m¼XphÀj§fnse tPymXnximkv{X ]T\KthjW §fneqsS F\n¡v t_m²yambncp¶p. tbmKhmknjvT¯nse cma³, KoXbn se AÀÖp\³ ChÀ F¶pw Fsâ a\Ên\v AÛpXambncp¶p. AhÀ tI«sXms¡ tI«n«pw F\n¡v BßÚm\ap−mIm¯sXs´¶ tNmZyw am{Xambncp¶p Bßm\p`hambn F\n¡p−mbncp¶Xv. thtZm]\nj¯p¡ fpw cmambWþ`mcX CXnlmk§fpw hnthIm\µsâ thZm´kmlnXyhpw þ BßobXm\p`hIcsa¶v tIÄhn tI« bmsXm¶pw Xs¶ a\pjy\n bmsXmcp amähpw krjvSn¡p¶nsöv {ItaW F\n¡p t_m²yambn. CXnlmk§fnse `mh\mtemIw t]mse AbYmÀ°amWv BßobXbpsS temIw þ AeuInIamb IYm]m{X§fpw Ahsc D²cn¨pÅ [Àt½m]tZi hpw þ CXnlmk]pcmW§fnse ] v̄ AhXmc§Ä¡v tijhpw \nc´cw

5

]oUn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ `qantZhn, \¶mIm³ a\pjy\v amÀKaps−t¶m, km²yX bps−t¶m F§s\bmW\p`hs¸SpI?

i¦c`mjy§fpsSbpw `KhXv KoXbpsSbpw CXc thZm´{KÙ§fn sebpw ipjvIamb BßobXmþ`mjWw ZrjvSm´§fpsS t]amcn am{XamWv. ]ecpw ZrjvSm´§sf GtXm {]]©\nba§fpsS Znhyamb D²cWnsb¶ t]msebmWv kao]n¡p¶Xv. imkv{XZrjvSym ChbpsS s]můcw hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v, AXmbXv, t\Àhn]coXamb Bibw {Kln¸n¡p¶Xn\pw th− ZrjvSm´§Ä e`yamWv, BNmcy NmÀÆmI\pw ZrjvSm´§Ä D]tbmKn¨n«p s−¶ Imcyw Bcpw HmÀ½n-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¶m kl{km_vZ§Ä¡v ap¼v cq]w sIm− Cu Bib hniZoIcW amÀKs¯¸än khntijamb NÀ¨ tbmKhmknjvT¯n ImWmhp¶XmWv. {_ÒhnZym {]Xn]mZ\§fn D²rXambncn¡p¶ ZrjvSm´§sf icnbmbn ho£n¡phm³ AhbpsS imkv{Xob hiw hknjvT³ hyàam¡p¶Xv klmbIamIpsa¶Xn\m ChnsS D²cn¡pIbmWv.

tb\ Clm\\p`qtX%Àt° ZqjvtS\mÀt°\ t_m[\w

t_mt[m]Imc^eZw Xw ZrjvSm´w hnZpÀ_p[mx (2þ18þ50)

kÀÆkm[mcWhpw hyàhpamb hkvXp AYhm {]Xn`mkw D²cn¨v AÚmXambncn¡p¶ hkvXphnsâ Úm\w AYhm Bibw {]ISam¡n ImWn¡p¶XmWv ZrjvSm´sa¶v hnZzm·mÀ ]dbp¶Xv.

ssbssbx ImIpÕvY ZrjvSmss´kvXzw atblmht_m²ytk kÀtÆ kImcWmkvtX ln {]m]y´p kZImcWw

(2þ18þ52)

\n\¡v Bibw a\ÊnemIp¶Xn\mbn Rm³ \ÂInb DZmlcW§ sfÃmw ImcW`qXambn«pÅXmWv. F¶m Ah AImcWamb k¯sb¸än Bib{KlWw \ÂIp¶p.

D]amt\m]tabm\mw ImcyImcWtXmZnXm hÀPbnXzm ]cw {_Ò kÀtÆjmtah hnZytX

(2þ18þ53)

DZmlcn¡s¸«Xpw D]an¡s¸«Xpamb hkvXp¡Ä kqNn¸n¡p¶ ImcyþImcW kz`mhw ]c{_Òsamgn¨v aäv kÀÆXn\pw _m[IamWv.

{_tÒm]tZti ZrjvSmt´m bkvXthl ln IYytX GItZi k[ÀaXzw X{Xm´x ]cnKrlytX

(2þ18þ54)

{_tÒm]tZi¯n \ÂInbncn¡p¶ DZmlcW§sf, AhbpsS `mKn Iambn hyàam¡s¸« {_Òkz`mhkqNIamb AÀ°¯n am{Xta kzoI cn¡m³ ]mSpÅp.

\ IpXmÀ¡nIXmtaXy \mi\obm {]_p²Xm A\p`qssXy]em]mss´c]hnss{XÀhnIÂ]nssXx

(2þ18þ68)

6

bpànhmZ¯m \mw {]_p²Xsb \in¸n¡pItbm kwibmßIamb k¦Â]¯m kmam\ym\p`hs¯ \ncmIcn¡pItbm sN¿cpXv.

XmhXv hnNmctbXv {]mtÚm bmhXv hn{im´namß\n

kw{]bmXy]p\À\miw im´nw Xpcy]Zm`n[mw (2þ19þ09)

{]_p²cmbhÀ a\xim´n IcKXambn k\mX\amb Xpcy]Z¯n se¯pw hsc X§fpsS A²yb\m`ymk§Ä XpStc−XmWv.

ZrjvSm´m[njvTnXamb Bib{KlW¯n\p]cnbmb A\p`qXn ]Icp ¶ Hcp iànhntijw Ds−¶XmWv ssihtbmKmKanIamb `mcXob Bßo bXmimkv{X§fpsS A´xk¯. kl{km_vZ§Ä \o− `mcXNcn{X¯n Ømbnbmbn ImWp¶Xv knÔpþkckzXnbpsS IcIÄ apX I\ymIpamcn hscbpÅ ]ip]XnbpsS ssIs¿m¸pIfmWv. cmambW¯nse {iocmas\t¸m setbm, `KhZvKoXbnse {ioIrjvWs\t¸msetbm IYIsfm¶pw Nabv¡ s¸«n«nsænepw kÀÆtemI¯n\pw kÀÆimkv{XIemZnIÄ¡pw ]caKpcp hmb ]ctaizc³ Xs¶bmWv Hcp Nn´mioe\mb `mcXobs\ Gähpa[nIw hnkvabn¸n¡p¶Xv. s]m³Xn¦ÄIebpsS s]m«psXm« lnam-e-b-̄ nsâ ASn-hm-cw, `mcX`qan, ssIemkw apX I\ymIpamcn hsc, CXns\ ImemIme §fn [\yam¡nb IWmZIiy]hymkhknjvThnizman{X·mcpw cmaIrjvW P\IssP\_p²i¦c·mcpsams¡ tbmKhn`qXnIfmWv, a\pjy\n Xs¶ bmWv Cuizc³ F¶ AdnhmWv ]e kwib§Ä¡pw ]cnlmcamIp¶Xv. BZni¦cmNmcycpsS Ime¯n\v aq¶v \qäm−v ap¼v, ImfnZmkImeL«¯n\v ap¶nepw ]n¶nepw `mcXw ]qÀ®ambpw ssihmKanIamb kwkvIrXnbpsS hnf\neambncp¶psh¶ Imcyw hniZambn ]n¶oSv NÀ¨ sN¿p¶XmWv. i¦c sâ Imes¯ tIcf¯nepw Z£n-W-̀ m-c-X-̄ nepw AssZzXthZm´¯n\v Úm\-tbm-K-sa¶ \ne-bn bmsXmcp {]kànbpap−mbncp¶nÃ. KoXbpw {_Òkq{Xhpw `mjy§tfmsS `mcXm´xcwK¯n cwK{]thiw sN¿p¶Xv i¦cmNmcybpK¯nemWv. B[p\nIImes¯ {]`mjIÀ ]ecpw `KhZvKoX ¡v AXn]pcmX\Xzhpw Ncn{X]cambn {ioIrjvW`Khm\n \n¶pÅ DÛh hpw kn²m´n¡p¶psh¦nepw almßmKmÔnsbt¸mse kzPohnXw sIm−v `KhZvKoX¡v `mjyw cNn¨ hyànIÄ A¯cw [mcWIÄ¡v hne IÂ]n¡p ¶nÃ. KoXmktµi¯n almßPn ]dbp¶Xv hfsc bpànklamb, imkv{Xobamb A`n{]mbamWv:

″Rm³ KoX BZyambn hmbn¨Xv 1888þ89 Ime¯mWv. At¸mÄ X s¶ AsXmcp Ncn{X{KÙasöv F\n¡v tXm¶nbncp¶p. _mlyamb kwL Àjw Bkv]Zambn \½psS A´xcwK¯nse [mÀ½nI kwLÀjs¯bmWv

KoX Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv....″

almßPn alm`mcX¯nse IYm]m{X§fpsS ImÂ]\nI kz`mhw Nq−n¡m«n alm`mcXw Hcp Ncn{X{KÙamsW¶, icnbmb AÀ°¯n CXnlmkamsW¶ k¦Â]s¯ \ncmIcn¡p¶p. `Khm³ {ioIrjvWsâ KoXbnse tcJmNn{Xw `mh\m krjvSamsW¶pw KmÔnPn hyàam¡p¶p. Cu ImgvN¸mSn\v hncp²amb BKam\µkzmanIfpsS ho£Ww ]qÀÆ`mK v̄ D²cn¨n«p−v.

7

\nch[n KoXIÄ

A²ymßhnZym kw_Ôamb \nch[n KoXIfpw ]pcmtWXnlmk §fn X¯zNn´m]camb \nch[n BJym\§fpap−v. Chs¡Ãmw D]cn bmb {]kàn `KhZvKoXs¡§s\ ssIh¶p?

kmwJy, tbmK, ZÀi\m\pIqenIfpw ssihcpw a²yImeL«¯n `K hZvKoXbpsS {]mamWnIX AwKoIcn¨ncp¶nsö kqN\ \ap¡v hnÚm\ `n£phn e`yamWv. thZm´kmcmÀ°kw{KmlnWnbmbn hnÚm\`n£p `mjyw FgpXnbXv IqÀa]qcmWm´ÀKXamb CuizcKoX¡mWv. CXp IqSmsX, A\pKoX, inhKoX, D²hKoX XpS§n \nch[n IrXnIfpsS t]cp IÄ KoXmclky¯n {io. _meKwKm[c³ ]dbp¶p−v. KoXIfpsS Cu _mlpeyw sIm−mImw D¯cKoX kaql¯n kmamt\y\ A{]ikvX amWv. AXn{]ikvXamb, i¦cþcmam\pPmZn BNmcyt{ijvT·mscÃmw apà IWvTw {]iwkn¡p¶ `KhXvKoX _rl{Zq]¯n hncmPn¡pt¼mÄ, Bcpw tI«n«pw I−n«panÃm¯ Cu ]g©³ {KÙ¯n\v Hcp hymJym\¯nsâ, ]T\¯nsâ {]kànsb´mWv?

{ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fpsS thZm´hymJym\hpw AssZzXthZm´nIÄ ]n¡m-e v̄ ]peÀ¯n-h¶ Abn-̄ m-Nm-chpw D¯c§tf¡mÄ tNmZy§fm Wv Hcp kXym-t\z-j-Isâ a\ÊnepbÀ¯p¶Xv. A§s\ Hcp km[m-c-W-¡m-csâ a\Ên ASnªp IqSp¶ ]e tNmZy§Ä¡pw, {]tXyIn¨pw `KhZv KoXsb kw_Ôn¨h¡v D¯c§fpÄs¡mÅp¶ IrXn-bmWv D¯cKoX.

A²ymßnIimkv{X¯nsâ taJebn ZmÀi\nI·mcpsS CjvS hnjbw AssZzXthZm´w Xs¶. ]s£ inhmssZzXhpw {ioi¦cmNmcycpsS ambm-hmZmssZzXhpw X½nepÅ hyXymkw {]kn²cmb ZmÀi\nI·mÀ Xs¶ th−hn[w a\Ênem¡p¶pthm F¶ Imcy¯n kwibap−v. i¦cmNmcy kzmanIsf Xs¶ {]KÛaXnIfmb hyànIÄ hyXykvXcoXnbn ho£n¡p ¶p. bixicoc\mb hnZzm³ ]t\mfn i¦cmNmcy kzmanIsf ip² thZm´nbm bn I−v kuµcyelcn, `PtKmhnµw, kvtXm{X§Ä ChbpsS At±l¯n Btcm]n¡s¸Sp¶ IÀ¯rXzs¯ iànbmbn \ntj[n¡pt¼mÄ kzman BK am\µs\t¸msebpÅ bXnhcy·mÀ {_tÒm]mk\ {]XoImßIamImsa¶pw B ØnXn¡v {ioi¦cmNmcy IrXnIÄ sshcp²ymßIasöpw ]dªncn¡p ¶p.

D -̄c-KoXbpw thZm-́ hpw

thZm´w Nn´m-]-c-amb ssh¢ºyw \ÂIp¶ Cu kml-N-cy-̄ n i¦-c-Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw thZm-́ -s¯bpw IqSp-X bYm-X-Y-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ klm-bn-¡p¶ IrXn-bmWv BZni¦cmNmcyIme-̄ n\v ap¼v Fgp-X-s¸-«p-sh¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ D¯cKoX. A{]ikvXsa¶p hntijn¸n¡msa¦nepw KuU ]mZcn Btcm]n¡s¸Sp¶ IÀ¯rXzw sIm−v al\obamb IrXnbmWv D¯cKoX. `KhXvKoXbv¡v Hc\p_Ô hniZoIcWambn AssZzXmNmcy \mb KuU]mZscgpXn hymJym\n¨sX¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶ \qän Ccp]tXmfw tbmKimkv{X kw_Ôamb tÇmI§fmWv D¯cKoX F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ]e ]WvUnX·mcpw IcpXp¶Xp t]mse D¯cKoX C¶v {]Nmc¯n encn¡p¶ AjvSZim[ymbnbmb KoXbpsS D¯c`mKaÃ. Xsâ Ime¯p−m

8

bncp¶ 81 tÇmI§fpsS D¯c`mKambmWv KuU]mZÀ tbmtKm]\nj v̄ tÇmI§Ä Ahew_ambn D¯cKoX cNn¨Xv. {]Nmc¯nencn¡p¶

`KhZvKoXbnse hnhn[ ZÀi\kw_Ôamb 700 tÇmI§Ä¡pw 18 A²ymb §Ä¡pw D¯c`mKw ANn´\obamWv. C¶s¯ k]vX-i-X-tÇm-In-bmb `K-hZvKoX¡v kw£n-]vX-amb Hcp aqe-cq-]-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡Ww F¶v Nn´n-¡p-hm³ D -̄c-KoX t{]c-I-am-Wv. {ioi¦cmNmcyÀ¡v ap¼v D−mbncp¶ thZm´ Nn´bpsS kz`mhw \ap¡v D¯cKoXbneqsS a\Ênem¡phm³ Ignbp¶psh-¶Xpw D -̄c-Ko-X-bpsS {]m[m\yw hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶p. thZm´nbmsW¦nepw tbmKnbmb KuU]mZÀ {]Øm\{Xb`mjyImc\mb {ioi¦cs\t¸mse tbmKimkv{Xs¯ \ntj[n¡p¶nÃ

1. AssZzXm\p`hw shdpw Bib

{KlWaÃ, tbmKm\p`hamsW¶ hkvXpX hyàam¡p¶XmWv KuU]mZ hncNnXamb D¯cKoXbpsS sshinjvSyw.

BÀjhnZymkw_Ôamb GsXmcp {KÙ¯nsâbpw B[nImcnIX Ahbnep²cn¨ncn¡p¶ ipXnþ]pcmtWXnlmk§sf B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶ Xn\m D¯cKoXbnse tÇmI§fpsS km²yamb t{kmXÊv, CXc thZm´ {KÙ§fnse kam\mib§Ä Ch Xn«s¸Sp¯phm³ ]camh[n {ian¨n«p−v. ]e tÇmI§fpw B[p\nI sshÚm\nI _p²n¡v BhÀ¯\ hnckX \ÂIp¶ ZrjvSm´§fmWv. km[mcW a\pjy\v Bib{KlWw {]bmkIc amsW¶Xn\memImw ]e thZm´NÀ¨Ifnepw [mcmfw ZrjvSm´§Ä \ÂIn ImWp¶p. D¯cKoX {_ÒhntZym]tZiamWv. FÃm {_tÒm]tZihpw ZrjvSm´§sf B{ibn¨mWv. ZrjvSm´]camb hntZym]tZi¯n\v AXntâ Xmb \yq\XIfp−v. AXn\m tbmKhmknjvT¯nse ZrjvSm´ kw_Ô amb apIfnep²cn¨ ]cmaÀi§Ä KuU]mZcp]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶ DZmlcW §sf bYmhnYn a\Ênem¡phm³ klmbIambncn¡pw. bpàym[njvTnX hniIe\¯n ]mfnt¸mIp¶hbmWv ]e ZrjvSm´§fpw. IqSmsX, FXnÀ hmZ§Ä¡pw A\ptbmPyamb ZrjvSm´§Ä Is−¯m\mIpw. NmÀÆmI kn²m´hpw bpànþZrjvSm´m[njvTambncp¶p. NXpÀ`qX§fn \n¶v DXv] ¶amIp¶ tZl¯nsâ ssNX\yamWv hnÚm\abamb _p²n, tZl¯nsâ _u²nIamb k¦Â]amWv Bßmhv, tZl\mit¯msS bmsXm¶pw Ahti jn¡p¶nÃ, tZlmXoXamb Bßmhn\v {]Xy£mXoXamb A\pam\mZn {]amW§Ä¡v km[pXbnà þ Cuhn[w NmÀÆmI³ kn²m´n¡p¶Xv {ipXn D²cn¨mWv. A\rXw (AkXyw), hymLmXw (Úm\þIÀaImWvU sshcp²yw), ]p\cpàn Cu tZmj§fpÅ [qÀ¯{]em]§fmb thZ§Ä¡v imkv{Xkm[pXbnsöpw Aántlm{XmZnIfpw thZ§fpw _p²nþ ]ucpj lo\·mÀ¡v D]Poh\¯n\v am{Xw D]Icn¡p¶hbmsW¶pw bpàn]qÀÆw NmÀhmI³ kaÀ°n¡p¶p. {]Xy£Úm\amWv NmÀhmIbpàn ZrjvSm´ §fpsS DcIÃv. DcIÃnÃmsX ZrjvSm´§Ä imkv{Xm[njvTamIp¶nÃ. {_ÒhnZybn {ipXnIfmWv ZrjvSm´§sf imkv{Xm[njvTam¡p¶ DcIÃv. {ipXnIÄ AYhm thZ§sf§s\ kXy¯n\v DcIÃmIp¶p? bYmÀ°¯n thZ{ipXn kamlcn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶ E¡pIfÃ. thZ{ipXn tbmKmßIambn BÀj{]ÚbnepÛhn¨ k\mX\kXy§fmWv. FÃm E¡pIÄ¡pw kXym

1hnZzm³ ]t\m-fn-bpsS i¦cmNmcy-̀ m-jy-kw-_-Ô-ambpw Pohn-X-kw-_-Ô-ambpapÅ IrXn-I-fn {_Òm-\p-̀ -hs¯ tbmKm-\p-̀ -h-̄ n \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-amb, thdn« Úm\-Øn-Xn-bmbn {ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cysc D²-cn¨v Øm]n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v.

9

ßIXbpw k\mX\Xzhpw IÂ]n¡pI AYhm Øm]n¡pI ZpjvIcamWv. `mc-X-̄ nsâ ]pcm-X\kwkvIrXnbnse sshZnIw, Xm{´nIw F¶o ]Ùmhp IfpsS kwLÀjhpw thÀ]ncnbepw Hcp ]t£, Cu {ipXn hnhmZ¯n \n¶mImw. tbmKmßI {]Xy£Úm\amWv thZ{ipXn, AÃmsX kamlcn¡s¸« sshcp²yamÀ¶ E¡pIfÃ. tbmK¯neqsS km£mXvIcn ¡m\mIp¶ E¡pIÄ am{XamWv {ipXn. A§s\bpÅ {ipXnbmWv {_Ò hnZybn ZrjvSm´§Ä¡v DcIÃmbn hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.

D¯cKoXbpsS ]T\¯n am{Xaà ZrjvSm´m[njvTamb BßobXm ]mT§fpsS (D]\nj¯pIÄ, CXnlmkþ]pcmWmZnIfnse BJym\§Ä, `KhXv KoX, tbmKhmknjvTw, CuizcKoX XpS§nbhbpsS) A²yb\ ¯nseÃmw apIfn ]dª DcIÃnsâ Imcyw \ap¡v Xn«ambncnt¡−Xp−v.

hymk-Ko-X-bpsS aqe-cq]w

hymkKoXbpsS aqecq]w kw_Ôn¨ {io. ^pÂtK{µ kn³lbpsS ]T\¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯nemWv D¯cKoX \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. KuU]mZ ImcnIbpw tbmtKm]\nj¯pIfpamWv D¯cKoXbpsS cN\bv¡v Ahew_ sa¶ hkvXpX D¯cKoX {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶p−v. D¯cKoXbnse {_Ò kw_Ôamb an¡ Bib§fpw tÇmI¯nsâ D²cWnbmtem, Bib þZrjvSm´]camb kmay¯mtem `KhXvKoXbn ZriyamWv. KuU]mZcpsS Ime v̄ `KhXvKoXbp−mbncp¶psh¦n Sn tÇmI§Ä At±lw BhÀ¯n ¡pambncp¶nÃ. IqSmsX ]e tÇmI§fpw amWvUqIyImcnIbpsSbpw `mK amIp¶Xn\m k]vXiXnKoXbpsS D¯c`mKambn Ahsb AhXcn¸n¡p ¶Xv KuU]mZcn \n¶pw \mw {]Xo£n¡¯¡ ImcyaÃ. `KhXvKoXsb A[nIcn¨v Bsc¦nepw krjvSn¨v KuU]mZIÀ¯rXzw D¯cKoXbnemtcm]n ¨XmImsa¶ ØnXn ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ \mw {]YaZrjvSym ImWp¶Xv `KhXvKoXsb B{ibn¨v KuU]mZÀ ImcnIsbgpXnsb¶ ho£WamWv. Cu ho£Ww icnbmsW¶v F\n¡v A`n{]mbanÃ. t\tcadn¨v `KhXv KoXbnse A¼tXmfw tÇmI§Ä ImcnIsb B{ibn¡p¶hbmsW¶v IÀaÀIdpsS BwKteb ]cn`mjbn \ÂInbncn¡p¶ kam\ tÇmIþBib §fpsS ]«nIbn \n¶v a\Ênem¡mw. bYmÀ°¯n KuU]mZhncNnX amb D¯cKoX, D]\nj¯pIfpw CXc thZm´ kw{]ZmbIrXnIfpw Bkv]Zambn aqeKoXsb {_mÒWþthZm´þ[À½imkv{Xambn ]cnjvIcn ¡p¶Xn\pÅ {]tNmZ\hpw amÀK\nÀt±ihpw KuU]mZ]c¼cbnse CXc BNmcy·mÀ¡mÀs¡¦nepw \ÂInbncn¡Ww. KuU]mZcpsS IrXnbmb kp`tKmZbs¯ A\pIcn¨mWv ]n¡me v̄ kuµcyelcn FgpXs¸«Xv F¶ sFXnlyw ChnsS kvacWobamWv. D¯cKoX `KhXvKoXbnse Fgp\qdv tÇmI§Ä¡v A\p_Ôasö kwKXn hyàam¡phm³ Cu ]T\¯n {ian¨n«p−v. `KhXvKoX¡v ]qÀÆnIamb Hcp aqeKoX D−mbn cn¡Ww F¶ kqN\ D¯cKoX \ÂIp¶Xv {io.^pÂtK{µ kn³lbpsS ]T\hpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ D¯cKoX¡v C{XImew Bcpw IÂ]n ¨n«nÃm¯ {]kàn ssIhcp¶p. aqeþKoX tXSnbpÅ At\zjW¯n {io.kn³l hn«pt]mb hnetbdnb I®nIfnsem¶mWv D¯cKoX.

10

BÀj`mcX¯nsâ {]mNo\amb Bßobk¯bpsS ambw Iecm¯ c−v kzcq]§fmWv Npcp¡n ]dªm Cu ]T\¯n\v hnjbamb D¯cKoXbpw hymkKoXbpsS aqecq]hpw. hymkKoXbnse Úm\þIÀ½ tbmK§fpw tbmKimkv{Xhpw am{XamWv Bßobmt\zjW¯n\v DXIp¶ imkv{X§Ä. Aimkv{XobXbpsS ImSpIbdn \m\mhn[ambnt¸mb BÀj AYhm kn²Úm\¯nsâ Cu aqecq]§Ä KoXbpsS bYmÀ° ktµiw shfnhm¡p¶hbpw AXv km£mXvIcn¡p¶Xn\v th−Xmb amÀK\nÀt±iw sN¿p¶hbpamWv. ZpÀhntÚbmÀ°amb bmsXm¶pw ChbnenÃ. ZpÀ{Km lyamb AÀ°§sf tbmKm\p`h¯neqsS a\Ênem¡pIsb¶XmWv KuU]mZcpsS D]tZiw. BßobXm`mjy§fnse s\Ãpw ]Xncpw Xncn¨dn bphm³, Ncn{X]cambp−mb hyXnbm\§Ä AYhm A]{`wiw a\Ênem ¡phm³, tbmKimkv{Xs¯ \ncmIcn¨v thZm´¯nsâ ambnI shfn¨s¯ {]tLmjn¡p¶hcpsS _p²n]chpw Bßobhpamb \yq\X a\Ênem¡p hm³, D¯cKoX B[p\nI kaql¯n\v klmbIamIpsa¶v {]Xymin¡p ¶p. BßobXm imkv{Xw Hcp hnt\mtZm]m[nbmsW¶ [mcWsb\n¡nÃ. GsXmcp imkv{Xhpw icnbmbn a\Ênem¡phm³ ITn\{]bXv\w Bhiyam Wv. \nXm´amb At\zjW¯neqsS kXyw tXSp¶hÀ¡v Hcp hgnIm«nsb ¶ \ne¡v am{XamWv Cu ]cn{iaw.

II. A²ym-ß-hnZybpw jUv-ZÀi-\-§-fpw

`KhXvKoXbpw, im¦cmssZzXhpw hnthIm\µkmlnXyhpamWv sslµ-h-sa¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ BßobXm imkv{X§Ä¡v tIcf¯n Zriy amIp¶ apJap{Z. `mc-Xo-b-sa¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ssP\-þ-_u-²-Nn-́ m-[m-c-IÄ C¶v temI v̄ Gsd {]kn-²-am-Wv. X¯z-Nn-́ -bpsS temI v̄ `mc-X-̄ nsâ btim-[m-hfyw sImSp-apSn t]mse {]Im-in-¡p-¶Xv {io_p-²-\n-eq-sS-bm-Wv

2.

IrjvWssZz]mb\ hncNnXamb `KhXvKoXbv¡pw _mZcmbWsâ {_Ò kq{X§Ä¡pw im¦cmssZzX¯n\pw kl{km_vZ§Ä ap¼v Xs¶ `mcXob Nn´bn {]]©hpw a\pjy\pw ]qÀ®amb hniIe\¯n\pw hniZoIcW ¯n\pw hnt[bambncp¶p F¶ hkvXpX ]n¡me¯p−mb \nch[n i_vZ tLmj§fnÂs¸«v hnkvarXambncn¡p¶p. `mcXob X¯zNn´bpsS XpS¡w FhnsSsb¶t\zjn¨mÂ, C¶v \mw sNs¶¯p¶Xv tbmKhn`qXnP\yamb jUvZÀi\§fnemWv. tbmKw, sshtijnIw, \ymbw, kmwJyw, aoamwkm, thZm´w Cu t]cpIfn Ch Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Cu jUvZÀi\§sf¸än Hcp hnaÀi\mßIamb D]\ymkw ChnsS AhktcmNnXambn tXm¶p¶nÃ. ]s£ bYmÀ°¯n Cu ZÀi\§sf´mWv? Cu ZÀi\§fpsS {]kàn sb´mWv? D -̄c-Ko-X-bpsS ]Ým-̄ -ehpw DÅ-S-¡hpw a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-Xn\v klm-b-Iamw hn[w Cu Imcy§Ä Gähpw lrkzambn hyàam¡phm³ B{Kln¡p¶p.

2 \mkvXn-I-sa¶ hnti-j-W-t¯msS `mcXw XÅn-¡-f-ª-sX-¦nepw _u²-Nn-´m-[mc¡v C¶v ]mÝm-Xy-tem-I v̄ Bcm-[-IÀ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. _u²-cpsS tbmKm-ßI _p²m-\p-̀ -hs¯, t_mt[m-Z-b-s¯, \mkvXn-I-sa¶v t]Àhn-fn¨v XÅn-¡-f-ª-Xn sXäp]äntbm F¶m-tem-Nn-t¡-−-Xp-−v.

11

PnÚmkphmb a\pjysâ BhnÀ`mhw, {]IrXnbv¡XoXamb Hcp hy ànXz¯nsâ hnImkw {]IrXnbnep−mIpI hnkvabP\Iamb ImcyamWv. kz´w D×sb¸än, amXmhmb {]IrXnsb¸än, krjvSnØnXnebmImcw ]q− Imes¯¸än Nn´n¨p hiwsISp¶ Hcp Pohn, C¶sebpw, C¶pw \msfbpw a\pjysâ Nn{XanXmWv. _p²nbpw `mh\bpw \ndw ]IÀ¶ F{Xtbm kn²m ´§Ä, XÀ¡þhnXÀ¡§Ä, ZÀi\§Ä A\mZn Imew apX C¶p hsc cq]wsIm−n«p−mIWw? B[p\nI Ime¯nsâ hnÚm\ N{Ihmf¯nte¡v Hsc¯nt\m«w aXn a\pjy\n P·wsIm− hnNn{Xamb Nn´mKXnIfpsS ssh]peyw a\Ênem¡phm³ þ

1. H¶ns\m¶p s]mcp¯s¸Sm¯ aXkwlnXIfpsS t]cn sN¶mbv¡tf ¡mÄ {Iqcambn ]ckv]cw ISn¨p Iodp¶ a\pjyÀ

2. "GIw kXv hn{]mx _lp[m hZ´n" sb¶p kÀ¤mßIambn {]Jym]nbv ¡p¶ ap\n]pwKh·mÀ

3. A´anÃm¯ \nco£Wþ]co£W§fneqsS {]]©clkyw tXSp¶ imkv{XÚ·mÀ

Xm³ tI{µamb {]]©s¯ kz´w {]Úbnte¡v khnIÂ]ambn Bhmln¡phm\pÅ BZy´clnXamb a\pjysâ {]bXv\w þ kl{km_vZ §fmbn \nch[n Kpcpinjy]c¼cIÄ A\hcXw {]bXv\n¡pIbmWv. Úm\¯n\pta PvRm\þAÚm\§fpsS \nch[n `mWvU§Ä þ P·m´ c§fneqsS \mw Fs´ms¡ Nn´n¨p Iq«nbncn¡p¶p? Zn\w {]Xn ]pd¯p hcp¶ {KÙ§sf{XbmWv? BßobXbpsS Ac§n {]`mjIcmb alm\p `mh·mÀ F{XbmWv? \ap¡v Xs¶ Xn«anÃ. C§s\ kl{km_vZ§fneqsS `mh-\-sIm−v \ndw ]IÀ¶v _p²n-sIm−v iàn \ÂIn Hcp-¡q-«nb B[p\nI hnÚm\N{Ihmf¯n\v Iogn \n¡pt¼mÄ \½psS Nn´bv¡p hnjbo `hn¡p¶ Imcyw þ

� F´n\p th−nbmWv \mw kl{km_vZ§Ä ]n¶nte¡v t]mbn {]mIrX ambncp¶ Hcp P\XXnbpsS `mh\sb ]n´pScm³ {ian¡p¶Xv?

� a\pjys\ N{µ\nse¯n¨v km[pX sXfnbn¨ B[p\nI imkv{X¯n\v hiwhZbmIm¯ {]m]©nI AYhm kmwkmcnI \nKqVXsb _meni amb ]g©³ Nn´m[mcIfneqsS Is−¯m³ {ian¡p¶Xv aqVXzatÃ?

B[p\nI `uXnIimkv{Xw Ak¶nKv²ambn C{µnbtKmNcambn b{´mcqVKthjW§fneqsS {]]©¯nsâ DXv]¯n, LS\, ]cnWmaw Ch Is−¯ns¡m−ncn¡pIbmWv. Ncn{XmXoX Ime v̄ cq]wsIm− Ejn k¦Â¸§Ä C{µnbtKmNctam, b{´tKmNctam AÃ. hfsc hyXykvXamWv. \nÀhnIÂ]amb {]]©m\p`h¯n\v \nKqVamb en]nsIm−pÅ ({]XoIm ßIw AYhm NnÓ`mjsb¶pw ]dbmw) Hcp ]cn`mjbmWv `mcXob ZÀi\§Ä. kl{km_vZ§Ä \o− At\zjW§fpsS ]cnWXnbmWv \mw Ahbn ImWp¶Xv. `mcXobZÀi\§sfm¶pw Xs¶ IWmZt\m, I]ne t\m, hymkt\m X§fpsS PohnXIme v̄ \S¯nb Is−¯epIfà þ Chscms¡ ZÀi\ kw{KlImcI·mÀ am{XamWv. Hcp IWmZtâXmWv sshtijnIw, KuXa³ AYhm A£]mZsâ \ymbw, I]neap\nbpsS

12

kmwJyw, ]XRvPenbpsS tbmKZÀi\w Fs¶ms¡ ]dbpt¼mÄ \mw ChÀ¡v ]Ým¯eamb kl{km_vZ§sfbpw Kpcp-]-c-¼-c-sbbpw ad¶p t]mIpIbmWv. FÃm-¡m-e¯pw BXvao-bmt\zj-W-̄ nsâ BZy Nhn-«p-]Sn e`y-amb `uXnI hnÚm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. Zriy-{]-]-©-hpw CXc C{µn-bm-\p-̀ -h-§fpamWv a\pjys\ PnÚm-kp-hm-¡n-bXv þ ssX¯n-cob {_mÒW¯n hfsc ckm-h-l-amb Hcp JWvUn-I-bp−v þ

″F¶v F§s\ Cu temI-ap-−mbn F¶mÀ¡-dnbmw? BÀ¡m-WnXp ]d-bp-hm³ Ign-bpI? tZh-·mÀ t]mepw ]n¶o-Sm-Wp-−m-bXv? Cu temI-̄ nsâ krjvSm-hns\ Bc-dn-bp¶p? Cu BIm-i-¯n\pw `qan¡pw Dd-hn-S-amb acw GsX¶pw AXv GXv Im«nemWv AXp−mbn-cp-¶-sX¶pw Bc-dn-bp¶p? ]c-a-amb BIm-i-̄ n kÀÆ-Xn\pw \nb-́ m-hm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-h³ am{Xta CsXms¡ Adn-bp-¶p-Åp. B \nb-́ m-hn\p t]mepw Cu tNmZy-§Ä¡v

D¯cw Dt−m F¶v Bc-dn-bp¶p? ″

tI-t\m-]-\n-j-̄ n \mw ImWp¶ tNmZy-k-cWn \nXm-́ -amb At\z-j-W-̄ nsâ {]Xn-̂ -e-\-am-Wv.

� {]mW-sâbpw C{µn-b-§-fp-sSbpw \nb-́ m-hm-cmWv?

Adn-hn\pw k¦Â]-̄ n\pw AXo-X-am-WXv þ F¶s{X ]qÀÆm-Nm-cy-·m-cpsS hnh-c-Ww. C{µn-b-§-fm shfn-s¸-Sm-̄ Xv F¶m C{µn-b-§sf shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶Xv, AXmWv FÃm tNmZy-§-fp-sSbpw D -̄c-amb {_Òw. bpày-[n-jvT-amWv Cu Is−-̄ Â. DÅn t]mfn-¡p-¶Xp t]mse \mw F¯n-t¨-cp¶ bpàn-bpsS s\Ãn-̧ -e-I. bpàn-bpsS Cu s\Ãn-̧ -e-I¡v BÀj-{]-Úbnep XnÀ¶ hnh-c-W-§tfm, A\p-̀ q-Xn-Itfm BWv jUvZÀi-\-§-sf¶v hnh-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

sshti-jnIw

`mcXobamb jUvZÀi\§fn Gähpw ]pcmX\amb sshtijnI kq{X§fpsS IÀ¯mhmb IWmZ³ inhtbmKnbmb tkmaiÀ½mhnsâ injy\mbncp¶p. kmwJykq{X§fn I]ne\pw thZm´kq{X§fn hymk \pw IWmZs\ hnaÀin¨ncn¡bm IWmZ\mWv Chcn ]qÀÆnI\mb ap\nsb¶v hyàamIp¶p. \ymbkq{XImc\mb A£]mZ³ IWmZsâ kl ]mTnbpw \ymb kq{X§fpsS cN\mImew sshtijnIkq{X§Ä¡v tijhp amsW¶v \µem kn³l Xsâ sshtijnIkq{X hymJym\]cn`mjs¡ gpXnb BapJ¯n kaÀ°n¨ncn¡p¶p. inhtbmKnbmb IWmZ\v atlizc ³ DeqIcq]¯n {]Xy£s¸«mWv sshtijnIÚmt\m]tZiw \ÂInb sX¶ `mjyImcsâ "tbmKmNmchn`qXym bkvtXmjbnXzm atlizcw.." CXym Zn ]cmaÀi¯n \n¶pw sFXnly§fn \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw. ]XRvPen

bv¡v ap¼v 500þ1000 hÀj§Ä ap¼mImw IWmZsâ Imesa¶v A\pam\n bv¡s¸Sp¶p. I\njvIImeL«¯n\v ({In.]n. c−mw iXIw) ]n¶nse _p² `n£p¡fpsS e`yamb tcJIf\pkcn¨v _mIv{Snb XpS§nb a²y]uckvXy tZiamsI sshtijnI kn²m´¯n\v hym]I {]Nmcw kn²n¨ncp¶p.

F´mWo sshtijnI ZÀi\w? aqhmbncw hÀj§Ä¡p tijw Cu Nn´m[mcbpsS {]kànsb´mWv?

13

`mc-Xobamb jUvZÀi-\-§-fpsS {Iam-\p-KX BhnÀ`m-h¯n ]qÀÆ-Km-anbpw imkv{Xo-b-k-ao-]\w sIm−v Gäw t{ijvT-hp-amWv sshti-jn-Iw. ]n ¡me-̄ p-−mb ZÀi-\-§-sfÃmw Xs¶ Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn ZrjvSm-́ -§sf Ah-ew-_n¨v XÀ¡-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn tam£¯n\v `mjy-sa-gp-Xp-¶-h-bm-Wv. X¯zÚm\{]ZmbIamb [À½sa´msW¶p ]dªpsIm−mWv IWmZsâ ZÀi\w Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. kn²IWmZ³ ]dbp¶ {ZhyKpWIÀ½_²amb ImcyImcWkn²m´w [À½m[njvTnXamb {]]©m\p`hamWv. CsXs§s\ sb¶p tNmZn¨mÂ, b{´m[njvTnXamb B[p\nIimkv{Xw t]msesb¶p ]dbmw. b{´§fn am{Xw \njv]¶amIp¶ \nch[n sshZypXIWnIIfm Wv `uXnIimkv{X¯nsâ {]]©ho£W¯n\v ASn¯d. khnIÂ]{] ÚbneqsS, C{µnbXojvWX \ÂIp¶ b{´§fneqsSbpÅ {]]©ho£ Ww Hcn¡epw ]qÀ®amIbnsöpw, A§s\bpÅ Úm\m\p`hw GXm\pw hyànIfnsemXp§n \n¡psa¶pw Aev]w Nn´n¨m \ap¡v t_m²ys¸Sm hp-¶-XmWv. AtX-t]m-se, `mcXobZÀi\§fpsS ASn¯dbmb X¯z§Ä [À½¯neqsS am{Xw tKmNcamWv.

F´mWo [À½w? {]mIrXsa¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶ Ncn{XmXoXIme¯v F´v [À½amWp−mIpI? `mcXob ZÀi\§fpsS A´xk¯ icnbmbn a\Ênem¡phm³ Nne ASnØm\hkvXpXIsf Ahew_nt¡−Xp−v.

1. `mcXob ]mc¼cyw {]mIrXaÃ.

2. `mcXobZÀi\§fpw CXcimkv{X§fpw kl{km_vZ§fpsS kwkvIrXn {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶hbmWv.

3. Ncn{XmXoXIme v̄ P·w sIm− hnkvabIcamb tbmKZÀi\amWv CXc `mcXob Úm\hnÚm\§fpsSsbÃmw DÛhtI{µw.

tbmKmKaZÀi\¯ne[njvTnXambn am{Xta [À½¯n\v km[pXbpÅ Hcp \nÀÆN\w e`yamIp¶pÅp. {_ÒmWvUamIp¶ Zriy{]]©¯nse (khnIÂ]amb, Imem\pkmcnbmb) {]Xn`mk§fpsS ]nWvUmWvUamb tbmKicoc¯nse A\p`h§fpambpÅ XmZmßyX ASnØm\ambn {]XoI §sf krjvSn¨v Sn {]XoI§fneqsS tbmKm\p`hs¯ {]]©krjvSn ØnXn ebkn²m´ambn ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbhbmWv `mcXob ZÀi\§Ä. Sn ZÀi\ §fpsS t_m[]camb BKncWw, bpàn_²amb hniIe\w Chtb¡mfp ]cn km£mXv¡mcamWv [À½w e£yam¡p¶Xv. Cu km£mXvImc¯nsâ em©\IfmWv D]\nj¯pIfn \mw ImWp¶Xv.

AktXm am kXv Kabm Xatkm am tPymXnÀ Kabm artXymÀ am AarXw Kabm

arXyphn\XoXamb temIw AYhm ØnXn C{µnbtKmNcasöncn s¡, a\pjyÀ AacXzw kw`mhyambn I−sX§s\? kqcy\n Bßmhn s\bpw N{µ\n a\Êns\bpw Btcm]n¡phm³ EjnamÀ¡v t{]cW \ÂInb sX´mWv? ]rYnhym]kvtXtPmhmbpcmImiw ImtemZnKmßm\ CXn {ZhymWn F¶ Is−¯ensâ, ]rYznsbbpw Bßmhns\bpw {Zhysa¶ Htc KW¯n DÄs¸Sp¯p¶ k¦ev]¯nsâ DdhnSsa´mWv?

14

kmam\y_p²nbne´À`hn¡p¶tXm t_m²ys¸Smhp¶tXm Bb Imcy§fÃnh, ImcWw Ch {]XoI§fmWv. tbmKmßI{]Úbnse A\p` hkcWnbv¡v {]XoImßIambn \nÀ²mcnXamb X¯zþKpWmZnbmb ]cnWm a{]{Inbbpambp−mIp¶ ka\zbamWv X¯zkm£mXv¡mcw AYhm X¯z ZÀi\w. tbmKmßI{]Ú ssIhcnbv¡p¶Xn\v \nÀ²mcnXamb amÀ¤amWv [À½w. `mcXob ZÀi\§fpsS kXymßIX tbmKmßI km£mXvImc¯n eqsSbÃmsX asämcp hn[¯nepw {]ISamIp¶XÃ. Cu ASnØm\ hkvXpX sb ad¶v ZÀi\§sf t_m[hXvIcn¡phm\pw hnebncp¯phm\pw \S¡p¶ B[p\nI {ia§Ä a\pjys\ Nn´mt¢i¯nte¡pw D]cn¹hamb [mÀ½nI Xbnte¡pamWv \bn¡p¶Xv.

sshti-jn-I-̄ nsâ ImXemb [À½w

A`yp-Z-b-þ-\n-xt{i-b-k-þ-kn-²n-sb-¶mWv IWm-Z³ [À½-̄ n\v \ÂIp¶ \nÀÆ-N-\w. A`yp-Zbw = X¯z-Úm\w, \nxt{i-bkw = \· þ X¯z-Úm-\-¯n-eqsS {]]-©-s¯ bYm-X-Y-ambn a\-Ên-em¡n kpJ-þ-Zpx-JmZn Zzµm-h-Ø-Isf AXn-Po-h-n¡p-¶-XmWv sshti-jnI ZÀi-\-̄ nsâ e£yw. Cu e£y-¯n-te¡v IWm-Z-\m \nÀ²m-cn-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ amÀKw a\-Ên-em-¡n-bm CXc ZÀi-\-§sfbpw Ah-bn Nne-Xnsâ IS-]-bp-àn-I-sfbpw \njv{]-bmkw a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

IWmZsâ Bßmh v

kmam-\y-e-£-Ww, hntij-e-£Ww Ch-bm Ime-tZ-i-hm-bp-cm-Im-im-Zn-Isf Adn-bp-¶Xp t]mse a\-Ênsâ tbmK-P-amb [À½w sIm−v Bßm-hns\ Adn-bp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶-XmsW¶v IWm-Z³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p þ Bß\n Bß-a-\tkmx kwtbm-K- hn-ti-jmXv Bß-{]-Xy£w þ F¶ kq{X-̄ n-eqsS IWm-Z³ tbmK-amÀK-̄ n-eqsS Bßm-hns\ {]Xy-£-ambn ZÀin-¡m-sa¶v ]dª tij-amWv A\p-am-\-]-c-amb bpàn-I-sf-̧ än ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Cuiz-c-km-£m-XvIm-c-̄ n-eqsS {Xnhn-[-Zpx-J-§sf AXn-Po-hn-¡p-hm³ IWm-Z-\p-]-tZ-in-¡p-¶Xv þ

BK-ta-\-\p-am-t\\ [ym\m-̀ ym-k-_-te\ N {Xn[m {]IÂ]-b³ {]Úmw e`tX tbmK-ap-̄ aw

BK-an-Iw, A\p-am-\w, [ym\m-̀ ymkw C§s\ {Xnhn-[-ambn t]mjn-̧ n-¡-s¸« Úm\-̄ m {Xnhn-[-t¢-im-Xo-X-amb tbmK-kvYnXn ssIh-cp-¶p.

Úmt\m-]m-[n-IÄ

ZÀi-\-§-fpsS sshhn-²y-̄ n\v ImcWw Úmt\m-]m-[n-I-fpsS sshhn-

²y-am-Wv. _p²n-bpsS c−v Xe-§Ä `qX-Im-e----kvar-Xn-Ifpw hÀ -̄am-\-Im-em-\p--̀h-§-fp-am-Wv. kvarXn Ign-ª-Imes¯ A\p-̀ -h-am-Wv. A\p`hw {]am,

A{]am F¶v c−p-hn[w. {]am icn-bmb A\p-̀ hhpw(H_vP-IvSnhv) A{]am sXämb [mc-W-bp-f-hm-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. icn-bmb A\p-̀ hw {]am Xs¶ \mep-hn[w: {]Xy-£w, A\p-am-\w, D]-am-\w, i_vZw. A\p-̀ -h-̄ n\v {Xnhn[ Imc-W-§-fp−v: ka-hm-bn (kw-Lm-Xwþ \qep-I-fm s\¿-s¸« hkv{Xw), Akahmbn (hkv{Xw \qep-I-fmbn ImWp-¶Xv), \nan¯w (h-kv{X-¯n\v AXv s\bvXp-Im-

15

c³) C§-s\. Ch-tbm-tcm-¶n-sâbpw kz`mhw A\p-k-cn¨v CXc ZÀi-\-§Ä Ahsb Úmt\m-]m-[n-bmbn kzoI-cn-¡p-I-tbm, XÅp-Itbm sN¿p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-̄ n\v A\p-am\w _u²-·mcpw NmÀÆm-I-·mcpw AwKo-Icn¡p¶n-Ã. A{]-am aq¶p hn[w þ kwi-bw (I-btdm ]mt¼m F¶ Nn´ t]mse), hn]-cybw (IbÀ ]m¼m-sW¶v [cn-¡p-¶-Xv), XÀ¡w (DZm: F-hnsS ]pI-bn-Ãtbm AhnsS Xobn-Ã-sb¶ hmZw). {]am hnZy-bmbpw A{]am Ahn-Zy-bmbpw IWm-Z³ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶p. C{µn-b-tZm-jmXv kwkvIm-c-tZm-jm-̈ m-hnZym (9.2.10) þ C{µn-b-§-fpsS sshI-ey-̄ mepw sXämb A\p-̀ -h-§-fmepw Ahn-Zy-bp-−m-Ip¶p, AXv ZpjvS-Úm-\-am-Wv. ZpjvS-Úm-\-a-Ãm-̄ -XmWv (]qÀ®hpw kuJy-hp-amÀ¶ C{µn-b-§-fm icn-bmb Øe-Im-em-Zn-I-fnse A\p-̀ hw)hnZy-, BÀjw kn²-ZÀi-\© [Àt½`yx F¶pw IWm-Zsâ kq{X-§-fn ImWmw. {]Xy-£w, A\p-am\w (ssew-KnIw = C{µn-bm-[n-jvT-tam, AS-bmf§sf B{i-bn-¡p-¶-h-tbm), kvarXn, Ejn-am-cp-sSbpw kn²-·m-cp-sSbpw ZnhyZÀi\§Ä Chsb IWm-Z³ hnZy-bmbn Icp-Xp-¶p.

temI-hy-h-lm-cs¯, IWm-Z³ kIm-a-wþ-\n-jvImaw AYhm Bk-àn-þ-hn-càn F¶ c−p {[ph-§-fp-tS-Xmbn ImWp-¶p. Ime-tZ-ti-{µn-b-§fpsS ]-cnanXn-bn hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Bßmhv kIm-a-hr-̄ n-bn-eqsS AZrjvSw AYhm [À½m-[À½-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p. \njvIm-a-hr¯n C{µn-b-§sf Bk-àn-þ-hn-c-àymZn Zzµm-Xo-X-am¡n ip²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. [À½m-[À½-§-fpsS Gä-¡p-d-̈ n-e-\p-k-cn¨v Bßmhv P·-sa-Sp-¡p-Ibpw hnZy-þ-A-hn-Zym-]-c-ambn a\Êv AZrjvSw \in-̧ n-¡p-Itbm krjvSn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p.

Btß-{µnbat\m AÀY-k-¶n-IÀjmXv kpJ-ZpxtJ (5.2.15)

AXm-bXv Bßm-hv, a\-Êv, C{µnbw, hkvXp Ch-bpsS kv]Ài-̄ m kpJ-þ-Zpx-J-§Ä P\y-am-Ip-¶p.

XXv A\m-cw` BßtØ a\kn ico-cky ZpxJm-̀ mhx k tbmKx

(5.2.16)

Bß-Ø-amb a\Êv A§-s\-bpÅ {Inb-I-fn \n¶v hn«v \n¶v ico-c-¯n\v ZpxJ-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv tbmKw.

tbmK-\n-jvT-\m-Ip-¶-Xn-eqsS am{Xta a\-Ênsâ {Inbmiàn CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶pÅp. AXm-bXv Bß\njvT-am-Ip¶ a\Êv Bßm-hns\ C{µn-b-§-fp-ambn _Ôn-̧ n-¡p-¶n-Ã. tbmKn-Ifn Bßmhv ]cn-an-Xn-Isf AXn-Po-hn¨v _mlym-´cnIamb C{µn-b-§-sfsbms¡ Xsâ ]qÀ®-\n-b-{´-W-̄ n-em-¡p-¶tXm sSm¸w ]qÀÆ-kr-jvS-amb [À½m-[À½-s -̧̄ än k¼qÀ®Úm\w ssIh-cn¡p ¶p. [À½m-[À½-]-c-amb AZr-jvS-amWv P\-\-̄ n\pw Bßm-hnsâ tZl-{]m-]vXn¡pw ImcWw. AXn-\m tbmKn AZr-jvS-\m-i-I-c-amb tbm\n-Isf kzoI-cn¨v _Ô-\-̄ n \n¶pw tbmK-̄ m ]qÀ®-hn-apàn t\Sp-¶-XmWv sshti-jnI ZÀi-\-a-\p-k-cn¨v tam£-{]m-]vXn.

ssih-tbm-Km-K-an-I]Y-̄ n\v IWm-Zsâ ZÀi-\m-hn-jvIm-c-amWv sshti-jn-Iw. Úm\m\p-̀ -h-]-c-a-Ãm¯ Ir{Xna k¦Â]-§-sfm¶pw IWm-Z³ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]rYn-hym-]-kvtXtPmhmbp-cm-Imiw Imtem-Zn-Kmßm, F-¶v \h-{Zhy§-sf-̧ -d-bp-¶-h-bn Bßm-hn-s\-̄ -s¶bpw tbmK-kn-²n-bnÂ

16

{]Xy-£m-\p-̀ -h-]-c-sa-¶mWv IWm-Z³ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Bß-Úm-\hpw tam£hpw AXn-\m ChnsS hmKzn-hm-Ztam, XÀ¡tam AÃ. {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Pohn-Xm-\p-k-Ôm-\-am-Wv. {]]-©-̄ nsâ ]cn-W-Xn-bn Poh-cm-in-bn BhnÀ`-hn¨v ]ip-̀ m-th-\-hÀ¯n-̈ n-cp¶ Bßmhv DW-cp¶ L«-amWv Bßo-b-X-bpsS {]Y-am-¦p-cw. A§-s\- ]ip-̀ -mh-̄ n \n¶p-WÀ¶h-cmWv Ejn-bpsS khn-[-¯n Bßm-\p-̀ -h-̄ n\v D]mbw tXSn-sb-̄ p-¶-Xv. {ih-W-þ-a-\-\-þ-\n-Zn-[ym-k-\m-Zn-I-fm DWÀhn \n¶v D×-bn-te-¡pÅ ss\c-́ -cy-amb bm{X-bnse hgn-Im-«n-bmWv IWm-Z³. {]Xy-£m-\p-am-\mZn Úm\-¯n-s\m¸w BÀj-þ-kn-²-{]Úm\p -̀hhpw IWm-Z\v Úmt\m-]m-b-ambn kzoIm-cy-am-Wv.

A£-]m-Zsâ \ymbw

\ymbw bYmÀ°-̄ n Hcp kzX-{´-ZÀi-\-a-Ã. sshti-jn-I-amb Úm \-̄ n-\pÅ a\-\-amÀK \nÀ²m-c-W-amWv \ymbw. X¯z-Úm\w sIm−v ZpxJ \n-hr-̄ n-bmWv sshti-jn-I-̄ nsâ A´x-k-̄ . \ymb-imkv{Xhpw s]mXpsh ]d-ªm bpày-[n-jvT-amb X¯zm-t\z-j-W-am-Wv. sshti-jn-IÀ AZpjvS sa¶p ]d-bp¶ Úm\w AYhm hnZym-{]m-]vXnbnte¡v \bn-¡p¶ {]am-W-þ-{]-ta-bmZn ]Xn-\mdp IS-¼-I-fmWv \ymb-̄ nsâ ImXÂ. {]am-W-§Ä \memWv þ {]Xy-£w, A\p-am\w, D]-am-\w, i_vZw. {]ta-b-§Ä (Úm-\-̄ n\v e£y-am-b-h) Bß-þ-i-co-tc-{µn-bmÀY-_p-²n-þ-a-\x-þ-{]-hr-̄ n-þ-tZm-j-wþt{]Xy-̀ m-hw-þ-̂ -ew-þ-Zpx-Jwþapàn F¶n-§s\ ]{´-−v. Úm\-̄ nsâ Cu e£y-̄ n\v XS-Ê-amb at\m-_p-²n-hym-]m-c-§sf \ymb¯n ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. GsXmcp ZÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw km[pX t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v, _u²n-I-amb GsXmcp {]b-Xv\-¯n\pw Cu Adnhv AXy-́ m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

1. kwibw: A\n-Ýn-X-amb [mcW aq¶v hn[w.

�{]ta-b-̄ n\v \nÝn-X-[m-c-W-bp-f-hm-¡p¶ e£-W-an-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

�Akm[m-cW e£-W-§Ä [mc-W¡v {]tbm-P-\-s¸-SmsX hcnI

�]c-kv]chncp-²-amb e£-W-§Ä [mcWIsf \ncm-I-cn-¡p¶ ØnXn.

2. {]tbm-P\w: ]pcp-jsâ {]hr-̄ n¡v \nZm\w. CXp c−v hn[w, hyàtam Ahy-àtam BImw.

3. DZm-l-cWw (Zr-jvSm-́ w), Bi-b{Kl-W¯n\v, km[À½y-ssh-[À½y¯m c−v hn[w. A\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶Xpw {]Xn-Iq-en-¡p-¶-Xp-amb ZrjvSm-́ -§Ä Is−-¯p-hm³ Ign-bpw.

4. kn²m´w: {]mam-Wn-I-Xz-apÅ Bi-bw. s]mXp-hm-b-Xv, hn`m-Ko-bw, k¦Â]w, hnizm-kw C§s\ \mev hn[w.

5. XÀ¡w: ]Xn-s\m¶p hn[w

6. \nÀWbw: {]Xy-£w, A\p-am\w, D]-am-\w, i_vZw.

17

7. hmZw: kXyw (X-̄ zw) \nÀW-bn¡p-IbmWv e£yw. PÂ]w, Pbn-¡p-hm³ th−n HcmÄ \S-̄ p¶ Zzn]-£o-b-amb hmZw (D-̀ -b-km-[-\-hXo hnPn-Kojp IYm PÂ]x), hnXWvUw, kz]£-̄ n\v _e-an-Ãm¯ hmZhpw, IYm c−v hmZn-þ{]-Xn-hmZnI-fpsS ]£-þ-{]-Xn-]-£-hm-Z-§Ä.

8.Akw-_Ôw: A]qÀ®-amb bpàn, sXämb bpàn, hncp-²-bp-àn, Akm-µÀ`nIw.... C§s\ bpàn-\nÀW-b-̄ nsâ hnhn-[-h-i-§Ä \ymbw Ah-tem-I\w sN¿p-¶p.

Úm\m-t\z-j-W-w AYhm X¯z-\nÀWbw e£y-amb _u²n-I-{]-bm-k-¯nsâ hnhn[ Xe-§-fmWv B\zo-£nInsb¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ \ymbw.

{]Zo]x kÀÆ-hn-Zym-\m-ap-]mbx kÀÆ-IÀaWmw B{ib kÀÆ[ÀamWmw hntZym-t±ti ]co-£nXm

F¶v \ymb-kq-{X-̀ m-jy-̄ n ImWp-¶XpsIm−pXs¶ FÃm ZÀi-\-§Ä ¡pw \ymbw ASn-Øm-\-am-sW¶v hcp-¶p. \ymb-þ-ssh-ti-jn-I-sa¶ ]cm-aÀiw Xs¶ sshti-jnIw DXv]-¶-amb _u²nI {]bm-k-¯nsâ cq]-tc-J-bmWv \ymb-sa¶ kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p. Úm\-tbm-K-]-c-ambn, tam£w e£y-amb kzX-{´-ZÀi-\-ambn, hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xnsâ emRvO\ kq{X-§-fn {]I-S-am-Wv.

sshti-jn-I-̄ nsâ \ymb-̄ n³ta-epÅ kzm[o-\-s -̧̄ än kzman kXv{]-Im-im-\µ ]d-bp-¶p-−v. sshti-jn-Ihpw \ymbhpw tbmK-im-kv{X-]c-amb ]pcp-jmÀ°¯nsâ kn²m-́ -h-XvI-c-W-̄ n-\pÅ _u²nI hymbm-a-§-fm-Wv. tbmK-ZÀi-\-̄ n \n¶pw ssIs¡m− Cuiz-c\pw IÀakn²m-́ -hp-amWv c−n-sâbpw A´À[m-c. \ymbw kmwJy-]qÀÆ-amb Úm\ tbmKw AYhm kmwJy-¯n-te¡v \bn¨ X¯z-\nÀWb¯n\v Ah-ew-_-am-bn-cp¶ a\t\m]m-b-am-Wv.

X¯z-§-fpsS bYmÀ°-Ú\w ssIh-cp-¶-h\v ZpxJ-\n-hr-̄ nbpw tam£ hpw D−m-Ip-¶p-sh¶ \ymbbpàn icn-sb¶v Hä t\m«-̄ n tXm¶mw. ]s£, CXv h{I-bp-àn-bmWv þ ImcWw kXvIÀ½w sN¿p-¶-h-\mWv Úm\w e`n-¡p-¶Xv þ bZr-Ñbm þ F¶v ChnsS ]d-tb−n hcp-¶p. tbmK-amÀK¯nsâ A`m-h-̄ n CXc `mc-Xob ZÀi-\-§-sfÃmw Xs¶ AÀ°-c-ln-X-hpw A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hp-am-Wv. \ymb-ZÀi\w sshtijnImZn tbmK-amÀK-̄ n D]-I-cWw am{X-am-Wv. kz´-amb \ne-bn Ejn-amÀs¡m-gn-sI-bmÀ¡pw \ymb-ZÀi\w tam£-{]-Z-a-Ã.

aoamw-km ZÀi\w

thZm-[y-b-\-̄ nsâ hmZ-ap-J-§Ä. {_Ò-̄ n \n¶pw thZ-§-fm-hnÀ`-hn¨p. A\m-Zn-bmb, A]u-cp-tj-b-amb B {ipXnIÄ {_Òs¯ hmgv¯p¶p. Nne´n he-sI-«n-b-Xp-t]m-se-sb¶v ZrjvSm´w ]d-b-s¸-Sp¶ ({_Ò³ F«p-Im-enbpw he {]]-©hpw) {_Ò-̄ n\v Ah-b-h-§-fmbn ap¸-̄ n-aq¶p tImSn tZh-·mÀ, AhÀ¡v kt´m-j-̄ n-\mbn bÚ-§Ä A\p-jvTn¨v kzÀ¤-{]m]vXn ssIh-cn-¡mw. thZ-kw-ln-X-IÄ¡v bpàn-c-ln-X-amb A{]-am-ZnXzw \ÂIp¶ kvarXn-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n-e-[n-jvT-amb Bcy-{_m-ÒWZÀi-\-amWv aoamw-k. thZm´w AYhm D]-\n-j-Zm-kv]-Z-amb D¯cao-amw-kbn \n¶v thÀXn-cn-̈ -dn-bp-¶-Xn\v

18

]qÀÆ-ao-amw-k-sb¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. _u²-cp-sSbpw ssih-kw-kvIr-Xn-bp-sSbpw {]`m-h-̄ n bÚm-[njvTambn-cp¶ k¦Â]-§Ä {In.-ap. Aªq-dm-am-−n\v tijw {ItaW kaq-l-̄ n \n¶v Xnc-kvIr-X-am-bn. Kp]vXImeL«¯nsâ Ahkm\t¯msS GXm\pw cmPm¡·mcpsS Aizta[samgn¨m P\PohnX s¯ sshZnI IÀ½ImWvUw kmcambn kzm[o\n¨nÃ. sshZn-I-a-{´-{]-̀ m-h-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\-am-bn-cp¶ Aán-tlm{Xw \ne-s¨-¦nepw C¶pw ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ AtX a{´-§Ä sNmÃp¶p. bÚ-̀ p¡mb Aánbpw Aán-tlm-{Xhpw C{µmZntZh-·mcpsS \ne-\nÂ]n-\m-h-iy-am-sW¶ X¯zw Xs¶ ]ptcm-ln-XÀ ad-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

tbmKw, kmwJyw, thZm´w

tbmKm-[n-jvT-a-Ãm¯ tam£-amÀK-an-Ã. sshti-jnIw, \ym-bw, -kmw-Jyw,-th-Zm´w, tbmK-ZÀi-\-̄ nsâ hnhn[ hi-§Ä am{X-am-Wv. tbmKm-ßI ZÀi-\-¯n\v Cuhn[ sshhn[yw F§s\ D−mbn-sb¶p tNmZn-̈ mÂ, D¯cw þ A´x-k-̄ -bpsS Imcy-̄ n bmsXmcp sshhn-[yhp-an-sÃ-¶m-Wv. tbmK-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ hnhn[ Xe-§sf tbmKo-iz-c-·mÀ¡v A`nImay-ambn tXm¶nb ]Zm-h-en-sIm−v tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv. I]n-e-ap-\n-bpsS kmwJyhpw _mZ-cm-b-Wsâ thZm-́ hpw tbmKo-{µ-·mÀ¡v Ime-tZ-im-t]-£-bm D−mb thj-¸-IÀ¨-bpsS {]Xn-̂ -e-\-am-Wv. tbmKoizc-·m-cpsS Ime-tZ-im-\p-kr-X-amb Cu thjsshhn²y¯n\v Gähpw \à DZmlcWamWv BZni¦cmNmcycn \ngen ¡p¶ tbmKnbpsSbpw thZm´nbpsSbpw hyàn¯z§Ä. {]Øm\{Xb`mjy Imc³ kuµcy elcnbpsS IÀ¯mhmInsö bixicoc\mb {io.hn. ]t\mfnbpsS \nKa\w {i²n¡pI. im¦cmssZzXs¯, thZm´s¯, ssih ZÀi\¯n \n¶pw hyXykvXamb Hcp Is−¯embn ]ecpw hymJym\n¡p ¶Xv ssk²m´nIw am{XamWv, AssZzXm\p`h]caÃ. AssZzXm\p`hw tbmKamÀ¤¯nsâ ]ca]ZamWv, AhnsSsb¯nt¨cm³ k¦Â]krjvSamb XÀ¡þhnXÀ¡§Ä, bpànþIYmJym\§Ä, ZrjvSm´kcWn Ch D]Imc s¸SpIbnÃ. ssihZÀi\]camb AssZzXZÀi\m\p`h¯n\v {io.IrjvW ssZz]mb\³ \ÂInb sshZnIhymJym\amWv thZm´kq{X-§Ä.

alm`mcXhpw hmbpþIqÀ½mZn ]pcmW§fpw Ht¶mSn¨p t\m¡nbm \ap¡v hyàamIp¶ ]caamb kXyamWv tbmKoizc\mb almtZhsâ A[oiXzw. inh`à\pw almtbmKnbpambncp¶ {ioIrjvWssZz]mb\³ sshZnIþbÚm[njvTkaql¯n\v tbmKhn`qXn]Icm³ th−n \St¯−n h¶ IYm]m{XkrjvSnbmWv {ioIrjvW³ F¶v \ap¡v thWsa¦n ]dbmw. hmkptZhþ{ioIrjvWsâ CXnlmk hyànXz¯n hymkap\n Adntªm AdnbmsXtbm, almtbmKnbmb inhsâ kÀÆe£W§fpw tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶p. At±lw kz´w t]cn inh\p Xpeyambn alm`mcX¯n \S¯nb IYm]m{X krjvSnbmWv {ioIrjvW³ F¶v ]dbp¶hcpw D−v. at\mlcamb \nch[n X¯zKoXnIsf DÄs¡mÅp¶psh¦nepw C¶v e`y amb k]vXiX tÇmInbmb (AjvSmZim²ymbn\n) `KhXvKoXbn Zriyam Ip¶{X ]ehyRvP\cq]IXzhpw AhyàXbpw asämcp ZÀi\{KÙ¯nepw ZriyaÃ. Cu sshNn{Xy¯n\v ImcWsa´v?

tbmKsshtijnIkmwJymZn ZÀi\§Ä¡v Aimkv{Xobambn \ÂI s¸« hymJym\amWv sshcp²y¯n\v ImcWsa¶v Hät\m«¯n tXm¶mw.

19

]s£ hymk{]Xn`bn A¯csamcp A]mIXtbmsb¶v Nn´n¡pt¼mÄ \ap¡v aäv ImcW§Ä At\zjnt¡−n hcp¶p. tbmKmß--Iamb hymkIrX imkv{X¯n\pta Imem´c¯nep−mb Aimkv{Xobamb Iq«nt¨À¡ep IfmWv e`yambncn¡p¶ `KhXvKoXbnse an{icq]amÀ¶ {]Xn]mZ\¯n\v ImcWsa¶v ]WvUnX·mÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. B[p\nIIme v̄ Cu {]Xn`mk¯n\v DZmlcWambn \ap¡v ]e thZ-hym-Jym-\-§fpw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡mw. hnhm-Z-̄ n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-sa-¶-Xn-\m t]sc-Sp v̄ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶n-Ã.

tbmKhnZybpw D]\nj¯pIfpw `KhXvKoXbpw X½nepÅ \nÀhnhmZ amb P\nXI_Ôw t]mse Xs¶ kÀÆk½XnbmÀ¶XmWv D]\nj v̄ Nn´bpsS hnImk¯n £{Xnbcmb P\ImZnIfpsS ]¦v. cmPÀjn {_Ò Àjnbmb hnizman{XIY, NmXpÀhÀWys¯ \ncmIcn¨ Xm{´nI]Yhpw cmPÀjnamcpw BÀjÚm\¯n\v \ÂInb kw`mh\ C¯cpW¯n kvacWobamWv.

`KhXvKoXbpsS Xs¶ \memw A²ymbw XpS§p¶Xv þ

Caw hnhkztX tbmKw t{]màhm\lahybw

hnhkzm³ a\th {]ml a\pcn£mIthf{_hoXv (4.1)

Cu k\mX\amb tbmKw Rm³ hnhkzm\v D]tZin¨p. hnhkzm³ a\p hn\pw a\p C£zmIphn\pw D]tZin¨p.

Ghw ]c¼cm{]m]vXanZw cmPÀjtbm hnZpx

k Imtet\l alXm tbmtKm \jvS ]c´] (4.2)

A§s\, cmPÀjn ]mc¼cy¯n {]NenXamb Cu tbmKw Imem´c ¯n \jvSambnt¸mbncp¶p.

ChnsS ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ kqcyIpe cmPÀjnamÀ, Bcym[n\nthi ¯n\v ap¼v `mcX¯n \ne\n¶ tbmKmKanI AYhm Xm{´nI kwkvIrXn kzoIcn¨ £{Xnbcpw £{Xnbcm¡s¸« CXc \mK{ZmhnU Ipe§fpamWv. hnhkzm\pw a\phpw AhÀ¡v sshZnI ]mc¼cyw \ÂIm³ th−n IÂ]n ¡s¸« kqcyIpe\mY·mcmWv. a\phnsâ cmPØm\amb Ipcpt£{Xw hmbp]pcw AYhm ØmtWizcw Bbncp¶p. thZ§fn ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ Øe\ma§fà Ch. Xm{´nI ]ZmhenbpsS `mKamWv Cu \ma§Ä. Ipcpt£{Xw ]pcmX\ iàn]oThpamWv. Bcy-·m-cpsS BK-a-\-̄ n\p tijw knÔp-þk-c-kzXo X-S§fnse Úm\-hn-Úm-\-§-Ä¡p−mb ]cn-WXnbmWv Xm{´n-Ihpw sshZn-I-hp-amb kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS c−v [mc-I-sf¶v \ap¡v A\p-am-\n-¡mw. _u²-þ-ssP-\-]m-c-¼-cy-§fpw sshZn-I-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n-ep-f-hmb D]-\n-j-̄ p-¡fpw tbmKm-K-an-I-ambn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ ]qÀÆn-I-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS ssIs¿m-t¸-dp-¶-h-bm-Wv.

{_mÒWy¯nsâbpw NmXpÀhÀWy¯nsâbpw kzm[o\w i¦cmNmcy Imew hsc ]cnanXambncp¶psh¶v _p²aXtcJIfn \n¶v a\Ênem¡mw. AklnjvWpX apJap{Zbmb Hcp Bcyþ[À½ k¦Â]¯n\v `mcX¯n P·w \ÂInbXv GtXm i¦cmNmcycmsW¶v Ncn{XtcJIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. Cu ]Ým¯e¯n \n¶psIm−v Úm\þIÀ½tbmK]cambncp¶

20

hymkKoX {_mÒWsâ [À½imkv{Xam¡n amäs¸«XmWv C¶v e`yambn cn¡p¶ `KhXvKoXsb¶v {io.^pÂtK{µ kn³l A\pam\n¡p¶p. hfsc Ig¼pÅXmWv Cu A\pam\w.

i¦cmNmcyÀ¡v ap¼v C¶s¯ `KhXvKoX¡v `mjyansöXpw,

AÂ_dqWnbpsS ]cmaÀi§sfÃmw KoXsb¶p am{XamsW¶Xpw (14 ]cmaÀi§fn H¶v t]mepw `KhXvKoX F¶v t]cp \ÂIp¶nÃ) ss{IkvXh, CÉmanI GIssZhhnizmk kzm[o\w KoXbn {]ISamsW¶ Xpw At±lw Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶ aäv {]tXyIXIfmWv. KthjW]camb Cu Is−¯epIsf ]ecpw {]YaZrjvSnbn \ntj[nt¨¡msa¦nepw KoXbpsS bYmÀ° ktµiw At\zjn¡p¶ Hcp ]TnXmhns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Ch amäpc¨p t\mt¡− hnÚm\ iIe§fmWv.

D -̄c-Ko-X

D¯cKoXbpsS {]kàn a\Ênem¡p¶Xn\v Cu Ncn{X]Ým¯ew AhiyamWv. tbmKimkv{Xmhew_nbmb Cu tÇmIkap¨b¯n\v A[nIw {]Nmcansænepw KuU]mZmNmcycpsS hymJym\w sIm−v khntij {i²bÀln¡p¶ {ioIrjvWmÀÖp\ kwhmZamWv Cu sNdnb ]pkvXIw. \mcmbWap\nbpsS ]c¼cbn IrjvWssZz]mb\sâ ]p{X\mb ipItZh sâ injy\mbncp¶p KuU]mZmNmcysc¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p (tizXmizXtcm ]\njXv `mjy¯nÂ, {io.i¦cmNmcyÀ, "ipIintjym KuU]mZmNmcyx" F¶v

KuU]mZsc¸än ]cmaÀin¨n«p−v. {In.]n. 300þam−n\pw 500þam−n\pw CSbnemWv KuU]mZcpsS Imesa¶v Duln¡s¸Sp¶p. ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm−n C´y kµÀin¨ AÂ_dqWn KuU]mZImcnIsb¸än ]cmaÀin ¨n«p−v). Ncn{X]cambn KuU]mZcpsS Imehpw i¦csâ injyXzhpw aäpw hnhmZmkv]ZamWv. KuU]mZImcnIbpsS BwKteb ]cn`mjbv¡v cLp\mY ZmtamZc IÀaÀIÀ FgpXnb apJhpcbnÂ, D¯cKoX, KuU]mZmNmcy IrXambncn¡msa¶ A`yqlw D¶bn¡s¸Sp¶p−v. D¯cKoXbpsS \nch[n ssIs¿gp¯p {]XnIfn AXns\ alm`mcX¯nsâbpw `mKhX¯nsâbpw `mKambn hntijn¸n¡ s¸Sp¶psh¦nepw alm`mcX¯nepw `mKhX¯nepw D¯cKoX ImWphm³ Ignbp¶nsö sshcp²yamWv tbmKimkv{Xm[njvT amb Cu IrXnbpsS IÀ¯rXzw KuU]mZcn Btcm]n¡phm³ IÀaÀIsd t{]cn¸n¨Xv. Ipcpt£{XkztZinbpw _ZcnIm{iahmknbpw Bbncp¶p KuU]mZsc¶v sFXnly§fneqsS Adnbphm³ Ignbp¶p. amWvUqIyImcnI ¡p ]pdsa, CuizcIrjvWsâ kmwJyImcnIbpsS `mjyhpw kp`tKmZb kvXpXn F¶ X{´{KÙhpw KuU]mZcpsS IrXnIfmWv.

kmwJy_u²imàthZm´ k{¼Zmb§fn AhKmlw t\Snbncp¶ tbmKoizcsâ Nn{XamWv KuU]mZIrXnIfneqsS \ap¡v e`yamIp¶Xv. thZm´¯n ]n¡me¯p−mb _u²iq\yhmZ¯nsâ emRvO\IÄ KuU]mZcn ImWp¶hcp−v. \mKmÀÖp\sâ aqea²yaImcnIbpsS kzm[o\w amWvUqIyImcnIbn {]ISamsW¶mWv ]WvUnXm`n{]mbw. \memw {]IcW¯n _p²sâ kzm[o\w A\ntj[yamIbm thZm´nbmb KuU]mZcptSXà Sn {]IcWw F¶v NneÀ kn²m´n¡p¶p. thZm´nIfpsS Cuhn[ hmZ§fn Ig¼nÃ. KuU]mZÀ¡v ap¼v AssZzXthZm´w D−mbncp¶nÃ. AXpsIm−mWv At±lw _u²\mb CuizcIrjvWsâ

21

kmwJyImcnI¡v `mjyw FgpXnbXv. {_Òkq{Xw ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶nÃ. {_Òkq{Xw A¡me¯p−mbncp¶psh¦n thZm´nbmb KuU]mZÀ F´n\v AsXms¡ Dt]£n¨v _u²þkmwJycN\Isf B{ibn¡Ww? KuU]mZÀ¡pw i¦cmNmcyÀ¡pw CSbnepÅ ImeL«¯nemWv C¶s¯ `KhZvKoXbpw {_Òkq{Xhpw BhnÀ`hn¨sX¶v IcpXphm³ \ymbap−v. _u²þthZm´Nn´IfneqsS tbmKimkv{X¯nepw XpSÀ¶v imà ]mc¼cy ¯nepw KuU]mZsc¯nt¨À¶psh¶v D¯cKoX, kp`tKmZbw, hnZymcWy kq{Xw F¶o IrXnIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

`WvUmÀ¡À Hmdnbâ dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäyq«n (]qs\) e`yamb D¯cKoXbpsS ssIs¿gp¯p {]XnIfn Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ASn¡pdn¸pIÄ

(colophons) ZriyamWv.

ssIs¿gp¯p {]Xn kwJy 162 þ Bd²ymb§fnembn 241ivtfmI§Ä

(39 +30 + 42 + 37 + 37 + 56 bYm{Iaw). Ahkm\¯n "CXn alm`mctX `ojva]ÀÆWn D¯cKoXmbmw tbmKimkvt{X {_ÒhnZybmw {ioIrjvWm ÀÖp\ kwhmtZ ..." CXymZn tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p.

ssIs¿gp¯p {]Xn kwJy 163 þ aq¶²ymb§fnembn 137 ivtfmI§

Ä (54 +56 +27 bYm{Iaw). Ahkm\¯n "CXn {ioaZv `mKhtX D¯cKoXm kq]\njÕp {_ÒhnZybmw tbmKimkvt{X {ioIrjvWm ÀÖp\ kwhmtZ ..." CXymZn tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p.

ssIs¿gp¯p {]Xn kwJy 164 þ aq¶²ymb§fnembn 160 ivtfmI §Ä. Ahkm\¯n "CXn {io D¯cKoXmkq]\njÕp ...Aizta[ ]ÀÆWn..." CXymZn tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p.

ssIs¿gp¯p {]XnIÄ kwJy 165 þ189: "KuU]mZob Zo]nIm" "KuU]mZmNmcy hncNnXm" "KuU]mZob hymJym" CXymZn hntijW§

tfmsS hymJym\w \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. tÇmIkwJy 110, 116, 112, 123... F¶n §s\ hyXykvXamWv.

D¯cKoXbpsS IÀ¯rXzw kw_Ôn¨ hnhn[ Dulmt]ml§Ä¡v

ASnØm\w km{¼ZmbnIambn \ne\n¶phcp¶ Sn ]cmaÀi§fmWv. 1957þ `WvUmÀ¡À Hmdnbâ dnkÀ v̈ C³Ìnäyq«v (]qs\) {]kn²oIcn¨ BwKe ]cn`mjtbmSpIqSnb {KÙamWv Cu aebmf¯nepÅ {]kn²oIcW¯n\v Ahew_w. {ioaXn Fkv. hn. HIbpsS KthjWm[njvTnX B[nImcnIX

bmÀ¶ Sn {]kn²oIcW¯n aq¶²ymb§fnembn 122 (57 + 48 + 17) tÇmI§fp−v. A\p_Ôambn apIfn ]cmaÀin¡s¸« ssIs¿gp¯p

{]Xn kwJy 162þse Bd²ymb§Ä tNÀ¯n«p−v. A\p_Ô tÇmI§sf AhbpsS {]kànb\pkcn¨v apJyamb tÇmI§fpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n hymJym\n¡pIbmWnhnsS sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. kzman Úm\m\µ kckzXn bpsS aebmf hymJym\¯n (B\µIpSocw, I\ymIpamcn) aq¶²ymb§

fnembn 121(58 +48 +15) tÇmI§fp−v.

D¯cKoXbpsS {]kàn

22

{]Nmcw sIm−pw alm`mcX¯nsâ Bßmsh¶ JymXn sIm−pw D]\njÕmckÀÆkzsa¶ \nebv¡pw hnJymXamb `KhXvKoXbpsS ]Xns\«²ymb§Ä¡v Hcp D¯c`mK¯nsâ {]kànsb´mWv?

`K-hZvKoXsb¸än Nn´n¡pt¼Ä a\Ên BZyw HmSnsb¯p¶Xv þ

Hmw ]mÀ°mb {]Xnt_m[nXmw {io\mcmbtW\ kzbw hymtk\ {KYnXmw ]pcmWap\n\m at²y alm`mcXw AssZzXmarXhÀjnWow `KhXow AjvSZim[ymbn\ow Aw_Xzw A\pkwZ[man `KhZvKotX `htZzjnWow

HmwþAt½, hymkap\nbm ]−v alm`mcX¯n\v a²y¯n hncNn ¡s¸« AssZzXmarXhÀjnWnbmb ]Xns\«[ymb§tfmSpIqSnb `KhXo, ]mÀ°\pth−n {io\mcmbW\m D]tZin¡s¸« `KhZvKotX, \ns¶ Rm³ [ym\n¡p¶p.

IqSmsX, kÀtÆm]\njtZm Kmthm tZmKv[m tKm]me \µPx ]mÀt°mhÕx kp[oÀt`màm ZpKv[wKoXmarXw alXv

]ipcq]amÀ¶ D]\nj¯p¡Ä¡v InSmhmbn ]mÀ°\pw, Idh¡mc \mbn tKm]meI\mb \µ ]p{X\pw `hn¨t¸mÄ DXv]¶amb ]memWv KoX.

C§s\ al¯mb, [À½t£{Xamb Ipcpt£{X¯n Bk¶amb almbp²apfhm¡nb ]cn{`m´nbpw hnjmZhpw ]cnlcn¨v AÀÖp\s\ Ipcpt£{X¯nsâ tcmam©am¡n amänbsX¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶, IrjvWþ hymkcNnXamb KoXbv¡v Bcv, F´n\mbn D¯c`mKsagpXn? Cu kwibw hfsc kzm`mhnIamsW¶v kzman Úm\m\µ kckzXnbpsS aebmfhymJym\¯nsâ apJhpcbn \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw. At±lw ]dbp¶p þ

"PvRm\w {]Xn]mZn¡m¯Xp sImt−m, tIÄ¡m¯XpsImt−m Aà P\§Ä¡v A\p`hamIm¯Xv. F{X tI«mepw Adnªmepw A\p`hamIm³ hfsc hnjaamb H¶mWv BßÚm\w. Cu ImcW¯m Xs¶bmWv F{Xtbm PvRm\kamlmc {KÙ§Ä temI¯neps−¦nepw ]ns¶bpw ]pXnb ]pXnb {KÙ§sf BNmcy·mÀ cNn¡p¶Xv. CtX ImcW¯m Xs¶bmWv '`KhXvKoX', 'A\pKoX' F¶o X¯zkamlmc§sf D]tZin¨p tI«n«pw Xr]vXnhcm¯ AÀÖp\\v HSphn 'D¯cKoX' F¶ Cu Úm\kap¨bt¯bpw ]camNmcy\mb `Khm³ D]tZin¡m\nSbmbXv"

kzman ]dbp¶Xv icnbmImw þ D¯cKoXbv¡v Hcp kmwKXyw AÀÖp \sâ Ahkm\n¡m¯ Nn´mt¢iamWv. ]s£, AÀÖp\hnjmZ tcmK¯n\v kmwJyIÀ½Úm\`àymZn tbmK§fneqsS k©cn¨v ]Xns\«mw A²ymb ¯nse tam£þk\ymktbmK¯nse¯nbn«pw iaw h¶nÃsb¶p \ncq]n¡p I ITn\amWv. hnizcq]ZÀi\ap−mb ]mÀ°s\ KoXbpsS ]cnkam]vXn bnÂ, ho−pw Nn´mhnhi\mbn, PnÚmkm`cnX\mbn ImWphm³ BÀ¡m Wv IgnbpI? BÀ¡pw Ignbnà AYhm A§s\sbmcp k¦Â]w Akm[mc WamWv F¶Xn\v sXfnhmWv D¯cKoXbpsS ep_v[{]Nmcw. IÀ½tWy hm[nImctØ am ^tejp IZmN\ sb¶XnÂ]cw Hcp tam£kq{XanÃ

23

sb¶v P\XXnbv¡v ]qÀ®t_m²yap−v. `KhXvKoXbnse BßobXmZÀi\ ¯nsâ ]Xns\«p]SnIÄ¡XoXamb D¯cKoX AXn\m s]mXpsh {i²n¡s¸Sp¶nÃsb¶p IcpXmw.

`K-hZvKoXbpsS bYmÀ° imkv{Xcq]w

Cu ]T-\-̄ nsâ {]mY-an-I-X-e-§Ä Ignª L«-̄ n-emWv C¶v \mw ImWp¶ k]vX-i-X-tÇm-In-bmb `K-hZvKoXbpsS BZnacq]sas´¶ tNmZyw a\Ên IS¶ph¶Xv. i¦cmNmcycpsS Imew apX KoXbpsS C¶s¯ cq]hpw alm`mcXhpw \nehnencp¶psh¶Xn\m KoXbpsS bYmÀ° cq]w asäm¶mbncn¡mw F¶p Nn´n¡pIbp−mbnÃ. {io. ]t\mfnbpsS i¦c`mjy ]cn`mjbntem CXc KoXmhyJym\ {KÙ§fntem H¶pw KoXbpsS Hcp ]qÀÆcq]s¯¸än ]cmaÀiw ImWpIbp−mbnÃ. ]s£ alm`mcX¯n\v Hcp kw£n]vX ]qÀÆcq]ap−mbncp¶psh¶ Imcyw AXn \n¶pXs¶ hyà

amIp¶p−v. 8000 tÇmI§fpsS Pb, 24000 tÇmI§fpsS `mcXw, e£w tÇmI§fpsS alm`mcXw C§s\ hfÀ¶ CXnlmk¯nemWv C¶v `KhXv KoX \mw ImWp¶Xv. B ØnXnbv¡v KoXbpsS C¶s¯ Øqecq]¯n\pw Hcp BZncq]ap−mImw.

KoXmclky¯n\v BapJambn {io._meKwKm[c XneI³ {ioaZv `KhZvKoXbpsS A´xcwKþ_lncwK]co£ Kl\ambn NÀ¨ sN¿p¶p sh¦nepw KoX¡v Hcp kw£n]vX aqecq]ap−mbncn¡mw F¶ Nn´sb Imcyamb sXfnhpIfpsS A`mh¯n XÅn¡fbp¶p. D¯cKoXbn At±l¯nsâ kmcamb {i² ]XnªXmbn tXm¶p¶nÃ. `KhZvKoXbn ]mXRvPetbmK¯nsâbpw IÀ½XymK]camb k¶ymk¯nsâbpw btYmNn Xamb hÀW\bnsöv I−v XÕw_Ôamb Hcp {ioIrjvWmÀÖp\ kwhmZw Btcm FgpXnt¨À¯XmWv D¯cKoXsb¶v {io.XneI³ "KoXmclky"¯nsâ "hnjb{]thi"¯n ]dbp¶p. KuU]mZhncNnXamWv D¯cKoXsb¶ Imcyw At±lw ]cmaÀin¡p¶nÃ. {ioi¦cmNmcy kzmanIÄ¡v Hcp \qä−p aps¼¦nepw BhnÀ`hn¨ncn¡mhp¶ KuU]mZ IrXnbmb D¯cKoX Ir{XnaamImsa¦n kzm`mhnIambpw alm`mcX¯nse KoX¡pw kw£n]vXþ_rlXv cq]§Ä D−mImw. IrXnþhnIrXnIfpsS henb Hcp irwJe Xs¶ ]pcmW§fpsS cq]¯nÂ, Ahbnse hnhn[ KoXIfpsS cq]¯n \ap¡v e`yamsWtÃm?

`KhZvKoXbpsS A´xcwK ]co£bnepw hfsc ]WvUntXmNnXamb, AXnKw`ocamb NÀ¨ {io. _meKwKm[c³ KoXmclky¯n \ÂIp¶p−v. `KhZvKoXbnse {]Xn]mZyhnjbw alm`mcX¯nse im´n]ÀƯnsâ Ahkm\¯nepÅ \mcmbWotbm]mJym\¯nsâ (`mKhX[À½w) XpSÀ¨ bmsW¶v D²cWnIfneqsS At±lw Øm]n¡p¶p. NmXpÀhÀWyhnlnX amb \njvImaIÀ½sa¶ {]hr¯n amÀ¤¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bmbn \nhr¯nhnjb amb bXn[À½w AhXcn¸n¡pIbmWv KoXbpsS e£ysa¶ kqN\ At±lw \ÂIp¶p. alm`mcXIme¯n\pw `KhZvKoXbpsS im¦c`mjy ¯n\pw CSbnepÅ v\o−ImeL«¯n `mjyclnXamb KoXbpsS \ne\n ¸n\v Imcyamb hniZoIcWw \ap¡v KoXmclky¯n e`n¡p¶nÃ.

24

]pt¯g v̄ cmatat\m³ KoXm{]m´§fn F¶ Xsâ D]¶ymk kamlmc¯n ]mÝmXy]T\§sf hnaÀin¡p¶ Ahkc¯n "KoXbpsS Øqecq]¯n\pw Hcp BZncq]ap−mImw" F¶ ]mÝmXycpsS KthjW Nn´sb¸än ]cmaÀin¡p¶p−v. C§s\ `K-h-ZvKo-X-bpsS ]T\w XpS-cp¶

kml-N-cy-̄ n-emWv Hcp bm{XbnÂ, G{]n 2004 Ahkm\w ssIh¶ The

Gita As it Was F¶ ^pÂtK{µ kn³lbpsS {]_Ôw KoXbpsS Ncn{X]camb ]Ým¯es¯¸än F\n¡v B[nImcnIamb hnhc§Ä \ÂIn. KoXbpsS C¶v e`yambncn¡p¶ BZy hymJym\w i¦cmNmcy

cptSXmWv ({InkvXphn\v tijw 800). {io. kn³l D²cn¨ncn¡p¶ ]e ]T\§fpw tXSn¸nSn¡phm³ Cu ]TnXmhn\v IgnªnÃ. ]s£ kn³lbpsS {]_Ô¯nse \ninXamb hniIe\w GsXmcp hyàn¡pw ka{Kamb ImgvN¸mSv ]Icphm³ ]cym]vXamWv. ]mÝmXycpw ]uckvXycpamb hnZzm³amÀ KoXbpsS, cNbnXmhmcv?, A´xk¯sb´?v, cN\mImetaXv? þF¶o Imcy§fn hncp²m`n{]mbx DÅhcmWv. tUm. Pn.Fkv. ssJdnsâ

Quest for the Original Gita C¯cpW¯n {it²bamb asämcp ]T\amWv.

KoXbpsS BhnÀ`mhw D]\nj¯pIfpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v tijamsW¶ Imcy¯n KthjIÀ GIm`n{]mb¡mcmWv. I]neap\nbpsS kmwJyimkv{X¯n\pw, ]XRvPenbpsS tbmKkq{X§Ä¡pw tijamWv KoXbpsS DÛhsa¶Xpw A\ntj[yamWv. {InkvXphn\v ap¼v c−mw \qäm−n KoX AXnsâ aqecq]¯n BhnÀ`hn¨ncn¡msa¶pw XpSÀ¶v Kp]vXImeL«¯n C¶s¯ cq]w ssIhcn¨ncn¡msa¶pamWv KthjI cpsS A\pam\w. hyàamb sXfnhv e`yamIp¶Xv H³]Xmw \qäm−nse

i¦c`mjyt¯msSbmWv. i¦c`mjy¯n hymtkm]ZnjvSamb KoXbn 700 tÇmI§fps−¶v ]dªncn¡p¶p þ Xw [À½w `KhXm btYm]ZnjvSw thZhymkx kÀÆtÚm `Khm³ KoXmssJyx k]vX`nxtÇmIissXx D]\nj_Ô (`Khm\m D]tZin¡s¸« [À½s¯ kÀÆÚ\mb thZ

hymk³ 700 tÇmI§fn KoXsb¶ \ma¯n kamlcn¨p).

kzman hnthIm\µ\pw almßmKmÔnbpsams¡ e`yamb KoX-bn (`KhZvKoX) Iq«nt¨À¡epIÄ \S¶n«ps−¶ A`n{]mb¡mcmWv. i¦mcm NmcycmWv KoXmImcs\¶pw alm`mc¯neXv DÄs¡mÅn¨sX¶papÅ ]WvUnXm`n{]mbs¯¸än kzman hnthIm\µ³ ]cmaÀin ¡pIbp−mbn «p−v. `KhZvKoXsb¸änbpw im¦cmssZzXs¯¸änbpw AÂ_dqWnbpsS au\w (At±lw KoXsb¸än am{Xta ]dbp¶pÅp) `KhXvKoXbpsSbpw i¦c `mjy¯nsâbpw ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm−nse A{]ikvXnbpsS kqN\bmsW ¶pw ]WvUnX·mÀ¡`n{]mbap−v.

kn³lbpsS {]_Ôw KoXbv¡v Hcp aqecq]ap−mbncp¶psh¶v kqN\ \ÂIp¶ \nch[n sXfnhpIÄ kw{Kln¨n«p−v. {InkvXphn\v ap¼v \memw \qäm−nemWv `mcXbp²w \S¶ncn¡pIsb¶pw, Cu ImeL«¯nÂ

N{µhwinbmb thZhymk³ `mcXaqehpw (Pb þ8800tÇmI§Ä) AXn 84 tÇmI§tfmSp IqSnb aqeKoXbpw kamlcn¨ncn¡msa¶pw At±lw kn²m ´n¡p¶p. thZ§Ät¡m, `mcX¯nt\m, KoXbvt¡m {ioIrjvWssZz]mb\ hymk³ aqe{KÙImc\Ã. At±lw ]c¼cbm \ne\n¶ph¶ sshZnIkqà

25

§sfbpw `mcXþKoXmZn kvarXnIsfbpw t{ImUoIcn¡pIbmWp−mbsX¶ Imcyw GXm−v kÀÆk½Xamb hkvXpXbmWv.

`mcXIYbpw KoXmJym\hpw Ncn{Xkw`h§fmsW¶ kn³lbpsS hmZKXntbmSv Rm³ tbmPn¡p¶nÃ. `mcXw tbmKimkv{X]camb aqeIY

bmWv, KoX AXnsâ lrZb`mKhpw.alm`mcX¯n 8800 tÇmI IqS§fp s−¶v ImWp¶ {]kvXmh\ \mw {]tXyIw {i²nt¡−Xp−v.

AjvSu tÇmIkl{kmWn AjvSutÇmIiXm\n N

Alw thßn iptIm th¯n kwPtbm th¯n h \ hm (1.1.81) XXv tÇmIIqSaZym]n {KYnXw kpZrVw apt\

t`¯pw \ iIytX AÀ°ky KqVXzmXv {]{inXky N (1.1.82)

tbmKimkv{X]cambn t\m¡nbm `mcXaqecq]¯n 8100 tÇmI§

fpw aqeKoXbn 81 tÇmI§fpamWv D−mbncp¶ncn¡pI. 18 F¶ IqS

kwJy t]mse Xs¶ IqSkwJybmWv 81. [À½t£{Xamb "Ipcp" t£{Xw, "IÀ½"t£{Xamb kwkmcN{IamWv. hmbp]pcsa¶mWv Ipcpt£{X¯nsâ ]qÀÆ\maw. tbmKicoc¯n iw`phnsâ Øm\amb BÚmN{IamWXv. X{´¯n {]kn²amb hmcmWkn, {`qa²yw. Ipcpt£{X¯nemWv bp²wþ FhnsSbmWv Ipcpt£{Xw?

{`pthmÀ{LmWky bx kÔnx k FsshXXv Ipcpt£{Xw

Imiot£{Xw tbmKicocsa¶Xn\p aäv {]amW§fpap−v. tbmKm\µ³

kqNn¸n¨Xp t]mse, 7 + 11 = 18 A£ulnWnbmWv ]mWvUhþIuch

ssk\y§Ä. 11 A£ulnWnbpsS IÀ½ssk\yw Zti{µnb§sfbpw a\Ên

s\bpw {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶p. 7 A£ulnWnbpsS [À½þssk\yw tbmKhnZy bpsS Ggp ]ShpIfpamWv. AÀÖp\sâ sImSn ASbmfw ]©{]mW {]XoIamb hmbp]p{X\msW¶Xv {]tXyIw {it²bamWv. tbmtKizc\mb IrjvW\mWv kmcYn, [À½\p cmPm[nImc¯n\pth−nbmWv bp²w. tbmKm\µ³ [rXcmjv{S\v a\Ênsâ ([rXw cmjv{Sw tb\) {]XoIXzw \evIp¶p. a\Ênsâ AÔX {]kn²amWv. kl[À½nWnbmb KmÔmcn hnthIw XyPn¨ (ImgvN kzbw \ntj[n¨) _p²nbmWv. AÔamb a\Ên sâbpw hnthIanÃm¯ _p²nbpsSbpw ]p{X\mWv tbmtKizcs\ \ntj[n ¡p¶, Al¦mc¯nsâ {]XoIamb Zptcym[\³. ]mWvUp BßmhmWv. Ipcpt£{X¯nse cmPmhv. B Bßmhnsâ ]p{Xcmb ]pd¯m¡s¸« ]©]mWvUhÀ cmPyw Xncn¨p ]nSn¡phm³ th−n Bbp[saSp¡m¯ tbmtKizcs\ kmcYnbm¡n bp²w sN¿p¶p.

tbmKm\µ³ Nq−n¡m«p¶ {it²bamb asämcp kwKXn KoXmcw` ¯nse [rXcmjv{Ssâ tNmZyw `qXImes¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶psh¶XmWv:

amaImx ]mWvUhssÝh Inw IpÀhX kRvPb?

kRvPb\v hymk³ bp²`qan bYmImew ImWphm\pÅ Ignhp \evInbn«pw Ft´ Cu sshcp²yw? Hmtcm Znhkhpw Ahkm\n¡pt¼mÄ Hmtcmcp¯cpw Bß]cntim[\bv¡mbn kzbw tNmZnt¡−XmWo tNmZysa

26

¶v tbmKm\µ³ ]dbp¶p. amaImx, Al´bm \bn¡s¸Sp¶ X§fpsS \qdv C{µnb hmk\Ifmb ]p{X·mcpw, ]mWvUhÀ, BßssNX\y hmlnIfmb A©v {]mW]p{XcpamWv. ZpÈfbpw bpbpÕphpw IÀ®\papÄ

s¸sS ]p{XÀ BsI 108 Ipcpt£{X¯nse, tbmKicoc¯nse, hnhn[ iànIfmImw. cmambWþ`mcX CXnlmk§fpw AjvSmZi ]pcmW§fpw `mcXNcn{X¯nse A[nIw hmgv¯s¸Sm¯, F¶m Gähpw al¯mb tbmKm-K-an-I-amb kwkvIrXnbpsS ssIs¿m¸pÅ {]XoImßI AYhm NnÓ `mjbnepÅ imkv{X{KÙ§fmWv.

`mcX¯nsâ bmYmÀ°amb Ncn{X]Ým¯eanÃmsX KoXbpsS icnbmb cq]hpw AÀ°hpw Xn«s¸Sp¯m\mInÃ. {ioi¦cmNmcyÀ ]dbp¶Xv {i²n¡pI þ

XXv CZw KoXmimkv{Xw kakvXthZmÀ°kmckw{Kl`qXw ZpÀhn tÚbmÀ°w. XZÀ°mhnjvIcWmb At\ssIx hnhrX]Z]ZmÀ°hmIym À°\ymbw A]n AXy´hncp²mt\ImÀ°tXz\ euInssIx KrlyamWw D]e`y Alw hnthIXx AÀ°\nÀ²mcWmÀYw kwt£]tXm hnhcWw Icnjyman.

almÚm\nbpw almhn{Ia\pambncp¶ i¦c³ KoXbpsS AssZzX hymJym\¯n\v BapJambmWv C{]Imcw ]dªXv þ kÀÆthZmÀ° kw{Klamb KoXbpsS AÀ°w a\Ênem¡pI ITn\amWv. ]Zm\p]ZmÀ° hymJym\ klnXw \nch[n hymJym\§Ä KoXbv¡ps−¦nepw km[mcW a\pjyÀ hncp²mÀ°]cambn KoXsb Adnbp¶p. AXn\m hnthIP\yamb AÀ°\nÀ²mcW¯n\mbn Cu hymJym\w Rm³ AhXcn¸n¡p¶p. i¦csâ KoXmhymJym\s¯ {]YaZrjvSym ZpÀhymJym\sa¶v hntijn¸n¡m³ a\Ên \v hy{KXbps−¦nepw ]Xn\mdphbÊn\v ap¼v AssZzXthZm´nbmb tKmhnµap\nbpsS injy\mbncns¡ FgpXnbXmIbm k{¼Zmbs¯ ]n³XpSÀ¶v XÀ¡s¯ B{ibns¨gpXnsb¶v IcpXp¶XmIpw IqSpX icn.

KoXmimkv{Xw kÀÆthZmÀ°kw{KlamWv, AÀ°w ZpÀhntÚb amWv, hncp²hymJym\§Ä, C§s\sbms¡ BapJw ]dbmsX KoX¡v AssZz-Xm-ar-X-hÀjn-Wn-bmb hymJym\w \ÂIp-¶-sX-§s\? {ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS alZv hyànXzw hf-s¨m-Sn¨p hymJym-\n-̈ p-sh-¶m-tcm-]n-¡p-hm³ [À½-k-¦Sw \ÂIp-¶p-sh-¦nepw {ioi¦c³ KoXbv¡p hcp¯nb cq]-am-ähpw KoXbpsS bYmÀ° imkv{Xcq]hpw kn³lbpsS {]_Ô¯n \n¶v \ap¡v a\Ênem¡mw.

KoXbpsS Ncn{X]Ým¯ew

1. ]mip]XX{´w: tbmKmKanIimkvX§Ä ({In.ap. XXXX þ {In.ap.1500)

2. thtZm]\njXv BhnÀ`mhw ({In.ap. 1500 þ {In.ap.500)

3. I]nekmwJyþ]mXRvPetbmKZÀi\§Ä, jUvZÀi\§Ä ({In.ap.1000 þ

{In.ap.- 500)

27

4. ssP\_p²ZÀi\§Ä ({In.ap. 500)

5. Kp]vXImew ({In.]n.300 þ {In.]n. -700)

6. i¦cbpKw ({In.]n. 800)

i¦c³ ]dbp¶ ambm-hmZmssZzXw At±l¯nsâ Imew hsc sslµh Nn´bpsS, BßobXbpsS `mKambncp¶nÃ. AXpsIm−mWv hnÚm\`n£p i¦cs\ {]Ѷ_p²s\¶p hnfn¨Xv. tbmKimkv{Xs¯ tam£imkv{Xasöv Btcm]n¡phm³, Xsâ ambmhmZw {]Ncn¸n¡phm³ i¦c\m{ibn¨ `KhXvKoXbv¡v ]Icw Xsâ {]Øm\{XbhymJym\ ]qÀ¯o IcW¯n\v hnÚm\`n£p sXcsªSp¯Xv inhm[njvTamb IqÀ½ ]pcmWm´ÀKX CuizcKoXbmWv. thZm´w i¦ckrjvSw am{Xasöv CXn\m sXfnbp¶p ({io\mcmbW Kpcphns\ i¦cmssZzXnbm¡p¶hÀ {i²nt¡− ImcyamWnXv). thZm´kq{X§Ä¡v hnÚm\`n£phnsâ hymJym\w, hnÚm\marX`mjyw, EPphymJym\w F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. i¦cmZn IÄ kq{X§sf hfs¨mSn¨v hymJym\n¨psh¶ ImcW¯memWv Cu \maIcWsa¶v \ap¡v Duln¡mw.

Kp]vXþlÀj ImeL«w hsc `mcX¯n imkv{Xk¦ev]§fpsS A\kyqX hfÀ¨ \ap¡v ImWmhp¶XmWv. imkv{Xmt\zjWw, bpànNn´, kmwJytbmK_u²ssP\mZn ZÀi\§Ä Ch \nÀ_m[w {]Ncn¨ Kp]vX Ime¯n\p tijw \mw `mcX¯n ImWp¶Xv Hcp Ccp− ImeL«amWv. Cu CcpfnemWv i¦cmssZzX¯nsâbpw ambmhmZ¯nsâbpw I]Sbpàn IÄ {_mÒWta[mhn¯t¯msS `mcXs¯ AXn{Ian¨Xv. BZni¦cmNmcy cpsS KoXm`mjyw ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm−n AÂ_dqWnbv¡v ImWphm³ IgnªnÃ. adn¨v, At±lw ]cmaÀin¡p¶ hymkKoX kmwJytbmKm[njvT amb aqeKoXbmsW¶v kn³l hyàam¡p¶p. `mcX¯nsâ imkv{X ]mc¼cys¯ _enIgn¨psIm−p apt¶dnb BcyhXvIcW¯n s]«v tbmKmKanIamb imkv{X§Ä¡p−mb A]{`wi¯n bYmÀ°KoXbv¡pw kzcq]\jvSap−mbn F¶p IcpXmw. Z£ntW´ybn {]Nmcw ssIh¶ncp¶ ss{IkvXhþCÉmanI k¦ev]§fpw {]NmctWm]m[nIfpw (FXncmfnIfpsS D·qe\mi\w, `mcX¯nsâ \mep tImWpIfnse \mev ]m¸amÀ

(t]m¸v/Papacy), GIssZhhmZw, aXmÔXzw, AklnjvWpX) kzoIcn¨mWv {ioi¦csâ ]n³KmanIÄ X§fpsS Aizta[w \bn¨sX¶v Ncn{XImc·mÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. B[p\nI Ncn{XImc·mcpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v hfsc ap¼v Xs¶ hnÚm\`n£p im¦cmssZzX¯nsâ s]můcw shfn¨¯p sIm−p h¶ncp¶p. ipjvIXmÀ¡nIx, ZnKv{`m´x, aqVx CXymZn hntijW§fmWv hnÚm\`n£p i¦cmZn AssZzXImc·mÀ¡v \ÂIp¶Xv.

]Xns\«v A²ymb§fnembn \mw ImWp¶ KoXbnse BZy A²ymb ¯nse \mÂ]t¯gp tÇmI§Ä¡pw c−ma²ymb¯nse BZy ] v̄ tÇmI §Ä¡pw i¦c³ `mjyw \ÂInbn«nÃ. KoXbpsS \mema²ymbw apX ]Xns\«mw A²ymbw hsc aqe{KÙt¯mSv FgpXn tNÀ¡s¸«Xv i¦cm hnÀ`mhIme¯msW¶v kn³l A\pam\n¡p¶p. i¦c\v ap¼v Cu A²ymb§tfm Chbn {]Xn]mZnXambncn¡p¶ GIssZhkn²m´tam `mcX¯n \ne\n¶psh¶Xn\v bmsXmcp sXfnhpanÃ. adn¨v ssihmKam

28

[njvTamb _lptZhXm k¦Â]¯nsâ hym]I {]Nmc¯nsâ kqN\IÄ e`yamWpXm\pw. ]ckv]c hncp²§fmb, Aimkv{Xobamb \nch[n tbmK k¦Â]§Ä \ndª AssZzXþhnIebpàymßIamWv \mep apX ]Xns\«phsc A²ymb§Ä. i¦c `mjy¯nsâ Dt]mZvLmX¯n Xs¶ sshcp²yw ZriyamWv þ

ZoÀtLW Imte\ A\pjvTmXrWmw ImtamÛhmXv lobam\ hnthIÚm\tlXptI\ A[ÀtaW A`n`qbamt\ [Àta {]hÀ[amt\ N A[Àta, PKXx ØnXnw ]cn]mebnjpx k BZnIÀ¯m \mcmbWmJym hnjvWpx `uaky {_ÒtWm {_mÒWXzky c£WmÀ°w tZhIymw hkptZhmZv Awti\ IrjvWx Ine kw_`qh.

BZnIÀ¯mhmb \mcmbWs\¶ hnjvWp {_mÒWXzs¯ c£n¡p hm\mbn tZhInbpsSbpw hkptZhcpsSbpw ]p{X\mbn P·saSp¯psh¶mWv Cu hm¡p-I-fpsS kmcw. hnÚm\`n£phnsâ hm¡pIÄ ISsaSp v̄ ipjvIXmÀ¡nIs\¶v i¦cs\ hntijn¸n¡phm³ Bscbpw t{]cn¸n¡p¶ XmWv Cu hm¡pIÄ. `mcXob Nn´bn {InkvXphns\t¸msebpw apl½Zv \_nsbt¸msebpw Hcp {]hmNI k¦Â]s¯ kmwJyþtbmKimkv{X§ Ä¡v hncp²ambn krjvSn¡pIbmWv {ioi¦c³ sNbvXXv. i¦c³ ]dbp¶Xv icnsb¦n ssP\\pw _p²\pw F´psIm−v BZnIÀ¯mhnsâ AhXmc ambn¡qSm? jUvZÀi\§fn AhKmlapÅ Hcp imkv{XImcs\mcn¡epw FgpXn¡qSm¯XmWv Cu hcnIÄ. AhXmc§Ä¡v bmsXmcp imkv{Xob km[pXbpw `mcXob ZÀi\§fnenÃ. atlizcsâ AYhm ]cmiànbpsS tbmKiàymßIamb {]IS\w tbmKimkv{Xa\pkcn¨v kw`mhyamWv þ _p²s\bpw, IrjvWs\bpw {InkvXphns\bpw A§s\ IcpXmhp¶XpamWv. kÀÆa\pjycpw, Poh{]]©amsI¯s¶bpw ]c{_Òmwiambncns¡ BZn IÀ¯mhmb \mcmbW³ tZhIoþhkptZh]p{X\mbn P\n¨psh¶Xv A_² {]kvXmhamWv. XpSÀ¶v ]dbp¶Xv AXntesd A_²amWv þ

...k N `Khm³ Úmss\izcyiàn_ehocytXtPm`nx kZm kw]¶x {XnKpWmßnImw sshjvWhow kzmw ambmw aqe{]IrXnw hioIrXy APx Ahytbm `qXm\mw Cuiztcm \nXyip²_p²apà kz`mhx A]n k³ kzambbm tZlhm³ Ch PmX Ch N temIm\p{Klw IpÀƳ Ch e£ytX.

{XnKpWmßI aqe{]IrXn hnjvWpambbm tZlw ssIhcns¨¶v ]dbpI kmwJyimkv{X]camb ]camÚXbmWv, Akw_ÔamWv. D]\n j¯pIfn Zriyamb {_Òk¦Â]¯nsâ inctOZamWv hnIeamb Cu AhXmc k¦Â]w. F´pw F§s\bpw D]tbmKn¨v Xsâ AssZzX¯n\v {]XnjvT \ÂIpIsb¶ (AYhm CXcaXØcpsS GIssZhhmZ¯n\v _Zembn) e£yt¯msS hymkIrXamb aqeKoXbv¡v cq]t`Zw hcp¯n AssZzXmarXhÀjnWnbmbn hymJym\n¡pIbmWv i¦c³ sNbvXXv. aqe `mcXIYbnse {ioIrjvWtbmKnsb X«nsbSp v̄ `mKhX]pcmWmZn IYm IY\§fneqsS A[n`uXnIcq]w \ÂIn {_mÒWXzc£I\m¡n hfÀ¯n sbSp¯ X{´§fpsS `mKamWv apIfn I− kmJyimkv{X¯nsâ X¯z Zo£bnÃmsXbpÅ hfs¨mSn¡Â. ]catbmKnbmb hnÚm\`n£p ImcWw IqSmsXbà i¦cs\ \njvIcpWw hnaÀin¨sX¶v \ap¡v Cu DZmlcW ¯n \n¶v a\Ênem¡mw. tIcfob {_mÒWkaqlw i¦cs\ XnckvIcn¨p

29

sh¶ sFXnly¯nsâ ImcWhpanXmImw. i¦c{]tNmZnXcmb {_mÒWXz ¯nsâ ktµihmlIÀ KoXbv¡v am{XaÃ, tbmKþthZm´kq{X§Ä¡pw I]nesâ kmwJyImcnIbv¡pw amäw hcp¯nbXmbn kn³l Xsâ {]_Ô ¯n Øm]n¡p¶p.

_menZzo]n \n¶pw e`yamb KoXbn A²ymb§fmbn Xncn¡ s¸Sm

¯ KoX§Ä 86 Dw ^dq¡m_mZn \n¶pw e`yambXn 84 Dw tÇmI§fm WpÅXv. Ch c−pw H¶mw A²ymb¯nse Ccp]¯nsb«mw tÇmIt¯m sSbmWv Bcw`n¡p¶sX¶v kn³l tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. Cu {KÙ§sf

Ahew_n¨v I]neþ]mXRvPe kq{X§sf ASnØm\am¡n kn³l 84 tÇmI§fpÅ KoXbpsS aqecq]w Xn«s¸Sp¯n. Ah C{]ImcamWv þ

A²ymbw 1: tÇmI§Ä 28 - 34, 37, 40, 46-47 (11)

A²ymbw 2:

tÇmI§Ä 3, 11-31, 34-36, 39-41, 48, 50, 53, 56-58, 60, 64-70, (42)

A²ymbw 3: tÇmI§Ä 1-9, 16 -21, 23-39, 32-35, 38-40, 42-43. (31)

BsI (84)

kmwJy, tbmKimkv{Xm[njvTamb Úm\þIÀ½tbmK§fmWv a\pjy \v B{ibtbmKyambn«pÅsX¶ {ioIrjvW ]cmaÀi§Ä e`yamb KoX bn \ap¡v ImWmw.

tÇmIw 2þ39:

Gjm tX f `nlnXm kmwtJy _p²nÀtbmtK Xzn amw irWp _p²ym bptàm bbm ]mÀ° IÀa_Ôw {]lmkykn

kmwJyZÀi\]camb Cu Úm\w \n\¡mbn Rm³ hyàam¡n. C\n , GXp Úm\¯m IÀ½_Ôs¯ AXnPohn¡msa¶Xv ]mÀ°, \o tIÄ¡pI.

Cu A²ymb¯n XpSÀ¶v tbmKZÀi\w hyàam¡p¶p. AXnsâ Ahkm\¯n AÀÖp\\n DXv]¶amb kwibt¯msSbmWv aq¶ma²ym bw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv þ

AÀÖp\ DhmN þ

Pymbko tNXv IÀaWkvtX aXm _p²nÀP\mÀ±\m

XXv Inw IÀaWn tLmtc amw \ntbmPbkn tIihx (1)

P\mÀ±\, IÀat¯¡mÄ _p²nbmWv (PvRm\tbmKw) t{ijvTsa¶tà \nsâ A`n{]mbw. As§s\sb¦n tIihm, \osbs¶ tLmcamb IÀ½ ¯n\v \ntbmKn¡p¶sX´v?

hymant{itWh hmtIy\ _p²nw tamlbkoh ta

XtZIw hZ \nÝnXy tb\ t{itbm%lam]v\pbmw (2)

30

KoXbpsS Ahkm\¯n AÀÖp\³ ]dtb−nbncp¶ ImcyamWnXv þ Ipgªpadnª hmIy§fm Fsâ _p²n kw{`an¡p¶p. AXn\m t{ibÊn\pXIp¶ amÀKtasX¶v \nÝnXambn ]dbpI.

AÀÖp\sâ Cu hmIy§Ä¡p¯cambn {ioIrjvW³ IÀ½tbmK

s¯¸än hniZambn ]dbp¶p. 3-13, 3 -17, hfsc {][m\amWv.

temtIƒkvan³ Zznhn[m \njvTm ]pcm t{]màm abm\L PvRm\tbmtK\ kmwJym\mw IÀatbmtK\ tbmKn\mw

\½psS Cu temI v̄ \njvT c−phn[amsW¶v Rm³ t\cs¯ ]m]clnX\mb \nt¶mSv ]dªp. kmwJym\pbmbnIÄ Úm\tbmK¯n eqsSbpw tbmKnIÄ IÀ½tbmK¯neqsSbpw Bßmhns\ Adnbp¶p.

KoXbpsS aqecq]w Cu tÇmI§fn {]Xn^en¡p¶p−v. Bcw`amb c−ma²ymb¯nse Ccp]s¯«mw tÇmIw {it²bamWv þ

ZrjvtSzaw kzP\w IrjvW bpbpÕpw kap]ØnXw

koZ´n aa Km{XmWn apJ© ]cnipjyXn (28) th]YpÝ icotc ta tcmalÀj© PmbtX

KmWvUohw {kwktX lkvXmXv XzIv ssNh ]cnZlytX (29)

AXpt]mse Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv þ

Ghw _pt²x ]cw _p²zm kwkvX`ymß\amß\m

Pln i{Xpw alm_mtlm Imacq]w ZpcmkZw (3þ43)

alm_mlq, C§s\ _p²n¡XoXamb Bßmhn\m a\Êns\ \nb{´n¨v ZpÀÖb\mb Imas¯ Pbn¡pI.

`mcX¯nsâ aqeIYbpw KoXbpw tbmKimkv{Xm[njvTamsW¶v hyàam¡p¶XmWv aqeKoXbpsS Cu Ahkm\ tÇmIw. A`n\h Kp]vXsâ hymJym\w CXc hymJym\§fn \n¶v hyXykvXambn KoXmÀ° kw{KlamWv. FÃm tÇmI§Ä¡pw hymJym\w \ÂIp¶nÃ. ]e tÇmI §fpw Aimkv{XobambXn\memIWw Cu hyXnbm\w. GXm−v \qdptÇmI §fps−¶v IcpXmhp¶ aqeKoX Fgp\qdptÇmI§fpÅXmb `KhXvKoX bmbn F§s\ amdn?

i¦csâ kaImenIcmb GtXm hnZzm·mcmbncn¡mw aqeKoXbv¡v ]Xn\©v A²ymb§Ä IqSn FgpXnt¨À¯sX¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. hyàamb sXfnhpIsfm¶pw Xs¶ e`yaÃ. ]s£ Nne hkvXpXIÄ `KhXvKoX krjvSamb kmlNcy§fnte¡v hncÂNq−p¶hbmWv.

1. i¦c`mjy¯n\v ap³]v `KhXvKoXbpsS C¶s¯cq]w km£ys¸Sp¯p ¶ sXfnhpIsfm¶pw e`yaÃ.

2. At]mtÅmWnbsk¶ bh\]WvUnXsâ Kpcphmbncp¶ KuV]mZÀ {InkvXphn\v tijw \qdmam−n\Sp¯mWv Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶v IcpXs¸Sp ¶p. ]e hymk·mcpw, i¦c·mcpw ImfnZmk·mcpw hcmlanlnc·mcpw

31

DÅ `mcXNcn{X¯n HcmfpsS ImeL«w IrXyambn \nÀ®bn¡pI

{]bmkamWv. GXp ho£WtImWn \n¶mbmepw KuU]mZÀ AD 500 \v ap¼mWv Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶v hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p.

3. D¯cKoXbpsS IÀ¯mhmWv, hymJymImc\mWv F¶n§s\ ]e [mcW IÄ Ncn{X¯n e`yamWv.

4. Chbvs¡Ãmap]cnbmbn, KuU]mZImcnIm, CuizcIrjvWsâ kmwJy ImcnIbv¡v KuU]mZcpsS `mjyw Chbn `KhXvKoXbpsS {]ISamb kzm[o\w ]WvUnXÀ ImWp¶p.

5. i¦cbpKt¯mS\p_Ôn¨mWv ({InkvXphn\v tijw F«mw \qäm−v) KoX bpsS hnIk\w \nÀÆln¨sX¦n AjvSZim²ymbn\nbpsS kzm[o\sa §s\bmWv KuU]mZcn hcnI?

6. adn¨pÅ ØnXnbv¡v F{Xam{Xw km²yXbp−v? AXmbXv, KuU]mZcp sS aqeIrXnIfn \n¶v AjvSZim²ymbn\nbmb KoXbpsS cq]oIcWw km²yambncp¶pthm?

7. KuU]mZcn \mKmÀÖp\sâbpw (aqea²yaImcnIm) injy\mb Bcy tZhsâbpw (NXpxiXIw) kzm[o\sa{Xbp−v? CXv adn¨mIm³ km²yX bpt−m?

8. KuU]mZcpw \mKmÀÖp\\pw BcytZh\pw AhÀ¡v ]n¶mse h¶ ]WvUnXtIkcnIfpw Ahtijn¸n¨ Úm\`WvUmKmc¯n \n¶tà AjvSZim²ymbn\nbpsS ]ndhn?

Cu tNmZy§Ä¡v hfsc hniZamb D¯cw ChnsS \ÂIm\pÅ ]cn{iaw ]eImcW§Ä sIm−pw km²yaÃ. e`yamb {KÙ§fn \n¶pw {i²bnÂs¸« Nne Imcy§Ä am{Xw kqNn¸n¡phm³ {ian¡p¶p.

1. KuU]mZÀ, ipIþi¦cmZn Kpcp]c¼cbnse almtbmKnbmWv.

\mcmbWw ]ß`hw hknjvTw iànw N XXv]p{X]cmicw N hymkw ipIw KuU]Zw alm´w tKmhnµtbmKo{µaYmky injyw

F¶mWv Kpcp]c¼c. B ØnXn¡v KuU]mZcpsS IrXnIÄ KoXbpsS hnIk\¯n ]¦phln¨ncn¡m³ hfsc km²yXbp−v. i¦c³ KuU]mZ ImcnIm D²cWn þ At{Xmàw thZm´mÀ°kw{]Zmb hn²ncmNmsscyx þ F¶ hntijWt¯msSbmWv {_Òkq{X`mjy¯n \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. KuU]mZÀ thZm´nbmbncp¶psh¶ Imcyw AXn\m \nÊwibamWv.

2. CuizcIrjvWsâ kmwJyImcnIbv¡v KuU]mZcpsS `mjy¯n KoXm

tÇmIw H¶p (aq¶ma²ymbwþ28) am{Xta D²cn¨n«pÅp. alm`mcXtÇmI §fp−pXm\pw. aqeKoXbnteXmWo tÇmIw. F¶mÂ, KuU]mZ ImcnIbn AjvSmZim²ymbn\nbnse ap¸Xntesd tÇmI§fpsS GItZicq]w ImWmhp

¶XmWv (cLp\mYZmtamZc IÀaÀIdpsS ]T\w 37 tÇmI§fp²cn¨ncn¡p

¶pþ]pdw XLII).

32

3. amWvUqIy KuU]mZob¯nse AssZzXw, AssZzX¯n\v Dt]mZv_eI amb D]\njXv D²cWnIÄ, Akv]ÀitbmKw Chbnsems¡ A´À¤Xambn ImWp¶ coXn Xs¶bmWv AjvSmZim²ymbnþKoXbnepw ImWp¶Xv.

4. KuU]mZobamWv D¯cKoXsb¶ k¦Â]w, aqeKoXsb hn]pes¸Sp¯p ¶Xn D¯cKoXbpw KuU]mZ{]`rXnIfpsS CXc IrXnIfpw D]tbmKs¸ Sp¯nbncn¡msa¶ [mcW¡v _ew \ÂIp¶p.

apIfn hyàam¡s¸« KoXbpsS Ncn{X]Ým¯ew D¯cKoXsb kw_Ôn¨v AXn{]kàamb Hcp tNmZyw DbÀ¯p¶p. D¯cKoX bYmÀ¯n GXv KoXbpsS D¯c`mKamWv? þ aqeKoXbptStXm, `KhXvKoX bptStXm? D¯cKoXbpsS hymJym\w KuU]mZcptSXmb ØnXnbv¡v aqe KoXbpsS D¯c`mKambmWv D¯cKoX cq]w sIm−sX¶v A\pam\n¡mw.

A§s\bmsW¦nÂ, `KhXvKoXbpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v ap¼v Xs¶ D¯cKoX \nehnencp¶psh¶v IcptX−Xp−v. At¸mÄ, `KhXvKoXbpsS BhnjvIcW¯n KuU]mZcpsS D¯cKoX Hcp LSIambncp¶ncn¡m\nS bp−v.

Cu hkvXpXIfpsS \njvIÀj ]cntim[\bv¡v `KhXvKoX, D¯cKoX ChbpsS DÅS¡w hniZambn ]Tnt¡−Xp−v.

`KhXvKoXbnse ]Xns\«p ]SnIÄ

(1) H¶ma[ymbw þ AÀÖp\hnjmZtbmKw tÇmIw 47

`KhXvKoXbpsS BZy 27 tÇmI§Ä kn³l Xn«s¸Sp¯nb

aqeKoXbn CÃ. 81tÇmI§fmWv aqesa¶v IcpXnbm 27 BZntÇmI§Ä

IqSnbmIpt¼mÄ tÇmIkwJy 108 BIp¶p. aqeKoX Cu 108 tÇmI§fptSXmbn¡qsS¶nÃ. sNdpsX¦nepw Akw_ÔanÃm¯ Hcp imkv{Xcq]w KoXbv¡p−mbncp¶psh¶ Adnhv `mcXNcn{Xt¯mSpw I]nemZn ]qÀÆmNmcy·mtcmSpw \oXn ]peÀ¯p¶p. kn³lbpsS Xn«s¸Sp¯Â ]qÀ®ambpw icnbsöp hcmw þ ]s£ At±l¯nsâ KthjWcoXn imkv{XobamWv þ `KhXvKoXbpsS c−v, aq¶v AYhm BZy aq¶²ymb§fnse kmwJyþtbmKimkv{Xm[njvTamb tÇmI§fmWv

aqeKoX. BsI 46+72+43 = 171 tÇmI§fpÅXn 63 AYhm 90 tÇmI§sf imkv{Xobambn sXcªpamänbm aqecq]w Ahtijn¡pw.

tÇmIw þ1

[À½t£t{X Ipcpt£t{X kathXmbpbpÕhx

amaImx ]mWvUhssÝh InaIpÀÆX kRvPbm (1)

Cu BZytÇmIw tbmKimkv{X]camb AÀ°hym]vXnbpÅ XmIbm aqeKoXbpsS `mKambncp¶ncn¡Wsa¶mWv Fsâ tXm¶Â. A`n\hKp]vXsâ KoXmÀ°kw{Kl¯n Ipcpt£{X¯n\v IpcqWmw þ

33

IcWm\mw bXv t£{Xw þ F¶ AÀ°hpw [À½¯n\v bmÚhÂIykvarXnsb D²cn¨v þ Abw k ]ctam [Àt½m bXv tbmtK\mßZÀi\w þ F¶ AÀ°hpw \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv hfsc {it²bamWv. t£{Xw, £{Xnb Cu ]Z§Ä £Xv [mXphnÂ\n¶v DXv]¶ambn F¶v IcpXnbm ]ckv]cw lnwkmßI`mth\ hÀ¯n¡p¶ tamlþapàymZn ZzµzXzhpw, hnZymþAhnZym]pcpjkzcq]hpw ]ckv]cw I−pap«p¶ icoc`qanbmWv [À½t£{Xamb Ipcpt£{Xsa¶p a\Ênem¡mw.

[rXcmjv{ScpsS tNmZy¯n\p¯cambn bp²`qanbptSbpw ]mÀ°sâ ssh¢_y¯nsâbpw hnhcWamWv H¶ma²ymb¯nsâ tij`mKw. Ahkm\ tÇmIw þ

tÇmIwþ 47: kRvPb DhmN þ

GhapàzmÀÖp\x kwtJy ctYm]Ø D]hniXv

hnkrPy kicw Nm]w timIkwhnáam\kx (47)

kRvPb³ ]dªp þ bp²¡f¯nÂ, timI]chi\mb AÀÖp\³ C{]Imcw ]dªn«v, hnÃpa¼papt]£n¨v cY¯nencn¸mbn.

hnjmZþtbmKw F´v?

F´mWv `KhZvKoXbpsS {]mcw`¯nse Cu hnjmZtbmKw? {ioIrjvWssZz]mb\ hymk alÀjn Cuhn[apÅ t]cpIÄ A²ymb§Ä ¡v \ÂIn F¶ a«nemWv ]e hymJymXm¡fpw Úm\bÚ¡mcpw KoXmimkv{Xw AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. ltccmaltcIrjvW {]Øm\¡mÀ hnjmZtbmKw F¶ H¶mw A²ymb¯nsâ {]kn²amb Xes¡«v kzoIcn¡p ¶tXbnÃ. hnjmZw {ioIrjvW`tàm¯a\mb AÀÖp\sâ arZpe lrZb Xzw sIm−msW¶pw AXn\m BßÚm\¯n\v AÀÖp\³ tbmKy\m sW¶pamWv CkvtImWnsâ ImgvN¸mSv. aebmf¯nse B[p\nI `mjy§fnsem¶mb inhmchnµ¯n\v ]WvUnXcmP\mb {io. iqc\m«p Ipª³]nÅ FgpXnb AhXmcnIbnÂ, AÀÖp\\v bp²¡f¯n sh v̈ a\Êv XfÀ¶p... sImtÃ−Xv _Ôp¡sfbpw Kpcp¡·mscbpw BsWt¶mÀ v̄ ]Xdn, bp²w h¿, ]n¨bpw sX−n IgnªpsImÅmw F¶v ]dªv AÀÖp\³ hnÃv Xmsg C«p, F¶mWv kµÀ`¯n\v e`yamIp¶ hnhcWw. hymJymXmhv ]dbp¶Xv, Zb XpS§nb ssZhoI k¼¯pIÄ t]mepw hyàamb hkvXpt_m[anÃm¯ aaXm_Ô¯n\v hg§nbm [oc·mtct¸mepw AIÀaWyXbnte¡v \bn¨v hn]¯p−m¡pw F¶mWv. KoXsb imkv{Xsa¶v hnfn¡ps¶¦nepw hymJym\w Hcp IebmWv. {iocmaIrjvW anj³ {]kn²oIcn¨ {io. hnZym{]Imim\µKncnkzmanIfpsS KoXmlrZbsa¶ ]T\¯n AÀÖp\sâ hnjmZ¯n\v e`yamIp¶ hnhcWw kw£n]vXambn, kmam\yP\§Ä¡p−mIp¶ hnjmZaà AÀÖp\sâ hnjmZw. AXv hnjmZtbmKamWv...km[mcW¡mcpsS hnjmZw tcmKaÃmsX tbmKambncn¡bnÃ...[À½¯n\mbmWv AÀÖp\³ ]cnX]n¨sX¶Xn\m AXv tcmKamImsX tbmKambn ]cnWan¨p.. Fs¶ms¡bmWv. IqSmsX, GXm³ \ l´panÑman ...A]n ss{XtemIy

34

cmPyky tltXmx ...(1.35) F¶ AÀÖp\hmIy¯n kzmanIÄ {_tÒm]tZi¯n\v A\pIqe kmlNcyamb sshcmKyhpw kzmanIÄ ImWp¶p.

{ioIrjvW`Khmsâ t]cn FgpXnt¨À¯Xns\ms¡ at\mlcamb hymJym\§Ä \ÂIWw þ hnjmZw AÀÖp\\v BbXn\m AXv tcmKaÃ, tbmKamWv þ F§s\ hf¨psI«n hymJym\n¨mepw `ànbpsS Xnancw _m[n¨ BkzmZIÀ ssI¿Sn¡m\p−mIpw. aaXsIm−v AYhm kzP\]£]mXw sIm−v a\Êv ]Xdn KmWvVohw hens¨dnª

AÀÖp\sâ sshcmKyamWv 1.35 {]Xn^en¡p¶sX¦n ap´ncn§ ]pfn¡psa¶v ]dª Ipdp¡\pw {_tÒm]tZi¯n\v AÀl\msW¶v hcpw, hnZym{]Imim\µKncn kzmanIÄ hfsc {it²bamb Hcp D²cWn \ÂIp¶Xv KoXbpsS ]T\¯n\v \à Hcp BapJambncn¡pw.

“NneÀ¡v ]pXnb kwKXnIÄ tIÄ¡pIsb¶Xv Hcp tcmKambn¯oÀ ¶ncn¡p¶p. Hcp Xcw aX]m\ob¡¼w. AhÀ ]pXnb X¯z§Ä tIÄ¡p¶Xv shdpw Xm¡menIamb \mUohnt£m`¯n\p th−n am{XamWv. \nXyhpw Idp¸v Xn¶p¶hs\t¸mse Ipd¨p thZm´{ihW ¯m AÂ]kpJw t\Sn AtXmsS Xsâ IÀ¯hyw Ignªpsh¶v

[cn¡p¶p”

kzman hnthIm\µtâXmWo hm¡pIÄ. KoX ]Tn¸n¡p¶hcpw

]Tn¡p¶hcpw 18 AYhm 700 versified spiritual jargon served chilled with

intoxicating commentaries F¶Xnep]cnbmb {]kàn `KhZvKoX¡v \ÂIp¶pt−m F¶v kzbw BtemNnt¡−XmWv.

(2) c−ma²ymbw þ kmwJytbmKw (tÇmI§Ä 72)

hnj®\mbn AÀÖp\s\ I− {ioIrjvW³ ]dªXv þ

ss¢_yw am kva Kax ]mÀ° ss\X¯z¿p]]ZytX

£p{Zw lrZbZuÀ_eyw Xytàzm¯njvT ]c´] (3)

]mÀ°m, ]ucpjw ssIhn«v ss¢_yw {]m]n¡p¶Xv \n\¡v tNÀ¶ {]hr¯nbÃ. i{XpLv\\mb \o \nÊmcamb lrZbZuÀ_eyapt]£n v̈ bp²k¶²\mIpI.

km{¼ZmbnIambn 'kmwJytbmK' sa¶dnbs¸Sp¶ c−ma[ymb ¯n PvRm\w, `àn, IÀ½w C§s\ {Xnhn[tbmK§sf ka\zbn¸n¨v KoXmkw{Klw `Khm³ \ÂIp¶Xmbn hymJymImc·mÀ ]dbp¶p. `ànthZm´ hniZoIcW¯n 'KoXmhnjb kw{Klw' F¶mWv c−ma²ymbw hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. c−ma[ymb¯n IÀ½þÚm\ tbmK§Ä hniZambn {]Xn]mZn¡s¸Sp¶Xmbn `ànthZm´`mjy¯n ImWp¶p. kzman AUKUm\µsâ 'bYmÀ° KoX'bn c−ma[ymbs¯ 'IÀ½PnÚmk'sb¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶p. DÅS¡¯neqsSsbm¶p

35

It®mSn¨mÂ, tÇmI§Ä 12 apX 30 hsc {ioIrjvW³ Bßmhns\¸än ]dbp¶p. i¦c`mjyw XpS§p¶Xv ]Xns\m¶mw tÇmIw apXemWv.

AtimNym\\ztimNkvXzw {]ÚmhmZmwÝ `mjtk

KXmkq\KXmkqwÝ \m\p timN´n ]WvUnXmx (11)

\o, hnZzm·msct¸mse kwkmcn¡p¶psh¦nepw timNnt¡−m¯ Imcy§sfs¨mÃn timNn¡p¶p. ]WvUnXÀ acn¨hsc¸äntbm, Pohn¡p¶hsc¸äntbm ZpxJn¡p¶nÃ.

tÇmI§Ä 12 apX 30 hsc BßkXy¯nsâ, ImemXoXamb a\pjy D×bpsS H¶ns\m¶p anI¨p \n¡p¶ BhnjvImc§fmWv.

\ tXzhmlw PmXp \mkw \ Xzw t\ ta P\m[n]mx

\ ssNh \ `hnjymax kÀtÆ hbaXx ]cw (12)

\otbm, Rmt\m, Cu cmPm¡·mtcm CÃmXncp¶ Hcp Imeap−mbncp¶nÃ. AXpt]mse \msams¡ CÃmXncn¡p¶ Hcp Imew `mhnbn D−mIpIbpanÃ.

tZlnt\mfkvan³ bYm tZtl Iuamcw buÆ\w Pcm

XYm tZlm´c{]m]vXnÀ [ocx X{X \ aplyXn (13)

Poh³ Cu icoc¯n F{]ImcamtWm IuamcþbuÆ\þ hmÀ²IymhØIsf {]m]n¡p¶Xv AXpt]mseXs¶ Poh\v tZlm´c{]m]vXnbp−mIpIbpw sN¿p¶p. [oc·mÀ AXn kw{`an¡p¶nÃ.

am{Xmkv]ÀimkvXp Iut´b iotXmjvWkpJZpxJZmx

BKam]mbnt\m%\nXykvXmwkvXnXn£kx `mcX (14)

bw ln \ hyYbt´ytX ]pcpjw ]pcpjÀj`

kaZpxJkpJw [ocw tkm%arXXzmb IÂ]tX (15)

Iut´b, C{µnbP\yamb kpJZpJ§Ä ioXþDjvW EXp¡sft¸mse XmXv¡menIambn h¶pwt]mbpancn¡p¶hbmWv. `mcX, Ahsb \o kln¡pI. ]pcptjm¯a, £WnI§fmb Cu kpJZpxJ§fn kaZÀinbmb kzØ\mb a\pjy³ apàn¡v AÀl\mWv.

\mktXm hnZytX `mthm \ A`mthm hnZytX kXx

D`tbmc]n ZrjvtSzm%´kvXz\tbmx X¯zZÀin`nx (16)

CÃm¯Xmb H¶n\v (AkXv) Ds−¶pÅ AhØbnÃ. AXpt]mse, DÅXmb H¶n\v (kXv) CsöpÅ AhØbpanÃ. c−nt\bpw \nco£n¨ X¯zZÀinIfpsS (kmwJy imkv{XÚ·mÀ) \nKa\amWnXv.

AkXns\ F§s\ \nco£n¨psh¶ AYhm AkXv F§s\ ZrjvSambnsb¶ kwibw ChnsS Dbcp¶p. ChnsS AkXv icocs¯bpw kXv Bßmhns\bpw kqNn¸n¡p¶p. AkXv F¶Xn\v A`n\hKp]vX³ \ÂIp¶ AÀ°w þ AktXm, \nXyhn\min\x icocky \ `mhx þ A\hcXahØm`nx ]cnWman¯zmXv. \nXykXÝ þ ]camßt\m \mkvXn

36

IZmNnXv hn\mtim A]cnWma [À½XzmXv þ (unreal and real = body and the

soul).

Cu tÇmI§Ä ]qÀ®ambn D²cn¡phm³ apXncp¶nÃ. tÇmIwþ29 hfsc at\mlcamWv. BÝcyhXv ]iyXn IÝntZ\w BÝcyhXv hZXn XssYhNm\yx

BÝcyhss¨\a\yx irtWmXn {ipXzmt]y\w thZ \ssNh IÝnXv (29)

BÝcy]qÀÆw NneÀ (Bßmhns\) ImWp¶p. BÝcy]qÀÆw NneÀ hÀ®n¡p¶p. NneÀ BÝcyt¯msS tIÄ¡p¶p. NneÀ¡v tI«n«v H¶pw Xs¶ a\ÊnemIp¶nÃ.

kmwJyZÀi\]camb ImgvN¸mSpIfmWv Bßmhns\¸än `Khm³

hyàam¡nbsX¶pw 40þmw tÇmIw apX IÀ½_Ôs¯

AXnPohn¡p¶Xn\pÅ amÀKamWv hniZoIcn¡s¸Sp¶sX¶pw 2þ39 kqNn¸n¡p¶p. IÀ½sa¶ ]Zw BZyambn ChnsS {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p.

Gjm tXf`nlntXm kmwtJy _p²nÀtbmtK Xzn amw irWp

_p²ym bptàm bbm ]mÀ° IÀa_Ôw {]lmkykn (39)

kmwJyZÀi\]camb Cu Úm\w \n\¡mbn Rm³ hyàam¡n. C\n , GXp Úm\¯m IÀ½_Ôs¯ AXnPohn¡msa¶Xv ]mÀ°, \o tIÄ¡pI.

XpSÀ¶pÅ IÀ½tbmKhniIe\¯nÂ, Gähpw {it²bambn ImWp¶Xv þ

ss{XKpWyhnjbm thZm \nkvss{XKptWym `hmÀÖp\

\nÀZztµm \nXyk¯ztØm \nÀtbmKt£a Bßhm³ (45)

{XnKpWkw_Ôamb hnjb§fmWv thZ§fn {]Xn]mZyw. AÀÖp\m, KpWmXoX\mbn¯ocpI. ZzµmXoX\mbn, tbmKt£a\nc t]£\mbn, \nXykXyamb BßXzw ssIhcn¡pI.

]n¶oSv, Hcp]t£ KoXbnse Gähpw {]kn²amb tÇmIw þ

IÀ½tWyhm[nImctØ am ^tejp IZmN\

am IÀa^etlXpÀ `qÀ am tX kwtKmfkvXzIÀaWn (47)

IÀ½m\pjvTm\¯n am{XamWv \n\¡hImiw. Hcn¡epw ^e§fneÃ. ^teÑtbmsS IÀ½w sN¿p¶h\mIcpXv. IÀ½m\p jvTm\¯n hnapJXbpw ]mSnÃ.

IÀ½sa¶ ]ZwsIm−v KoXmImc³ hnh£n¡p¶sX´v? [À½imkv{X§Ä NmXpÀhÀWyw ASnØm\ambn \nÀt±in¡p¶ IÀ½m\pjvTm\amWv ChnsSbpw XpSÀ¶pÅ c−ma[ymb¯nse tÇmI§fnepw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ IÀ½w.

tbmKØx IpcpIÀamWn kwKw Xyàzm [\RvPb

37

kn²yknt²ymx ktam `qXzm kaXzw tbmK DNytX (48)

tbmKØnX\mbn Bkàn shSnªv IÀaw sN¿pI. kn²n þ Akn²nIsf kaambn IcpXp¶ XmWv tbmKmßIXzw.

CtX Bibw Xs¶ BhÀ¯n¨v ØnX{]PvRsâ hnhcWt¯msS

c−ma[ymbw Ahkm\n¡p¶p. 70 - 72 hscbpÅ tÇmI§Ä {i²n¡pI.

B]qcyamWaNe{]XnjvTw kap{Zam]x {]hni´n bZzXv

XZzXv Imam bw {]hni´n kÀtÆ k im´nam]vt\mXn \ ImaImao (70)

kZm Pe{]hml§fm \ndªpsIm−ncn¡p¶ kap{Zw im´ambncn¡p¶Xp t]mse Ima\Ifm t¢is¸Sm¯h³ im´n A\p`hn¡p¶p.

hnlmb Imam³ bx kÀÆm³ ]pamwÝcXn \nkv]rlx

\nÀatam \nclwImcx k im´na[nKÑXn (71)

kÀÆIma\Itfbpw Dt]£n¨v FtâsX¶pw Rms\¶papÅ k¦Â]clnXambn Pohn¡p¶ ]pcpj³ im´nsb {]m]n¡p¶p.

Gjm {_mÒo ØnXnx ]mÀ° ss\\mw {]m]y hnaplyXn

ØnXzmkyma´Imtef]n {_Ò\nÀhmWanÑXn (72)

apIfn ]dªXmWv {_Òabamb ({_mÒo) ØnXn þ ]mÀ°, Cu ØnXn {`amXoXamWv. Ima\mclnXambn {`aanÃmsX acWIme v̄ hÀ¯n¡p¶h³ {_Ò\nÀhmWw ssIhcn¡p¶p.

hymJymXm¡fpsS ho£W§Ä

`ànthZm´`mjyw ‘KoXmhnjbkw{Klw’ F¶v Cu c−mw A²ymb¯n\v t]cp \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. KoXbpsS DÅS¡amb `ànþÚm\þIÀatbmK§Ä Cu A²ymb¯n kw£n]vXambn {]Xn]mZn¡s¸Sp¶Xmbn {io. hnZym{]Imim\µKncn kzmanIfpw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. ZznXobw AZznXobw, kw£n]vXKoX F¶o hntijW

§fpw At±lw D²cn¡p¶p. injykvtXflw im[n amw Xzmw {]]¶w F¶ GgmwtÇmI¯nsâ Ahkm\hcnbn kzmanPn `àntbmKhpw ImWp¶p. IÀa`ànÚm\[ym\tbmK§Ä \mepw Cu c−ma²ymb¯n  `Khm³ DbÀ¯n¡mWn¨ncn¡p¶psh¶mWv kzmanbpsS kpNn´nXamb \nKa\w. tbmKamÀK¯n\v Cuhn[w \mev imJIfpt−m? F¶ tNmZyw KoXbpsS ]T\¯n hfsc {]kàamWv.

BßÚm\w hyàam¡ns¡m−v KotXm]tZiw bYmÀ°¯nÂ

Bcw`n¡p¶Xv c−ma²ymb¯nemsW¶v im¦c`mjy¯nsâ 2-11se XpS¡w kqNn¸n¡p¶p. Bßmhnsâ A\izcX hyàam¡nb tijw Úm\tbmK¯nsâ ^eamb A\mkàIÀahpw, XpSÀ¶v Bßkm£m XvImc¯n\pXIp¶ [ym\tbmKhpw D]tZin¡s¸Sp¶p. hyXykvX tbmKimJIfmWnhsb¶ bmsXmcp kqN\bpw Cu A²ymbw \ÂIp¶nÃ.

38

Aimkv{Xobamb ho£W§fmWv tbmK¯n\v \mep imJIsf IÂ]n¡p¶Xv. apàn e£yamb tbmKw Ht¶bpÅp þ c−v amÀK§Ä, BßÚm\hpw A\mkàIÀahpw Ahew_n v̈ tbmKnIÄ Bß km£mXvImc¯n\mbn ]cn{ian¡p¶p. [ym\¯neqsS e`yamIp¶ C{µnb\n{KlmZn kn²nIfneqsS am{Xta Úm\þIÀa amÀK§fn Dd¨p\n¶v Ima\Isf AXnPohn¡phm³ tbmKnsb {]m]vX\m¡p¶pÅp. hnZym{]Imim\µ kzmanIÄ D²cn¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp tÇmIw ChnsS hfsc {]kàamWv þ

tbm \ \nÀhmkt\m \q\w kÀÆ[Àa]tcmf]n kx

kÀÆtÚmf]y`ntXm _²x ]RvPctØm bYm JKx hmk\Isf \in¸n¡m¯h³ kÀÆ[À½mNmcbpà\pw

kÀÆÚXsb {]m]n¨h\pambncp¶mepw Iq«neS¨ ]£nsbt¸mse _Ô\Ø\mWv.

CXmWv ØnXnsb¦n IÀaþÚm\tbmK§Ä¡v kzX{´amb {]kàn F´mWpÅXv? hmk\Isf \in¸n¡p¶XmsWtÃm tbmKw. tbmKÝn¯hr¯n\ntcm[x F¶msWtÃm ImÀt¡mSIþ]XRvPen tbmKs¯ \nÀÆNn¡p¶Xv. hmk\IfpsS A[njvTm\w {]mWabicocw BsW¶Xv Gsd {]kn²w. hmk\Isfmgnª ip²tNX\ sIm−v am{Xta Bßm\p`qXn km²yamIbpÅpsh¶v apWvUtIm]\njXv hyàam¡p t¼mÄ, ISIhncp²amb Hcp `ànþÚm\þIÀatbmKklnXamb KoXm`mjyw F§s\ icnbmIpw?

(3) aq¶ma[ymbw þ IÀ½tbmKw

A[ymbw XpS§p¶Xv AÀÖp\³ Imcyamb kwibw D¶bn¨p sIm−mWv. BZyc−p tÇmI§Ä hfsc {it²bamWv.

AÀÖp\ DhmN þ

Pymbko tNXv IÀaWkvtX aXm _p²nÀP\mÀ±\m

XXv Inw IÀaWn tLmtc amw \ntbmPbkn tIihx (1)

P\mÀ±\, IÀat¯¡mÄ _p²nbmWv (PvRm\tbmKw) t{ijvTsa¶tà \nsâ A`n{]mbw. A§s\sb¦n tIihm, \osbs¶ tLmcamb IÀ½¯n\v \ntbmKn¡p¶sX´v?

hymant{itWh hmtIy\ _p²nw tamlbkoh ta

XtZIw hZ \nÝnXy tb\ t{itbm%lam]v\pbmw (2)

KoXbpsS Ahkm\¯n AÀÖp\³ ]dtb−nbncp¶ ImcyamWnXv þ Ipgªpadnª hmIy§fm Fsâ _p²n kw{`an¡p¶p. AXn\m t{ibÊn\pXIp¶ amÀKtasX¶v \nÝnXambn ]dbpI.

AÀÖp\sâ Cu hmIy§Ä¡p¯cambn {ioIrjvW³

IÀtbmKs¯¸än hniZambn ]dbp¶p. 3-13, 3 -17, hfsc {][m\amWv.

temtIfkvan³ Zznhn[m \njvTm ]pcm t{]màm abm\L

39

PvRm\tbmtK\ kmwJym\mw IÀatbmtK\ tbmKn\mw

\½psS Cu temI v̄ \njvT c−phn[amsW¶v Rm³ t\cs¯ ]m]clnX\mb \nt¶mSv ]dªp. kmwJym\pbmbnIÄ Úm\tbmK¯neqsSbpw tbmKnIÄ IÀ½tbmK¯neqsSbpw Bßmhns\ Adnbp¶p.

bkvXzmßcXntch kymtZhmßXr]vXÝ am\hx

Bßt\yh N k´pjvSkvXky Imcyw \ hnZytX (17) ss\h Xky IrtX\mÀt°m \mIrtXt\l IÝ\

\ Nmky kÀÆ`qtXjp IÝnZÀYhy]m{ibx (18)

Bßmhn A\pcmKnbpw Xr]vX\pw k´pjvS\pamb hyàn¡v IÀ½w Ahtijn¡p¶nà þ IÀ½w sIm−v em`tam IÀ½w sN¿m¯ Xn\m \jvStam D−mIp¶nÃ. Cu temIs¯ Hcp hn[¯nepw B{ibn ¡p¶panÃ.

XkvamZkàx kXXw Imcyw IÀa kamNc

Aktàm lymNc³ IÀa ]cam]vt\mXn ]qcpjx (19)

AXpsIm−v ^emkàn IqSmsX IÀ¯hya\pjvTn¡pI. A\mkà\mbn sN¿p¶ IÀaw ]pcpjs\ ]ca]Z¯nte¡pbÀ¯p¶p.

tÇmIw þ27, ssihhn`qXnP\yamb kmwJyaXw Xs¶bmWv.

{]IrtXx {InbamWm\n KpssWx IÀaWn kÀÆix AlwImchnaqVmßm IÀ¯mlanXn a\ytX

IÀ½§sfÃmw Xs¶ {]IrXnbpsS ss{XKpWymhØbpsS ]cnWXnbmWv. Alw`mhw sIm−v hnaqVcmbhÀ X§sf IÀ¯m¡fmbn ImWp¶p.

kZriw tNjvStX kzkymx {]IrtXÀPvRm\hm\]n

{]IrXnw bm´n `qXm\n \n{Klx Inw IcnjyXn (33)

kÀÆPohnIfpw {]IrXn¡[o\cmWv. PvRm\nbpw AÚm\nbpw kzKpWmßI {]IrXnbm \bn¡s¸Spt¼mÄ C{µnb\n{Klw sIms−´mWv ^ew.

C{µnbtky{µnbkymÀtY cmKtZzju hyhØnXu XtbmÀ \ hiamKtÑXv Xu lyky ]cn]Ùn\u

C{µnb§fnepw C{µnbhnjb§fnepw DÅ cmKþtZzj§Ä¡v his¸ScpXv. Ah amÀ¤XSʧfmWv.

XpSÀ¶v AÀÖp\³ tNmZn¡p¶p þ

AY tI\ {]bptàmfbw ]m]w NcXn ]qcpjx

A\nѶ]n hmÀjvtWb _emZnh \ntbmPnXx (36)

hmÀjvtWb, Bcm t{]cn¡s¸«mWv, B{Kln¡¶nsæn IqSn, _emXvImtcWsb¶t]mse ]pcpj³ ]m]w sN¿p¶Xv?

40

tÇmIw 37þ- 43 {ioIrjvW³ \ÂIp¶ D¯camWv.

Ima Gj t{Im[ Gj ctPmKpWkapÛhx

almit\m alm]m]vam hnt²y\anl sshcnWw (37)

ctPmKpW¯n \n¶pw DfhmIp¶ Imaþt{Im[§fmWv Xr]vXnhcm¯ Aánsbt¸mse a\pjys\ ]m]\ncX\m¡p¶Xv. Chsb i{Xp¡fmbn IcpXWw.

C{µnbmWn at\m_p²ncky[njvTm\apNytX

GssXÀhntamlbtXmj PvRm\amhrXy tZln\w (40)

Ima¯nsâ Bhmkw C{µnb§fnepw a\Ênepw _p²nbnepamWv. AhbneqsS Úm\s¯ ad¨v Imaw a\pjys\ tamln¸n¡p¶p.

XkvamXzan{µnbmWymZu \nbay `cXÀj`

]m]vam\w {]Pln tly\w Úm\hnÚm\\mi\w (41)

AXpsIm−v, `cXIpeaWo, C{µnb§sf \nb{´n¨v Úm\ hnÚm\sshcnbmb Imas¯ \in¸n¡pI.

C{µnbmWn ]cmWymlpcn{µntb`yx ]cw a\x

a\kkvXp ]cm _p²nÀtbm _pt²x ]cXkvXp k (42)

C{µnb§Ä Ahsb hln¡p¶ PUt¯¡mÄ iàamWv. C{µnb§tf¡mÄ a\Êv iàamWv a\Ênt\¡mÄ _p²n iàamWv. _p²ntb¡mÄ Bßmhv ià\mWv.

Ghw _pt²x ]cw _p²zm kwkvX`ymß\amß\m

Pln i{Xpw alm_mtlm Imacq]w ZpcmkZw (43)

alm_mlq, C§s\ _p²n¡XoXamb Bßmhn\m a\Êns\ \nb{´n¨v ZpÀÖb\mb Imas¯ Pbn¡pI.

(4) \mema[ymbw þ Úm\IÀ½k¶ymktbmKw (42tÇmI§Ä)

kqcy\v tbmKhnZy D]tZin¨ IY ]dªpsIm−mWv Bcw`w. XpSÀ¶v ]dbp¶p þ

_lq\n ta hyXoXm\n P·m\n Xh NmÀÖp\

Xm\ylw thZ kÀÆmWn \ Xzw th° ]cwX] (5)

ssihZÀi\w Xs¶bmWv \mw ChnsS ImWp¶Xv þ AÀÖp\m, Fsâbpw \nsâbpw At\IP·§Ä Ignªncn¡p¶p. Rm\hsb Adnbp¶p. \o Adnbp¶nÃ.

AtPm]nk¶hybmßm `qXm\maoiztcm]n k³

{]IrXnw kzma[njvTmb kw`hmaymßambbm (6)

41

P\\þ\mi§fnÃm¯h\pw `qXm[njvTamb Cuizc\pamb Rm³, {XnKpWmßIamb {]IrXnsb B{ibn¨v BßambbneqsS AhXcn¡p¶p.

Cu A²ymb¯nse Gähpw {][m\ tÇmIamWnXv. ]s£, Bcpw Cu tÇmIs¯ icnbmbn AXnsâ bYmÀ° {]m[m\yt¯msS a\Ênem¡p¶nÃ. AP\pw Ahyb\pamb BßssNX\yw þ ssih ssNX\yw Xs¶ þ AhXcn¡p¶Xv {]IrXy[njvTambn BßambbneqsS bmWv. F´mWv {]IrXy[njvTamb Bßamb? {]IrXn, Bßmhv, amb Ch aq¶pw kmwJyZÀi\m[njvTambXn \mÂ, icnbmb hymJym\hpw

kmwJy¯ne[njvTambncn¡Ww. amb c−phn[w þ (1) AhnZybnÂ

\n¶pÛhn¡p¶Xv (2) tbmKamb AYhm Bßamb þ CXv tbmKiànbpsS {]IS\amWv. KpWmßI {]IrXnbn tbmKiànkzcq]ambn«mWv Xm³ AhXcn¡p¶sX¶v {ioIrjvW³ ]dbp¶p. kzman AUvKUm\µsâ ImgvN¸mSmWv ChnsS icn. `KhÕzcq]w AhXcn¡p¶Xv ]nWvUmWvUam bn«Ã, adn¨v {XnKpWmßnIbmb {]IrXnsb kzm[o\n¨msW¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p. Cu tÇmI¯nsâ icnbmb AÀ°anÃmsX ASp¯ c−p tÇmI§Ä "bZm bZm ln [À½ky ...kw`hman bptK bptK" hymJym\n¨m A_²¯nemsW¯pI. hnIeamb Hcp AhXmc k¦Â]¯n\v Xs¶ Cu tÇmI§Ä ImcWambn«p−v.

{][m\ambn ]n¶oSv hcp¶Xv tÇmIw 16 apXepÅ IÀ½þ AIÀ½mJym\amWv.

Inw IÀa InaIÀtaXn Ihtbm %]y{X tamlnXmx

XXv tX IÀa {]h£yman bÚmXzm tam£ytk%ip`mXv (16) IÀatWmly]n t_m²hyw t_m²hyw N hnIÀaWx

AIÀaWÝ t_m²hyw Kl\m IÀatWm KXnx (17)

F´mWv IÀaw, AIÀaw þ hnZzm³amÀ t]mepw Xn«anÃmsX Dgep¶p. AXn\m ip`ZmbI IÀa sas´¶v Rm³ hniZoIcn¡mw. IÀaKXn hnjaIcamsW¶Xn\m IÀaw, AIÀaw, hnIÀaw (hnIÂ]clnXamb hntijIÀaw) Chsbs´¶v a\Ênem¡Ww.

XpSÀ¶v IrjvW³ "IÀatWyhm[nImctØ..." bn ]cmaÀin¡s¸« \njvImaIÀ½¯nsâ hniZamb hnhcWw \ÂIp¶p. Úm\mánbn IÀ½^es¯ Zln¸n¨hcmWv tbmKnIsf¶v hyàam¡p¶p.

\ncmioÀbXNn¯mßm XyàkÀÆ]cn{Klx

imcocw tIhew IÀa IpÀh¶m]vt\mXn InÂ_njw (21)

bZrÑmem`k´pjvtSm ZzµmXotXm hnaÕcx

kakn²mhkn²u N IrXzm]n \ \n_²ytX (22)

BimclnX\mbn, a\x þ Bß kwba\t¯msS kÀÆ^e§sfbpw XyPn¨v Bßmhns\ icoc ¯n \nÀ¯p¶Xn\mbn am{Xw IÀaw sN¿p¶h\v ]m]kv]Àiw D−mIp¶nÃ. kzm`mhnIambn e`n¡p¶ em`¯n k´pjvS\pw kpJþZpxJmZn ZzµmXoX\pamb hyàn IÀ½_²\mIp¶nÃ.

42

IÀ½\mi¯n\pw PvRm\kn²n¡papÅ bPvRs¯(tbmK{Inb)¸än XpSÀ¶v ]dbp¶p. tbmKØn XnbpsS hnhn[ Xe§Ä {]ISam¡p¶XmWv

26þ29 tÇmI§Ä þ

t{im{XmZo\o{µnbmWyt\y kwbamánjp PplzXn

i_vZmZo³ hnjbm\\y C{µnbmánjp PplzXn (26) kÀÆmWo{µnb IÀamWn {]mWIÀamWn Nm]tc

BßkwbatbmKmáu PplzXn Úm\Zo]ntX (27) {ZhybPvRmkvXt]mbÚm tbmKbÚmkvXYm]tc

kzm²ymb Úm\bÚmÝ bXbx kwinXhrXx (28) A]mt\ PplzXn {]mWw {]mtW%]m\w XYm]tc

{]mWm]m\KXo cp²zm {]mWmbma]cmbWmx (29) A]tc \nbXmlmcmx {]mWm³ {]mtWjp PplzXn

1.{_ÒNmcnIÄ t{im{XmZn C{µnb§sf kwba¯nsâ Aánbn AÀ¸n¡p¶p

2.KrlØ·mÀ hnjbmkànsb C{µnbmánbn tlman¡p¶p.

3.aäp NneÀ C{µnbþ{]mWIÀ½§sfsbms¡ Bßkwba tbmKmánbneÀ¸n¡p¶p.

4.NneÀ {]mW\n A]m\s\bpw A]m\\n {]mWs\bpw tlman¡p¶p.

5.{]mWmbma]Sp¡Ä {]mWþA]m\ KXnsb \ntcm[n¨v tbmKkn²n tXSp¶p.

6.Nne tbmKnIÄ {]mWs\ {]mW\n tlman¡p¶p.

PvRm\kn²n¡p]Icn¡p¶ hnhn[ IÀ½bÚ§fmWnh. Cu AÀ°w hniZam¡ns¡m−v {ioIrjvW³ ]dbp¶p þ

t{ibm³ {ZhyabmZv bÚmXv Úm\bÚx ]cwX]

kÀÆw IÀamJnew ]mÀ° Úmt\ ]cnkam]ytX (33)

{ZhybPvRt¯¡mÄ t{ijvTw apIfn ]dª Úm\bPvRamWv. kÀÆIÀ½§fpw ]mÀ°, Úm\¯nehkm\n¡p¶p.

\ ln Úmt\\ kZriw ]hn{Xanl hnZytX

XXv kzbw tbmKkwkn²x Imte\mß\n hnµXn (38) {i²mhm³ e`tX Úm\w XXv]cx kwbtX{µnbx

Úm\w e_v[zm ]cmw im´naNntcWm[nKÑXn (39)

43

Úm\t¯mfw ]hn{Xamb bmsXm¶pw temI¯nenÃ. tbmK IÀ½¯m Imem´tc Úm\kn²n ssIhcp¶p. {i²mhm\pw XXv]c\pw C{µnb\n{Klw sNbvXh\pamb tbmKn Úm\¯m im´n {]m]n¡p¶p.

(5) A©ma[ymbw þ IÀak¶ymk tbmKw (29 tÇmI§Ä)

Ignª A[ymb§fn IÀatbmKkw_Ôambn ]dªImcy§Ä

ho−pw BhÀ¯n¨p ImWp¶p. 27 - 28 tÇmI§fn [ym\s¯¸än ]dbp¶p.

kv]Àim³ IrXzm _lnÀ_mlymwÝ£pssÝhm´tc {`pthmx

{]mWm]m\u kau IrXzm \mkm`y´cNmcnWu (27) btX{µnb at\m_p²nÀap\nÀtam£]cmbWx

hnKtXÑm`bt{Imt[m bx kZm apà Gh kx (28)

C{µnb§sf _lnjvIcn¨v, I®pIfS¨v ZrjvSnsb {`qa²y¯nepd¸n v̈ \mknIbnse izmkþ{]izmks¯ kaoIcn¨v C{µnb§Ä, a\Êv, _p²n Chsb \nb{´n¨v, CÑmþ`bþt{Im[ clnX\mbn hÀ¯n¡p¶ ap\n kZm apà\mbn¯ocp¶p.

(6) Bdma[ymbw þ Bßkwba tbmKw

(47 tÇmI§Ä)

[ym\tbmKamWv ChnsS hnjbw. PntX{µnb\mb tbmKnbpsS e£W§fpw [ym\hpamWv {]Xn]mZyw. FÃmw hen¨p \o«n BhÀ¯\

hnckXtbmsS ]dªncn¡p¶p. BZy 18 tÇmI §fpsS kw{Klw 19þas¯ tÇmI¯n ImWmw.

bYm Zzot]m \nhmXtØm t\wKtX tkm]am kvarXm

tbmKnt\m bXNn¯ky bpÖtXm tbmKamß\x (19)

ImänÃm¯ Øes¯ Zo]\mfw t]mse at\m\nb{´Ww km[n¨ tbmKnbpsS Bßmhv Nm©eyanÃmsX [ym\¯nencn¡p¶p.

btXm btXm \nÝeXn a\Ý©eaØncw

XXkvXtXm \nbssayXZmßt\yh hiw \tbXv (26)

Nm©eyw sIm−v Aebp¶ a\Êns\ AXmXpkabw ]n³hen¨v Bßmhn¦te¡v \bn¡Ww.

Bßu]tay\ kÀÆ{X kaw ]iyXn tbmfÀPp\

kpJw hm bZn hm ZpxJw k tbmKo ]ctam aXx (32)

AÀPp\m, Xsâ Bßhns\ kÀÆcnepw ImWp¶, kpJþ ZpxJmXoX\mb tbmKnbmWv ]cat{ijvT³.

44

IrjvWsâ Cu D]tZi¯n\v adp]Snbmbn AÀPp\³ ]dbp¶Xv þ

tbmfbw tbmKkvXzbm t{]màx kmtay\ a[pkqZ\

GXkymlw \ ]iyman N©eXzmXv ØnXnw Øncmw (33) N©ew ln a\x IrjvW {]amYn _eh±rVw

Xkymlw \n{Klw at\y hmtbmcnh kpZpjvIcw (34)

a[pkqZ\m, \o ]dª Cu tbmK¯n Øncamb ØnXn N©eXzw sIm−v Rm³ ImWp¶nÃ. a\Êv N©eamWv, X¶njvSkz`mhnbmWv, _ehm\mWv, at\m\nb{´Ww Imäns\ \nb{´n¡p¶Xp t]mse ZpjvIcamWv.

IrjvW³ \ÂIp¶ adp]Sn þ

Akwibw alm_mtlm at\m ZpÀ\n{Klw New

A`ymtk\ Xp Iut´b sshcmtKyW N KrlytX (35) AkwbXmß\m tbmtKm Zpjv{]m] CXn ta aXnx

hiymß\m Xp bXXm itIym%hm]vXpap]mbXx (36)

alm_mlphmb Iut´b, a\Ênsâ N]ekz`mhs¯ \nb{´n¡pI {]bmkamWv. A`ymk¯mepw sshcmKy¯mepw am{Xta at\m\nb{´Ww km²yamI.bpÅp. Fsâ A`n{]mb¯nÂ, Bßkwba\w IqSmsX tbmKØnXn {]m]yaÃ. Bß\nb{´Ww km²yambh³ ]cn{ia¯neqsS tbmKnbmbn¯ocp¶p.

tÇmIw 45  {ioIrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv þ At\IP·§fneqsS ]cn{ia§fneqsS IÀ½_Ôaäv a\pjyÀ ssIheyw {]m]n¡p¶p sh¶mWv. Ahkm\ tÇmI¯n tbmKnbmbn¯ocm³ AÀPp\s\ D]tZin¡p¶Xv hfsc {it²bamWv þ

X]kznt`ymf[ntIm tbmKo Úm\nt`ymf]natXmf[nIx

IÀ½n`yÝm[ntIm tbmKo XkvamtZymKo `hmÀPp\ (46)

tbmKn X]kzntb¡mfpw, Úm\ntb¡mfpw IÀantb¡mfpw apà\mWv. AXn\m AÀPp\, \o tbmKnbmIphm³ ]cn{ian¡pI.

tbmKnbpsS e£W§Ä BhÀ¯n¨mhÀ¯n¨v ]dbs¸«p. ]s£ GXphn[amWv tbmKnbmbn¯ocm³ IgnbpIsb¶ Imcyw {ioIrjvW³

]dbp¶nÃ. tÇmIw 34Â AÀPp\³ ]dªXmWv þ Fsâ IrjvWm, \o ]dbp¶sXm¶pw {]mtbmKnIaÃ. a\Êns\ \nb{´n¡pI {]bmkamWv.

tÇmIw 35epw XpSÀ¶pw Imcyamb adp]Snsbm¶pw AÀPp\³ ]dbp¶nÃ. A`ymkþsshcmtKyWsb¶Xv hyàamb adp]SnbÃ.

(7) Ggma[ymbw þ Úm\hnÚm\ tbmKw

(30 tÇmI§Ä)

45

AÀPp\t\mSv tbmKnbmIm\p]tZin¨p sIm−mWv Bdma²ymbw Ahkm\n¨Xv. Ggnse Úm\hnÚm\w I]nesâ kmwJyamWv. ]©`qX§Ä, at\m_p²ncl¦mc§fn§s\ Fs«®w A]c{]IrXn, Poh³ AYhm Bßmhv ]cm{]IrXn, {]`hþeb IÀ¯rXzw, ]ns¶ temI¯nepÅsXÃmw Rm\msW¶ t`mjvIv hmZw þ PvRm\hnÚm\ ¯nsâ IWnI t]mepw ZriyaÃ.

NXpÀhn[m `Pt´ amw P\mx kpIrXnt\mÀÖp\m

BÀt¯m PnÚmkpcÀ°mÀ°n Úm\o N `cXÀj` (16)

\mephn[w P\§fmWv Fs¶ `Pn¡p¶Xv. BÀ¯³, [\tamlo, PnPRmkp, Úm\nIÄ C§s\bmWv kpIrXnIfpsS \mep hn`mKw.

_lq\mw P·\mat´ Úm\hm·mw {]]ZytX hmkptZhx kÀÆanXn k almßm kpZpÀe`x

P·m´c§Ä¡v tijw Úm\nIÄ Ft¶mSv tNcp¶p. hmkptZh\mWv kÀÆsa¶p t_m²ys¸« Úm\nIÄ hncfamWv.

tÇmIw 25 Â ImWp¶Xv þ \mlw {]Imix kÀÆky tbmKambmkamhrXx

aqtVm%bw \m`nPm\mXn temtIm amaPahybw (25)

ssihZÀi\w AtX]Sn ]IÀ¯nbncn¡p¶p þ tbmKamb ImcWw Fs¶ Bcpw Adnbp¶nÃ. XpSÀ¶v ZzµmXoXamb ØnXnsb¸än ]dªv

30þmw tÇmIt¯msS A²ymbw Ahkm\n¡p¶p. km[n`qXm[nssZhw amw km[nbÚw N tb hnZpx

{]bmWImtef]n N amw tX hnZpÀbpàtNXkx

Fs¶ A[n`qXambn, A[nssZhambn, A[nbÚambn Adnbp¶hÀ acWIme v̄ t]mepw Fs¶ kvacn¨v Ft¶mSv tNcp¶p.

F´mWv A[n`qXw, A[nssZhw, A[nbÚw þ AÀPp\\v Imcyw a\Ênembnsöv \ap¡v ASp¯ A²ymb¯n \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw.

(8) F«m-a-²ymbw þ A£c{_ÒtbmKw

(28 tÇmI§Ä)

Ggma²ymb¯n {ioIrjvW³ ]dªp\nÀ¯nbXv AÀPp\\v a\ÊnembnÃ. Ahsb¸än tNmZn¨p sIm−v F«ma²ymbw Bcw`n¡p¶p.

Inw XZv {_Òw Ina[ymßw Inw IÀa ]pcptjm¯a

A[n`qXw N Inw t{]màa[nssZhw InapNytX (1)

46

F´mWv {_Òw, F´mWv A[ymßw, F´mWv IÀaw, A[n`qXw A[nssZhw F¶v hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv F´mWv?

A[nbÚx IYw tIm{X tZtlkvan·[pkqZ\

{]bmWImte N IYw tÚtbmkn \nbXmß`nx (2)

a[pkqZ\m, bPvR¯n\v A[n]\mcmWv þ Cu tZl¯net±lw F§s\ ØnXnsN¿p¶p? acWkab v̄ kwbanIÄ¡v F§s\bmWv \ns¶ Adnbm³ Ignbp¶Xv?

Cu tNmZy§Ä¡v D¯c§Ä þ

A£cw {_Ò ]caw kz`mthm%²ymßapNytX

`qX`mthmÛhItcm hnkÀKx IÀakwÚnXx (3)

\mianÃm¯Xpw imizXhpamb BßmhmWv {_Òw. {_Ò¯nsâ imizX ssNX\ykz`mhamWv A²ymßw. {_Ò¯nsâ Pohcq]§sf BhnjvIcn¡p¶ kÀKiànbmWv IÀaw.

A[n`qXw £tcm `mhx ]pcpjÝm[nssZhXw

A[nbtÚm%ltahm{X tZtl tZl`rXmw hc (4)

tZl[mcnIfn t{ijvTm, kZm]cnhÀ¯\hnt[bambncn¡p¶ `uXnI{]IrXnbnse ]ZmÀ° kaqlamWv A[n`qXw. kÀÆtZhXIfp sSbpw ebamb BßmhmWv A[nssZhw. Rm\mWv AhiyImcy IÀ½mZnIsf (bÚw) A[nIcn¨v tZlnbmbncn¡p¶Xv.

XpSÀ¶pÅ GXm\pw tÇmI§Ä D]cn¹hamb `àntbmKm\p

imk\hpw Nneh tbmKimkv{XhpamWv. tÇmIw 9 þ13 tbmKimkv{X ]camWv.

Ihnw]pcmWa\pimknXmcatWmcWobmwka\pkvatcZv bx

kÀÆky [mXmcaNn´ycq]amZnXyhÀ®w Xakx ]ckvXmXv (9)

{]bmWImte a\kmNte\ `àymbptàm tbmK_te\ssNh {`pthmÀat²y {]mWamthiykayIv k Xw ]cw ]pcpjapss]Xn Znhyw

(10)

BZnIhnbpw \nb´mhpw AWphneWphmbn ANn´ycq]amÀ ¶h\pw Ccpfn\¸pdw BZnXyhÀWam−p \n¡p¶h\pambn Cuizcs\ tbmÀ¡pI. acWIme v̄, tbmK_e¯m ØncXbmÀ¶ a\tÊmsS {`qa²y¯n {]mWs\bpd¸n¨v \nesImÅp¶ tbmKn Znhyamb ]ctaizc cq]w ssIhcn¡p¶p.

tÇmIw11,tam£kn²n \ÂIp¶ tbmK{Inb D]tZin¡msa¶ tÇmIw

12, 13\v BapJamWv.

kÀÆZzmcmWn kwbay at\mlrZn\ncp²y N

aqÀ²\ym[mbmß\x {]mWamØntXm tbmK[mcWmw (12)

47

C{µnb (\hZzmc§fmb) kwba\t¯msS ]¯man{µnbamb a\Êns\ lrZb¯n \nÀ¯n, {]mWs\ aqÀ²mhnepd¸n¡p¶XmWv tbmKØnXn.

]ca]Z{]m]vXnsb¶v `ànthZm´`mjy¯n hntijn¡s¸Sp¶ F«ma²ymbw XpSÀ¶v ]p\ÀP·w, D¯cmb\þZ£nWmb\§Ä, ip¢þIrjvW]£§Ä `àsâ tam£w XpS§nb Imcy§sf¸än ]dªhkm\n¡p¶p.

(9) cmPhnZymcmPKplytbmKw

(34 tÇmI§Ä)

ss{IkvXhþCÉmanI Cuizck¦Â]w tZhXmk¦Â]w ChbpsS an{iWamWv Cu A²ymbw.

(10)hn`qXn tbmKw

(42 tÇmI§Ä)

kÀKmWmamZnc´Ý a²yw ssNhmlaÀPp\

A²ymßhnZy hnZym\mw hmZx {]hZXmalw (32)

A£cmWmaImtcm%kvan Zzµx kmamknIky N

Altahm£bx Imtem [mXmlw hniztXmapJx (33)

(11)hnizcq]ZÀi\w

(55 tÇmI§Ä)

Rm\XmWv, CXm-Wv, aä-XmWv F¶pw aäp-apÅ BhÀ¯\hnckX bmÀ¶ tÇmI§fmWv A²ymbw apgph\pw Xs¶. `ànbnem−hÀ¡v k¦Â]¯n\mbn FgpXntNÀ¡s¸«hbmsW¶v IcpXmw.

Imtem f kvan temI£bIrXv {]hrt²m temIm³ kamlÀ¯panl {]hr¯x

EtX f ]n Xzmw \ `hn£y´n kÀtÆ

tb fhØnXmx {]Xy\otIjp tbm[mx (32)

temI\miIc\mb ImeamWv, cp{Z\mWv Rm³. Cu P\§sfbmsI kwlcn¡pIbmWv Fsâ e£yw. \osbmgnsI Ccp]£¯pw \n¡p¶ tbm²m¡sfÃmw sImÃs¸Spw.

AÀPp\sâ {]mÀ°\ þ

XzamZntZhx ]pcpjx ]pcmWkvXzaky hnizky ]cw \n[m\w

th¯mknthZyw N ]cw N [ma Xzbm XXw hniza\´cq]w (38)

48

\o BZntZh\pw ]pcmW]pcpj\pw hniz\mY\pw Úm\hpw Úm\nbpw temI¯nsâ A`bhpamIp¶p. \nsâ A\´cq]w temIamsI hym]n¨p \n¡p¶p.

hmbpÀbtam%ánÀhcpWx iim¦x {]Pm]XnkvXzw {]]nXmalÝ \tam \akvtX%kvXp kl{kIrXzx

]p\Ý `qtbm%]n \tam \akvtX (39)

hmbphpw ba\pw Aánbpw hcpW\pw N{µ\pw {]Pm]Xnbpw {_Òmhpw \obmWv.\n\¡mbncw \akvImcw `hn¡s«. ho−pw ho−pw \n\¡v \akvImcw.

\à inhkvXpXnbmWv. aämÀ¡pw CXv ]qÀ®ambn tbmPn¡nÃ. IV.9 --þ ]dbp¶Xv þ

P·IÀa N ta Znhytahw tbm th¯n X¯zXx

XzàmtZlw ]p\ÀP· ss\Xn amtaXn tkm f ÀPp\ (IV.9)

F´mWo ZnhyP·w? i¦c³ ]dbpw t]mse Ahyà]c{_Òw

tZhIo]p{X\mbn P\n¨pthm? AtXm IV.6 Â ]dªncn¡p¶Xp t]mse

þ tÇmIw 16

AtPm]nk¶hybmßm `qXm\maoiztcm]n k³

{]IrXnw kzma[njvTmb kw`hmaymßambbm (6)

P\\þ\mi§fnÃm¯h\pw `qXm[njvTamb Cuizc\pamb Rm³, {XnKpWmßIamb {]IrXnsb B{ibn¨v BßambbneqsS AhXcn¡p¶p.

tbmKiànkzcq]\mb almImetZh³ {XnKpWmßIamb {]IrXnsb B{ibn¨v BßambbneqsS AhXcn¡p¶pthm?

XpSÀ¶v ImWpI þ

XkvamXv {]Way {]Wn[mb Imbw {]kmZtb XzmalaoiaoVyw

]ntXh]p{Xky ktJhkJypx {]nbx {]nbmbmÀlkn tZhtkmVpw (44)

Cui\mb \ns¶ Rm³ kmjvSmwKw \akvIcn¡p¶p. ]nXmhv ]p{Xs\ kln¡p¶t]mse, kplr v̄, kplr¯nt\msS¶t]mse {]nb³ {]nbtbmsS¶t]mse Fs¶ kln¡pI.

(12) `àntbmKw

(20 tÇmI§Ä)

Ghw kXXbpàm tb `àmkvXzw ]cyp]mktX

tb Nm]y£cahyàw tXjmw tI tbmKhn¯amx (1)

kZm tbmtKizc\mb \ns¶ D]mkn¡p¶ `àtcm Ahyà {_tÒm]mkItcm BcmWv t{ijvTcmb tbmKn?

49

KoXbnse `àntbmKw AYhm IrjvW`ànsbs´¶v a\Ênem¡phm³ IrjvW\msc¶v a\Ên em¡Ww. {ioIrjvW³ bYmÀ°¯n tbmtKizc\mb, ]ip]Xnbmb, arXypRvPb\mb inh \mWv. inh³ kqcy\mWv, kqcy³ hnjvWphmWv þ inhtbmKn k¦Â]s¯ t]cv amänbn«v sshXmfnI·mÀ sshjvWhoIcn¨XmWv IrjvWtbmKn. ssihmKanI ASnØm\anÃmsX hntijn¨m IrjvWk¦Â]w Akw_ÔamWv. AssZzXhmZnbpw thZm´nbpamb i¦c³ tZhIo ]p{Xs\ {_ÒmhXmcambn ImWp¶XnÂ]cw Akw_Ôw asäm¶nÃ. Ahyà{_tÒm]mk\tb¡mÄ t{ijvTw IrjvW`ànbmsW¶v hcp¶Xv IrjvW³ inh\pw tbmtKizc\pw A§s\ tamt£Ñp¡Ä¡v ]caKpcp hpw BbXn\memWv.

apIfnse tNmZy¯n\v IrjvW³ \ÂIp¶ adp]Sn þ

a¿mthiy at\m tb amw \nXybpàm D]mktX

{i²bm ]ctbmt]XmkvtX ta bpàXam aXmx (2)

tbmKkzcq]¯n (Fs¶ tbmtKizc\mbn) a\Êpd¸n¨v kZm D]mkn¡p¶h\mWv t{ijvT\mb tbmKnsb¶mWv Fsâ A`n{]mbw.

tbmKiànkzcq]§fmb tZhXmþD]mk\sb ISsaSp v̄ thZm´¯n \nthin¸n¨XmWv Cu `àntbmKw. (tZhoþtZh·mcpambpÅ AIr{XnaX·bo`mhamWv a¿mthiyat\mþsb¶v ]dªncn¡p¶Xv)

Cu `àntbmK¯n\v i¦c³ \ÂIp¶ `mjy¯n {ioIrjvWs\ hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv kÀÆ tbmtKizcmWmw A[oizcw kÀÆPvRw F¶mWv. kÀÆthZm´]cws]mcpfmb {_Òw `qanbn tZl[mcnbmbm AXv kÀÆtbmtKizcmWmw A[oizcw kÀÆPvRw = inhtbmKnbmbncn¡psa ¶v i¦c`mjyw ]dbp¶p. IrjvWsâ tbmKkzcq]w AwKoIcn¡msX tbmK\ntj[nbmb Ahyà{_tÒm]mkI\mb i¦c\v KoX hymJym\n¡phm³ IgnªnÃ.

tbmKhnZybneqsSbÃmsX Ahyà{_tÒm]mk\bnÃ. AXv ASp¯ tÇmI§fn \n¶pw hyàamWv. tZhXIsf D]mkn¡pIbpw Ahyà{_Òs¯ Úm\w sIm−dnbpIbpamWv tbmKw.

tb Xz£ca\nÀt±iyahyàw ]cyp]mktX

kÀÆ{XKaNn´yw N IqSØaNew {[phw (3) kw\nbtay{µnb{Kmaw kÀÆ{X ka_p²bx

tX {]m]v\ph´n amtah kÀÆ`qXlntXcXmx (4)

C{µnb\nb{´Ww sNbvXv kÀÆXnepw ka`mh\tbmsS, kÀÆ`qX §fpsSbpw ip`Imw£nbmbn A£cþAhyàmZn hntijW§tfmSp IqSnb ANn´yhpw AtKmNchpamb {_Òs¯ D]mkn¡p¶hÀ Fs¶¯s¶ {]m]n¡p¶p.

¢tim[nIXckvtXjmahyàmkàtNXkmw

Ahyàm ln KXnÀZpxJw tZlhZv`nchmNytX (5)

50

Ahyà{_Ò¯n BkàcmbhÀ¡v t¢ia[nIamWv. tZl[mcnIfpsS t¢iw AhmNyw Xs¶bmWv.

thZm´amÀ¤w {]mtbmKnIaÃ. inhtbmKhn`qXnbmb Fsâ tbmKkzcq]¯neqsS tam£w {]m]n¡mw F¶mWv {ioIrjvWtbmKn ]dbp¶Xv.

t{itbm ln Úm\a`ymkmXv Úm\mXv [ym\w hninjytX

[ym\mXv IÀa^eXymKw XymKmXv im´nc\´cw (12)

tbmKm`ymk(lT)s¯¡mÄ Úm\w t{ijvTamWv. Úm\t¯¡mÄ [ym\w t{ijvTamWv. [ym\¯m a\pjy³ IÀa^eXymK¯n\v IgnhmÀÖn¡p¶p. XymK¯neqsS im´n ssIhcp¶p.

AtZzjvSm kÀÆ`qXm\mw ssa{Xx IcpW Gh N

\nÀatam \nclwImcx kaZpxJkpJ £ao (13)

k´pjvSx kXXw tbmKo bmXmßm ZrV\nÝbx

a¿À]nXat\m_p²nÀ tbm aZv `àx k ta {]nbx (14)

bYmÀ°tbmKnbpsS e£W§fmWnhnsS ]dªncn¡p¶Xv. inhtbmKnIfmbncp¶, inhmssZz XnIfmbncp¶ {iocmaIrjvWþ{io\mcmbWmZn ]calwktbmKnIsf kw_Ôn¨v A£cw {]Xn icnbmWo hm¡pIÄ. ]e thZm´nIsf kw_Ôn¨pw CXnsemc£cw t]mepw icnbmInÃ. _p²·msc lnwkn¨hÀ¡pw ]ckv{XokwKw sIm−v IpSpw_n\nIsf I®oÀIpSn¸n¨hÀ¡pw F{X thZm´nIfmbmepw tam£w In«pIbnÃ.

(13) t£{Xt£{XÚhn`mK tbmKw

({]IrXnxþ]pcpjx) (35 tÇmI§Ä)

]Xnaq¶ma²ymbw XpS§p¶Xv t£{Xsas´¶v ]dªpsIm−mWv

CZw icocw Iut´b t£{XanXy`n[obtX

GXtZymth¯n Xw {]mlpx t£{XÚ CXnXZznZx (2)

Iut´b, Cu icocamWv t£{Xw þ bp²`qan þ [À½t£{Xhpw Ipcpt£{Xhpw. Cu clkyadnbp¶h\mWv t£{XÚ³.

alm`qXm\ylwImtcm _p²nchyàtah N

C{µnbmWn ZssiIw N ]© N C{µnbtKmNcmx (6)

CÑm tZzjx kpJw ZpJw kwLmXtÝX\m [rXnx

GXXv t£{Xw kamtk\ khnImcapZmlrXw (7)

C§s\ tbmKimkv{X]cambn icocw Fs´¶v ]dbs¸«p. XpSÀ¶v hnImc§sfs´¶v hniZoIcn¡p¶p.

Aam\nXzaZw`nXzalnwkm£m´ncmÀÖhw

51

BNmtcym]mk\w iuNw ssØcyamßhn\n{Klx (8)

hn\bw, Ffna, Zb, £a, kcfX, Kpcp`àn, ip²n, Bßkwba\w C§s\ tbmKnbv¡p−mbncnt¡− \à KpW§sf¸än hniZambn ]dbp¶ ]e tÇmI§Ä.

tÚbw b¯Xv {]h£yman bÚmXzm AarXaiv\ptX

A\mZn aXv]cw {_Ò \ k¯m¶kXpNytX (9)

bmsXm¶ns\ Adnbp¶XneqsS \izcamb Poh³ A\izcamIp¶pthm AXmWv tÚbw þ AXns\¸än Rm³ ]dbmw. A\mZnbmb Fsâ tbmKkzcq]amb {_Òw kt¯m, Akt¯m (ImcyþImcW§Ä) Bbn hntijn¸n¡pI km²yaÃ.

{]IrXnw ]pcpjw ssNh hn²y\mZn D`mh]n

hnImcmwÝ KpWmwssÝh hn²n {]IrXn kw`hm³ (20)

{]IrXnbpw Pohcq]§fpw A\mZnbmsW¶v \o AdnbpI. ap³ ]dª hnImcKpWmZnIÄ {]IrXnbpsS ]cnWXnbmsW¶v AdnbpI.

ImcyIcWIÀ¯rtXz tlXpx {]IrXncpNytX

]pcpjx kpJZpxJm\mw t`màrtXz tlXpcpNytX (21)

Imcyw, IcWw, IÀXrXzw Chbv¡v ImcWw {]IrXnbmWv. kpJw, ZpxJw, t`màrXzw ChbpsS ImcWw ]pcpj\mWv.

]pcpjx {]IrXntØm ln `p¦vtX {]IrXnPm³KpWm³

ImcWw KpWkwtKm%ky kZvktZym\nP·kp (22)

]pcpj³ {]IrXnbn \n¶psIm−v {]IrXnbpsS ]cnWXnbmb {XoKpW§sf Blcn¨v, KpWh iK\mbn kXvþAkXv tbmKnIfn P·saSp¡p¶p.

D]{ZjvSm\pa´m N `À¯mt`màm atlizcx

]camtßXn Nm]yptàm tZtl%kvan³ ]pcpjx ]cx (23)

taÂt\m«¡mc\mbn, \nb´mhmbn, `À¯mhmbn, BkzmZI\mbn atlizc³ icoc¯nep−v. ]camßmsh¶v IqSn At±lw (thZm´nIfpsS CSbnÂ) Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

b Ghw th¯n ]pcpjw {]IrXnw N KpssWx kl

kÀÆYm hr¯namt\m%]n \ k `qtbm f `nPmbtX (24)

Bcv {]IrXnsbbpw ]pcpjs\bpw KpWklnXambn Adnbp¶pthm, Ah³ kZm {]hr¯n\ncX \msW¦n IqSn ]p\ÀP\n¡p¶nÃ. (kÀÆYm hÀ¯amt\m]nþsb¶Xv AÀ°clnXamb ]mTamWv)

t£{Xþt£{XÚtbmKw XpSÀ¶v GXm\pw tÇmI§tfmsS Ahkm\n¡p¶p. kmwJytbmKamWv ChnsS hnhcn¡s¸«Xv. aX\nct]Ijamb Hcp imkv{Xs¯ thZm´oIcn¨v {_mÒWXzam¡phm³ KoXbn hniZoIcn¨v Xp¶nt¨À¯XmWv. \mkvXnIamWv kmwJyw þ

52

{]]©s¯¸än ip²amb imkv{Xmht_m[w sIm−v kzbwkwkvIcn¨v, \·sb kzmwioIcn¨v atlizcq]w {]m]n¨ EjnamcpsS imkv{Xw.

(14) KpW{Xb hn`mKtbmKw

(`uXnI {]IrXn þ {XnKpW§Ä) (27 tÇmI§Ä)

aa tbm\nÀ alZv {_Òw Xkvan³ KÀ`w Z[maylw

kw`hx kÀÆ`qXm\mw XtXm `hXn `mcX (3)

kÀÆtbm\njp Iut´b aqÀXbx kw`h´n bmx

Xmkmw {_Òw alZv tbm\nclw _oP{]Zx ]nXm (4)

ssihmKanIamb inhþiàn k¦Â]¯n\v IrjvWþ{_Ò cq]w \ÂInbncn¡pIbmWnhnsS. {_Ò¯n\v amXrcq]hpw IrjvW\v ]nXrcq]hpw \ÂIn krjvSnbpsS ssZzXmßI hniZoIcWw.

k¯zwcPkvXa CXn KpWmx {]IrXnkw`hmx

\n_[v\´n alm_mtlm tZtl tZln\ahybw (5)

{]IrXnbn \n¶pap−mIp¶ k¯zw, cPx, Xax Cu KpW§Ä tZlnsb tZlhpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶p.

hfsc {][m\amb \mep tÇmI§fmWv ASp¯Xmbn ImWp¶Xv þ

X{X k¯zw \nÀaeXzmXv {]ImiIa\mabw

kpJkwtK\ _[v\mXn Úm\kwtK\ Nm\L (6)

ctPm cmKmßIw hn²n XrjvWmkwKkapÛhw

X¶n_[v\mXn Iut´b IÀakwtK\ tZln\w (7)

XakvXzÚm\Pw hn²n taml\w kÀÆ tZln\mw

{]amZmeky\n{Zm`nkvX¶n_[v\mXn `mcX (8)

\nÀ½eamb, {]Imiam\amb k¯zKpWw kpJ¯mepw Úm\ ¯mepw, XrjvWbn \n¶pfhmIp¶ ctPmKpWw IÀ½¯mepw, AÚm\ ¯n \n¶pfhmIp¶ XtamKpWw {]amZw, \n{Z, Bekyw Chbmepw tZlnsb _Ôn¡p¶p.

k¯zw kptJ kwPbXn cPx IÀaWn `mcX

Úm\amhrXy Xp Xax {]amtZ kwPbXypX (9)

k¯zw kpJ¯nepw, cPx IÀ½¯nepw, Úm\s¯ ad¨v XtamKpWw {]amZ¯nepw (DßmZw) a\pjys\ Bkà\m¡p¶p.

k¯zmXv kwPmbtX Úm\w cPtkm tem` Gh N

{]amZtamlu Xatkm `htXm AÚm\tah N (17)

k¯z¯n \n¶v bYmÀ¯amb Úm\hpw cPÊn \n¶v tem`hpw XaÊn \n¶v {]amZhpw tamlþauVymZnIfpw D−mIp¶p.

53

\m\yw KptW`yx IÀ¯mcw bZm {ZjvSm\p]iyXn

KptW`yÝ ]cw th¯n aZv`mhw tkm%[nKÑXn (19)

KpW§fÃmtXm thsdmcp IÀ¯mhnsöpw KpWmXoX\mWv tbmKnsb¶dnbpIbpw sN¿p¶h³ Fs¶t¸mse tbmtKizc\mbn `hn¡p¶p.

(15) ]pcptjm¯atbmKw

(20 tÇmI§Ä)

DuÀ²zaqea[imJw Aiz°w {]mlpchybw

Oµmwkn bky ]ÀWm\n bkvXwthZ k thZhnZv (1)

thcpIÄ apIfnte¡pw imJIÄ Xmtg¡pw hfcp¶ A£bsa¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ Hcp Acbmep−v. OµkpIÄ (a{´§Ä) CeIfmb Cu hr£s¯ Adnbp¶h³ thZs¯ Adnbp¶p.

A[tÝmÀ²zw {]krXmkvXky imJm KpW{]hr²m hnjb{]hmemx

A[Ýaqem\y\pkwXXm\n

IÀam\p_Ôo\n a\pjytemtI (2)

CXnsâ C{µnbhnjb§fmb imJIÄ apIfnte¡pw Xmtg¡pw KpW§fm t]mjn¸n¡s¸«v ]SÀ¶p InS¡p¶p. Xmtgm«pÅ CXnsâ thcpIÄ a\pjytemI¯nsâ IÀ½_Ô§fmWv.

Cu kwkmchr£¯nsâ ]pXpatb Cu A²ymb¯n\pÅp. kwkmc_Ôs¯ sshcmKyw sIm−v hntÑZn¡Wsa¶msWtÃm _p²\pw almhoc\psams¡ ]dªXv.

(16) tZhmkpc hn`mKtbmKw

(24 tÇmI§Ä)

Zzu `qXkÀKu temtI kvan³ ssZh Bkpc Gh N ...XpS§nb tÇmI§Ä. tZh·mÀ BkvXnIcmsW¶pw AkpcÀ \mkvXnIcpw ]m]nIfpamsW¶pw ]dbp¶p.

(17) {i²m{Xb hn`mKtbmKw

(28tÇmI§Ä)

KpWhn`mKsa¶t]mse KpWm{ibnbmb {i²mhn`mK§Ä. X]Êv, Zm\w Chsbs´¶v hnhcn¡s¸Sp¶p.

54

(18) kw\ymkw (78 tÇmI§Ä)

k\ymk¯nsâbpw XymK¯nsâbpw hniZoIcWw Bhiys¸Sp¶ AÀPp\sâ tNmZyt¯msSbmWv KoXbpsS ]Xns\«mw A²ymbw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv.

Imaym\mw IÀaWmw \ymkw kw\ymkw Ihtbm hnZpx

kÀÆIÀ½^eXymKw {]mlpkvXymKw hnN£Wmx (2)

ImayIÀa§fpsS XymKamWv kw\ymksa¶pw kÀÆIÀ½ ^eXymKamWv icnbmb XymKsa¶pw hnZzm·mÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.

KpWhn`mKw ASnØm\ambn {Xnhn[ Úm\w, X]kv, IÀaw, _p²n, kpJw Chsbs´¶v XpSÀ¶v

]dbp¶p. {_mÒWþ£{Xnbþsshiyþiq{Z·mcpsS IÀa kz`mhw XpSÀ¶v hniZoIcn¡p¶p. ]ns¶, KoXbpsS Ahkm\w Ipdn¡p¶ BhÀ¯\§Ä. kRvPb³ AÀ°]qÀ®ambn ]dbp¶Xv þ

b{X tbmtKizcx IrjvtWm ]mÀt°m [\pÀ²cx

X{X {ioÀhnPtbm `qXnÀ {[phm\oXnÀaXnÀaa (78)

`KhXvKoXbpsS Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv D¯cKoXsb C¶v kaqlw ho£n¡p¶Xv. sshhn[yamÀ¶ KoXbnse tÇmIkaql¯n\v tijw bYmÀ°¯n D¯cKoXbv¡v bmsXmcp {]kànbpanÃ. ]Xns\«²ymb§fnse KoXmktµi¯n\v s]mXphmb Hcp kmcmwianà þ AXv Hcp kw{KlamWv þi¦cmssZzXImeL«¯ntem AXn\Â]w ap¼mtbm hyhØm]nX {_mÒW AYhm ]ptcmlnX XmÂ]cy§Ä Ac¡n«pd¸n¡p¶Xn\mbn sI«n¸Sp¯ ]ptcmlnX cmjv{Sob ¯nsâ ss__nfmWv C¶s¯ KoX. KuU]mZIrXamb D¯cKoXbv¡v C¶s¯ `KhZvKoX bpambn DÅ _Ôw KuU]mZþtÇmI§sf `KhXvKoX sI«n¨a¡p¶Xn D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n bncn¡p¶p F¶XmWv. `mcXob X¯zNn´bpsS icnbmb Ncn{XhniIe\w D−mbn«nsö hkvXpX {io. ^pÂtK{µ kn³l Xsâ ]T\¯n hyàam¡nbn«p−v. C¯cpW¯n D¯cKoXbpsS khntijamb {]kàn tÇmI§fpsS hymJym\¯n hyàam¡p¶XmWv.

{io. ssJÀ c−p Xc¯nepÅ ]TnXm¡sf¸än kw£n]vXambn kqNn¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv {i²nt¡−XmWv. AÂ]w kzX{´ambpw hniZam bpw ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbm AYhm Cu cN\mImcsâ ZrjvSnbn Sn c−pIq«sc Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw hnhcn¡mw.

`qcn]£amfpIfpw D]cn]vfhamb `ànbn hnizkn¨v X§fptSXmb PohnXX¯z imkv{X¯n\v (FÃmhcpw Xs¶ PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v cq]w \ÂIp¶ kz´amb ZÀi\¯n\v A\pcq]ambn) km[qIcWw \ÂIp¶ IÀ½þÚm\bpànIÄ tXSp¶hcmWv. A§s\bpÅhÀ¡v `KhXv KoXbn sshhn[yamÀ¶ X¯zkqànIÄ e`yamWv. Xm¡menIamb

Hcmizmkw þ am\knIamb Hcp thZ\mkwlmcn (Psycho-pill) þ F¶Xn Ihnª {]kàn AhcpsS PohnX¯n KoX¡nÃ.

55

c−maXp hn`mKw PohklPamb PnÚmkbm t{]cnXcmbn AkvXnXz¯n\v AÀ°w tXSp¶hcmWv. Pohkw_Ônbmb P\\acW apàymZn A\p`h§sf t_m[]cambn DÄs¡mÅm³ {ian¡p¶hcmWv. X§fpsS Nn´mIvtfi¯n\v, ]T\þa\\m[njvTamb hnÚm\XrjvW¡v Xr]vXnIcamb kam[m\w tXSp¶hcmWv. imkv{Xobamb BJym\am Wv ChÀ¡v th−Xv. an{iW]chpw ZrjvSm´]chpamb BJym\§Ä IqSpX Nn´mt¢iamWv ChÀ¡v \ÂIp¶Xv. Bibkm£mXvImc¯neqsSbpÅ Aa\obmhØ (a\\w XpSÀ¶v BhiyanÃm¯, tNmZy§Ä Ahkm\n¨) þHcp \hyt_m[kzcq]amWv ChÀ¡mhiyw.

_p²\mIphm\m{Kln¡p¶hÀ.

Cu c−maXp hn`mKw KoXbn tXSp¶Xv bpànklamb Bib{KlWhpw ZzµmXoXamb t_m[kzcq]amÀÖnIp¶Xn\pÅ amÀK§fpamWv.

hymkKoXbpsS aqecq]hpw D¯cKoXbpw c−maXp hn`mKs¯ e£yam¡nbmWv AhXcn¸n¡phm³ {ian¨n«pÅXv.

tUm. KPm\\ {io]Xv ssJdnsâ ]T\w

`KhXvKoXbpsS C¶s¯ 700 tÇmI§tfmSp IqSnb {KÙw tÇmI§fpsS DÅS¡w, ssien, LS\, ChbpsS ASnØm\¯n t\m¡pt¼mÄ aq¶v hyXykvX cNbnXm¡Ä, ImeL«§Ä, A\phmNIÀ AYhm ]TnXm¡sf e£yan«hbmsW¶v {io. ssJÀ ]dbp¶p. {io. ^pÂtK{µ kn³lbpsS ]T\hpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n Nn´n¡pt¼mÄ Cu \nKa\s¯ AÂ]w ]cnjvIcn¡phm³ \mw \nÀ_ÔnXcmIpw.

1.Bd²ymb§Ä hoXw aq¶v JWvU§sf¶Xv þ BZy aq¶²ymb

§Ä, A²ymbw 4þ6, A²ymbw 7þ12, A²ymbw 13þ18 C§s\ \mev JWvU§fmt¡−Xp−v. Chbn BZy c−p JWvU§fnse DÅS¡w ]WvUnXP\s¯bpw ]n¡me hnImk§Ä km[mcW P\s¯bpw Dt±in¨msW¶v A\pam\n¡m³ sXfnhpIfp−v.

2. H¶mw A²ymbw alm`mcXIYbpambn KoXsb _Ôn¡p¶XmWv. GXm\pw tÇmI§Ä ]n¡me v̄ tNÀ¡s¸«bmImw. GXm\pw Nne tÇmI§Ä bp²kµÀ` krjvSn¡mbn aqeKoXbpsS `mKambncp¶ncn¡W sa¶mWv Fsâ A\pam\w.

3.c−mw JWvUw apX \memw JWvUw hsc ]n¶oSv tNÀ¯hÀ ]qÀÆambn e`n¨ A²ymb§fn GXm\pw tÇmI§Ä tNÀ¯ncn¡phm \pÅ km²yX XÅn¡fbm\mInÃ.

4. im¦c`mjy¯n\v tijw hnIk\w D−mbn«nÃ. im¦c`mjy¯n\v

sXm«pap¼mbn tNÀ¡s¸«sX¶v IcpXmhp¶ A²ymbw 13þ18 sâ cNbnXmhn {]hmNIsâbpw, IhnbpsSbpw, {]Xn`mk¼¶X ZriyamsW¶v

56

ssJdnsâ ]T\¯n \n¶v a\Ênem¡mw. KoXbpsS Cu `mK¯msW¶v IcpXp¶ {]tXyIXIÄ, i¦c\mbncn¡mw (AtXm tKmhnµap\nsb t¸msebpÅ \qX\ IrjvWhmkptZhþ{_mÒWyaX¯nsâ hàm¡fmb aäv AssZzXmNmcy·mcmsc¦nepw) Cu A²ymb§fpsS kq{X[mcs\¶ kqN\ \ÂIp¶p.

5.alm`mcX¯nsessih{]`mhw I]neþ]mXRvPe tbmKimkv{Xw

amän \nÀ¯nbm (A²ymbw 1þ3), `KhXvKoXbn (A²ymbw 13þ18) CsöXv, AXnsâ ]n¡me krjvSn¡v aXnbmb sXfnhmWv.

6. D]cn]vfhamb `àntbmKw i¦cIme¯n\v tijap−mb sshjvWhaX¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmWv. X{´þtbmKm[njvTaÃm¯ `àn inhIpe¯nenÃ.

7. AÀÖp\³ IrjvWs\ kwt_m[\ sN¿p¶Xv BZy c−v JWvU§fn ANypX, tIih, tKmhnµ CXymZn t]cpIfmemWv. (c−mw

JWvUamb A²ymbw 4þ6 H¶mw JWvU¯nsâ hn]peoIcWw am{XamWv). F¶m aq¶v, \mev JWvU§fn A`nkwt_m[\ AssZzX]camßmhmbn«msW¶v ]dbmw þ BZntZh, PKXv]tX, A\´, tZhtZh C§s\sbms¡ hntijW§fmemWv. \memw A²ymb¯n tIih³ þ Alw t{]màhm³ Caw tbmKw hnhkztX þ XpS§nb D¯a]pcpj {]tbmKw IrjvWsâ kJmsh¶ \nebnÂ\n¶pw `Khms\¶ \nebnepÅ Nn{XoIcW¯nsâ XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. aäv JWvU§fn AssZzX]camßmhm¡p¶ hntijW§fnemWv Cu amäw Ahkm\n¨Xv.

8. apIfn ]dª khntijXbpsS ASnØm\¯n D¯cKoX ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ \mw ImWp¶Xv IrjvWsâ tIih³, ANypX³ apXemb \mat[b§Ä am{XamWv. D¯cKoX BZnJWvU¯nsâ D¯c `mKambmWv KuU]mZÀ cNn¨sX¶v Cu {]tXyIX kqN\ \ÂIp¶p.

9. KoX þ c−v, aq¶v A²ymb§fpsS {]tXyIX þ ASnØm\ X¯z§Ä efnXambn, iàambn, kw£n]vXambn AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p. hen¨v \o«nb hniZamb NÀ¨Itfm D]atbm, ZrjvSm´§tfm Csöv Xs¶ ]dbmw. Nne Øe§fnÂ, {]tXyIn¨pw Bß kzcq]w hyàam¡p hm³ D]\njZv tÇmI§sf B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶p.

10.aäv JWvU§Ä bp²kµÀ`¯nse IrjvWmÀÖp\kwhmZ ¯nsâ {]Xo£n¡p¶ kz`mh¯n\XoXamb, Hcp ]pXnb aXkwlnXbpsS {]tLmj§sf¶t]mse A\p`hs¸Sp¶p.

F´mWv KoXbnse IÀ½tbmKw?

BßobXmimkv{X§fn kw`hn¡mhp¶ Gähpw A_²PSneamb hymJym\amWv KoXbnse IÀ½tbmK¯n\v e`n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. hymJym\sa gpXnb ]e ]WvUnX·mcpw th− {i²tbmsS, DÄ¡mgvNtbmsS KoXbpsS IÀ½ktµisas´¶v hyàam¡nbn«nÃ.

57

kzIÀ¯hym[njvTamb ]cn`mjbmWv IÀ½¯n\v s]mXpsh e`n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ]ecpw F´p IÀ½amWv Dt±in¨ncn¡p¶sX¶v hyàamIm ¯Xp sIm−v hniZam¡m³ sa\s¡«n«nÃ. KoXbnse IÀ½tbmKs¯¸än imkv{Xobambn D]\ykn¨ncn¡p¶Xn Gähpw {it²bambXv {io.Achnµ tLmjnsâ ]T\§fmWv.

1. KotXm]tZi¯nsâ ImÂ]\nI ]Ým¯ew þ

bp²kµÀ`¯nse AÀÖp\hnjmZw

BßobX kXymt\zjWamWv. ImÂ]\nIXsb ImÂ]\nIX bmbn Xs¶ a\Ênem¡Ww. Hcp £{Xnb\pw (bp²w sXmgnembhÀ) ]S¡f¯n sN¶ tijw tamlmekytam, Nn´mt¢itam D−mIbnÃ. AYhm Ghs\¦nepw ]S¡pt]mIpt¼mÄ _elo\\mbm kaql¯m XnckvIcn¡s¸Spw. bp²w sNbvXpw lnwksNbvXpw Xg¼n¨ AÀÖp\\v þ Iuchsc \in¸n¡p¶Xn\mbn X]ÊvsNbvXv Znhymbp[§Ä tXSnb, bp²samgnhm¡m\pÅ klNmcnbmb IrjvWsâ {ia§Ä ]cmPbs¸« \ne¡v, bp²¯n\nd§n¯ncn¨ AÀÖp\\v bp²mcw`¯n am{XamWv ]cnWXnIsf¡pdn¨ Nn´bp−mbsX¶v BÀ¡mWv hnizkn¡phm³ IgnbpI? \cþ\mcmbW, IpÕþC{µ klNmcnXzw t]msebmWv AÀÖp\ þIrjvW klNmcnXzsa¶ hkvXpX AchnµtLmjv Nq−n¡m«p¶p−v. `mcXIYbnse IrjvWsâ thjw hfsc {i²tbmsS kwhn[mbI³ \nÀ®bn¨XmWv. t]mcmfnbmInà þ Bbp[saSp¡nsö þ IrjvWsâ \nÝb¯n Xsâ kmcYyhpw IYbpsS aÀ½{][m\amb hymJym\hpw AS§nbncn¡p¶p. a\pjy\v B´cnIamb Bßmhpw ]camßmhpamWv t]mcmfnbpw kmcYnbpw þ Ipcpt£{Xw icocamWv þ Cu ASnØm\amWv KotXm]tZi¯nsâ cwKthZnbmbn \mw BZyta a\Ênemt¡−Xv.

ImÂ]\nIXbpsS e£ysa´v?

{]tXyIamb Dt±it¯msSbmWv KoXbpsS {]mcw`¯nse ImÂ]\nIaplqÀ¯w. KoXbpsS Poh{]]©k¦Â]hpw a\pjysâ Poh]cnWma Zisbbpw shfnhm¡pIsb¶XmWv Ipcpt£{X¯nse ]mÀ°\neqsS hymksâ e£yw. \nc´camb amähpw \mihpamWv \ne\nÂ]nsâ clkyamb Cuizceoe. i¦cmNmcycpsS anYybmb PKÕzcq]aà KoXbnse Poh{]]©w. Poh³ Blmc¯neqsS \ne\n¡p¶psh¶Xpt]mse ImeaqÀ¯nbpsS BlmcamWv Poh {]]©w. {]IrXn, A´À¿manbmb Bßmhnsâ \c\mcmbWcq]w, ImeaqÀ¯n C§s\ temI]cnWma{]{Inbbnse IÀ½nIfpsS ss\c´cyamb IpcpXnbpsS (hnhn[ IÀ½§Ä) t£{XamWv Ipcpt£{Xw. ]mÀ°sâ Bib¡pg¸w, [À½þIÀ¯hy Nn´ ChbneqsS a\pjycmin bpsS s]mXphmb [À½k¦Ss¯ AhXcn¸n¡phm\pw tbmtKizc\mb \mcmbW\n \n¶v t]mcmfnsb¶ ]cnWma Zibnse¯n \n¡p¶ \c\v DÅ [À½Xt¯zm]tZi¯n\v tbmPn¨ cwKthZn¡pw th−nbmWv ImÂ]\nI kµÀ`w Hcp¡nbXv. ]mip]X¯nsâ kÀKmßIamb hymk]cnjvIcWamWv bYmÀ°¯n alm`mcX¯nepw aqehymkKoXbnepw \mw ImWp¶Xv. AchnµtbmKnbpsS hm¡pIfnÂ

58

KoXbpsS bYmÀ° ]Ým¯ew \ap¡v e`yamWv. ]ecpw kz]v\w ImWp¶Xpt]mse temIkam[m\¯n\pw kulmÀ±¯n\pw tbmPn¨ ]cnWmaZi a\pjy\v ssIh¶n«nsö bmYmÀ°yw AwKoIcn¨p sIm−v t]mcmfnbmb a\pjy\pÅ [À½amWv KotXm]tZiw. kwlmceoe A\nhmcyamsW¶v ImeKXnbneqsS a\Ênem¡n tZlm`nam\w shSnªv ImemXoXamb Dסmbn ]cn{ian¡pIbmWv temIawKfIcsa¶mWv IrjvW³ ]dbp¶Xv.

t]mcmfnbmb ]mÀ°³, ZmÀi\nI\Ã, Nn´I\Ã. ss{XKpWy\mb PohnbmWv. X\n¡dnbmhp¶ [À½]cn`mjb\pkcn¨v hmk\mXoX\mIp hm³ {ian¡p¶ km[mcW\mb hyànbmWv. _p²s\t¸mse hncàn bmÀ¶v ZpxJ¯n\v ]cnlmcw tXSp¶bmfà ]mÀ°³. PohnX¯nsâtbm, temI¯nsâtbm AÀ°tam, e£ytam tXSp¶ Bfà þ adn v̈ sshImcnIamb hn{`m´n¡v hnt[bamb hyànbmWv þ Xsâ DZya¯nsâ `hnjy¯pIsf¸än Nn´n¨v k¯z`mh\bmepw [À½Nn´bmepw Jn¶\mb t]mcmfnbmWv. Bßmhnsâ [À½t_m[]camb Nn´mt¢i ¯nsâ {]IS\amWv AÀÖp\hnjmZw.

2. IÀ½tbmK]camb D]tZi¯nsâ ImXÂ

lnwkbpsS tLmccq]s¯¸äntbmÀ v̄ hnjmZw _m[n¨ £{Xnb\v, \nÝn´\mbn ^emt]£bnÃmsX \o \nsâ IÀ½w sN¿pI F¶ IrjvW³ D]tZin¨XmbmWv km[mcWamb hymJym\w. cmjv{Sob t\Xm¡·mÀ AYhm kapZmb]cnjvIÀ¯m¡fn Nnecpw KoXsb hymJym\n¨v hjfm¡nbn«p−v. kmaqlytkh\w, \nkzmÀ°tkh\w, emt`Ñ IqSmsXbpÅ hym]mcþhyhkmb§Ä Chs¡ms¡ C¶v `KhXvKoX t{]cW \ÂIp¶p. Achnµ³ Imcyamb {]amZw Cu hymJym\¯n ImWp¶p. ]mÝm´y Nn´bpsSbpw (PohnXho£Ww) AXnsâ kzm[o\ ¯nsâbpw ^eambn {]mNo\amb BßhntZym]tZiw hnIrXambn hymJym\n¡s¸SpIbmsW¶v Achnµ alÀjn A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. Bß km£mXvImc¯nte¡v \bn¡p¶ sFizcyamb (Cuizcsâ Znhy t{]cWbmÂ) IÀ½\nÀhlW¯n\v th−n CXc IÀ½§fpsS XymKamWv KoX A\pimkn¡p¶sX¶v At±lw ]dbp¶p.

hymhlmcnI PohnX¯n\v th−nbÃ, Bßobkn²n¡mbmWv KotXm]tZisa¶ hkvXpX B[p\nIIme v̄ ]n³XÅs¸«ncn¡p¶p. kmaqlnIamb \nch[n IÀ¯hy k¦Â]§fpsS \nÀÆlW¯n \n¶pw DXv]¶amIp¶ kwLÀj§fn \n¶v apànbmWv ]mÀ°³ IrjvWt\mSv Bhiys¸«Xv. AXn\p adp]Snbmbn \nsâ cpNnb\pkcn¨v \nÝn´\mbn ^emt]£bnÃmsX IÀ½w sN¿phm\mWv IrjvW³ D]tZin¨sX¶ hymJym\w Akw_ÔamWv. Xsâ k¯z`mh¯mÂ, A\pI¼bmÂ, koZvhnNmc¯m IÀ¯hy \nÀÆlWw (Xsâ AhImic£¡pw \oXn¡pw th−nbmsW¦n IqSn) ]m]]¦neamsW¶ Nn´bmemWv ]mÀ°³ ss¢ºyamÀ¶Xv. AÀÖp\sâ Cu k¯z`mhs¯ \ncmIcn¡p ¶XmtWm IrjvWsâ D]tZiw?

59

PohnX¯nsâbpw IÀ½¯nsâbpw kaky¡v A{]Imcw Hcp¯cw a\pjys\ t{ibÊnte¡v \bn¡p¶nÃ. Úm\mÀÖ\¯n\v DXIp¶ IÀ½w ^emt]£bnÃmsX sN¿pIsb¶XmWv KpWmXoX\mIp¶Xn \pÅ amÀ¤w.

‘Zlni{Xpw alm_mtlm Imacq]w ZpcmkZw’ F¶mWv IrjvW³ bYmÀ°¯n ]dªhkm\n¸n¨sX¶ Imcyw \mw HmÀt¡−Xp−v.

Imacq]amÀ¶ i{Xp¡sf \in¸n¡m\pXIp¶ t¢iIÀ½amWv (_pt²x]cw_p²zm kwkvX`ymß\amß\m) IrjvW³ ]mÀ°\p ]tZin¨sX¶ Imcyw ChnsS hyàamIp¶p. Cu IÀ½\nÀt±is¯ AÂ]w {i²tbmsS \nco£nt¡−Xp−v þ _pt²x ]cw _p²zm þ kwkvX`y Bß\w Bß\m þ sb¶ kmcYnbpsS Cu D]tZiw Bß\XoXamb, \njvIÀanbmb, {]IrXn¡XoXamb, ambmtamlnX ]RvPc¯nse A´À¿mansb kqNn¸n¡p¶p. Cu A´À¿manbmWv kmcYnbpsS thj`qjItfmsS ]mÀ°sâ cY¯nepw ImeaqÀ¯nbmbn FXnÀ]£¯pw ({]IrXn) {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv. Cu A´À¿manbmWv {XnKpWmXoX\mIphm³, ZpcmkZamb (tLmcw) {]IrXnsb Pbn¡phm³ Bß\v KotXm]tZiw \ÂIp¶Xv. KoX ChnsS ]qÀ®amWv þ ]s£ AssZzX¯nsâ {]hàm¡Ä¡v KoXbpsS Cu kXy¯n\p]cnbmb kzmÀ°XmÂ]cy§fp−mbncp¶Xn\memWv IrjvWs\ AhXmcam¡p hm\pw aqehymk KoXsb hnIkn¸n¨v {_mÒWy¯nsâ aXkwlnXbm ¡phm\pw {ian¨Xv. CÑsbbpw _p²nsbbpw ]camßmhn k¶nthin¸n¨v IÀ½nsb¶ A`nam\w shSnªv IÀ¯hy t_m[hpw {Inbbpw CuizceoebpsS `mKam¡pI. am\pjnIamb _Ô\þXe¯n (]ip) \n¶pw sFizcyamb kzmX{´y¯nte¡pÅ (]ip]Xn) DbÀ¨bn aq¶v L«§fp−v þ

1. Ima\Isf AXnPohn¡pI þ kaXz_p²n

2. ^teÑbpsS XymKw þ IÀ½kpIuiew

3. {]IrXyXoXamb ]cwtPymXnbn eo\amIpI þ \mcmbW³ (arXypRvPb³)

Úm\tbmK¯nsâ ]ShpIÄ Ibdn kzmßs\ ]camß\n \nthin¸n¨v ImamZnIfmb i{Xp¡sf \in¸n¡pI. Poh{]]©wþ \ncXn{Iayamb {]IrXn þ CuizceoebmsW¶v a\Ênem¡n sFizcyamb _p²ntbmsS AXn ]¦mfnbmIph\mWv eLphmbn ]dªm KoXbpsS ktµiw. hyàhpw A´nahpamb Cu ktµiw KoXbpsS AjvS Zim²ymbnbmbpÅ hnImk¯n k¦oÀ®hpw Ahyàhpambn¯oÀ¶p.

tbmKw AXnsâ ]qÀ®Xbn AssZzXamWv. AXvcmPtbmKamWv. Bßmhnsâ XoÀ°mS\¯nsâ cmP]mX þ tbmKimkv{Xa\pkcn¨v Cu cmP]mX aqem[mc¯nemcw`n¨v (]ip`mhw) KwKmþbap\þkckzXn C§s\ {Xn]Ybmbn kl{kmcw AYhm ssIemkw (awKfab\mb ]ip]XnbpsS \S)hscbmWv. cmPtbmK¯n\v ASnØm\amb almhnZybmWv X{´ imkv{Xw. X{´imkv{X¯nsâ {]XoImßIamb kn²m´cq]amWv kmwJyimkv{Xw. kmwJy¯nsâbpw tbmK¯nsâbpw kq{X§Ä kn²·mÀ X§fpsS _u²nI kwhmZ§Ä¡mbn krjvSn¨ X{´ imkv{X¯nsâ kwkvIrX¯nepÅ ssk²m´nI kw{Kl§fmWv.

60

aqehymkKoXbpw thZm´nIfpw X½nepÅ Bib kwLÀjw

aqehymkKoX bYmÀ°¯n Hcp {_Òkq{Xw t]msetbm D]\nj¯pIÄ t]msetbm thZm´{KÙaÃ. KoXbpÄs¸Sp¶ {]Øm\{Xb k¦Â]w i¦c`mjyt¯mSpIqSn P·saSp¯XmWv. Cu hkvXpXbv¡v sXfnhv KoXbn Xs¶ e`yamWv. KoXbnse c−pw aq¶pw A²ymb§fn \mw ImWp¶Xv Úm\nIfpw tbmKnIfpw Ahew_n ¡p¶ c−v hyXykvXamb \njvTIsf¸änbpÅ D]tZiamWv.

temtI f kvan³ Zznhn[m \njvTm ]pcm t{]màm abm\L

PvRm\tbmtK\ kmwJym\mw IÀatbmtK\ tbmKn\mw (3.3)

hfsc D]cn]vfh§fmb hymJym\amWv Cu tÇmI¯n\v ]ecpw \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. kmwJym\mw, tbmKn\mw F¶v c−mbpÅ hn`P\w ChnsS hyàamWv. BcmWo kmwJycpw tbmKnIfpw? KotXm]tZiap−mb Ime v̄ \nehnencp¶ c−v apànamÀ¤§sf ]n³XpSÀ¶ncp¶hcmWnhÀ. F´mWv B amÀ¤§Ä? Cu c−p ]Z§fpsS hnh£ icnbmbn a\Ênem ¡msX KoXbpsS s]mcpfdnbpI km²yaÃ. Gähpw ]pcmX\sa¶v ]dbmhp¶ i¦c`mjy¯n Xs¶bmWv icnbmb D¯cw e`n¡p¶Xvþ kmwJysc¸än ]dbp¶Xv {i²n-¡p-Iþ

kmwJym\mw: Bßm\mß hnjb hnthIÚm\hXmw {_ÒNcym{i amZv Gh IrXk¶ykm\mw thZm´hnÚm\ kp\nÝnXmÀ°m\mw ]ca

lwk]cn{hmPIm\mw {_ÒWn Gh AhØnXm\mw \njvTm t{]màm – sb¶mWv i¦c³ ]dªncn¡p¶Xv.

{_ÒNcym{ia¯n hnZy{]m]vXnbp−mbn BßþA\mßhnthI¯m  k¶ymkm{iaw kzoIcn¨ thZm´hnÚm\ kp\nÝnXmÀ°cmb ]calwkbXnamscbmWv kmwJym\w F¶v hnh£n¨ncn¡p ¶Xv. CXv hfsc icnbmWv. ImcWw, kmwJyimkv{Xw DÛhn¨Xv I]neap\nsbt¸msebpÅ kn²cpsS CSbnemWv.

tbmKn\mw F¶Xn\v IÀanWmw Ft¶ i¦c³ hyàam¡p¶pÅp. F¶m Cu c−p amÀ¤§fpsS ]ckv]ckwLÀjw/]qcIXzw hyàam¡n s¡m−v i¦c³ ]dbp¶Xv C§-s\þ

1. (XkvamXv) Ibm]n bpàym \ kap¨tbm Úm\IÀatWmx þ bmsXmcp bpàymepw Úm\¯nsâbpw IÀa¯nsâbpw amÀ¤§Ä kwKan¡p¶nÃ. bZv AÀÖpt\\ Dàw IÀatWm PymbkvXzw _pt²x XXv N ØnXw A\ncmIcWmXv þ IÀ½t¯¡mÄ Úm\w t{ijvTam sW¶ AÀÖp\sâ {]kvXmhw `Khm³ \ncmIcn¡m¯Xp sIm−v \ne\n¡p¶p.

2. IÀ½\njvTmb Úm\\njvTm{]m]vXntlXptXz\ ]pcpjmÀ° tlXpXzw \ kzmXt{´yW ....AXmbXv, IÀ½\njvTÀ¡v ]ca]pcpjmÀ° amb apàn IÀaw Úm\¯n\v ImcWamIp¶XneqsSbmWv, kzX{´ambn IÀ½w apànkm[\aÃ.

61

cmam\pPmNmcyÀ þ kwJym _p²nx XZypàmx kmwJymx, BssßIhnjbbm _p²ym bpàmx þ F¶v hniZoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p. tbmKnIfpsS IÀ½tbmKs¯¸än þ hnjbhymIpe _p²nbpàm\mw IÀ½tbmtK A[nImcx, AhymIpe_p²o\mw Xp Úm\tbmtK\ A[nImc Dàx þ AXmbXv, _p²nbm BßX¯zadnªv CXchnIÂ]hymIpeXIfn Ãm¯hÀ¡v Úm\¯nsâ amÀKhpw hnjbmkànbm t¢in¡p¶hÀ¡v IÀatbmKhpamWv KoX A\pimkn¡p¶Xv.

Cu ]Ým¯e¯n \n¶psIm−v i¦c³ 2.36 \v \ÂIp¶ `mjysas´¶v t\m¡mw þ

Gjm tX%`nlnXm kmwtJy _p²nÀtbmtK Xznamw irWp

_p²ymbptàm bbm ]mÀ° IÀ½_Ôw {]lmkykn (2.36)

kmwtJy F¶Xn\v ]camÀ°hkvXphnthIhnjtb F¶ AÀ°amWv i¦c³ \ÂIp¶Xv. _p²nx F¶Xn\v Úm\w km£mXv timIamlmZnkwkmctlXptZmj\nhr¯nImcWw F¶pw. tbmtK Xp Camw irWp þ XpSÀ¶v ]dbp¶ IÀatbmK¯n\v hnhcWambn þ XXv {]m]vXyp]mtb \nÊwKXbm Zzµ{]lmW]qÀÆIw ..kam[ntbmtK... F¶n§s\ i¦cmNmcyÀ Bibw hyàam¡nbncn¡p¶p. kmwJyw kmwJyimkv{Xw Xs¶, ]s£ i¦c³ B {]tXyI imkv{X\mas¯¸än Xsâ AssZzXhmZ¯n\v \nc¡m¯XpsIm−v hf¨psI«nbmWv ]dbp¶Xv. tbmKw IÀ½¯neqsS ssIhcp¶Xv \nxkwKþZzµmXoXþkam[n amÀ¤amsW¶ Imcy¯n i¦csâ hm¡pIÄ kwibw Ahtijn ¸n¡p¶nÃ. HSphn tbmKhnjbIcamb Úm\s¯ t{]cW¡mbn«mWv IrjvW³ kwkmc_Ô \miIcambn {]IoÀ¯n¨ncn¡p¶sX¶v ]dªv BNmcyÀ tbmKimkv{Xs¯ AÂ]w Ahtlfn¨n«pap−v. cmam\pPmNmcyÀ hfsc `wKnbmbn Npcp¡n¸dªncn¡p¶p þ Bßkw_Ôamb _p²n (kmwJyþÚm\w) D]tZin¨p Ignªp. C\n tbmKw, kwkmc_Ô\mi Icamb _p²nsbs´¶v tIÄ¡pI. tbmK¯n\v BßÚm\]qÀÆIþ tam£km[\þ`qXIÀ½m\pjvTmt\ tbm _p²n tbmtKm hàhyx k Cl tbmKi_vtZ\ DNytX F¶v hniZam¡nbncn¡p¶p. AXmbXv Bß Úm\nIfmb ]calwkbXnIfpsS kmwJyÚm\hpw (\ tXzhmlw F¶

2.12 apX XkvamXv kÀÆmWn `qXm\nsb¶mcw`n¡p¶ 2.30hscbmWv kmwJyþÚm\w), Bß Úm\¯n\mbn tam£km[\amb `qXIÀ½m\pjvTm\¯nsâ hn[nbmb tbmKimkv{XhpamWv c−v, aq¶v

A[ymb§fn ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. Cu c−v hn[nIfpw 3.43 Imacq]amÀ¶ i{Xp¡sf \in¸n¡m\p]tZin¡p¶ tXmsS Ahkm\n¡pIbmWv aqeKoXbnÂ.

Ghw _pt²x]cw_p²zm kwkvX`ymß\amß\m

Zlni{Xpw alm_mtlm Imacq]w ZpcmkZw (3.43)

Ch¡XoXamb D]tZisa´mWv? ssh¢ºy¯n\v ]cnlmcsa ´mWv? KotXm]tZiw XpScpIbmsW¦nÂ, Zlni{Xpw alm_mtlm þ F¶ Blzm\¯nsâ AhktcmNnXXzsa´mWv?

62

hnjmZ \nhr¯n¡mbpÅ Úm\þtbmKamÀK D]tZi§Ä ]qÀ®amb \nebmWv ChnsS \mw ImWp¶Xv. KoXbpsS XpSÀ¶pÅ `mK§Ä hniZoIcW§tfm, hn]pes¸Sp¯tem BWv. Cu Nn´IÄ \s½ \bn¡p¶Xv AÀÖp\hnjmZ¯n\XoXamb ImcW§Ä KoXsb hn]pes¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v t{]cIambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡msa¶ \nKa\¯nte ¡mWv. F´mWv B ImcW§Ä? Cu tNmZy¯n\v hyàamb D¯cw aqehymkKoXbn e`yamWv.

1. aqeKoXbnse kmwJyþtbmKimkv{X§Ä AssZzXthZm´¯n\v hncp²amWv.

kmwJyw Pohsâ BhnÀ`mhw AkvXnXzw ]cnWXn ChbpsS clky¯nsâ hntÇjWmßI kq£vaX¯z\nÀ²mcWhpw hniIe\ hpamsW¶v \nÀÆNn¡mw. I]neap\nbnemcw`n¡p¶ kn²]c¼cbmWv Cu imkv{X¯nsâ {]tWXm¡fmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. kmwJyimkv{Xw Poh temI¯nsâ AkvXnXzs¯ AssZzXþthZm´¯n\p ISIhncp²ambn, ]pcpj³, {]IrXn F¶o c−v ASnØm\ kzX{´X¯z§fpsS ]ckv]c ]cnWb eoebmbn ImWp¶p. k{Inb {]IrXn iànkzcq]nWnbmbn hnizh]pÊmbn \nesImÅp¶p. ]pcpj³ \njv{Inb\mb t_m[kzcq]³ AYhm t_mt[izcs\¶p ]dbmw. \nÀ²mcnXamIp¶ \nÀÆN\§Ä {][m\ambn þ

(I) Ahyàw þ aqe{]IrXn þ {]IrXn¡v aqeamb {XnKpWkmaymhØ F¶v ]dbmw. CXv asäm¶nsâ ]cnWXnbà (aqe{]IrXnchnIrXn).

(J) Úx þ Adnhv, ]pcpj³ þ \ {]IrXnÀ \ hnIrXnx ]pcpjx þ km[mcW hnh£b\pkcn¨v Bßmhv.

(K) hyàw þ {]IrXn þ {]]©w þ aqe{]IrXn¡v ]pcpj kmao]y¯m {XnKpWk´penXw \jvSambn {Inbmþ]cnWmacq]nbmb {]IrXn DfhmIp¶p. _p²n, _p²nbn \n¶pw AlwImcw Chbn \n¶pw BImiw XpS§nb A©v alm`qX§fpw ]Xns\m¶v C{µnb§fpw IqSn tjmUihnImc§fp−mIp¶p (GImZiIcWKWx+]©X·m{Xx). XpSÀ¶v

alm`qX§fn \n¶v A©v Øqe`qX§fp−mIp¶p. 23 X¯z§Ä C§s\ D−mIp¶p.

Ahyàþhyàk©bamb {]IrXn, ]pcpj³ C§s\ ssZzX cq]nbmb Poh{]]©¯n t_m[cq]\mb ]pcpj³ {]IrXnbmsW¶v {`an¨v hymIpes¸Sp¶p. AIÀ¯mhmb ]pcpjsâ kmao]y¯mepw t{]cWbmepamWv aqe{]IrXnbpsS KpWkmay¯n\v hyXnbm\hpw krjvSnbpap−mIp¶sX¶ [mcW kmwJyhymJym\§fn ImWp¶p. Ahyàw, aqe{]IrXn ChbpsS ]cnWbw inhÈàn k¦Â]¯nsâ ssk²m´hXvIcWw am{XamWv. ]eÀ¡pw Cu A`n{]mbw Hät\m«¯n kzoImcyambnsöv hcmw. kmwJy¯n\v tijamWv ssihmKa¯nsâ ]ndhnsb¶v hmZnt¨¡mw. kmwJy¯n\pw tizXmizXtcm]\nj¯n\pw ap¼v Xs¶ ssihmKahpw D]mk\mamÀK§fpw D−mbncp¶p F¶Xn\v sXfnhv

63

kmwJykq{X§fnepw tizXmizXtcm]\nj¯nepw e`yamWv. tizXmizXc

D]\nj¯nse (4.5)þ

APmtaImw temlnXip¢IrjvWmw _lznx {]Pmx krPam\mw kcq]mx AtPm tlytIm PpjamtWm%\ptitX PlmtXy\mw `pàt`mKmatPm%\yx

A\mZnbmb ]pcpj³ A\mZnbmb {Xnhn[ (cPþk¯zþXtam KpW§Ä¡v bYm{Iaw Npa¸v, shfp¸v, Idp¸v \nd§Ä {]XoIamWv) {]IrXnsb t`mKn¨v hnhn[§fpw kZri§fpamb (KpW]cambn) {]PIsf krjvSn¨p. ]n¶oSv t`mKnbmb ]pcpj³ hnÚ\mbn tamt£Ñphmbn {]IrXnsb XyPn¡p¶p.

Zzm kp]ÀWm kbpPm kJmbm kam\w hr£w ]cnjkzPmtX

Xtbmc\yx ]n¸ew kzmZz¯y\{i¶t\ym A`nNmIioXn (4.6)

kZm kwbpàcmb kJm¡fmb c−v KcpV·mÀ (Pohmßmhpw ]camßmhpw) Htc hr£s¯ (icocw) B{ibn¡p¶p. Ahcnsem¶v B hr£¯nsâ ]g§sf (IÀ½^ew) `£n¡p¶p, c−ma³ km£n am{Xambncn¡p¶p.

kmwJya\pkcn¨v _²kz`mhhpw apàkz`mhhpw Poh]pcpjsâ AhnthIþhnthI kzcq]§fmWv.

kamt\ hrt£ ]pcptjm \natám%\oibm timNXn aplyam\x

PpjvSw bZm ]iyXy\yaoiaky alnam\anXn hoXtimIx (4.7)

B hr£s¯ B{ibn¡p¶ ]pcpj³ kmwkmcnI_Ô§fm tZlm`nam\nbmbn tamlnX\mbn¯ocp¶p. AtX hr£¯nse Cuizc cq]nbmb c−mas\ I−v kzbw AtX ]camßmhmsW¶v t_m[n¡p t¼mÄ timImXoX\mbn `hn¡p¶p.

KpWkmaymhØbnep−mIp¶ t£m`¯memWv aqe{]IrXn t_m[{]Imicq]nbmb ]pcpj\pambn ]cnWbn¨v hnizh]pÊmbn amdp¶Xv. Cu krjvSn{]{Inbbn ]pcpj³ Xsâ apàkz`mhw ad¶v Poh]pcpj\pw tZlm`nam\nbpambn¯ocp¶p. Cu ImcW¯m kmwJyw thZm´¯n\p hncp²ambn ]pcpj\v \m\mXzw IÂ]n¡p¶p. thZm´¯nsâ ambmhmZs¯bpw kmwJyw \ncmIcn¡p¶p. kmwJyw ZriytemIs¯ bmYmÀ°yambn IcpXn ZrjvSm´]cambn A]{KYn¨mWv ]pcpjsâ _Ô\ImcWw Nn¯hr¯nbmsW¶v Is−¯p¶Xv. AXpsIm−v temIw anYybmsW¶v thZm´k¦Â]s¯ kmwJyw \ntj[n¡p¶p. kz{]IrXn hnizh]pÊmb kmwJy]pcpj³ thZm´¯nse GIþ\njvIfþ\ncRvP\þ ]c{_Ò¯n \n¶pw hyXykvX\pamWv. thZm´w ]dbpw t]mse Hcmßt\bpÅpsh¦n B ]camß³ ss{XKpWy hnjbIamb icoc¯n tamlnX\mbn `hn¡p¶sX§s\?

tbmKimkv{Xhpw {]]©w kz]v\temIamsW¶ thZm´nIfpsS ImgvN¸mSns\ \ncmIcn¡p¶p. IÀ½m\pjvTm\§fneqsS t_m[cq]nbmb

64

]pcpj\v Adnªv kam[nbmIp¶ tbmKnIsf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw BImiIpkpasa¶t]mse anYybmb ZrjvSm´§fneqsSbpÅ ipjvI XmÀ¡nI thZm´¯n\v bmsXmcp {]kànbpw D−mbncp¶nÃ.

tÇmImÀt²\ {]h£yman bZpàw {KÙtImSn`nx {_Ò kXyw PK·nYym Pothm {_ssÒh \m]cx

ZrjvSm´hnÚm\amb Úm\tbmK¯n\v i¦c³ Xsâ `mjy¯n \ÂIp¶ {]m[m\yw, kmwJyÚm\s¯ ZrjvSm´§fneqsS hfs¨mSn¡mw þ IÀ½tbmKs¯ H¶pw sN¿m\mInà F¶v t_m²ys¸«Xn \memWv.

Gjm tX%`nlnXm kmwtJy _p²nÀtbmtK Xznamw irWp

_p²ymbptàm bbm ]mÀ° IÀ½_Ôw {]lmkykn (2.36)

Cu tÇmI¯n\v AchnµalÀjn \ÂIp¶ hymJym\w þ kmwJy¯n Úm\w C{]ImcamWv. Úm\t¯mSp IqSn Cu tbmKw {i²n¡psa¦n IÀ½_Ôw \in¨v apà\mIp¶XmWv.

i¦c³ ]dbp¶Xv Úm\, IÀ½tbmK§Ä c−mWv, Úm\

tbmK¯n\mWv alXzw Fs¶m¡bmWv. KoX 3.3 \v i¦csâ `mjyw {i²n¡pI.

temtI%kvan³ Zznhn[m \njvTm ]pcm t{]màm abm\L

PvRm\tbmtK\ kmwJym\mw IÀatbmtK\ tbmKn\mw (3.3)

i¦c\v thZm´Øm]\¯n\v th−nbncp¶Xv ZrjvSm´]camb XÀ¡w am{XamWv. kmwJyÚm\s¯ tbmKm\p`h¯n \n¶v amän \nÀ¯nbm bpànIfpw ZrjvSm´§fpamWv. bYmÀ°¯n Cu bpànIfpw ZrjvSm´§fpw tbmKm\p`hs¯, AYhm Xm{´nIm\p`hs¯ kn²m´hXv¡cn¡p¶Xn\pÅ {iaamWv. tbmKm\p`h¯neqsSbÃmsX

{XnKpWþ]©`qXmßIamb {]IrXnbpsS hntÇjWtam 24 X¯z§fpsS \nÀ²mcWtam km²yamIpambncp¶nÃ. Nn¯hr¯nbmWv ]pcpjsâ _Ô\ImcWsa¶ Is−¯Â tbmK¯neqsSbÃmsX km²yamIpambn cp¶nÃ.

tbmKimkv{Xw A\p`hm[njvTambXn\m ZrjvSm´]camb XÀ¡w sIm−v i¦c\v \ntj[n¡phm³ Ignbpambncp¶nÃ. KuU]mZhncNnXamb D¯cKoXsb i¦c\pw CXc thZm´nIfpw ]cmaÀin¡m¯Xpw C¡mcW¯memWv. KuU]mZcpsS tbmtK\ KXImam\mw `mh\m {_ÒN£tX þ F¶ D]tZiw kmwJy ASnØm\¯nepÅXpw i¦cmNmcykzmanIfpsS `mjym´ÀKXamb thZm´¯n\v hncp²hpamWv. ]pcpjþ\m\mXzw CXn {]ISamWv. Cu {_Òm\p`hw buKnIamWv þ ZrjvSm´]camb A{]XÀIyahntÚbaÃ. D¯cKoX thZm´¯n\v IÀ½tbmK]camb KuU]mZ hymJym\amWv.

ZrjvSm´]cambn thZm´]cambn {_Ò¯n\v \ÂIs¸«ncp¶ hntijW§sfms¡ BhÀ¯n¨n«mWv AÀÖp\³ tNmZn¡p¶Xv þ GXv Úm\¯m {_Òs¯bdnªv apàn {]m]n¡m³ Ignbpw? thZm´s¯ KoXbpsS D¯cJWvUambn IÀ½tbmK¯neqsS _Ôn¡phm\mWv

65

KuU]mZÀ {ian¨Xv. Cu kao]\¯n \n¶v hyXykvXamWv `KhXvKoXbpsS \mep apXepÅ A²ymb§fn ImWp¶Xv. \mema²ymbw {ioIrjvWs\ AhXmcam¡p¶p þ thZm´nIÄ C{X hensbmc_²s¯ \ymboIcn¨XmWv AÛpXw. thZm´oIcn¡s¸« IÀ½hpw PvRm\hpamWv CXchnjb§Ä þ D¯a]pcpj kÀÆ\ma¯neqsS thZm´nIÄ `Khms\ If¯nend¡n apànbpsS amÀ¤am¡n. A©ma²ymb¯n Úm\hpw tbmKhpw \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xn tbmK¯n\mWv {]m[m\yw þ i¦c³ henb hmNmeXsbm¶pw `mjy¯n ImWn¡p¶nÃ. Bdn {][m\ambpw at\m \nb{´Ww, IrjvW\neqsS {_ÒtbmKw ChbmWv. tbmKs¯ {_Ò tbmKam¡n amän, {ioIrjvWs\ ]camßmhm¡n hm¡pIÄ sIm−v Hcp IfnbmWv i¦c³ \S¯nbncn¡p¶Xv.

`KhXv KoX 6.46 {i²n¡pI þ

X]kznt`ym%[ntIm tbmKo Úm\nt`ym]n atXm%[nIx

IÀan`ymÝm[ntIm tbmKo XkvamZv tbmKo `hmÀÖp\ (6.46)

X]kznItf¡mfpw, Úm\nItf¡mfpw bÚIÀ½nItf¡mfpw t{ijvT\mWv tbmKn. AXn\m AÀÖp\ tbmKnbmIpI.

Úm\w A{X imkv{X]mWvUnXyw F¶ apS´³ \ymbw i¦c³ \ÂIp¶p. ImcWw Xmsg \ÂIp¶ D²cWnbn \n¶pw hyàamWv. Úm\, IÀ½tbmK§sf XmcXayw sNbvXv c−ma²ymb¯n PvRm\amWv t{ijvTsa¶v `mjysagpXnb i¦c³ þ

1. (XkvamXv) Ibm]n bpàym \ kap¨tbm Úm\IÀatWmx þ bmsXmcp bpàymepw Úm\¯nsâbpw IÀa¯nsâbpw amÀ¤§Ä kwKan¡p¶nÃ. bZv AÀÖpt\\ Dàw IÀatWm PymbkvXzw _pt²x XXv N ØnXw A\ncmIcWmXv þ IÀ½t¯¡mÄ Úm\w t{ijvTam sW¶ AÀÖp\sâ {]kvXmhw `Khm³ \ncmIcn¡m¯Xp sIm−v \ne\n¡p¶p.

2.IÀ½\njvTmb Úm\\njvTm{]m]vXntlXptXz\ ]pcpjmÀ° tlXpXzw \ kzmXt{´yW ....AXmbXv, IÀ½\njvTÀ¡v ]ca]pcpjmÀ° amb apàn IÀaw Úm\¯n\v ImcWamIp¶XneqsSbmWv, kzX{´ambn IÀ½w apànkm[\aÃ.

A©nsebpw Bdnsebpw tÇmI§Ä¡v apIfn D²cn¨Xp t]mse bpÅ `mjyw \ÂIp¶nÃ. hnthINqUmaWnbnepw i¦c³ tbmKs¯ XÅn¸dbp¶Xmbn hnZzm³ ]t\mfn {ioi¦cZÀi\sa¶ Xsâ {KÙ¯n kqNn¸n¡p¶p−v.

\ tbmtK\ \ kmwtJy\ IÀaWm t\m \ hnZybm

{_ÒmssßIXzt_mt[\ tam£x kn²yXn \m\yYm (56)

tbmKs¯ KoXm`mjy¯n {_ÒtbmKam¡nbXnsâ ASnØm\ Nn´ ChnsS ImWmw. i¦c\v hnthINqUmaWnbpsS XpS¡¯n Dss¨kvXcw {]Jym]n¡p¶Xv þ

hmssKzJco i_vZQco imkv{XhymJym\ Iuiew sshZpjyw hnZpjmw X²Zv`pàtb \ Xp apàtb

66

hmKvt²mcWn, thZhymJym\ IpieX, ]mWvUnXyw þ Chsbms¡ ]WvUnX·mÀ¡v D]Poh\¯n\pXIp¶XÃmsX BÀ¡pw apàn \evIp¶nÃ.

i_vZPmew almcWyw Nn¯{`aImcWw, AXx {]bXv\mÚmXhyw X¯zssÚkvX¯zamß\x

i_vZPmew þ \nc´cw tIÄ¡p¶ {]`mjW§Ä, sImSp¦mSp t]mse a\Êns\ {`an¸n¡p¶p. AXn\m Bßmhns\, AXmbXv ]cakXys¯ Adntb−hÀ \nc´cambn {]bXv\nt¡−XmWv. tXSnbn d§Wsa¶v kmcw.

i¦c`mjy§sf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfhpw þ hmssKzJco i_vZQco imkv{XhymJym\ Iuiew...i_vZPmew almcWyw Nn¯{`aImcWw þ F¶ ]cmaÀiw hfsc icnbmWv. i¦csâ tbmKkw_Ônbmb hyXykvX AhtemI\§Ä Cu hnthI {]kvXmh§Ä¡v \à ZrjvSm´amWv.

\mep apX Bdphsc A²ymb§fn ImWp¶ D¯a]pcpj kÀÆ\ma {]tbmKw D¯cKoXbn ZriytabÃ. Úm\þIÀ½tbmK§Ä {ioIrjvWs\ apànbpsS am²yaam¡n AhXcn¸n¡pIbmbncp¶p KuU]mZ\p tijw h¶ thZm´nIfpsS {iaw F¶v CXn \n¶v a\Ênem¡mw. Ggma²ymbw apX Bßobsa¶ KW¯nse FÃm Akw_Ô k¦Â]§fpw AhXcn¸n¡s¸«v {ioIrjvW³ ]c{_Ò ¯nsâ AhXmchpw thZm´w kmwJyþtbmKþ`àn k¦enXhpamIp¶ tXmsS `KhXvKoX Ahkm\n¡p¶p. kmwJy¯nsâ Øm\w ]nSns¨Sp¯v Úm\tbmKambn amdpIbmbncp¶p thZm´¯nâ e£yw. Cu e£yw km²yamIp¶Xn\v aqeKoXsb amän adnt¡−Xv thZm´nIÄ¡v Hgn¨p IqSm\mIm¯ Bhiyambncp¶p.

i¦csâ kmwJyhnaÀi\w {ipXnbpsS A{]amZnXzw Bkv]Zambn am{XamWv. {ipXnIfnse tbmKm\p`h]camb kqà§sfbpw hmIy§ sfbpw kmwJyw \ntj[n¡p¶nÃ. {ipXnIÄ¡v P·w \ÂInb tbmKm \p`h¯n\v imkv{Xobamb kn²m´hXvIcWw e`n¡p¶Xv thZm´ ¯ntem, kmwJy¯ntem F¶XmWv ImXemb {]iv\w. h−n¡p ap¼n IpXncsb sI«p¶Xn\p ]Icw ]n¶n sI«nbmep−mIp¶ ØnXnbmWnhnsS. tbmKm\p`hamWv ]co£Wþ\nco£W k©bw. {ipXnIÄ AhbpsS {]Xn^e\w am{XamWv. tbmKm\p`h¯nsâ bmYXYamb {]Xn^e\sa¶ \nebnemWv {ipXnIfpsS A{]amZnXzw. ]calwkbXnIfm cq]w \ÂIs¸« kmwJy¯n\v {ipXnIÄ bYmÀ°¯n DcIÃÃ. kmwJyhpw {ipXnIfpw tbmKm\p`h¯nsâ {]Xn^e\§sf¶ \nebn ]e kam\ImgvN¸mSpIfpw DÄs¡mÅp¶p−mImw. adn¨v thZm´w [ym\m\p`h¯nsâ D]cn]vfhamb, Øqeamb bpànþZrjvSm´PSneamb ImgvN¸mSmWv.

t_m[kzcq]amWv {_Òw F¶tXm, Poh³ B \ne¡v {_ÒamWv F¶ ho£Wtam tbmKm\p`hamIbm kmwJyw \ntj[n¡p¶nÃ. tbmtK\ KXImam\mw `mh\m {_Ò N£tX þ sb¶v hyàam¡ns¡m−v Bcw`n¡p¶ KuU]mZcpsS {_Òkn²m´w tbmKimkv{Xambn amdp¶Xv D¯cKoXbn \ap¡v ImWmw. t_m[¯n {]Xn^en¡p¶ {]]©m\p`h¯n\v anYysb¶sXmgn¨v bmsXmcp hniZoIcWhpw AssZzXw \ÂIp¶nÃ. aXnbmb (KuU]mZcpw aäv thZm´nIfpw A£c

67

thXmf§sfs¡m−v kmwJy¯n\v _Z k¦Â]§fp−m¡m³ {ian¨Xv amWvUqIy KuU]mZob¯nepw aäpw ImWmw) hniZoIcWanÃm¯Xp sIm−mWv PKXv anYybmsW¶ ap´ncn§ ]pfn¡p¶XmsW¶ t]mse bpÅ kn²m´w thZm´¯n\v ASnØm\ambXv.

XÀ¡hpw ZrjvSm´§fpw kXyhpw

`uXnIamb hnÚm\w Ipdhmbncp¶ Ime v̄ X§fpsS _p²n¡pw bpàn¡pw A\pkrXambn ZrjvSm´§fpw A{]amZnXyw IÂ]n¨ncp¶ {ipXnhmIy§sfbpw B{ibn¨mWv X¯z Úm\nIÄ X§fpsS ZnKznPbw \S¯nbXv. ]s£ i¦c\v hfsc ap³]v Xs¶ _p²³ {ipXnIfpsS A{]amZnXzw \ntj[n¨ncp¶p. {ipXnIfpsS A{]amZnXzw sshZnI taemf·mcpsS cmjv{Sob k¦Â]amWv þ imkv{Xob kXyaÃ. {ipXn hncp²amb BNmc§fmWv `mcXamsI FÃm¡me¯pw \nehnencp¶ sX¶v kXymÀ°{]Imiw hyàamb sXfnhv \ÂIp¶p. tbmKoizc·mÀ (KoXbn {ioIrjvW³ t]mepw) {ipXnIfpsS {]amWnXzw \ntj[n¨ncp¶ XnemWv hn{Klmcm[\bpw X{´þssihmKaimkv{X§fpw `mcXamsI ]SÀ¶v ]´en¨ncp¶Xv. {_ÒkXyw PK·nYysb¶v i¦cs\ D²cn¨Xnsâ sXm«p apIfn Xs¶ ImTvaWvUphnse ]ip]Xn\mYs\ {]XnjvTn¨Xv i¦c\msW¶ A`yqlw {io. ]t\mfn tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. {_ÒhmZnbmb i¦c³, Xm{´nIþZnKw_cþIm]menIþImtfizc\mb i¦csâ AhXmcamsW¶ thZm´nIfpsS {]kvXmhw thZm´a\pkcn¨v F{X am{Xw icnbmsW¶v \mw KmVambn BtemNn¡Ww. ZrjvSm´§Ä kmwJycpw thZm´nIfpw [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¡p¶p. A§s\bpÅ Bib {KlWs¯ kXyambn IcpXnt¸mIp¶ {]hWX icnbÃ. ZrjvSm´w C{µPmew t]msebmWv. _p²nsb {`an¸n¡bmWv e£yw. _p²n¡v Bibw Zriyam¡s¸SpIbmsW¶v ]dbmw. ]s£ B Bibw kXy ambncn¡Wsa¶nÃ. ZrjvSm´§fpsS sshIey§Ä a\Ênem¡msXbmWv \msaÃmw thZm´w ]Tn¡p¶sX¶Xn\m bpànIÄ icnbmsW¶ tXm¶Â \ap¡v D−mIp¶p. jUvZÀi\§sf¸änbpÅ NÀ¨Ifn ]e ZrjvSm´§fpw icnbsö ImcW§fm XÅs¸Sp¶p−v. ]ckv]cw \ntj[n¡p¶ c−p ZrjvSm´§fpsS km[pXsb§s\ ]cntim[n¡mw F¶ {]iv\¯nte¡v CXv \s½ \bn¡p¶p. tbmKm\p`hs¯ km[mcW _p²n¡v ]cnNnXam¡ns¡mSp¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p X¯zimkv{X¯n ZrjvSm´§fpsS e£yw. AXn\m tbmKm\p`hamWv ZrjvSm´¯nsâ hmkvXhnIX hyàam¡p¶ DcIÃv. Cu hkvXpX ad¶v tbmKs¯ AhaXn¨v XÀ¡¯neqsS {_Òm\p`hs¯ kzmb¯am¡phm\pÅ thZm´nIfpsS {iaamWv i¦cs\ ipjvIXmÀ¡nIs\¶v hntijn¸n¡p hm³ hnÚm\`n£phns\ t{]cn¸n¨Xv. i¦c\pw aWvU\an{isâ ]Xv\nbmb DZb`mcXnbpambpÅ XÀ¡¯n ImaIem]camb hmZ¯n i¦csâ XÀ¡hpw ZrjvSm´§fpw ]cmPbs¸«t¸mÄ A\p`h¯n\mbn ]cImb{]thiw sNt¿−n h¶psh¶ IY C¯cpW¯n {it²bamWv. Xm{´nIcpambp−mb kwhmZ§fnsems¡ ]cmPbs¸«v (ImamJybn \n¶papÅ c£s]SÂ, Iminbnse NWvUmeKpcp, iànZÀi\ kw`h§Ä) iànbpsS ZÀi\¯m t{]cnX\mbn kuµcyelcn cNn¨p sh¶

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sFXnlyw i¦cNcnX¯nse A\ntj[yamb hkvXpXbmWv. kmwJy¯nsâ ]cn]qÀ®amb km¶n²yw kuµcyelcnbn {]ISamWv. thZm´¯nse {_Òm\p`hs¯ XyPn¨v tbmKm\p`h¯n B\µ Xpµne\mbnsb¶Xn\pw kuµcyelcn sXfnhv \ÂIp¶p. tKmhnµ Kpcphnsâ Kplbnencp¶v `mjy§sfgpXnb i¦c\v ]Xn\mdphbÊv am{Xambncp¶p {]mbsa¶ hkvXpX {io. ]t\mfn kvacn¨n«p−v. kwkvIrX `mjbpw {ipXnþkvarXn k©bhpw thZm´hpw lrZnØam¡n `mjy§Ä cNn¨ i¦c³ tbmK ¯nsâbpw X{´¯nsâbpw imkv{XtemI v̄ {]thin¨Xv ]n¡me v̄ Iminbnse¯nbt¸mgmsW¶pw P·kn²\mbncp¶ i¦c\v Xsâ bYmÀ° i¦ccq]w A§s\ shfnhmbn iàyp]mkI\mbn amdnsb¶pw IcpXm³ \ymbap−v. {]Ѷ_p²s\¶v i¦cs\ sshZnIÀ hntijn¸n¨Xn\v CXÃmsX ({ipXn\ntj[w, X{´w) aXnbmb ImcWanÃ.

I]neap\n {]tWXmhmb (kw{KlImc\mImw, ]XRvPen tbmKkq{X kw{K lImcs\¶t]mse) kmwJyimkv{X¯ne[njvTnXamb BßobXm imkv{X amWv ]qÀÆKoX AYhm aqeKoX. Sn kmwJy{]amW§Ä¡v tbmKimkv{X ]camb D¯cJWvUamWv KuU]mZcpsS D¯cKoX.

{Xnhn-[-I-c-Ww-þ-{Xn-hn-[-Zpx-Jw-þ-{Xn-hn-[-tbmKw

IÀ½w-þ-Úm-\w (_p-²n)-þ-{]m-c_v[w (a-\-Êv) Ch-bpsS {Xnhn-[-I-c-W-§fmWmemWv Pohsâ AkvXn-Xzw. {Xnhn-[-amb ZpxJ-\nhr¯n¡v hn`-Pn¨p \n¡p¶ Cu Ic-W-§-fpsS eb\amWv tbmK-̄ nsâ e£yw. IÀt½-{µn-b-§-fpsS \njvT¡p IÀ½-tbm-Khpw _p²n-bpsS \njvT¡p Úm\-tbm-Khpw a\-Ênsâ \njvT¡p cmP-tbm-Khpw tNÀ¶-XmWv kn²-hnZy AYhm A²ym-ß-hnZy. kn²I]n-esâ aqe-Ko-X-bn CÃm-Xn-cp¶ cmP-tbm-K-hn-[n-bmWv D -̄c-Ko-X-sb¶ \nK-a-\-̄ n-te-¡mWv Cu ]T\w \s½ \bn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu ]T-\-̄ n A]m-I-X-IÄ tXm¶p-¶-hÀ¡v hni-Zo-I-cWw thW-sa-¦n Cþ-sa-bn Xmsg \ÂIp-¶Xv D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

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