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म�त �श�णाचा �ववकशील �व�तार - कलग� �ाचाय � अशोक �धान

अथत� �� डॉ. बाबासाहब आबडकर

म�त �श�णात सम�काची भ�मका

उ�तरप��का लखन त� व कला

रा��सता�या समाज �बोधन प�ती

�द�यागाच कौट�बक समायोजन

कौट�बक – �हसाचार

भारतीय रा�यघटना व मानवी ह�क

वाचन मन:शातीची ग� �क�ल�

2

g§nmXH$s`g‘mOerbVm, H$ënH$Vm, CËgmh, H$m ©à~bVm Am{U {dYm`H$ d¥Îmr `m§Mr d¥Õr Pmbr nm{hOo, {ejUmMm H$g dmT>bm

nm{hOo. Am{U gd© gm‘mÝ` AÜ``ZmWughr ‘Z C§M H$ê$Z nmhVm `mdo. g‘mOmV nwT>o Cn`moJr nS>Vrb Ago H$m¡eë` {‘imdo.Am{U gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ì`º$sMm Cn`moJ ìhmdm. Aem ZdmonH«$‘m‘wio gËda g‘mOmÀ`m {hVmV â nS>mdr. `mH$[aVm ’$ma‘moR>o {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. g‘mOmV Mm§Jbo {dMma, Mm§Jë`m g§KQ>Zm, Mm§Jbr ‘mUgo Oê$a AmhoV. Ë`m‘wioM AmnUKS>bmoV. ñdV§Ì {dMma, H$am`bm {eH$bmo. {bhm`bm {eH$bmo. MwH$m Pmë`m Var {XemXe©H$ bm^VmV. `m‘wio Zdm CËgmh C‘oXdmT>Vo. `mH$[aVm emim, ‘hm{dÚmb o d Aä`mgH|$Ðm§gh H$mhr ZdmonH«$‘ AmnU ghO H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

`m gmZoJwéOr§Zr {b{hboë`m H${dVoVyZ ZdmonH«$‘mMm CÔoeM gm§{JVbm Amho.emim g‘yh l‘XmZ, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, dm{f©Ho$, {^ÎmrnÌHo$, QoqZJ ’$m°a brS>aern, {ddoH$erb ì`m»`mZo, ‘mJmgboë`m

{dÚmÏ`mªMo H$mhr Img àý AmhoV. Ë`m àým‘wio dmJUohr BVamhyZ {^Þ dmQ>Vo. hþema ‘wbo, nmg-Zmnmg øm gr‘odarb ‘wboøm§Zm doJdoJio oQy>Z dZ^moOZ B. àdoemMo doirM ‘w{ÐV gm{hË`, J«§W Adm§Va dmMZmgmR>r `mdoV Ë`mM~amo~a ì`mdgm`rH$m¡eë` {ejU hr Ë`m§Zr ¿`mdo. ZmdrÑï>r, Zdm n`m© gmYo OrdZ OJÊ`mVhr gmpÎdH$ AmZ§X Amho. Vgo Amåhr OJy VoìhmZdmonH«$‘erbVm dmT>ob. ho gmao bmS>rJmoS>r, w{º$dmX qH$dm gm‘Ï © Agë`mg XQ>mdyZhr H$amdo.

H$arZ godm Vd ‘mobdmZ,Agmo Ah§H$ma Agm ‘bm Z‘Xr` Amho ~i Aën Xodm.~imZwê$nm ‘‘ KoB© godm.

H$Yr Hw$UmMo ‘Obm nwgy XoObmÐ© S>moio, ‘J Vmo hgy XoAZmWXrZmOdir dXoZgwIm‘¥VmMo à w eãX XmoZ

H$Yr H$amdm nW gm’$ N>mZH$Yr hamdr ‘b¶-‘yÌ-KmU~KyZ amJmV© H$arZ KmB©~ZoZ Ë`mMr {Zanoj AmB©

O`m Z H$moUr à w ‘r V`mMmVXW© ho hmV VXW© dmMmVXW© ho ào‘i ZoÌXrngX¡d OmJm ‘‘ VËg‘r`

OJmV Oo Oo gw{dMma dmao‘Xr` ^mfoV âmoV gmao.Ago gXm dmQ>Vgo ‘ZmVVXW© ‘mPo {eUVrb hmV

g§dmX n{ÌH$mdf© - 2, A§H$ - 3, n¥ð>o 25, {S>g|~a 2017

‘w»` g§nmXH$àm. B©. dm wZ§XZ, ‘m. Hw$bJwê$

ì`dñWmnH$s` gh`moJS>m°. {XZoe ^m|So>, Hw$bg{Mdlr. E‘. ~r. nmQ>rb, {dÎm A{YH$mar

e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ g{‘Vr gXñ`S>m°. C‘oe amOXoaH$a, àm. {dO`Hw$‘ma nmB©H$amdàm. ZmJmOw©Z dmSo>H$a, S>m°. S>r. S>r. ndmalr. g§Vmof gm~io, lr. g{MZ VadQ>oHw$. ñZohm amR>moS>, lr‘. M§Ðerbm Jm`H$dmS>

H$m ©H$mar g§nmXH$ … àm. {dO`Hw$‘ma nmB©H$amd

ghg§nmXH$ … lr. g{MZ VadQ>o

{Z{‘©Vr … lr. AmZ§X `mXd, ì`dñWmnH$, J«§W{Z{‘©Vr H|$Ð

B©-{dVaU … lr‘. ^mdZm ^D$aH$a

‘wIn¥ð> … lr. A{dZme âUo, J«§W{Z{‘©Vr H|$Ð

{Z{‘©Vr gmhmæ` … lr. AZwaW dmK‘mao

‘w{ÐVemoYZ … lr. Xo{dXmg OmYd

àH$meH$ … S>m°. {XZoe ^m|So>, Hw$bg{Md

n `m A§H$mV ì`º$ Pmboë`m ‘Vm§er g§nmXH$ gh‘V AgVrbMAgo Zmhr.

3

‘w³V {ejUmMm {ddoH$erb {dñVma Hw$bJwê$ àmMm`© AemoH$ àYmZ {dOHw$‘ma nmB©H$amd

{ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm

‘w³V {dÚmnrR>mMo H$m © Ho$di amoOJma H$m¡eë o {eH${dUo EdT>oM ZgyZ, kmZg§J«h, ‘yë` g§àofU, Z¡{VH$ dgm¡X ©g§doXZm§Mm {dH$mg, gO©ZerbVobm CÎmoOZ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ {dñVmagodm hr gd© ‘wº$ {dÚmnrR>r` Cƒ{ejUmMrIar ‘yë o d Ü o hmoV. Ë`m§À¶m ‘Vo {ejUjoÌ hm H§$nZr CÚmoJmà‘mUo MmbUmam m§S>dbr CÚmoJ ZgyZ Vmo g‘mOYmaUoMmn{dÌ `k Amho.

àmMm © AemoH$ àYmZ ¶m§Zr 1963 ‘Ü o à{WVè Aem {ejH$ g§M{bV ‘w§~B©À`m ê$nmaob ‘hm{dÚmb`mVg§»`memó d J{UVmMo ì`m»`mVm åhUyZ AÜ`mnZmMm H$m`m©Z§X gwê$ Ho$bm. 1972 ‘Ü o ‘hm{dÚmb`mV g§»`memóøm ñdV§Ì {d^mJmMo à‘wI Pmbo. 1975 ‘Ü o Ë`m§Zm ‘°mS>Z© EÁ wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>rMo AmOrd gXñ`Ëd XoÊ`mV Ambo.Ë`mZ§Va 1993 Vo 2006 n ªV g§ñWoMo ‘mZX g{Md åhUyZhr Ë`m§Zr H$m`m©Z§Xr ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. 1975 ‘Ü o ê$nmaob‘hm{dÚmb`mV àkmemoYMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1980 gmbr CnàmMm © d {dÚm{W©{à` {ejU g‘{n©V àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZH$m`m©Z§XmZ§Va 1985 ‘Ü o àmMm ©nXmMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabr. gm¡OÝ`, g-öX`Vm, Mohè¶mdaMo pñ‘V,‘moOHo$ Am{U AmœmgH$ ~mobUo øm JwUm‘wio AÜ`mnH$m§Zr ZdZdrZ H$ënZm am~{dë`m Ë`mMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ ‘w§~B©{dÚmnrR> d ‘w§~B© ~moS>m©À`m JwUdÎmm `mXrV Zoh‘r 50% {dÚmWu ê$nmaob ‘hm{dÚmb`mMoM AgV. 1995 ‘Ü o ‘w§~B©{dÚmnrR>mMo à. Hw$bJwê$ åhUyZhr Ë`m§Zr C„oIZr` H$m`m©Z§X Ho$bm. Am{U 1997 gmbr èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘wº${dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Hw$bJwê$nXr {Z wº$s Pmbr.

Ë`m§À`m H$mimV èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>mZo ‘w³V d Xya{ejUmMm {ddoH$erb {dñVma Ho$bm.{ejH$ à{ejU hm Ë`m§Mm {Oìhmù`mMm {df` Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {dÚmnrR>mV ñdV§Ì godm§VJ©V à{ejU H$jmMr ñWmnZmHo$br. Ë`mÛmao ‘hmamï´>mVrb àmW{‘H$, ‘mÜ¶{‘H$, Cƒ ‘mÜ`{‘H$ d H$bm {ejH$m§À¶m à{ejU {ejUH«$‘m§Mr gwê$dmVHo$br. ~r.ES>, E‘.ES>, bm EZ.gr.ìhr.B©.Mr ‘mÝ`Vm Am{U {dÚmnrR>mV n{hë`m§XmM nwaoem à‘mUmV AÜ`mnH$ {Z wº$sMrà{H«$`m AË §V nmaXeunUo am~{dbr. {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r.ES> d AÝ` {ejUH«$‘mMo àdoe g§JUH$sH¥$V> H$ê$Z nmaXeunUmAmUbm. XO}Xma {ejUH«$‘m~amo~aM g§nH©$gÌo, àmË`{jHo$, ñdmÜ`m`, g‘§ÌH$ à{ejU à`moJn[adma, ÑH$lmì` {’$Vr,AmH$medmUr, ìhrEbgr, Q>rìhr, g§dmX n{ÌH$m, B. ‘wio JwUdÎmoV â nS>br Am{U OJmVbo n{hbo JwUdÎmmnyU© {dÚmnrR>hmoÊ`mH$So> ‘mJ©H«$‘U gwê$ Pmbo. {dÚmnrR> XeH$nyVu ~amo~aM amï´>Hw$b n[afXoMm BpÝñQ>Q>çyeZ Am°’$ EŠgbÝg, gmR>rd CËH¥$ð> AÜ``ZmWu (ñdmVr dmZIoSo>) Aem XmoÝhr ‘Ü o 2001 - 2002 ‘Ü o Am§Vaamï´>r` nwañH$ma àmá Pmbo.

C„oIZr` H$m`m©~Ôb ‘hmamï´> emgZmMm 1993 gmbMm CËH¥$ð> {ejH$mMm nwañH$ma hr Ë`m§Zm àmá Pmbm.erbd§V gä`ËdmMo gd© JwU g§nÞ Hw$bJwê$ àYmZ gam§Zm {dÚmnrR>mVyZ {Zamon XoVmZm gd© {ejH$ d {ejHo$Va H$‘©Mmar‘mJm©da XwV’$m© C o hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr d¥Îmr g§Vàd¥VrMr, A§Var {Z‘©i, dmMoZo gai Aer Amho. nm[adm[aH$ OrdZmV 1967‘Ü o emo Zm H${U©H$ øm§Mo~amo~a {edO §VrÀ`m {Xder {ddmh Ho$bm.

r r r

ñdÀN>Vm gw{dMma(1) ñdÀN>Vm hr g‘¥Õ Amamo½`mMr Jwé{H$„r Amho.(2) g‘¥ÕrMo {eIa JmR>Ê`mgmR>r ñdÀN>VoÀ`m amO‘mJm©dê$ZM Mmbmdo bmJVo.(3) ñdÀN>Vm hm {Z‘©i ‘ZmMm Amagm Amho.

4

AW©VÁk S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a àm. S>m°. dmdio {dO¶Hw$‘ma, (AW©emñÌ {d^mJ)

JmoIbo EÁ¶wHo$eZ gmogm¶Q>rMo EM. nr. Q>r. Ama. dm¶. Ho$. H$m°boO, Zm{eH$

S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma åhUyZ gd©kmV AmhoV. ‘mÌ Ë`m§Mo nm§{S>Ë` ho H$m`XoemñÌmnwaVo‘`m©{XV ZìhVo. Iao Va `m àkm^mñH$ambm {df¶m§Mo ~§YZ ZìhVo. H$m`XoemñÌm ì`{V[aŠV g‘mOemñÌ, amÁèmñÌmnmgyZ Vo‘mZdd§eemñÌ Am{U VwbZmË‘H$ Y‘©emñÌ Aem EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ gd©ñdr {^ÝZ Agboë`m kmZemIm§‘Ü o âmè`m KoD$Z Ë`m§ZrË`m‘Ü o ‘mobmMr â KmVbr. EH$ ‘hmZ g‘mOgwYmaH$ ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo H¡$dmar, ^maVmVrb nXX{bVm§Mo CÜXmaH$V}, {ejUVÁk,gm§gX, B{VhmgH$ma Am{U nÌH$ma åhUyZhr Ë`m§Zm OJ‘mÝ¶Vm {‘imbr. Ë`m§À`m ~hþ{dY ì`pŠÎm‘ÎdmMo EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© A§J XwX}dmZoAOwZhr Xw©b{jV am{hbo Amho Vo åhUOo Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$ VÎdkmZ Am{U Ë`m§Zr AW©ÎmÁk åhUyZ ~Omdbobr {dbjU H$m‘{Jar.

dñVwV: S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ‘wiMo AW©emñÌmMo {dÚmWu. A‘o[aHo$À`m H$mob§{~`m `m ZmdmOboë`m {dÚm{nR>mVyZ 1915gmbr E‘.E. Am{U 1917 gmbr nrEM.S>r. m nXì`m Ë`m§Zr AW©emñÌ hm {df` KoD$Z; Ë`mZ§Va 1921 gmbr b§S>Z ñHy$b Am°’$BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg m {d»`mV {ejUg§ñWoZo Ë`m§Zm S>r.Eg. gr. (S>m°ŠQ>a Am°’$ gm`Ýg) hr nXdr àXmZ Ho$br VrXoIrb AW©emñÌmVrbg§emoYZm~X²XbM S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m Am{W©H$ {dMmam§H$S>o Xwb©j H$ê$Z ^maVr` g‘mOmZo ñdV:daM Kmoa AÝ`m` Ho$bm Amho.

^maVr` AW©H$maUm‘Ü o S>m°.~m~mgmho~m§Mr H$m‘{Jar {d{dYbjr ñdê$nmMr Amho. 'B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr : àemgZAm{U AW©{ZVr' {~«{Q>e maVmVrb àm§{VH$ {dËVmMr CËH«$m§Vr ho Ë`m§Mo {dÛVmnyU© g§emoYZ gmd©O{ZH$ {dËV (Public Finance)`m gXamImbr oVo.Va ê$n`mMm àíZ CÒ‘ Am{U Cnm` hm ‘m¡{bH$ J«§W ‘m¡ÐrH$ AW©emñÌ (§Macro economics or

Monetory Policy) Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` AW©emñÌ (International economics) `m nmoQ> emIm§‘Ü o ‘moS>Vmo. ImoVr nÜXVAm{U ‘hmadVZo m§À`m {Z‘y©bZmV S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ~Omdbobr y{‘H$m Ë`m§Zm EH$ Zm‘m§{H$V H¥${fAW©Vk R>a{dVo, VaAm¡Úmo{JH$ ‘Owam§gmR>r Ë`m§Zr {Xbobm bT>m S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a EH$ »`mVZm‘ H$m‘Jma ZoVo Agë`mMr gmj XoVmo.Om{Vì`ìñWm Am{UAñn¥í`Vm `m§gma»`m gm‘m{OH$ ì`mYtÀ`m Am{W©H$ n[a‘mUm§Mo S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$boë`m ‘‘© oXH$ n¥W³H$aUm‘wio AW©emñÌ dg‘mOemñÌ `m§Mr gm§JS> KmbUmao Vo EH$ AVwbZr` n§{S>V R>aVmV, Va ^maVr` Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m Ë`m§À`m `moOZm§‘wio Vo^maVr` Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmMo Vk ‘mZVm oD$ eH$VmV. ~m~mgmho~ EH$ Wmoa Am{W©H$ {dMmad§Vm~amo~a Vo EH$ ‘hmZ bmoH$g§»`memñÌkåhUyZ XoIrb Wmoa R>aVmV.

B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrMo àemgZ Am{U Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWmnZB©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrMo àemgZ Am{U Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWmnZ hm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm AW©emñÌmdarb n{hbm à~§Y. Ë¶m§Zr

A‘o[aHo$Vrb H$mob§{~¶m {dÚmnrR>mbm E‘.E. À¶m nXdrgmR>r 15 ‘o 1915 gmbr AnyU©arË¶m gmXa Ho$bm. gXa ‘yi à~§Y 42n¥ð>m§Mm hmoVm. ¶m emoY{Z~§YmV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr B.g. 1792 Vo 1858 øm H$mbI§S>mVrb BñQ B§{S>¶m H§$nZrMo àemgZ Am{UAm{W©H$ ì¶dñWmnZ ¶mg§~§YrÀ¶m YmoaUmVrb ~Xbm§Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. ho ~Xb maVr¶ OZVobm H$go AÝ¶m¶H$maH$R>abo, ¶mMo {dXmaH$ Am{W©H$ {MÌ ~m~mgmho~m§Zr ‘m§S>bo Amho.

B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrZo ì¶mnmamÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo ^maVm‘Ü¶o {eaH$md Ho$bm. ‘mÌ, hiyhiy Amnbo ì¶mnmajoÌ dmT>drV ZoD$ZeodQ>r Xoeâ H§$nZr gaH$maMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. H§$nZr gaH$maMr àemgZì¶dñWm {ÛñVar¶ hmoVr. gwê$dmVrbm H§$nZr gaH$maMmH$ma^ma EH$ g§MmbH$ ‘§S>i Mmb{dV Ago Am{U g§MmbH$ ‘§S>imÀ¶m H$m‘mda XoIaoI R>odÊ¶mgmR>r {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo EH$ {Z¶‘Z‘§S>i Zo‘bo hmoVo. ¶m {Z¶‘Z ‘§S>imÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {~«{Q>e gaH$ma AJXr gwê$dmVrnmgyZ B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOmdanH$S> R>odyZ hmoVo.

B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrH$S>o ^maVmÀ¶m ì¶mnmamMm EH$m{YH$ma (Monopoly) Agmdr ho AZoH$ {~«{Q>e amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªZm ê$MVZìhVo. ¶m EH$m{YH$mamMm ‘mo~Xbm åhUyZ ¶m Zm Ë¶m H$maUmñVd, {~«{Q>e gaH$ma ñdV…Mm ’$m¶Xm H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mMr g§Yr gmoS>VZgo. Ë¶mMr Pi gmogmdr bmJbr Vr AWm©V ^maVr¶ OZVobm. (S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Jm¡ad J«§W, ‘hmamï´> emgZ, n¥ð> 363)

B§½b§S>Zo ^maVmbm H$m¶ {Xbo ¶mMm {hemo~ ‘m§S>VmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a g‘mamon H$aVmV. "^maVmZo B§½b§S>bm A‘mn {Xbo Am{UB§½b§S>H$Sy>Z ^maVmbm Ajae… H$mhrhr {‘imbo Zmhr, hr XmoÝhr {dYmZo Amü¶©H$maH$ dmQ>Vrb. na§Vw Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nm{hboVa Ë¶mVrb gË¶Vm {Z{d©dmX Amho.'

5

¶m emoYà~§YmV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a nwT>o åhUVmV, "B§J«Om§Mo AmnU F$Ur amhm¶bm nm{hOo Vo Am{W©H$ joÌmì¶{V[a³V BVajoÌmVrb Ë¶mÀ¶m ¶moJXmZm~Ôb. H$m¶Xm d gwì¶ñWm, n{ü‘mË¶ {ejUmMr AmoiI, {dÚmnrR>o, Ý¶m¶mb¶rZ d àemgH$s¶ñdê$nmÀ¶m AmYw{ZH$ g§ñWm§Mr C^maUr, ¶m~Ôb. na§Vw Am{W©H$ AY…nmVmÀ¶m ~Xë¶mV nmedr em§VVm ñdrH$mamh© Amho H$m?Agm àíZ CnpñWV H$ê$Z Ë¶mMm {ZU©¶ Ë¶m§Zr gwOmU dmMH$m§da gmondbm Amho.'

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr hm emoY{Z~§Y {b{hbm Ë¶mdoir Vo 24 dfmªMo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m boIZmVrb gya Zo‘ñV d H$mhrgmg§¶‘r Agm Amho. Amnë¶m ‘Vm§À¶m g‘W©ZmW© Aä¶mgy d¥ÎmrZo Vo BVa {dÛmZm§Mo XmIbo XoVmZm {XgVmV Am{U ñdV… YmS>gr{dYmZo H$aÊ¶mMo e³¶Vmo Q>miVmV. Varhr ¶m emoY{Z~§YmV Ama.gr. XÎmmgma»¶m g‘H$mbrZ {dÛmZm§À¶m J’$bVr XmIdVmZm ‘mÌË¶m§Mm {ZgJ©XÎm ~oS>anUm àË¶¶mbm Amë¶mdmMyZ amhV Zmhr. (Am§~oS>H$a J«§Wm¶Z, S>m°. YZamO S>mhmQ>, g§Ho$V àH$meZ n¥ð> 56)

¶m emoY{Z~§YmÛmao S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AW©VÁk åhUyZ Amnbr MwUyH$ XmIdbr. Ë¶mZ§VaÀ¶m H$mimV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr{Z{‘©boë¶m g§emoYZmMm nm¶m Iè¶m AWm©Zo KmVbm Jobm Vmo ¶mM emoY {Z~§YmVyZ.

ê$n¶mMm àíZ (((((The Problem of Rupee : It’s Origin & It’s Solution)))))

""ê$n¶mMm àíZ åhUOo Ë¶mMr qH$‘V pñWa H$aÊ¶mMm àíZ. én¶mMr qH$‘V pñWa Va ~mOma^mdmÀ¶m {H$‘Vr pñWa.én¶mMr qH$‘V pñWa Zgob Va ‘hmJmB© dmT>Uma. ‘J ê$n¶mMm àíZ ¶m à~§YmV Zo‘Ho$ Amho Var H$m¶? Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Mo H$moUVo{gÕm§V AmhoV? S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m ¶m {gÕm§Vmnydu OJà{gÕ AW©VÁkm§Zr én¶mÀ¶m MbZm~m~V H$moUVo {gÕm§V gm§{JVbohmoVo? S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m {gÕm§VmV d Ë¶m§À¶m {gÕm§VmV H$moUVm ’$aH$ hmoVm? ‘J ¶m XmoKm§À¶m {ZîH$fmªMr JëbV Zo‘H$s Hw$R>ohmoV hmoVr? ^r‘amdm§Mo H$moUVo {gÕm§V b§S>Z ¶w{Zìh{g©Q>rVrb VÁkm§Zm dmXJ«ñV dmQ>V hmoVo? Am{U H$m? BË¶mXr àíZm§Mrgd©gmYmaU CH$b H$aUo Oê$arMo Amho. ñdmV§Í¶ {‘iyZ 68 df} Pmbr Var AOyZhr én¶mMr qH$‘V pñWa H$aÊ¶mV AmbobrZmhr, Ë¶m‘wioM ‘hmJmB© ~moH$mibr Amho.''

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr hm {df¶ {ZdS>Ê¶mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maU AmnUmbm nmhVm ¶oB©b. ""ê$n¶mMm àíZ hm {df¶ {ZdSy>Z Ë¶m§Zr{~«{Q>em§À¶m MbZm{df¶H$ YmoaUm‘wio gd© ^maVmMr H$er {nidUyH$ hmoV hmoVr ho XmI{dbo Amho. ^maVmMm én¶m pñWaPmë¶m{edm¶, ‘hmJmB© amoIbr OmUma Zmhr d J[a~m§Mr {nidUyH$hr Wm§~Uma Zmhr, ho AmoiIyZ Ë¶m§Zr {~«{Q>e MbZ nÕVrMr dgm‘«mÁ¶mVrb MbZ-VÁkm§Mr H$gyZ N>mZZr Ho$bobr Amho. Aer N>mZZr H$amd¶mg amîQ´>r¶ Midi Amåhr Mmb{dVmo AgoåhUUmè¶m H$m±J«og nwT>mè¶m§Zr nwT>o ¶md¶mg hdo hmoVo. naXoer ‘mb OmiUo, ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo ¶m Midir H$aUo gmono hmoVo, Vo VoH$arV hmoVo. maVr¶ MbZ {~«{Q>em§Zr amoJr H$go ~Z{dbo d Ë¶m‘m’©$V maVrb OZVoMr H$er {nidUyH$ Mmb{dbr ho XI{dÊ¶mBVHo$Y¡¶© dm kmZhr Ë¶mdoioÀ¶m H$moÊ¶m nwT>mè¶mnmer hmoVo Ago H$moUmg åhUmd¶mMo Agob Va én¶mÀ¶m àíZmda Ë¶m§Zrhr àH$mePmoVH$m Q>mH$bm Zmhr ¶mMo CÎma Ë¶m§Zm Úmdo bmJob.'' (g‘J« Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ, I§S> 2, ~r.gr. H$m§~io, àW‘ Ad¥Îmr 1985 n¥. 108)

S>m°. Ho$Ýg Am{U Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m {dMmamVrb dmX""MbZm§À¶m emñÌr¶ nm¶mMr N>mZZr à{gÕ AW©emñÌk àmo. Ho$Ýg ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m J«§WmV Ho$br Amho. àmo. Ho$Ýg ¶m§À¶m

J«§Wm{edm¶ Xþgè¶m H$moUË¶mhr J«§WmV Vgm {gÕm§V Cnb~Y Zmhr, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV. ho Iao Agbo Var àmo. Ho$Ýg ¶m§Mo{gÕm§V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m {gÕm§Vmer {dg§JV AmhoV. ¶mVrb H$moUmMo {gÕm§V ~amo~a hmoVo ¶mMm {Zdm©im OJmVrb {VV³¶mMAìdb XOm©À¶m AW©emñÌkm§Zm Ho$ìhm Zm Ho$ìhm Úmdm bmJob. AWm©V CWi AJa naàH$m{eV AW©emñÌkm§Mo ho H$m‘ Zìho. darbKmoS>MyH$ OJmÀ¶m Ñï>moËnVrg AmUÊ¶mgmR>r, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$mhr OwÝ¶m na§Vw gÜ¶m {dgaë¶m Joboë¶m KQ>Zm Amnë¶m à~§YmVZ‘yX Ho$ë¶m AmhoV. àmo. Ho$ÝgÀ¶m {ddoMZmer S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo {ddoMZ, AZoH$ ‘wÚm§da dmXJ«ñV Amho. àmo. Ho$ÝgZo E³gM|OñQ>¢S>S>©Mm Omo nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho Ë¶mÀ¶mer S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a gh‘V hmoV ZmhrV. AJXr ‘yb yV dñVwpñWVrnmgyZM àmo. Ho$ÝgÀ¶m{ddoMZmer S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a gh‘V hmoV ZmhrV. én¶m§À¶m A§JmMr H«$¶-{dH«$¶ e³Vr pñWa Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ én¶mMo MbZ ho H$YrhrpñWa hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr, hr Vr ‘yb yV dñVw…pñWVr hmo¶ Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. ho H$m¶© E³gM|O ñQ>¢S>S>© H$Yr H$ê$eH$Uma Zmhr. E³gM|O ñQ>¢S>S>© bjUmda BbmO H$aVo; amoJmda BbmO H$arV Zmhr. CbQ> S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Oo {ddoMZ Ho$bo AmhoË¶mdê$Z E³gM|O ñQ>±S>S>© ho én¶mÀ¶m ApñWanUmMm amoJ A{YH$M {MKidrV Amho Ago ‘V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ì¶³V Ho$boAmho.'' (g‘J« Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ, I§S> 2, ~r.gr. H$m§~io, àW‘ Amd¥Îmr 1985 n¥. 110)

^maVmgmR>r AmXe© MbZ nÜXVr H$moUVr? m àíZmda àm.Om°Z Ho$Ýg m§Zr gwdU© {d{Z‘` ‘mZH$mMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm.Ë`m§À`m‘Vo hr MbZnÜXVr bd{MH$ Amho. `m MbZnÜXVr‘Ü o MbZ{Z{‘©Vr {H$Vr ìhmdr ho XoemV gmoÝ`mMm gmR>m {H$Vr Amho `mdaAdb§~yZ amhV Zmhr Am{U hr bdMrH$Vm ^{dî`H$mbrZ ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWogmR>r gw mo½` R>aob na§Vw `m {dMmam§Zm H$S>mSy>Z

6

{damoY Ho$bm. Vmo ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ë`m§À`m‘Vo gwdU© {d{Z‘` ‘mZH$m‘Ü o Agbobr bdMrH$Vm ho XwYmar AñÌ Amho.bdMrH$Vm hr Oer Mm§Jbr Agy eH$Vo Ver AW©H$maUmbm ~mYH$gwÜXm R>ê$ eH$Vo. XoemV MbZ{Z{‘©Vr hmoD$Z àM§S> ^mddT>hmoD$ eHo$b Ë`m‘wio gd©gm‘mÝ` OZVm `m ^mddmT>rV âS>br OmD$Z Am{W©H$ -gm‘m{OH$ ñW¡ © YmoŠ`mV oD$ eHo$b.^maVmgmR>r AmXe© MbZnÕVr H$moUVr `mgma»`m Vm§{ÌH$ àíZmMm {dMma H$aVmZmgwÕm ~m~mgmho~m§Zr gd©gm‘mÝ` ^maVr`m§dahmoUm-`m n[aUm‘m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm.

Aem nÕVrZo S>m°. r‘amd Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AW©VÁk Ho$ÝgÀ¶m {gÕm§Vm§Zm {damoY Ho$bm hmoVm. Ho$Ýg ho Ë¶m H$mimVrb gwà{gÕAW©VÁk hmoVo Am{U Ë¶m§À¶mer S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr d¡Mm[aH$ g§Kf© Ho$bobm Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m à~§Ymbm Iyn {damoY Pmbm d^r‘amdm§Mo åhUUo g^mgX EoHy$Z KoÊ¶mg V¶ma ZìhVo. åhUyZM Ë¶m§Zr ^r‘amdm§Zm à~§YmVrb H$mhr ^mJ JmiyZ Q>mH$Ê¶mggm§{JVbo hmoVo d S>r.Eñgr.gmR>r ZH$ma {Xbm hmoVm.

{hëQ>Z ¶§J H${‘eZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr gmj Am{U [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr {Z{‘©VrS>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ë¶mH$mir ñnï>nUo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo hmoVo H$s, MbZ{Z{‘©Vr H$aUmè¶m ([aPd© ~±H$gma»¶m) g§ñWoÀ¶m MbZ

{Z{‘©VrÀ¶m j‘Voda n[aUm‘H$maH$ A§Hw$e AgÊ¶mMr JaO Amho. hm A§Hw$e Zgob Va, A{Z~ªY MbZnwadR>m Am{U Ë¶mVyZâ‘gmR> ^mddmT> hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ ñW¡¶© Ymo³¶mV ¶oD$ eH$Vo. [aPìh© ~±Ho$À¶m ñWmnZogmR>r 1926 gmbr "{hëQ>Z ¶§J H${‘eZ'Zo‘Ê¶mV Ambo hmoVo, Ë¶m§À¶mnwT>o gmj XoVmZm S>m° Am§~oS>H$am§Mr hmM ¶wp³VdmX Ho$bm hmoVm. (Am§~oS>H$a J«§Wm¶Z, S>m°. YZamO S>hmQ>,g§Ho$V àH$meZ, n¥ð> 67)

""qhXþñWmZmVrb MbZnÕVrV ¶mo½¶ Ë¶m gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m nÕVrMr Am‘ybmJ« nmhUr d VnmgUrH$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~mXehm n§M‘ Om°O© ¶m§Zr {XZm§H$ 27-8-25 amoOr OmhraZm‘m à{gÕ H$ê$Z "Royal Commission on Indian

Currency and Finance' Zo‘ë¶mMr KmofUm Ho$br. ¶m am°¶b H${‘eZMo AÜ¶j ES>dS>© {hëQ>Z ¶§J ho hmoVo. g^mgX ZD$ hmoVo.Ë¶mV ga amO|Ð ‘wIOu, ‘mZoH$Or ~¡am‘Vr XmXm^m°¶, ga nwê$fmoÎm‘Xmg R>mHy$aXmg Am{U Ohm§Jra Hw$daOr H$mo¶mOr ho Mma qhXrg^mgX hmoVo. H${‘eZMr n{hbr ~¡R>H$ {Xëbr ¶oWo {XZm§H$ 23-11-25 amoOr gwê$ Pmbr. Ë¶mZ§Va ‘w§~B© d H$bH$Îmm ¶oWo ~¡R>H$mPmë¶m. nÞmg ~¡R>H$m§‘Ü¶o H${‘eZZo eohoMmirg AW©VÁkm§À¶m gmjr KoVë¶m. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ho EH$ gmjrXma hmoVo. ¶mH${‘eZMm Ahdmb nmM I§S>mV à{gÕ Pmbm. H${‘eZZo qhXþñWmZmVrb MbZnÕVrV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r Á¶m AZoH${e’$maer Ho$ë¶m.''

én¶mMr qH$‘V 1/4 Agmdr H$s 1/6 Agmdr d H$moUË¶m {H$‘VrZo qhXþñWmZMm OmñV ’$m¶Xm hmoB©b, hm EH$ àíZH${‘eZÀ¶m àíZn{ÌHo$V hmoVm. ‘wÔm ’$ma dmXJ«ñV hmoVm. Ë¶mda AZoH$ AW©VÁkm§Zr {Za{Zamir ‘Vo ì¶³V Ho$br. qhXþñWmZÀ¶mMbZnÕVrda S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mm 'The Problem of The Rupee' hm J«§W à‘mU ‘mZÊ¶mV Ambobm hmoVm. Ë¶m§MmXþgam J«§W 'The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India' ¶mV ^maVr¶ AW©ì¶dñWoMr ânya ‘m{hVr Amho.¶m‘wio H${‘eZÀ¶m gd© g^mgXm§Zm ¶m J«§WmMm ’$ma Cn¶moJ Pmbm. "‘w§~B© Bbm»¶mV Financial Committee ~gbr hmoVr,Ë¶mdoir S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm gmj Úmd¶mg ~g{dbo hmoVo.' (S>m°. ^r‘amd am‘Or Am§~oS>H$a, boIH$ … Jwê$d¶© H¥$îUmOr Ho$iwgH$a,OZVm Img A§H$ E{àb 1933)

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg§~§Yr g¡ÕmpÝVH$ y{‘H$mAm§~oS>H$am§À¶m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg§~§YrÀ¶m d¡Mm[aH$ y{‘Ho$Mr MMm© H$ê$. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg§~§Yr Ë¶m§Zr 1918 gmbr "bhmZ

eoVH$è¶m§À¶m g‘ñ¶m d Ë¶mdarb Cnm¶' øm ‘hÎdnyU© emoY{Z~§YmV àW‘ ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br, d hrM y{‘H$m Ë¶m§Zr gVV nwT>ohr‘m§S>br. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m ‘Vo, Aën yYmaH$m§da AmYm[aV ^maVr¶ eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm d CËnÞ H$‘r AgÊ¶mMo ‘w»¶ H$maUeoVr‘Yrb Aën ^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUyH$ ho hmo¶. ‘Owam§À¶m VwbZoZo ^m§S>dbmMm dmna AJXr Anwam hmoVm d Ë¶m‘wio l‘ (‘Oya) d^m§S>db øm CËnmXZmÀ¶m XmoZ à‘wI KQ>H$m§Mm eoVr‘Yrb dmna Ag‘mZ nÕVrZo hmoVm. ‘Owam§Mm A{YH$ Cn¶omJ ‘w»¶V…bmoH$g§»¶oMm O{‘Zrda ^ma A{YH$ Agë¶m‘wio hmoVm. O{‘ZrÀ¶m VwbZoZo bmoH$g§»¶oMm ^ma OmñV Agë¶m‘wio XaS>moB© CËnÞH$‘r, Ë¶m‘wio ~MV H$‘r d eodQ>r ^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUyH$ H$‘r. XaS>moB© CËnÞ dmT>Ê¶mgmR>r d Ë¶mhÿZ ~MV d ^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUyH$dmT>Ê¶mgmR>r eoVO{‘ZrdaMm bmoH$g§»¶oMm ma H$‘r hmoUo qH$dm A{V[a³V ‘Owam§Mm ma H$‘r H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m‘Vo eoVrdarb A{V[a³V ma hm ‘Owam§Zm {~JaeoVr ì¶dgm¶mV amoOJma Z {‘imë¶m‘wio Amho. CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUhm EH$‘od Cnm¶ Amho Aer y{‘H$m Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§S>br. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm‘wio eoVrdarb ‘Owam§Mm ^ma H$‘r hmoB©b. Ë¶m‘wio XaS>moB©O‘rZ joÌ dmTy>Z XaS>moB© CËnÞ dmT>ob, ~MV dmT>ob d ^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>ob d eodQ>r eoVr hr ApñWaVoÀ¶m MH«$ì¶yhmVyZ~mhoa nSy>Z AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ¶m ‘mJm©da dmQ>Mmb H$aob.

7

AemM àH$maMo {dMma nwT>o H$mhr AW©emñÌkm§ZrgwÕm ‘m§S>bo AmhoV. CXmhaUmW© AmW©a boìhrg ¶m§Zr eoVr‘Ü¶o Agboë¶m‘Owam§À¶m A‘¶m©X nwadR>çmÀ¶m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm {gÕm§V ‘m§S>bm hmoVm. Ë¶m{edm¶ 1950 d 1960 À¶mXeH$m§V ^maVmVrb Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr YmoaUohr Ë¶m g¡ÕmpÝVH$ y{‘Ho$da AmYmabobr hmoVr. ‘hÎdmMo åhUOo hm {dMma S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§Zr àW‘ 1918 ‘Ü¶o ‘m§S>bm hmoVm. (WmoamV gwIXod, (2005) ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {Z¶moOZ, Ob d{dÚwV {dH$mg y{‘H$m d ¶moJXmZ, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo)

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Am{U ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì¶ñWml{‘H$ d Jar~ ¶m§Zm Am{W©H$ gwa{jVVm XoÊ¶mV m§S>dbemhr AW©ì¶dñWobm H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm nS>VmV hr Am§~oS>H$am§Mr y{‘H$m

hmoVr. XoemÀ¶m {Z¶moOZ~Õ Am[W©H$ {dH$mgmV l{‘H$ Am{W©H$ Jar~dJ© ¶m§Zm ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Agmdo Aer Am§~oS>H$am§Mr y[‘H$mhmoVr. {Z¶moOZ~Õ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV gm‘mÝ¶ ‘mUgmÀ¶m JaOm - CXm. em§VVm, {Zdmam, nwaogo dñÌ, {ejU, Mm§Jbo Amamo½¶Am{U gÝ‘mZmMo A{YH$ma BË¶mXr g‘mYmZH$maH$nUo {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶mZo {Z¶moOZmV ¶mo½¶ VaVyX H$amdr hr y{‘H$m Am§~oS>H$am§Zr‘m§S>br. J[a~m§Zm, Ë¶m§À¶m JaOoZwgma, d¡¶p³VH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ gw{dYm nwa{dÊ¶mMr ‘moR>r O~m~Xmar gaH$maZo ¿¶mdr.Ë¶mgmR>r gaH$ma ho {Zh©ñVjonmÀ¶m YmoaUmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmao Agy Z¶o; Va Amdí¶H$ Aem pñWVrV AW©ì¶dñWoV hñVjonH$aUmao Agmdo.(WmoamV gwIXod, (2005) ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {Z¶moOZ, Ob d {dÚwV {dH$mg y{‘H$m d ¶moJXmZ, gwJmdmàH$meZ, nwUo)

eoVH$è¶m§Mo Xm[aÐç Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§Mo {dMmaS>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr eoVH$è¶m§À¶m Xm[aÐçmg§~§Yr ‘m{‘©H$ {dMma ‘m§S>bo. Ë¶m§À¶m‘Vo eoVH$è¶m§À¶m Xm[aÐ¶mMo H$maU Ë¶mÀ¶m

O[‘ZrÀ¶m VwH$S>çmMo dmagm h³H$mÀ¶m H$m¶Úm‘wio gVV hmoUmao bhmZ VwH$S>o åhUOoM {d^mOZ ho Amho. Aem A{VbhmZVwH$S>çmda m§S>db Jw§VdÊ¶mg (åhUOoM AdOmao, ¶§Ìo dmnaÊ¶mg) dmd {‘iV Zmhr. VgoM eoVH$è¶m§À¶m Xm[aÐçmMo ‘w»¶ H$maUåhUOo XoemÀ¶m dmT>Ë¶m bmoH$g§»¶obm Ho$di eoVrdaM Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJVo. AmYrM eoVrMo VwH$S>o bhmZ AmhoV. dmT>Ë¶mbmoH$g§»¶o‘wio eoVrda bmoH$g§»¶oMm ^ma dmTy>Z eoVrMo AmUIr VwH$S>r nS>VmV d eoVH$è¶m§Mo Xm[aÐ¶ AmUIr dmT>Vo. Ë¶m‘wioeoVrda Adb§~yZ amhUmè¶m OmXm bmoH$g§»¶oMr nmoQ> aÊ¶mMr eoVrIoarO AÝ¶ ì¶dgm¶mV gmo¶ Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ eoVH$è¶m§Mo Xm[aÐçhQ>Uma Zmhr Ago Ë¶m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r Ago gwM{dbo H$s, XoemVrb CÚmoJY§ÚmMr dmT> KS>dyZ AmUbr nm{hOo.Mmby CÚmoJY§ÚmMo nwZê$ÁOrdZ d H$ÀÀ¶m ‘mbmÀ¶m CnbãYVoZwgma ZdrZ CÚmoJY§ÚmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$amdr Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zrà{VnmXZ Ho$bo. (àm. R>³H$a, Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg)

eoV‘Owa Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$aS>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo H$s, Oo ’$m¶Xo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jmam§Zm ‘wiV… Vgo Vo eoV‘Owam§Zm nU {‘imbo

nm{hOoV. Á¶m à‘mUo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jmam§gmR>r {dî¶ {Zdm©h-{ZYr, ZwH$gmZ anmB©, Amamo½¶ {d‘m, AnKmV {d‘m B. ¶mgma»¶mgmo¶r AgVmV ¶mà‘mUo ¶m gd© gmo¶r eoV‘Owam§ZmXoIrb bmJy ìhm¶bm nm{hOoV Ago Ë¶m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. VgoM y{‘{hZm§MoàíZ Oa gwQ>m¶Mo AgVrb Va Ë¶mgmR>r O‘rZ{df¶H$ gwYmaUoMo H$m¶Xo H$ê$Z y{‘{hZm§Zm H$moUVmM ’$m¶Xm hmoUma ZmhrV.H$maU y{‘{hZm§À¶mH$S>o O‘rZM Zmhr, Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm eoV‘Oya åhUyZ H$m‘ H$amdo bmJVo. Ë¶m‘wio Aem y{‘{hZ eoV‘Owam§MmH$mhr ’$m¶Xm ìhm¶Mm Agob Va, Ë¶m§Zm O‘rZ {‘imbr nm{hOo, VaM Ë¶m§À¶m n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm hmoB©b. Ë¶mgmR>r Or O‘rZnS>rH$ Agob Vr y{‘{hZm§Zm gaH$maZo Úmdr Ago, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. (àm. R>³H$a, Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg)

gm‘wXm{¶H$ eoVr Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a^maVmV O{‘ZrMr ‘mbH$s ImOJr hmoVr d Amho. ^maVmV y-YmaUoÀ¶m åhUOoM O{‘ZrÀ¶m ‘mbH$sÀ¶m nÕVrV ~Xb

H$aÊ¶m‘Ü¶o Omo JbWmZnUm Pmbm Ë¶m‘wioM Amnbr eoVr ‘Jmgbobr am{hbr Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr ImÌr hmoVr. Ë¶m‘yio Ë¶m§ZrO{‘ZrÀ¶m ‘mbH$s‘Ü¶o ~Xb YS>dyZ AmUbm nm{hOo Ago AmJ«hmZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm ghH$mar eoVrMm ‘mJ© ‘§OwaZìhVm. Va maVmZo gm‘wXm¶rH$ eoVrMm (Collective Farming) Mm pñdH$ma H$amdm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo. gd© O{‘Zrda gaH$maMr‘mbH$s AgUmar gm‘wXm¶rH$ eoVr Ë¶m§Zm nm{hOo hmoVr. O{‘Zrda gaH$maMr ‘mbH$s àñWmnrV Pmbr H$s, ‘J OmVr-nmVrMm{dMma Z H$aVm {Zanoj ~wÕrZo O{‘Z J«m‘ñWm§Zm {Xbr OmB©b Ago KS>bo åhUOo H$moUrhr ‘mbH$ Zmhr, H$moUr w{‘{hZ Zmhr AgoKS>bo. Ë¶m‘wio gm‘wXm{¶H$ eoVr hr AÝ¶m¶ d emofU ZgUmar nÕV Amho. VgoM bmoH$emhr VÎdmda AmYmabobr gm‘wXm{¶H$ eoVrCËnmXZ j‘Vm d H$m¶©j‘Vm H$m¶‘ R>odrb d Ë¶m‘wio J«m‘rU AW©ì¶dñWoMo n[adV©Z KSy>Z ¶oB©b Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr à{VnmXZHo$bo. VgoM gaH$maZo O‘rZ ‘mbH$mbm Ë¶mMr ZwH$gmZ anmB© XoD$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m O{‘Zr Vmã¶mV ¿¶mì¶mV d Ë¶mda gm‘wXm{¶H$ eoVr

8

H$amdr. hr gm‘wXm{¶H$ eoVr gaH$maÀ¶m AmXoemà‘mUo H$amdr. ¶m eoVrbm amÁ¶ gaH$maZo ^m§S>db nwadR>m H$amdm. VgoM nmUr,~r-{~¶mUo, OZmdao ¶m§Mmhr nwadR>m H$amdm. VgoM gaH$maZo H$m¶ÚmZo YmÝ¶mMr dgwbr H$amdr d Oo bmoH$ CËnmXZ gmYZm§MmOmñVrV OmñV Cn¶moJ gm‘wXm{¶H$ eoVrda H$aUma Zmhr Ë¶m§Zm {ejm XoÊ¶mMr VaVwX H$amdr Ago S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr à{VnmXZHo$bo. (àm. R>³H$a, Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg)

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Am{U H$m‘Jma g§KQ>ZmS>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo H$s, OJm‘Ü¶o XmoZM dJ© AmhoV Jar~ d lr‘§V. {nibo OmUmè¶m§Mm d {niUmè¶m§Mm.

{Vgam dJ© Amho Vmo ‘Ü¶‘dJ©, na§Vw Vmo N>moQ>m Amho åhUyZ eoVH$ar d H$m‘Jmam§Zr Amnbr X¡Ý¶mMr AdñWm Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§ZrOmVr{Zanoj ~wÕrZo ‘Owam§Mr AmKmS>r {Z‘m©U Ho$br nm{hOo Ago Ë¶m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. VgoM H$m‘Jmam§Mm g§n H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$Amho ¶mMo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr OmoaXma g‘W©Z Ho$bo. Vo åhUVmV, g§n H$aUo hm {XdmUr AnamY Amho, ’$m¡OXmar JwÝhm Zìho.‘Zwî¶mbm Ë¶mÀ¶m BÀN>o{dê$Õ H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mg ^mJ nmS>Uo åhUOo Ë¶mbm Jwbm‘ ~Z{dUo hmo¶. Á¶mà‘mUo ñdmV§Í¶ hm Ogm àË¶oH$ZmJ[aH$mMm OÝ‘{gÕ n{dÌ h³H$ Amho VgmM g§n H$aUo hm H$m‘Jmam§Mm OÝ‘{gÕ n{dÌ h³H$ Amho Ë¶m‘wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§ZrAgo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo H$s, emofU H$aUmè¶m gdmª{dê$Õ emo{fVm§Zr EH${ÌV ¶oD$Z bT>m {Xbm nm{hOo.

¶m§{ÌH$sH$aU Am{U Am§~oS>H$aJm§YrOr§Mm ¶§Ìo d ¶§Ìm‘wio Pmboë¶m AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm {damoY hmoVm. ¶§Ìo d ¶§Ìm‘wio Amboë¶m AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vr‘wio

AZoH$ dmB©Q> n[aUm‘ hmoVmV ho S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ‘mÝ¶ ZìhVo. na§Vw S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr dmB©Q> n[aUm‘m§Zm nwT>o H$ê$Z ¶§Ìo d ¶§Ìm‘wioPmboë¶m AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm {damoY H$aUo ¶mo½¶ Zmhr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo ¶m dmB©Q> Jmoï>r ¶§Ìo d ¶§Ìm‘wio Pmboë¶m AmYw{ZH$g§ñH¥$Vr‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m ZmhrV Va ì¶p³VJV ñdmWm©bm d ImOJr ‘mÝ¶Vobm ‘mÝ¶Vm XoUmè¶m g‘mO ì¶dñWo‘wio Ë¶mOÝ‘mbm Amboë¶m AmhoV. ¶§Ìo d ¶§Ìm‘wio Amboë¶m AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm H$mhr bmoH$m§ZmM ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo åhUyZ ¶§Ìmbm d AmYw{ZH$g§ñH¥$Vrbm {damoY H$aUo ¶mo½¶ Zmhr. Ë¶mEodOr ¶§Ìo d AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm gd© g‘mOmbm H$gm ’$m¶Xm hmoB©b d ¶mgmR>rg‘mOmMr KS>r H$er ~XbVm ¶oB©b ¶mMm {dMma ìhm¶bm nm{hOo Ago Am§~oS>H$am§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo "OmñVrV OmñV¶§Ìo d AË¶mYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vr "ho bmoH$emhr g‘mOmMo Kmofdm³¶ Agbo nm{hOo.'

‘m³g©Mm gmå¶dmX Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$aS>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr B§½b§S> d A‘o[aHo$V AgVmZm AW©emñÌmMm Aä¶mg Va Ho$bmM hmoVm nU; Ë¶mM~amo~a H$mb©

‘m³g©À¶m {gÕm§VmMmXoIrb Ë¶m§Zr gImob Aä¶mg Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë¶mM~aom~a Ë¶m§Mm ~m¡Õ Y‘m©Mm Aä¶mghr IwnM gImob hmoVm.Ë¶m§Zr Ago {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xbo H$s, ‘m³g©Mm gmå¶dmX d ~m¡Õ Y‘© ¶mV IwnM gmå¶ d oXhr AmT>iVmV. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶mVo gmå¶dmX gm§JUmè¶m ‘m³g©Zo ¶m OJmV J[a~mÀ¶m dmQ>çmbm emofU Ambo Amho Ago gm§{JVbo Va ~wÕmZoXoIrb ¶m OJmVJ[a~m§À¶m dmQ>çmbm Xþ…I d emofU Ambobo Amho ho gmå¶ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm AmT>ibo. Va oX gm§JV AgVmZm Vo åhUVmV J[a~m§MoemofU Xya H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m³g©Zo qhgoMm ‘mJ© gm§{JVbm Va ~wÕmZo J[a~mMo Xþ…I Xya H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AqhgoMm ‘mJ© gm§{JVbobm Amho.n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m³g©Zo a³Va§OrV H«$m§VrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Va ~wÕmZo 2400 dfmªnydu ‘m³g© OÝ‘mbm ¶oÊ¶mAJmoXa n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r a³V{da{hV H«$m§VrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. (S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo H$mR>‘m§Sw> ¶oWrb ~wÕ H$s‘m³g© darb ^mfU)

amÁ¶ g‘mOdmX Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$aàM{bV g‘mOmV g‘mOmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ aMZoMo ^m§S>dbemhr d g‘mOdmX (gmå¶dmX) Ago XmoZ àH$ma ApñVËdmV hmoVo.

na§Vw S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ¶m Xmohm|n¡H$s EH$hr àH$ma Amnë¶m g‘mOmMr Am{W©H$ aMZm H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ng§V ZìhVm. H$maU^m§S>dbemhrV bmoH$emhrMo OVZ hmoV Agbo Var ¶m nÕVrV O‘rZXma d ^m§S>dbXma eoV‘Oya d H$m‘Jmam§Mr {nidUyH$CKS>nUo H$aVm ¶oVo d eoV‘Oya d H$m‘Jmam§Mo bmoH$emhr ñdmV§Ì¶ ZîQ> hmoD$Z OmVo. Ë¶m‘wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ^m§S>dbemhrbm^m§S>dbXmam§Mr hþHy$‘emhr Ago g§~moYyZ ZmH$mabr. Xþgam n¶m©¶ g‘mOdmXmMm Omo hmoVm, Vmohr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ‘mÝ¶ ZìhVm.H$maU g‘mOdmXmV CËnmXZmMr gd© gmYZo gaH$maÀ¶m ‘mbH$sMr AgVmV. Ë¶m‘wio g‘mOdmXmV emgH$s¶ hþHy$‘emhrMm YmoH$m{XgV hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm g‘mOdmXXoIrb Amnë¶m g‘mOmMr Am{W©H$ aMZm H$aÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© åhUyZ ng§V ZìhVm.

Ë¶m‘wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr g‘mOmMr Am{W©H$ aMZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {Vgam n¶m©¶ gwM{dbm Am{U Vmo åhUOo amÁ¶-g‘mOdmXmMm.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr amÁ¶ g‘mOdmX åhUOo H$m¶ Vo gm§JVmZm Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho H$s, amÁ¶ g‘mOdmX ‘hÎdmMoCÚmoJY§Xo, ‘yb yV CÚmoJY§Xo B. CÚmoJY§Xo gaH$maZo ñdV…M MmbdmdoV qH$dm gaH$maZo {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m ñdm¶Îm ‘hm‘§S>imÛmao

9

MmbdmdoV. VgoM {d‘m ¶m ì¶dgm¶ gaH$mar ‘mbH$sMm Agmdm, eoVrXoIrb gaH$maZo H$amdr. Aer Am{W©H$ aMZm åhUOo amÁ¶g‘mOdmX. VgoM Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo H$s, amÁ¶-g‘mOdmXmMm g‘mdoe KQ>ZoV H$amdm d Vmo A‘§bmV AmUÊ¶mgmR>rg§gXr¶ bmoH$emhr Agmdr. AemàH$mao amÁ¶ g‘mOdmX AmnU AmUbm Va g‘mOdmX Va ¶oB©bM nU; hþHy$‘emhr ¶oUma Zmhrd bmoH$emhrMr ‘moS>VmoS> hmoUma Zmhr. VgoM ¶m g§X^m©V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho H$s, KQ>ZoV H$moUVohr ~Xbg§gX gXñ¶m§Zm H$aVm ¶oVrb na§Vw amÁ¶-g‘mOdmXmMr Or VaVyX KQ>ZoV Ho$br OmB©b Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$aÊ¶mMm H$moUmbmhrA{YH$ma amhUma Zmhr ho Am§~oS>H$am§Mo à{VnmXZ AmnU ¶m g§X^m©V bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo. (S>m°.~r.Ama.Am§~oS>H$a, (1998)ñQ>oQ>g² A°ÊS> ‘m¶Zm°[aQ>rO², g‘Vm àH$meZ, ZmJnya)

Om{Vì¶dñWoMo AW©emñÌ~m~mgmho~m§Zr Om{Vì¶dñWo{df¶r g{dñVa {bImU Ho$bo d Om{Vì¶dñWoÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Am{W©H$ ~mOyMm

g{dñVanUo Aä¶mg Ho$bm. ¶oWo AmnU Om{Vì¶dñWoÀ¶m Am{W©H$ ~mOyMr MMm© H$ê$. Om{Vì¶dñWoÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ dYm{‘©H$ ~mOyMm Aä¶mg g{dñVanUo H$aÊ¶mV Ambm Amho, na§Vw Am{W©H$ n¡by§Mr nm{hOo Ver MMm© AOyZ Pmbr Zmhr. ~m~mgmho~m§ZrAm{W©H$ ~mOyZogwÕm Om{Vì¶dñWoMo {díbofU Ho$bo d Ë¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘m§Mrhr XIb KoVbr. ~m~mgmho~m§À¶m ‘Vo Om{Vì¶dñWm hrEH$ AW©ì¶dñWm Amho d {VMo doJio Ago AW©emñÌ Amho. Om{Vì¶dñWoMo ñdV§Ì CËnmXZ d {d^mOZmMo AW©emñÌ Amho.Om{Vì¶dñWoMr à‘wI Am{W©H$ d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.

n{hbo, àË¶oH$ OmVrMo ì¶dgm¶ OÝ‘mZo {ZpíMV R>a{dbo OmVmV Am{U d§ena§naoZo Vo gmVË¶mZo nwT>o gwê$ amhVmV.OmVr~mø ì¶dgm¶ H$aÊ¶mg à{V~§Y AmhoV.

Xþgao, OmVrOmVt‘Ü¶o g§nÎmrMo A{YH$ma Am{U BVa Am{W©H$ A{YH$mam§Mr {d^mJUr Ag‘mZ nÕVrZo Ho$br Amho. gm‘m{OH$joÌm~amo~a Am{W©H$ joÌmVhr Ag‘mZVm VÎdmMo Adb§~Z Ho$bo Amho.

{Vgao, Ho$di ì¶dgm¶{ZpíMVr, g§nÎmrMo A{YH$ma, BVa Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma Am{U Ë¶m§Mr Ag‘mZ nÕVrZo AgUmar{d^mJUrM Zìho, Va Cƒ OmVtMm ì¶dgm¶ VodT>m CËH¥$ï> Am{U BVam§Mo ì¶dgm¶ Jm¡U àVrMo dm ImbÀ¶m àVrMo ‘mZbo OmVmV.¶m àH$maMo ì¶dgm¶ ho Ë¶m§À¶m Cƒ Am{U ZrM Aem H$b§{H$V OmVr¶ AmYmamda d§ena§naoZo Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV.

Mm¡Wo, Ho$di H$mhr OmVtZmM {ejUKoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm Am{U Om{Vì¶dñWoV ImbÀ¶m OmVrbm AWdm Y‘©gÎmoZwgmaeodQ>À¶m OmVrbm dm Ë¶m JQ>mbm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm. Ag‘mZVm VÎd ho ì¶dgm¶m~amo~aM {ejUjoÌmVhr{d{dY ñVam§Zwgma {dñVmabobo hmoVo.

OmVrda AmYm[aV g§nÎmrMo A{YH$ma Am{U ì¶dgm¶m§Mr d§ena§naoZo MmbV Ambobr {d^mJUr nmhVm ì¶³Vr Á¶m OmVrMrAmho Ë¶m OmVrgmR>r {ZpíMV Ho$boë¶m ì¶dgm¶mMoM {VZo AZwH$aU dm A§‘b H$aUo Amdí¶H$ hmoVo. Ë¶m {R>H$mUr d¡¶p³VH${ZdS>rbm, d¡¶p³VH$ àd¥Îmrbm H$moUVrhr g§Yr ZìhVr. qhXÿ g‘mOì¶dñWo A§VJ©V ì¶³Vr Ë¶m {d{eï> ì¶dgm¶mer ~m§Yrb Ago.(WmoamV gwIXod, ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {Z¶moOZ, Ob d {dÚwV {dH$mg y{‘H$m d ¶moJXmZ, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo)

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {Z¶moOZ, Ob d {dÚwV {dH$mg y{‘H$m d ¶moJXmZ …Zmoìh|~a 1937 ‘Ü¶o {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo ñdV§Ì l‘{d^mJmMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. ho ImVo nydu CÚmoJ Am{U l‘ Ago g§¶w³V hmoVo.

ObqgMZ, {dÚwV Am{U BVa g§~§{YV gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m‘ BË¶mXr {df¶m§Mo {Z‘m©U Pmbobo ImVo l‘{d^mJmH$S>o hñVm§V[aVH$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Ooìhm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr l‘ImË¶mMm Owb¡ 1942 ‘Ü¶o MmO© KoVbm Voìhm ObqgMZ Am{U {dÚwV,{deofV… Ob{dÚwV {dH$mg H$aUo hr l‘{d^mJmMr ‘hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar hmoVr.

AË¶§V ‘hÎdmMo na§Vw g‘mOmbm ‘mhrV Zgbobo ¶moJXmZ åhUOo ¶wÕmoÎma Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m H$mimVrb Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ{deofV… XoemVrb Ob gmYZg§nÎmrÀ¶m Am{U Ob{dÚwVÀ¶m {Z¶mo{OV {dH$mgmgmR>r YmoaU Am{U ì¶yhaMZm AmIÊ¶mV àË¶jgh^mJ {Xbm. H$maU 1942-47 À¶m H$mbmdYrV l‘, ObqgMZ Am{U D$Om©ImË¶mMr, H°${~ZoQ> ‘|~a åhUyZ, Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>oO~m~Xmar gmondÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr. ¶m nXmda AgVmZm Ë¶m§Zr Am{W©H$ {Z¶moOZ, Ob Am{U {dÚwV gmYZgm‘J«rÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r’$ma ‘mobmMo ¶moJXmZ {Xbo. AmíM¶© åhUOo ¶m ¶moJXmZmH$S>o ’$mago bj {Xbo Jobo Zmhr qH$dm Ë¶mda Aä¶mghr Pmbm Zmhr.

1942-47 À¶m Xaå¶mZ ObgmYZ gm‘J«r Am{U Ob{dÚwV D$Om©{dH$mgmgmR>r ‘Ü¶dVu gaH$maZo YmoaU {dH${gV Ho$boAm{U Ë¶mbm {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMm AmH$ma {Xbm. gaH$maZo Ho$boë¶m à¶ËZm§Mm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ Imbrb ~m~tMr nyV©Vm Pmbr.

10

A) ^maVmVrb Ob Am{U {dÚwV D$Om© gmYZgm‘J«rMm {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amï´>r¶ nmVirda {ZpíMV ñdê$nmÀ¶mYmoaUmMm CJ‘ Pmbm. øm‘YyZ nwT>o H|$ÐmV Ob ‘§Ìmb¶ d {dÚwV ‘§Ìmb¶ ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbr.

~) amÁ¶mVrb ObqgMZ d {dÚwV D$Om© gmYZgm‘J«rÀ¶m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘Ü¶dVu nmVirda ¶§ÌUmH$m¶m©pÝdV hmoD$Z Vm§{ÌH$ g§KQ>ZoMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbr. CXm. ‘Ü¶dVu Ob Am¶moJ Am{U ‘Ü¶dV© {dÚwV àm{YH$aU.

H$) Am§VaamÁ¶r¶ ZÚm§À¶m g§X^m©V ObqgMZ Am{U Ob{dÚwV {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘Ü¶dVu Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶mH$m¶©joÌmÀ¶m Am{U BVa KQ>ZmË‘H$ g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ZÚm-Imoao àm{YH$aU qH$dm ‘hm‘§S>i ñWmnZoMoYmoaU ñdrH$mabo Jobo.

S>) ^maVmV àW‘V… àmXo{eH$ Am{U ~hþCÔoer¶ ZÚm-Imoè¶m§Mm {dMma ê$O{dbm Jobm.

B) Xm‘moXa ZXr-Imoao ¶moOZm, ‘hmZXr Imoao ¶moOZm, gmoZ ZXr àH$ën, X»IZÀ¶m ZÚm§gmR>rMr ¶moOZm BË¶mXr‘hÎdmÀ¶m ¶moOZm§Mm àma§ Pmbm d eodQ>r maVr¶ KQ>ZoV amÁ¶mÀ¶m Ob d {dÚwV YmoaUm§g§~§Yr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mVAmbr.

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ho l‘, ObqgMZ Am{U D$Om© ImË¶mMo à‘wI Pmë¶m‘wio darb ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$aUo gwb^ Pmbo.Ë¶m§À¶m ZoV¥Ëdm‘wio ^maVmVrb Ob{dÚwV gmYZgm‘J«rÀ¶m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {‘imbr. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo AW©emñÌ,

amÁ¶emñÌ, H$m¶Xm, KQ>Zm BË¶mXr {df¶m§Vrb kmZ gImob Agë¶m‘wio ‘Ü¶dVu gaH$maÀ¶m l‘{d^mJmbm Ob Am{U{dÚwV D$Om© YmoaUmMr ê$naofm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r, VgoM YmoaUmÀ¶m {Z¶mo{OV {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘XV Pmbr.

àmo’o$ga EM.gr. hQ>© ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m "New India’s Rivers' øm nwñVH$mV Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m øm ¶moJXmZm{df¶r Xm‘moXaYaUmg§~§YmV Ago ñVw{Vna eãX H$mT>bo -

'Imoè¶mV nmdgmMo nmUr {H$Vr CnbãY hmoB©b d Ë¶mMo {Z¶§ÌU H$go H$amdo BË¶mXr àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ B§{OZrAa ‘§S>irH$ê$ eH$br. na§Vw BVa H$R>rU àíZ ‘w»¶V… amOH$s¶ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. VoWrb a{hdmem§Mr BÀN>m, àm§Vr¶ gaH$mao {~hma d ~§Jmb¶m§Mr ~hþCÔoer¶ Xm‘moXa Imoao {dH$mgmÀ¶m ~m~VrV ‘mÝ¶Vm, VgoM MMm©Mo {ddaU BË¶mXr àíZ ho amOH$s¶ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo.gmYmaUV… 30 ‘{hZo Xm‘moXa YaUmÀ¶m {Z¶moOZmMo H$m‘ amOH$s¶ ì¶³VrÀ¶m hmVmV H|$Ðr¶ Pmbo. Á¶m ì¶³VrZo Xm‘moXa Imoao{dH$mgmÀ¶m ~m~VrV amOH$s¶ AWm©Zo {ZU©¶ KoVbm Vr ì¶³Vr åhUOo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a. Á¶m ì¶³VrZo Xm‘moXa Imoè¶mMm ‘gwXmg§gXoV ‘gwXm g§gXoV ‘mÝ¶ H$ê$Z KoVbm Vr ì¶³Vr åhUOo Z.{d. JmS>Jri (Zdr ~m§YH$m‘, ImUr d D$Om©‘§Ìr)."

^maVmÀ¶m Ob{df¶H$ YmoaUmda S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m emñÌr¶, dñVw{ZîR>, Aä¶mgy, VarXoIrb ‘ybV… ‘mZdVmdmXrÑ{ï>H$moZmMm à^md hmoVm. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ho ¶moJXmZ bjmV KoD$ZM lr. gr.EM. m^m ¶m§Zr 1946 ‘Ü¶o Ooìhm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§H$Sy>Z¶m nXmMm ^ma ñdrH$mabm, Ë¶mdoiog Imbrb CX²Jma H$mT>bo.

'AënmdYrV AmnU OwÝ¶mnwamÊ¶m g§H$ënZm§VyZ AË¶mYw{ZH$ Aem Ob{dH$mg g§H$ënZoH$S>o dibmo AmhmoV Am{U Ë¶mgmR>rZXrImoao {dH$mgmMm {dñV¥V {Z¶moOZ AmamIS>m V¶ma Ho$bm Amho. ¶m~m~V Xm‘moXa ZXrg§~§Yr KoÊ¶mV Ambobr n{hbr n[afX‘mÂ¶m Ñï>rZo A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo. H$maU ¶m n[afXoZoM ‘mJ©Xe©ZmMo H$m‘ Ho$bo Amho. Ë¶mVyZM ‘hmZXr, H$mo‘r Am{U gmoZ ZXràH$ën V¶ma Pmbm. ¶m g§X^m©V ~hþCÔoer¶ Am{U àmXo{eH$ {dH$mgmMo àH$ën Á¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$bo Ë¶m§Mo Amåhr F$Ur AmhmoV."

Imo{V{dê$ÕMm bT>m Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a …S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ImoVr nÜXVr{dê$ÜX ¶eñdr Am§XmobZ bT>{dbo ‘hmadVZm{dê$ÜX Ë¶m§Zr {Xboë¶m ¶eñdr

bT>çm‘wio J«m‘rU ^mJm‘Ü¶o JmoaJar~ Am{U AS>mUr OZVoMr gmdH$mam§À¶m nmemVyZ Am{W©H$ emofUmVyZ ‘wŠVVm H$aÊ¶mgmR>ràm§{VH$ {d{Y‘§S>imgmR>r {dYo¶H$ V¶ma Ho$bo Vohr S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§ZrM J«m‘rU Jar~ OZVogmR>r S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$aOgo PQ>bo VgoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb ‘Owam§gmR>r XopIb Ë¶m§Zr ‘hÎdnyU© H$m‘{Jar Ho$br Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zr ‘Oya njmMr XoIrbñWmnZm Ho$br. (M§ÐH$m§V A{YH$mar, ImoVr{dê$ÕMm bT>m, eãXmb¶ àH$meZ, lram‘nya, Ah‘XZJa)

S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mr AW©emñÌr` H$m‘{Jar ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmH$[aVm AmOhr Cn`moJr Agbr Var^maVr` g‘mO AOyZhr Amnë`m na§namJV, OwÝ`m ê$T>tÀ`m gZmVZr {dMmam§À`m ~mhoa nSy> eH$bm Zmhr. AOyZhr ~m~mgmho~m§Zmhm g‘mO Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m H$mb~mh` VamOyV VmobVmo Am{U BVŠ`m ‘hmZ {dMmam§Zm AmË‘gmV H$aV Zmhr gd©gm‘mÝ` maVr`OZVm Va gmoS>mM AW©emñÌmMo {dÚmWu Am{U àmÜ`mnH$XoIrb ~m~mgmho~m§À`m Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Zm dmMZmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ñne©hr H$aV ZmhrV. OJ{d»`mV AW©VÁk àm. Om°Z Ho$ÝgÀ`m {dMmam§da KUmKmVr h„m H$aUmao H«$m§VrH$maH$ AW©VÁk S>m°.~m~mgmho~Am§~oS>H$a ho EH$‘od ^maVr` AmhoV. VargwÜXm AW©emñÌm§À`m nmR>`nwñVH$m§‘Ü o ~m~mgmho~m§Mm gmYm C„oI hr ho H«${‘H$

11

nwpñVH$m {b{hUmao bmoH$ H$aV ZmhrV. m{edm` b§S>Z ñHw$b Am°’$ BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg m OJà{gÜX {ejU g§ñWoVyZ {S>.Eg.gr.(S>m°ŠQ>aAm°’$ gm`Ýg) hr AW©emñÌmVrb nXdr {‘i{dUmao Vo n{hbo ^maVr` {dÚmWu AmhoV.

g§X ©

1. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Jm¡ad J«§W, ‘hmamï´> emgZ, n¥ð> 363

2. S>mhmQ S>m°. YZamO>, Am§~oS>H$a J«§Wm¶Z, g§Ho$V àH$meZ n¥ð> 56

3. H$m§~io ~r.gr, g‘J« Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ, I§S> 2, àW‘ Ad¥Îmr 1985 n¥. 108

4. H$m§~io ~r.gr, g‘J« Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ, I§S> 2, àW‘ Ad¥Îmr 1985 n¥. 110

5. S>mhmQ S>m°. YZamO>, Am§~oS>H$a J«§Wm¶Z, g§Ho$V àH$meZ n¥ð> 67

6. Jwê$d¶© Ho$iwgH$a H¥$îUmOr, S>m°. ^r‘amd am‘Or Am§~oS>H$a, OZVm Img A§H$ E{àb 1933

7. WmoamV gwIXod, (2005) ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {Z¶moOZ, Ob d {dÚwV {dH$mg y{‘H$m d ¶moJXmZ, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

8. àm. R>³H$a, Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg

9. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo H$mR>‘m§Sw> ¶oWrb ~wÕ H$s ‘m³g© darb ^mfU

10. S>m°.~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a, (1998) ñQ>oQ>g² A°ÊS> ‘m¶Zm°[aQ>rO², g‘Vm àH$meZ, ZmJnya

11. Mm§JXod ^dmZamd I¡a‘moS>o (1987) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Am{U qhXþ H$moS> {~b, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

12. àmo’o$ga EM.gr. hQ>© "New India’s Rivers'

13. A{YH$mar M§ÐH$m§V, ImoVr{dê$ÕMm bT>m, eãXmb¶ àH$meZ, lram‘nya, Ah‘XZJa

14. S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a Am{W©H$ {dMma Am{U VËdkmZ -S>m°.Za|Ð OmYd

15. Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg - S>m°.{dO‘ H${d‘§S>Z

16. Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg - àm.{dÚmYa nQ>dY©Z

17. ‘moOZm ‘m{gH$ ({dfoH$ A§H$) - ‘hmamï´> emgZ

r r r

gw{dMma(1) ñdÀN>VoMm ‘mJ© ñdrH$mabm Va g‘J« XoemV g‘¥Õr Zm§Xob.

(2) XoemV gm¢X © {Z‘m©U H$am`Mo Agob Va ñdÀN>VoMm ‘hm‘mJ© ñdrH$mamdm.

(3) bmoH$m§Zr ^maV XoemgmR>r ñdÀN>VoMo YSo> {JadÊ`mMr JaO Amho.

(4) XoemMo CÎm‘ Amamo½` g§nm{XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdÀN>Vo{edm` n`m©` Zmhr.

(5) Jmd, eha, VmbwH$m, {Oëhm d amÁ` ñdÀN> R>odbo Va, AmnmoAmnM Amnbm maV Xoe gm¢X`m©À`mAb§H$mam§Zr emo yZ {Xgob.

(6) hmVmV PmSy> ¿¶m, H$Mè`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$am Am{U ñdÀN> ^maVmMo ñdßZ gmH$ma H$am.

(7) àË oH$ ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$mMo àYmZ H$V©ì` åhUOo Xoembm ñdÀN> R>odUo.

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‘w³V d Xya{ejUmV g§‘§ÌH$mMr ^y{‘H$mA{ZVm ^mñH$a WmoamV

g§emoYH$ {dÚmWu (nrEM.S>r.)

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Vo AmOn ªV maVr` {ejU ì`dñWoV gmVË`mZo ~Xb Pmbobo {XgyZ oVmV. Jwê$Hw$b {ejUnÕVrnmgyZ Vo ñ‘mQ>© Šbmgê$‘ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU nÕVrMo {d{dY ‘mJ© CX`mg Ambobo AmhoV. nma§n[aH$ {ejUì`dñWoMo ñdê$n Ogo ~XbV Jobo VgoM {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m d {ejH$m§À`m y{‘Ho$V ~Xb Pmbobo AmhoV. gÜ`mÀ`m {ejUnÕVr‘Ü o {dÚmWu hm H|$ÐñWmZr AgyZ {ejH$ hm ’$º$ AÜ`mnZ H$aUmam am{hbobm ZgyZ Vmo EH$ ‘mJ©Xe©H$,g„mJma, g‘wnXoeH$, g§‘§ÌH$ Aem doJdoJù`m w{‘Ho$‘YyZ H$m © H$arV Amho. nma§n[aH$ {ejU ì`dñWoV {ejH$mbmAÜ`mnZmMo' H$m © Va ‘wº$ Am{U Xya{ejUm‘Ü o g§‘§ÌH$mbm g§‘§ÌUmMo' ‘hÎdmMo H$m © H$amdo bmJVo. g§‘§ÌU `meãXmg B§J«Or ^mfoV 'Counselling' Ago Oar g§~moYbo OmV Agbo Var Xya{ejUmVrb Counselling' hmeãX AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ nÕVr, e¡j{UH$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z, e¡j{UH$ g‘wnXoeZ' `m g§H$ënZmer g§~§{YV Amho. ‘wº$ Am{UXya{ejU nÕVr‘Ü o ‘w{ÐV d ÑH$lmì` ‘mÜ`‘m§Mm dmna A{YH$ à‘mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo VgoM `m nÕVr‘Ü o ñd§ -AÜ``Zmbm MmbZm {‘i{dÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo g§‘§ÌUmMr ì`dñWm Ho$bobr Amho. g§‘§ÌU åhUOo e¡j{UH$ ì`dñWoVg‘mYmZH$maH$ àJVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`m©bm {Xbm OmUmam g„m, ‘XV d AmYma hmo . g„m, ‘XV d AmYma `m~m~r§‘Ü o `mo½` g‘Ýd` gmYZo A{Ve` ‘hÎdmMo Amho. åhUyZM g§‘§ÌUmMo H$m © H$aUmè`m g§‘§ÌH$mZo Amdí`H$ VrH$m¡eë o OmonmgUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho.

‘w³V Am{U Xya {ejU nÕVr‘Ü o g§‘§ÌU à{H«$ o‘Ü o àm‘w»`mZo VrZ H¥$Vr ‘hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. (1) ‘m{hVrXoUo, (2) g„m XoUo qH$dm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo, (3) g‘wnXoeZ H$aUo øm VrZ H¥$Vr§‘wio g§‘§ÌU à{H«$`m hr AÜ`mnZà{H«$ onojm doJir R>aVo. na§namJV nÕVrV {ejH$m§Zm gmYmaUnUo H$emMo AÜ`mnZ H$am`Mo?', H$go H$am`Mo?',{eH$dÊ`mMr nÕVr H$moUVr dmnam`Mr?' Aem gd© Jmoï>tMo nyd© {Z`moOZ H$amdo bmJVo. na§Vw g§‘§ÌUm‘Ü o {dÚmÏ`mªMoàý d Ë`m§Mr e¡j{UH$ JaO hr H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ BVa ~m~tMo ‘hÎd H$‘r Ho$bobo Amnë`mbm AT>iVo. Ë`m‘wioM ‘w³VAm{U Xya{ejUm‘Ü o g§‘§ÌU H$aUmè`m g§‘§ÌH$mMr A{^`mo½`Vm VnmgUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho. àm‘w»`mZo `m {ejUnÕVr‘Ü o H$m‘ H$aUmam g§‘§ÌH$ hm nma§nm[aH$ ‘hm{dÚmb`m‘Ü o AÜ`mnZmMo H$m‘ H$aUmam EH$ {ejH$M AgVmo. na§Vwnma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo AÜ`mnZ H$aUo d ‘wº$ Am{U Xya{ejUmVrb g§‘§ÌU H$aUo m XmoZ àH$mam‘Ü o ’$aH$ Amho. nma§n[aH$‘hm{dÚmb`mVrb {dÚmWu hm {Z`{‘V AgVmo Va ‘w³V d Xya{ejU nÕVr ‘Yrb {dÚmWu hm ñd §ào[aV, àm¡T> d ’$º$g§nH©$gÌm‘Ü o oUmam AgVmo. Ë`m‘wio `m {R>H$mUr {ejH$mMr y{‘H$m hr ~Xbobr Amho. hm ~Xb ghOnUo gd©M{ejH$m§Zm AmË‘gmV H$aVm oB©bM Ago Zmhr. ‘w³V Am{U Xya{ejUm‘Ü o g§‘§ÌH$mMr y{‘H$m hr Ho$di EH$ AÜ`mnH$mMrZgyZ Vr g‘wnXoeH$mMr AgVo. åhUyZ m {ejUnÕVrV g§‘§ÌH$ hmoD$ BpÀN>Umao {ejH$ ho kmZr AgmdoV. Ë`m§Zm ‘w³VAm{U Xya{ejU nÕVrMr ‘m{hVr Agmdr. g§‘§ÌH$mMo VÎdo, H$m ©, O~m~Xmè`m, y{‘H$m§Mr OmUrd AgUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho.g§‘§ÌUmÀ`m joÌm~Ôb gd© ‘yb yV ‘m{hVr Agmdr. g§‘§ÌH$mMo g§‘§ÌU H$m © ho Ho$di EH$ ì`dgm` åhUyZ Z g‘OVmEH$ godm åhUyZ m joÌmH$So> nmhÊ`mMr gm‘mÝ` AÜ`mnH$mMr Ñï>r Agmdr. åhUyZM g§‘§ÌH$m§À`m ‘ZmMm H$b m {ejUnÕVrH$So> PwH$bobm Amho H$m`?, Ë`mÀ`m‘Ü o EH$ AmXe© g§‘§ÌH$ hmoÊ`mMr A{^`mo½`Vm Amho H$m`?, EH$m Mm§Jë`mg§‘§ÌH$mMo Amdí`H$ JwU Ë`mÀ`mH$So> AmhoV H$m`?, {dÚmÏ`m©àVr Ë`mbm AmñWm d AmXa Amho H$m`?, ZdZdrZV§ÌkmZmMr ‘m{hVr Amho H$m`?, ‘wº$ Am{U Xya{ejUmbm A{YH$ àJë^Vm {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo H$moUVo à`ËZ H$aVmoH$m`? BË`mXr gd©~m~r OmUyZ KoUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho. (nmB©H$amd, gmiw§Ho$ d amOXoaH$a,2008).

åhUyZM g§‘§ÌH$mÀ`m A{^`mo½`VoMm {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. EImÚm {d{eï> {ejUH«$‘mV, ì`dgm{`H$ Aä`mgH«$‘mVAWdm {d{eï> ì`dgm`m‘Ü o èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ åhUOo A{^`mo½`Vm hmo . H$moUË`mhr ì`dgm`m‘Ü oèñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$sÀ`m A{^`mo½`Vobm ’$ma ‘hËd Amho. A{^`mo½`Vo‘Ü o ì`º$sÀ`m ‘ZmMm gH$mamË‘H$ H$bAm{U ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm ‘hÎdmMr AgVo. ’$º$ àM§S> ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm AgyZhr ‘ZmMm gH$mamË‘H$ H$b Zgë`mg Ë`mì`º$sg Ano{jV è hmVr bmJV Zmhr. ({~«O‘mohZ, 2006)

r r r

13

amï´>g§VmÀ¶m g‘mO à~moYZ nÕVr amhþb X{bVamd T>oao


g‘mOmbm `mo½` diU bmdÊ`mgmR>r nydunmgyZ g‘mOH$m © H$aUmao AZoH$ gmYy g§V hmoD$Z Jobo AemM EH$mË¶m§À¶m H$m`m©Mm ‘{h‘m `m boImVyZ gm§{JVbm Amho.d§XZr` amï´>g§V VwH$S>moOr ‘hmamO Ë¶mn¡H$s EH$1. gm‘wXm{`H$ àmW©Zm

gdmªMm EH${M gma & ewÕ H$amdo öX`-‘§{Xa &gwIr H$amdo MamMa & VarM nmdo gXJ{V &&J«m.Jr.1/71darb J«m‘JrVoÀ`m AmodrVyZ EH$Vm, EH$mJ«Vm, ~§YwVm, g‘Vm, Ý`m` `m ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m‘wio ‘mZdmMo

öX` ‘§{Xa ewÜX hmoB©b d Vo Amnë`m OrdZmV gwIr amhVrb. AemàH$mao gm‘wXm{`H$ àmW©ZoZo ‘mZdmV gH$mamË‘H$~Xb hmoB©b.

2. gy ©Z‘ñH$ma, ì`m`m‘, `moJmgZoàË oH$m{g eara, ‘Z & dmUr, B§{Ð o, ~wÕr, àmU &`m gdmªMo {dH$mg gmYZ & Vmo{M Y‘© &&J«m.Jr.2/25amï´>g§V åhUVmV gdmªZm eara, ‘Z,dmUr, B§{Ð o, ~wÕr, àmU Amho Ë`m§Zm gwg§ñH$m[aV H$aÊ`mMo H$m‘ gy ©Z‘ñH$ma,

ì`m`m‘, `moJmgZo `m‘YyZ hmoVo. `m‘wio ‘mZdmMm emar[aH$, ‘mZ{gH$, ^md{ZH$ {dH$mg gmYbm OmVmo.

3. ÔZ`m ^maVmV ~§Yw md {ZË` dgy Xo & Xo da{M Agm Xo &ho gd© n§W g§àXm` EH$ {Xgy Xo & ‘V oX ZgyXo &&amï´>g§V Amnë`m ÔZmVyZ gm§JVmV H$s, ^maVmV gX¡d ~§Yw md amhÿ Xo. `m ^maVmV gd© OmVr, Y‘©, n§W AmhoV

nU Vo EH$ {XgmdoV Ë`m§À`mV ‘V oX Zgmdm. gd© OU EH$ ‘VmZo amhmdo d Amnbm maV Xoe gw§Xa {Xgmdm Aer Ë`m§MrAnojm hmoVr. `m ÔZmVyZ ‘mZdr g‘yhmbm ~§Yw md, EH$Vm, ‘mZdVm `mMo kmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo.

4. dmMZmbÈogo bmoH$m§er {eH$dmdo & {~KS>bo {Xgob Vo gwYamdo &OZm§{g CÚmo{J ~Zdmdo & Amnwë`mnar &&J«m.Jr.5/77d§XZr` amï´>g§Vm§Zr kmZ àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm ‘mJ© dmMZ Amho ho gm§{JVbo. Ë`mgmR>r dmMZmb` AgmdoV,

dmMZmb` AgVrb VaM dmMZm{df`r JmoS>r {Z‘m©U hmoB©b. ‘mZdmbm ZdrZ kmZ, ‘m{hVr {‘iob Am{U Vmo Ë`m kmZd ‘m{hVrMm Amnë`m OrdZmV Agboë`m C{Udm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aob. àmá kmZ d ‘m{hVrÀ`m ~imda ZdZdrZ CÚmoJ {Z‘m©U hmoVrb, ‘mZd CÚmoJr hmoB©b d Amnbo OrdZ gw§Xa, gwIr-g‘mYmZmZo em§VrZo OJy eH$Vmo. hmdmMZmb`mMm à‘wI CÔoe Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbm Amho.

14

5. am‘YyZCR> JS>çm AéUmoX` Pmbm lr gX²JwéÀ`m kmZmMm &gmoS>m-H$m‘-{dH$ma-{~N>mZm Zme H$am AkmZmMm && Y¥ &&amï´>g§V am‘YyZÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ‘mZdmbm gH$mir bdH$a CR>m, bmo , ‘m`mgmoSy>Z gXJwéÀ`m kmZmMm AéUmoX`

Pmbm Amho Ë`mMm AmZ§X ¿`m. H$m‘, {dH$ma, {~N>mZm `mMm Ë`mJ H$am. AkmZ Xya H$am ZdrZ kmZmMr gH$mi PmbrAmho VrMo ñdmJV H$am. åhUOo OrdZ Mm§Jbo OJVm oB©b.

6. dmVm©’$bH$B©œa OJ Ho$bo {Z‘m©U & Ë`mMo H$m © AOw{Z AnyU© &Vo Amnë`mnar H$am`m nyU© & gX²~wÕr {Xbr ‘mZdm &&J«m.Jr.6/1amï´>g§V åhUVmV ho OJ B©œamZo {Z‘m©U Ho$bo Amho, nU Ë`mV H$mhr C{Udm AmhoV Am{U Ë`m C{Udm ^ê$Z

H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ‘mZdmbm B©œamZo gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕr {Xbr Amho. Ë`m ~wÕrMm dmna H$ê$Z AmnU g‘mOmV ew dV}Mmàgma Am{U àMma Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë`m‘wio gH$b ‘mZdr g‘yh gkmZ hmoD$Z, ‘mZdmMm CÕma hmoB©b.

7. l‘XmZ {e{~aCUo {Xgo Vo nyU© H$ar & OJmMm Vmob ~moYo gmdar &na§Vw Ho$ë`mMm ñne©{M Zgo A§Var & M‘ËH$mar g§V Eogo &&J«m.Jr.31/102

’w$bbobr ~mJ nm{hbr & AZ§Va§Jr ’w$b ’w$bbr &gwag ’$im§Zr ~habr & gm¢X ©Im{U &&J«m.Jr.6/25amï´>g§V åhUVmV g‘mOmV H$m © H$aV AgVmZm Or Amnë`mbm CUrd/ H$‘VaVm {Xgob Vr nyU© H$amdr nU, Vr

nyU© Ho$ë`mMm ~moYXoIrb Amnë`m A§Jr {Xgm`bm ZH$mo. Ë`m l‘mVyZ Aer ~mJ {Z‘m©U Ho$br nm{hOo H$s, Ë`m ~mJoVrbàË oH$ doir øm ’w$bm§Zr ~hê$Z Joë`m nm{hOo Ago Amnë`m l‘XmZmVyZ KS>bo nm{hOo.

A§VV… amï´>g§Vm§Zr darb gd© nÕVtMm {ZË` dmna Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m AmnUmg C×moYH$ AmhoV.

r r r

g‘mZVoMr à{Vkm^maV ‘mPm Xoe Amho, gmao maVr` ‘mPo ~m§Yd AmhoV. ‘mÂ`m XoemVrb gm‘Ï ©dmZ

d JwUr ór-nwéfm§Mm ‘bm A{^‘mZ Amho. ór Am{U nwéf XmoKohr gmaIoM g‘W© AmhoV,Aer ‘mPr ImÌr Amho. H$moUË`mhr ^{JZrÀ`m dmQ>çmbm ór åhUyZ Cnojm oD$ Z o `mgmR>rgX¡d à`ËZ H$arZ. gd© ‘{hbm§Mm ‘mZ R>odrZ Am{U Ë`m§À`mer gm¡OÝ`mZo dmJoZ. ‘{hbm§À`màJVrVrb AS>ga Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr d ‘wbJr-‘wbJm g‘mZVo~m~V OmUrd,OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mMr ‘r à{Vkm H$arV Amho. ‘mÂ`m gd© ^{JZtMo H$ë`mU Am{U Ë`m§Mr g‘¥Õr`mVM XoemMo gm¡»` gm‘mdbo Amho.

O`qhX !

15

CÎman{ÌH$m boIZV§Ì d H$bm{dOHw$‘ma nmB©H$amd

{ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm

gw{à¶ AÜ¶¶Zm{WªZmo, AmnUmg doimodoir boIr narjm Úmdr bmJVo. Ë¶mgmR>r CÎman{ÌH$m boIZmMo H$mhr V§ÌAmnë¶m Cn¶moJmgmR>r d gwb^VogmR>r Imbrbà‘mUo XoV AmhmoV.

m g‘mg{dÚmnrR>mÀ`m CÎman{ÌHo$Vrb àË oH$ nmZmda AmIyZ {Xboë`m EH$m ‘moR>çm Am{U EH$m N>moQ>çm g‘mgmì`{V[a³VAmUIr EH$ N>moQ>m g‘mg AmImdm. Ë`mMr JaO B{Vhmg, yJmob, {dkmZ Aem {df`m§Zm AgVo.

m noZnarjoV ’$mC§Q>Z noZ, ~m°b noZ {bhÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo Var MmbVo. na§Vw Á`m noZmÀ`m dmnam‘wio Aja Mm§JbooB©b Am{U {bImUmMm doJXoIrb nwaogm Agob, Ago H$moUVohr noZ dmnamdo.

m emB©Á`m {dÚmÏ`m©bm {bhVmZm ImS>mImoS> H$aÊ`mMr gd` H$‘r AgVo/A{O~mV ZgVo Ë`m§Zr H$mù`m emB©Zo nona{bhë`mg boIZ A{YH$ CR>mdXma {XgVo. na§Vw, ^anya ImS>mImoS>r H$aÊ`mMr gd` Agboë`m§Zr ‘mÌ {ZiremB©M dmnamdr.

m AYmoaoIZ{dÚmÏ`m©Zo {b[hbobm CÎman{ÌHo$Vrb àË oH$ eãX hm narjH$mH$Sy>Z dmMbm OmB©bM, Ago gm§JVm oV Zmhr.åhUyZ AmnU {b[hbobo {H$‘mZ ‘hÎdmMo eãX, ‘wÔo dmMyZ narjH$mZo Amnë`m CÎmamMr AMyH$Vm R>admdr,`mH$[aVm Aem eãXm§Zm/‘wÚm§Zm AYmoaopIV H$amdo. àýn{ÌHo$V {Xbobm àý CÎman{ÌHo$V {b[hÊ`mV doi KmbdyZ o. Agm dmMbobm doi AYmoaoIm§H$ZmgmR>r dmnamdm. àý H«$‘m§H$ AMyH$ {bhmdoV. CXm. àýn{ÌHo$Vrb CnàýH«$‘m§H$ A,~,k,H$ Ago {Xbo Agë`mg Ë`mV ~Xb H$ê$Z ñdV…À`m ‘ZmZo 1,2,3 Ago {bhÿ Z o. ZdrZ àýZdrZ nmZmda {bhmdm. na§Vw Cnàý ‘mÌ Ë`mM nmZmda gbJ {bhmdoV. CÎma VnmgÊ`m~Ôb narjH$mbmH$moUË`mhr àH$maMr gyMZm H$ê$ Z o.

m H$ƒo H$m‘{dkmZ Am{U J{UV `m§gma»`m {df`m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$ƒo H$m‘ CÎman{ÌHo$À`m eodQ>À`m nmZmdaH$amdo.

m ImS>mImoS>CÎman{ÌHo$‘Ü o ImS>mImoS> Agy Z o. H$mhr eãX/dmŠ` ImoS>mdo bmJë`mg Vo nopÝgbZo ImoS>mdo.

narjH$mÀ`m AnojoZwgma gd© ‘wÔo ñnï> H$ê$Z Pmë`mZ§Îmahr CÎmamMr bm§~r g‘mYmZH$maH$ amhmdr, `mgmR>r EH$mAmoirV 6 Vo 7 eãXM {bhmdoV.

16

m CÎmamMr ^mfmCÎmamMr mfm gmYr, gai, gmonr Am{U ì`mH$aUÑîQçm AMyH$ Agmdr. Aja gwdmƒ, gwñnï>, Agmdo. Aja ’$ma‘moR>o, ’$ma ~marH$ AWdm {VaHo$ H$mTy> Z o.

{bhVmZm èhñd, XrK© Am{U dmŠàMZoÀ`m MwH$m Q>mimì`mV.

dñVw{Zð> àým§À`m CÎmam§Zm nopÝgbZo AYmoaoIm§H$Z H$amdo.

CÎmao OodT>çm eãXm§V {dMmabr AmhoV VodT>rM AMyH$, ‘wÔogyX {bhm{dV. {dZmH$maU ‘moR>r CÎmao {b{hUo Q>mim.

AmH¥$Ë`m/ZH$meo/AmboI-{dkmZ Am{U ^yJmob `m§gma»`m {df`m§‘Yrb àým§Mr CÎmao {b[hVmZm Ë`m‘ÜòAmH¥$Ë`m,ZH$meo,AmboI `m§Mm dmna H$amdm. na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r a§JrV noZ/ nopÝgbMm dmna H$ê$ Z o.

CÎman{ÌH$m {bhVmZm EHy$U doioMo {Z`moOZ Aem nÕVrZo H$am, H$s eodQ>Mr {H$‘mZ 10 {‘[ZQ>o doi; {b[hbobmnona VnmgÊ`mgmR>r {‘iob. Ë`mH$[aVm àý OodT>çm ‘mH$mªMm Agob, Ë`mÀ`m XwßnQ> {‘{ZQ>m§‘Ü o gmoS>{dÊ`mMmgamd H$am. CXmhaUmW©, nmM ‘mH$mªÀ`m àým§gmR>r 10 {‘[ZQ>o doi Úmdm Aem àH$mao CÎman{ÌH$m {bhVmZm `mo½`Vr H$miOr KoVbr Va, ânya JwU {ZpíMV {‘iVrb.

r r r

ñdÀN>Vm A{^`mZ - KmofdmŠ` gw m{fV gw{dMma1) n¥Ïdr ‘mPr Amho ‘r ñdÀN> R>odob.

n¥Ïdr Á`mMr Zmhr Vmo KmU H$aob.2) ßb°pñQ>H$ àXyfU n¥Ïdr H$ê$ `m ‘wº$,

new njr ‘mZd àmUr AmZ§XmZo OJy `m ‘ñV.3) Amoë`m H$Mè¶mMr ì`dpñWV bmdm {dëhodmQ>,

S|>Jy ‘bo[a`mgma»`m gmWrbm {‘iUma Zmhr dmQ>.4) Amnë`m n[agamVrb gwŠ`m H$Mè¶mMm H$am Yya,

Amnbm Am{U Xwgè`mMm XdmImZm amhrb Xya5) KmZrÀ`m gm‘«mÁ`mbm ‘mUygM H$aUr yV Amho,

ñdÀN> n[aga R>odUo Amnë`mM hmVmV Amho.6) ñdÀN>VoMr {OWo JaO Amho, {VWoM Xwb©j hmoV Amho.

ñdÀN>VoMr {OWo JaO Zmhr, {VWoM bj {Xbo OmV Amho.7) KmUrgmaIrM ‘mZ{gH$Vm KmU Pmbr Amho,

hmoUmam n[aUm‘ AmnU gd© OU ^moJV Amho.8) Ho$aH$Mam CMbÊ`mg H$‘rnUm g‘Ow Z¶o,

gm’$g’$mB© H$aÊ`mg H$moUr ‘mJo amhþ Z¶o.9) gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr Q>mHy$ ZH$m KmU,

doimodoir Amamo½`mMo R>odV Om ^mZ.10) à{gÕrgmR>r hmVmV KoD$ ZH$m PmSy>,

ñdÀN>VoMo H$m‘ H$YrM ZH$m gmoSy>.11) ñdÀN> amhrb Amnbm n[aga,

{ZamoJr {Xgob Amamo½` KamoKa.12) Xwgè`mªZm dmQ>mdm Amnbm hodm,

Ë`mgmR>r VZ-‘Z-YZ ñdÀN> R>odm.13) ‘mZdr amhmUr‘mZ - ñdÀN>Vm ‘hmZ.

17

{Xì`m§Jm§Mo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g‘m`moOZ{dÚmXodr {^bm ~mJwb


àË oH$ ì`º$s ñdV:Mo ì`{º$‘Ëd KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aV AgVmo. ‘mZgemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$bmVa, CÎma~më`mdñWonmgyZ ~mbH$ {deof H$ê$Z Amnë`m ì`{º$‘ÎdmH$So>bj XoD$ bmJVmo. ì`{º${^ÞVm ho {dH$mgmMo EH$ VÎd Amho åhUOoMho ñnï> Amho H$s, àË oH$ ì`º$s hr BVam§nojm {^Þ AgVo. m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ{dMma Ho$bm Va, An§J ì`º$s `mbm AndmX Zmhr. `m ~mbH$m§À`mì`{º$‘ÎdmMm {dMma Ho$bm Va, Ë`mMm emar[aH$ {dH$mg hm Z¡g{J©H$Am{U H$mhr à‘mUmV Ë`mÀ`m Amhmamda Adb§~yZ AgVmo, na§Vw `m~mbH$m§À`m ‘mZ{gH$ {dH$mgmH$So> {H$Vr à‘mUmV bj {Xbo OmVo.{Xì`m§J ~mbH$m§À`m emar[aH$ {dH$mgm~amo~aM Ë`m§À`m ‘mZ{gH${dH$mgmH$So>XoIrb nmbH$m§Zr, g‘mOmZo S>moignUo nmhUo Amdí`H$Amho. H$maU `mM ‘mZ{gH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m Omoamda Vmo OmñVrV-OmñV g~i ~Zy eH$Vmo.

{Xì`m§J ~mbH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m An§JËdmgh nmbH$m§Zr nyU©nUo ñdrH$maUo hr nmbH$m§Mr Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mMr ‘w»` O~m~XmarAmho. ho ñdrH$m © Ë`mÀ`m JwU-Xmof, JaOm§g{hV Pmbo nm{hOo, Ago Ho$ë`m‘wio nmbH$ d Hw$Qw>§~mVrb BVa gXñ` Ë`m~mbH$m§À`m ‘mZ{gH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m © H$ê$ eH$VmV. {Xì`m§J ~mbH$m§àVr X oMr ^mdZm Z R>odVm Ë`mÀ`mer ñZoh,ào‘, AmnwbH$s, ghH$m © `m ^mdZm§Zr dmJbo nm{hOo. ~è`mM doim Kar nmhþUo Amë`mda Amnë`m {Xì`m§J ~mbH$mbmg‘moa Z AmUUo, EH$m ImobrV S>m§~yZ R>odUo, g‘moa Agë`mg Ë`mÀ`mda X~md AmUUo Ago àH$ma KS>VmV. AemàH$mam‘wio ho {gÕ hmoVo H$s, AmnU Ë`m ~mbH$mbm Amnë`m n[admamMm ^mJ g‘OV Zmhr. Ago Agë`mg AmnboZmVodmB©H$ Ë`m ~mbH$mbm Mm§Jbr dmJUyH$ H$go XoVrb. ho gd© hmoV AgVmZm AmnU Amnë`m ~mbH$mMm {dH$mgAàË`j[aË`m Iw§Q>dV AgVmo.

AZoH$ nmbH$ Agm {dMma H$aVmV H$s, Ago ~mi ‘mÂ`mM nmoQ>r H$mOÝ‘mbm Ambo, Agm {dMma H$ê$Z nmbH$ VmU, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$bh m§gma»`mg‘ñ`m§Zm Am§‘ÌU XoV AgVmV. m‘wio AmnU Amnë`m~amo~a nyU© Hw$Qw>§~mMoñdmñÏ` {~KS>drV AgVmo. {Xì`m§J ~mbH$mMo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g‘m`moOZ H$ê$ZKoÊ`mgmR>r nmbH$m§Zr gH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ R>odUo JaOoMo Amho. `mgmR>r~mbH$m§Zm KaJwVr H$m‘mV gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo, MM}V ^mJ KoD$ XoUo,Ë`mÀ`m ‘Vm§Mm AmXa H$aUo, ZmVodmB©H$m§À`m ~¡R>H$sV ñWmZ XoUo, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$gU-g‘ma§ mV OmUo. BVam§~amo~a Ë`mMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo, {d{dY {R>H$mUr

n ©Q>ZmgmR>r KoD$Z OmUo, {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV a‘‘mU hmoD$ XoUo, Ë`m§Mr ~bñWmZo emoYyZ Ë`mbm nwð>r XoUo Am{UË`mà‘mUo Ë`m§Zm KS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.

Aem {Xì`m§J ~mbH$m§À`m e¡j{UH$ g‘m`moOZmgmR>r emgZmZo AZoH$ moOZm bmJy Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Oa, m ~mbH$m§MoH$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g‘m`moOZ nyU© Pmbo VaM Ë`m§À`m gm‘m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ g‘m`moOmZmbm Iè`m AWm©Zo MmbZm {‘iy eHo$b.

r r r

18

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmam d ‘{hbm ñZohm amR>moS>

nrEM.S>r. {dÚmWu

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ `m XmoÝhrhr Ywam gm§ miV Agbr Var, {VÀ`mda AË`mMma ho {XdgmJ{ZH$ dmT>V MmbboAmhoV. ømbm nwamdm åhUOo XaamoO {ZË` ZdZdrZ àH$maMo hmoUmao ór AË`mMma. øm{edm` Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mV AWdm KamV VrñdV:bm gwa{jV g‘OVo Ë`mM {VÀ`m KamV Vr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmambm ~ir nS>V Amho. `m gd© ~m~tMm {dMma H$aVmAm§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda ór AË`mMma d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMma amoIÊ`mgmR>r ‘hÎdnyU© R>amd nmarV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

^maVmV {ó`m§da hmoUmè`m {Za{Zamiçm AË`mMmamnmgyZ d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmamnmgyZ {Vbm g§ajU d h¸$ àmá H$ê$ZXoÊ`mgmR>r AmOn ªV Imbr {Xbo Jobobo H$m`Xo ApñVËdmV AmhoV.

(1) ^maVr` X§S> {dYmZ H$m`Xm,1860

(2) hþ§S>m à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm, 1961

(3) gVràWm {damoYH$ H$m`Xm, 1987

(4) {ó`m§Mo Aûcrb àXe©Z {damoYr H$m`Xm, 1986

(5) KQ>ñ’$moQ> H$m`Xm, 1869

(6) Hw$Qw>§~ Ý`m`mb` H$m`Xm, 1984

(7) ‘wñbr‘ ‘{hbm§gmR>r H$m`Xm, 1986

(8) J ©qbJ narjU d J ©nmV{df`H$ H$m`Xm

Aem àH$maÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm H$m`Úm A§VJ©V {ó`m§Zm {‘iUmao h¸$ qH$dm g§ajU AmUIrZ à^mdrnUo bmJy hmoÊ`mgmR>rhm ZdrZ "H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmamnmgyZ {ó`m§Mo g§ajU H$m`Xm 2005' {Z‘m©U Pmbm. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgm hr KamV KS>Vo Á`mbmAmnU Amnë`m gdmªMo gdmªV gwa{jV ñWi g‘OVmo. AmOn ªV ~aoM ór AË`mMma{df`H$ H$m`Xo {Z‘m©U PmboV, na§Vw KamÀ`mMma q^VrAmS> hmoUmam qhgmMma AmOda Cno{jbmM hmoVm. Á`m ‘{hbm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmambm ~ir nS>ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`mA{YH$mam§Mm dmna A{YH$ ghO eŠ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§Zm bdH$amV bdH$a Ý`m` {‘idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r hm H$m`Xm V`maH$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Amnë`m ^maVr` JUamÁ`mÀ`m 56 ì`m dfu AemàH$maMm ‘{hbm§Zm {Xbmgm XoUmam H$m`Xm ApñVËdmVAmbm. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb qhgm `m {df`mda gd}jU Ahdmb gmXa H$aUmè`m EH$m à{gÕ boIH$mMo Ago åhUUo Amho H$s, "ór hrH$mimo»`m amÌr gm‘gy‘ añË`mda AZmoiIr Bg‘mgmo~V EH$Xm gwa{jV amhrb na§Vw KamÀ`m Mma q^Vt‘Ü`o Amnë`mM KaÀ`m‘§S>it‘Yo Vr gwa{jV AgobM Ago Zmhr.' dmT>Ë`m KaJwVr qhgmMmamMo ho EH$ AË §V Ádb§V CXmhaU Amho. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$qhgmMmamMo Ñí` ho gd©Xya ngabobo hmoVo, nU bmoH$m§À`m ZOaoV ^ê$Z oÊ`mBVHo$ ì`má ZìhVo. ~hþVoH$ ór{df`H$ H$m`Xo dVaVwXr EH$mM Mm¡H$Q>rV gm‘mdyZ KoUmam hm H$m`Xm. `m H$m`ÚmMo Zmd Amho "H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmamnmgyZ {ó`m§Mo g§ajU H$m`Xm-2005' hm H$m`Xm 26 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2006 nmgyZ bmJy Pmbm. qhgm‘wº$ OrdZ hm órMm ‘mZdr h¸$ Amho. åhUyZM H$m¡Qw>§{~H$qhgmMma hm {Z:g§e`nUo {VÀ`m ‘mZdr A{YH$mamMm {df` Amho VgoM {VÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmbm AS>Wim {Z‘m©U H$aUmamJ§ ra XIbnmÌ {df` Amho. m {Q>ßnUrg pìhEVZm‘ g‘Pm¡Vm 1994 Am{U {~qOJ A{YKmofUmH¥$Vr g{‘VrMo ì`mgnrR> 1995`m§Zr ‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho. ‘{hbm§darb oX^md g§nyU©nUo {‘Q>{dÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m g§ wº$ H¥$Vr g{‘VrÀ`m 1989À`m H$m°‘Z aoH$‘|So>eZZwgma g§~§{YV Xoem§Zr {ó`m§À`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmam{déÕ g§ajU nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r nmdbo CMbmdrV d Vgm H$m`Xm {Z‘m©UH$amdm {deofH$ê$Z ‘{hbm§Zm Hw$Qw>§~mV hmoUmè`m qhgmMmamnmgyZ g§ajU XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xm H$amdm. åhUyZ `mg§X^m©V AmOdaamhÿZ Joboë`m gd©~mOy§Zr ór emofU Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>rhr hm R>mog d {ZUm© H$ H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V`moOboë`m R>iH$ VaVwXr nwT>rbà‘mUo.(1) `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m àH$aU 2 H$b‘ 3 Zwgma H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmamMr ì`m»`m Iyn {dñVmamZo {Xbr Jobr Amho. Ogo Hw$R>ë`mhr

órMm àË`j N>i, ‘mahmU, Y‘H$s, {edrJmi VgoM b¢{JH$ emofU, Vm|S>r qH$dm empãXH$ N>i, ^mdZmË‘H$ N>i,‘mZ{gH$ N>i, Am{W©H$ N>i `m gdmªMm g‘mdoe `m ì`m» oV hmoVmo. {edm` ~oH$m`XoeraarË`m hþ§S>çmMr ‘mJUr H$ê$Z~m`H$moMm d {VÀ`m ZmVodmBH$m§Mm N>i `m d Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm `m ì`m» oV g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

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(2) `m H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V Or nr{S>V ór Amho Ë`m órMr ì`m»`m Iyn {dñVm[aV ñdê$nmV ‘m§S>br Amho. CXm. 498-A m.X§.{d`m H$b‘mImbrb nr{S>V ór åhUOoM b¾ Pmbobr ór EdT>mM hmoVmo. oWo hr b¾ Pmbobr ór Va oVoM {edm` Aem gd©{ó`m Á`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g§~§YmV amhV AmhoV qH$dm Hw$Umda Adb§~yZ amhV AmhoV. øm{edm` nr{S>Vm§‘Ü o Hw$R>bmhr ‘Zwî`,ór Agmo dm nwéf, bhmZ ‘wbo, AmB©-dS>rb, ZmoH$a ‘§S>ir qH$dm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g§~§YmV amhUmao Hw$Urhr øm H$m`ÚmMm Aml`KoD$ eH$VmV.

(3) H$moUVrhr nr{S>V ór qH$dm ~m`H$mo Or à{VdmXr gmo~V {ddmhmgma»`m g§~§YmVyZ ~m§Ybr Jobr Amho Vr Amnbm Zdam qH$dmË`mÀ`m ZmVodmBH$m§{déÕ VH«$ma XmIb H$ê$ eH$Vo. `mgmR>r {Vbm amÁ` gaH$ma {Z wº$ g§ajU A{YH$mar, nmobrgA{YH$mar, godm XoUmar n§OrH¥$V g§ñWm `m§Mr ‘XV hmoB©b. Vem àH$maMr VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V Pmbr Amho. nmobrgA{YH$mar, g§ajU A{YH$mar, godm XoUmao g§ñWm `m§Mo H$m © Am{U H$V©ì` g{dñVanUo `m H$m`Úm‘Ü o {Xbo Amho. VgoMg§ajU A{YH$mar eŠ`Vmo ór Agmdr AergwÕm VaVyX Amho.

(4) godm^mdr g§ñWm (EZ.Or.Amo.) `m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ `m H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V AË`mMm[aV órÀ`m ‘XVrgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.AemàH$mao nr{S>V {ó`m§gmR>r PQ>Umè`m godm^mdr g§ñWm§Zm H$m`Xoera hñVjonmbm {e¸$m‘moV©~ Pmbm Amho. Or y{‘H$m VoAmOda nS>ÚmAmSy>Z H$am`Mo Vr mnwT>o g‘moa oD$Z H$aUma. m H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b‘mZwgma Á`m ì`º$sg H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmaKS>Ê`mMr qH$dm KS>Ê`mÀ`m eŠ`VoMr ‘m{hVr Úmd`mMr Agob Va Vmo Vr ‘m{hVr g§~§{YV g§ajU A{YH$mar qH$dm`mg§~§Yr godm XoUmar g§ñWm `m§À`mH$So> XoD$ eH$Vmo.

(5) AË`mMmaJ«ñV órbm bdH$amV bdH$a Ý`m` {‘imdm m hoVyZo Vem àH$maMr {deof VaVyX m H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V H$b‘12(5)Zwgma H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

(6) `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m àH$aU Mma‘Ü¶o nr{S>V órbm gmhmæ`mMo AmXoe (Relief Order) {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>rMr H$m ©àUmbr {XbrJobr Amho. H$b‘ 12 Zwgma nr{S>V ì`º$s qH$dm {VÀ`m dVrZo g§ajU A{YH$mar `mZo Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mar `m§À`mH$So> {d{dYgmhmæ` {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>rMm AmXoe H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {d{hV Z‘wÝ`mV AO© H$amdm.

(7) nr{S>V órbm {VÀ`m h¸$~OmdUrgmR>r doJdoJiçm H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V {Za{Zamio Xmdo H$aÊ`mMr AmVm JaO amhUma Zmhr.EH$mnojm OmñV gmhmæ`mMo AmXoe Vr `m EH$‘od H$m`ÚmImbr ‘mJy eH$Vo. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma Ý`m`mYrem§Zm nr{S>V órÀ`m~mOyZo g§ajU AmXoe H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m AmXoemÝd o à{VdmXrbm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmamnmgyZà{V~§{YV Ho$bo OmVo. g§ajU AmXoemà‘mUoM … 1) {Zdmgr AmXoe 2) Am{W©H$ gmhmæ`mg§~§Yr AmXoe 3) Vm~m XoÊ`mg§~§YrMoAmXoe 4) ^anmB©Mo AmXoe 5) A§V[a‘ qH$dm EH$V’$r© AmXoe XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma. B. VaVwXr nr{S>V órÀ`m h¸$ ~OmdUrd g§ajUmgmR>r Ho$ë`m Joë`m AmhoV. 8) à{VdmXrH$Sy>Z g§ajU AmXoe qH$dm da {ZX}{eV H$moUVmhr AmXoe qH$dmÝ`m`mb`mZo nm[aV Ho$boë`m A§V[a‘ AmXoemMo C„§KZ Pmë`mg Aem ì`º$sg EH$ df© H¡$X qH$dm drg hOma én o X§S>qH$dm XmoÝhr Aem ñdê$nmV {ejm gwZmdÊ`mV oD$ eH$Vo. Oa Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s, à{VdmXr hm ^maVr` X§S> {dYmZH$b‘ 498-A qH$dm hþ§S>m-à{V~§YH$ H$m`ÚmZwgma Amamonmg nmÌ Amho Va Vgo Amamon H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMr VaVyX Agob.{edm` Ý`m`mYrem§Zm gwYm[aV AmXoe H$mT>Ê`mg§~§YrMrgwÕm VaVyX Amho. `m H$m`ÚmImbrb JwÝhm hm XIbnmÌ dAOm‘rZnmÌ JwÝhm g‘OÊ`mV oVmo.

(9) ’$º$ nr{S>V ì`º$sÀ`m O~mZrÀ`m AmYmamdaM JwÝhm Zm|X{dbm OmD$ eH$Vmo d Ý`m`mb` JwÝhm KS>ë`mMm {ZîH$f© H$mTy>Z{ejm R>moR>mdy eH$Vo. KaJwVr qhgmMma hm ór OmVrgmR>r A{^emn R>abm Amho. AË`mMmaJ«ñV Á`m doir Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r~Zboë`m g§ajU H$m`ÚmMr ‘XV KoÊ`mg AH$m ©j‘ R>aVmo Ë`m doir AemàH$maÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm H$m`Úm§‘m’©$V {Xë`mOmUmè`m gmhmæ`{df`H$ VaVwXr ’$mob R>aVmV. na§Vw Á`m doir àË`j H$m`Xm AË`mMmaJ«ñVm§n ªV nmohmoMÊ`mg AH$m ©j‘R>aVmo ho AmUIrZM Xw:IXm`H$ Amho. {ó`m§Mo ‘mZdr h¸$ d g‘mO{Z{‘©VrV {VMo ñWmZ ho Z¸$sM m H$m`Úm‘wio ~iH$Q>hmoB©b. na§Vw Omon ªV KaJwVr qhgmMmambm ~ir nS>Umè`m {ó`m§Zm Amnë`m h¸$mgmR>r dm g§ajUmgmR>r AemàH$maMmH$m`Xm ApñVËdmV Ambm Amho ho ‘m{hVr hmoUma Zmhr Vmon ªV øm H$m`ÚmMm ’$magm ’$m`Xm Amnë`mbm nmhm`bm {‘iUmaZmhr. åhUyZM `m H$m`Úm{df`r bmoH$OmJ¥Vr Iyn Amdí`H$ Amho.

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‘{hbm§gmR>rMo H$m`Xo

‘wbr§À`m d ‘{hbm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r emgZ H${Q>~Õ Amho. ‘{hbm§Zm gwa{jV dmVmdaU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho gdmªMoH$V©ì` R>aVo. ‘{hbm§À`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r amÁ` emgZ gmVË`mZo à`ËZerb Amho. g‘mOmV ‘{hbm§Zm gÝ‘mZmZo OJVm`mdo d Ë`m§Zm gwa{jV dmVmdaU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r emgZ ñVamda H$m`Úm§Mr à^mdrnUo A‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV oVAmho. `m H$m`Úm§Mm EH$ AmT>mdm.

hþ§S>m à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1961 … amÁ`mV 26 Zmoìh|~a hm {Xdg hþ§S>m~§Xr {XZ' åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmV AgyZ hþ§S>m XoUoAm{U KoUo hm H$m`ÚmZo JwÝhm R>a{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. àË oH$ nmobrg ñQ>oeZbm hþ§S>m à{V~§YH$ A{YH$mè¶m§Mr {Z wº$s, {OëhmVgoM VmbwH$mñVar` g{‘Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm `m H$m`Úm§VJ©V H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ho H$m`Xo ‘{hbm§Zm ‘mhrV Agm`bm nm{hOo.

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMma à{V~§YH$'H$m`ÚmMr amÁ`mV A§‘b~OmdUr gwê$ Amho. `m H$m`ÚmÝd o {Oëhm ‘{hbm d ~mb{dH$mgA{YH$mar, àm§VA{YH$mar, VhgrbXma, Zm`~ VhgrbXma, JQ>{dH$mg A{YH$mar Am{U {dñVma A{YH$mar m§Zm g§ajU A{YH$maråhUyZ Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. amÁ`^amVrb hr g§»`m 3,625 BVH$s AgyZ `m‘Ü o 257 ‘{hbm AmhoV. `m H$m`ÚmMrA‘b~OmdUr H$aVmZm ‘{hbm§gmR>r 72 Aml` J¥ho Va, 82 g§ñWm§Zm gpìh©g àmoìhm`S>a åhUyZ ‘mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.`m H$m`Úm§VJ©V AmVmn ªV 164 àH$aUo {ZH$mbr H$mT>Ê`mV Ambr AmhoV. amÁ` ‘{hbm Am`moJm‘m’©$Vhr ‘{hbm§À`m h¸$ Am{UA{YH$mam§Mr OnUyH$ Ho$br OmV Amho

H$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ‘{hbm§Mm b¢{JH$ N>i hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ "{demIm JmB©S> bmB©Ýg'Mr A§‘b~OmdUr amÁ`mV gwê$ Amho.`mgmR>r amÁ`^a VH«$ma {ZdmaU g{‘Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ ‘{hbm, ‘wbr Am{U ~mbH$m§Mm Ad¡Y ‘mZdr ì`mnmaamoIÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` H¥${VXbmMr' ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

amÁ`mV XodXmgr à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm' ‘§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ Ë`mMr A§‘b~OmdUr gwê$ Amho. XodXmgtMo Am{UË`m§À`m ‘wbm§Mo nwZd©gZ, {ejU, Amamo½` Am{U Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ ñdmdb§~ZmMo ‘mJ© àeñV H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo hm H$m`Xm Cn wº$R>aV Amho. `m gd© H$m`m©gmR>r ‘{hbm d ~mb{dH$mg {d^mJmÀ`m ñdV§Ì `moOZm H$m`m©pÝdV AmhoV.

‘wbm§À`m VwbZoV ‘wbtMr g§»`m KQ>VmZm {XgV Amho. mbm à{V~§Y KmbÊ`mgmR>r J ©qbJ {M{H$Ëgm à{V~§YH$' H$m`ÚmMrA§‘b~OmdUr à^mdrnUo gwê$ Amho. `mVrb gd© JwÝho XIbnmÌ Am{U AOm‘rZnmÌ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `m H$m`ÚmÝd oJ^m©Vrb qbJ VnmgUr H$aUmè¶m ì`º$sbm Am{U Aer VnmgUr H$aUmè¶m d¡ÚH$s` ì`mdgm{`H$mbm X§S> Am{U {ejoMr VaVyXH$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

amÁ`mV ~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$ H$m`ÚmMr A§‘b~OmdUr gwê$ Amho. `m§gh AÝ` ‘hÎdmÀ`m H$m`Úm§da EH$ Ñ{ï>jonl {ó`m§Mo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ A{YH$ma (^maVr` amÁ` KQ>ZoZwgma Agbobo A{YH$ma)l ‘mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993l qhXy {ddmh H$m`Xm 1955l qhXy {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh H$m`Xm 1856l AmZ§X {ddmh H$m`Xm 1909l Am © {ddmh {d{YdV H$m`Xm 1937l ‘wñbr‘ {ddmh H$m`Xml ‘wñbr‘ ór (KQ>ñ’$moQ> h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm) 1986l ^maVr` p¼ñVr{ddmh H$m`Xm 1872l nmagr {ddmh d KQ>ñ’$moQ> H$m`Xm 1936l {deof {ddmh H$m`Xm 1954l {dXoe {ddmh H$m`Xm 1969l Y‘mªVarV ì`º$s {ddmh {dÀN>oX H$m`Xm 1866l ^maVr` KQ>ñ’$moQ> H$m`Xm 1869l qhXy XÎmH$ d {Zdm©h H$m`Xm 1956l qhXy CÎmam{YH$ma H$m`Xm 1956l {ddm{hV {ó`m§Mm g§nÎmrMm H$m`Xm 1959

21

l ‘wñbr‘ {ó`m§Mm ‘mb‘Îmm d dmagm h¸$mMm H$m`Xml p¼üZ {ó`m§Mo ‘mb‘Îmm d dmagm h¸$l nmagr {ó`m§Mo ‘mb‘Îmm d dmagm h¸$l ’$m¡OXmar H$m`Xol ^maVr` X§S>{dYmZ H$m`ÚmVrb {ó`m§g§~§{YV ‘hÎdmMr H$b‘ol {ó`m§Mo Apíbb àXe©Z à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1986l AZ¡{VH$ Xoh ì`mnma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1956l d¡ÚH$s` J ©nmV H$m`Xm 1929l gVràWm à{V~§Y H$m`Xm 1987l ‘mV¥Ëd bm^mg§~§YrMm H$m`Xm 1961l H$maImZo H$m`Xm 1948, ImU H$m`Xm 1952, H$ama ‘Oya ({Z`moOZ d {Z‘y©bZ H$m`Xm) 1970l {H$‘mZ doVZ H$m`Xm 1948, doVZ àXmZ H$m`Xm 1936, g‘mZ doVZ H$m`Xm 1976l amÁ` H$m‘Jma {d‘m H$m`Xm 1948l eoVr-‘im bmJdS> H$m‘Jma H$m`Xm 1951l ZmJar A{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUmg§~§YrMm H$m`Xm 1955l Hw$Qw>§~ Ý`m`mb o H$m`Xm 1984l qhXy AkmZVÎd d nmbH$Ëd H$m`Xm 1956l amï´>r` ‘{hbm Am`moJ H$m`Xm 1990l amï´>r` J«m‘rU amoOJma h‘r H$m`Xm 2006l {d{Y godm àm{YH$aU H$m`Xm 1987l A ©H$mgmR>rMo H¥${Ì‘ XyY d AÝ` AÞ nXmW© ({Z{‘©Vr,dmQ>n Am{U nwadR>m {Z`‘Z) H$m`Xm 1992

AZmWmb o d Y‘©Xm` J¥hm§gmR>rMm (XoIaoI d {Z`‘Z) H$m`Xm 1960 m§ gd© H$m`Úm§À`m à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>ramÁ` emgZ gmVË`mZo à`ËZerb Amho. `m H$m`Úm§‘m’©$V ‘{hbm§Zm g§ajU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

r r r

n{hbo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$admXr JPb g§‘obZAmnë¶m {dÚmnrR>mÀ¶m dm‘ZXmXm H$S>©H$ AÜ¶mgZmÀ¶m dVrZo {XZm§H$ 23 d24 OmZodmar 2018 amoOr n{hbo amï´>r¶ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$admXr JPb g§‘obZhmoUma Amho. ¶m g§‘obZmMo AÜ¶j S>m°. ¶ed§V ‘Zmoha, ZmJnya ho amhUmaAmhoV. VÁk OmUH$mam§Zr Amnbo emoY {Z~§Y àm. {dO¶Hw$‘ma nmB©H$amdøm §M oH$S > o 1 OmZ odmar 2018 n¶ ªV nmR >dmd oV. Ë¶m §Mm B-‘[email protected] Amho. e³¶Vmo gXa emoY {Z~§Ylr{bnrÀ¶m ’$m§Q>‘Ü¶o Q>mB©n H$ê$Z nmR>dmdoV.

22

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm d ‘mZdr h¸$

H$ënZm {edmOr gmiw§Ho$ àm. S>m°. gwaoe {dÇ>b nmQ>rbnrEM.S>r. g§emoYH$ gh`moJr àmÜ`[email protected] [email protected]

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb ‘mZdr h¸$ hm ‘yb yV CÔoe Amho. ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mr g§H$ënZm hr Z¡g{J©H$ h¸$ d A{YH$mamVyZAmbr Amho. ‘mZdr h¸$ åhUOo OrdZ, ñdmV§Í`, g‘Vm Am{U à{Vð>m `m§À`m g§~§YmVrb KQ>ZoZo g§a{jV Ho$bobo qH$dmAm§Vaamï´>r` H$ama d ^maVr` Ý`m`mb`m§H$Sy>Z ‘yV© Ho$bobo h¸$ hmo . ì`º$sMm h¸$ åhUOo bmoH$emhrMm AmË‘m hmo . `m h¸$m§‘wioàË`oH$ ì`º$s, ZmJ[aH$ åhUyZ Amnbr O~m~Xmar d H$V©ì` nma nmS>Vmo. ì`º$sMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg d ì`º$sMr à{Vð>m `mgmR>rho h¸$ AË`mdí`H$ AgVmV. Ago h¸$ ghOmghOr H$moUmbmhr {hamdyZ KoVm oD$ Z oV . åhUyZ ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV ‘mZdrh¸$m§Mm g‘mdoe H$ê$Z Ë`m g§X^m©V H$mhr {Z`‘ Ho$bobo AmhoV.

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mm g‘mdoe Imbrb H$b‘m§‘YyZ Ho$bobm {XgyZ oVmo.

H$b‘ H«$. ‘mZdr h¸$

H$b‘ 14 H$m`ÚmÀ`m g‘mZVoMm h¸$

H$b‘ 15 (1) Y‘©, OmV, qbJ,OÝ‘ñWi `m~m~V g‘mZVoMm h¸$

H$b‘ 16 (1) g§YrÀ`m g‘mZVoMm h¸$

H$b‘ 19-1 (a) ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$ (^mfU,A{^ì`º$s)

H$b‘ 19-1 (b) em§VVoZo EH${ÌV amhÊ`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 19-1 (c) g§KQ>Zm ñWmnÊ`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 19-1 (d) XoemV H$moR>ohr {’$aÊ`mMm d dmñVì`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 19-1 (f) g§nÎmr {‘i{dUo, gmR>{dUo d {VMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 20 (1) JwÝhoJmambm (JwÝhm Ho$ë`mZ§Va) OrdZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$, d ñdmV§Í¶ Cn^moJÊ`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 23 H«$`-{dH«$` d doR>{~Jmar `m{déÕ Ý`m` ‘mJÊ`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 25 (1) gdmªZm {dMma, Y‘© ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 29 (1) àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr d ^mfm OVZ H$aÊ`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 30 (1) gd© Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm Amnë`m ‘OuZwgma e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm h¸$

H$b‘ 31 (1) H$m`ÚmZo O‘{dboë`m g§nÎmrda H$moUrhr ~§YZ AmUy Z o Agm h¸$

H$b‘ 32 ‘mZdr h¸$m§da JXm AmUë`mg Ë`m g§X^m©V gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mH$So> XmX ‘mJÊ`mMm h¸$

gÜ`mÀ¶m V§Ì{dkmZ wJmV ‘mZdr h¸$ AË §V ‘hÎdmMr ‘mZbr OmVmV. H$maU `m {dkmZ wJmVrb àË oH$ ì`º$s ñdmWu~ZV Mmbbm Amho. V§Ì{dkmZmÀ`m àJVr‘wio g§nyU© OJ Odi Ambo Var, ‘mUyg ‘mZdVoÀ`m ~m~VrV EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ Xya-XyaOmV Amho. Ë`m‘wioM ‘mUgmbm ‘mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hm ‘mZdr h¸$m§‘wioM {‘iVmo. ^maVm‘Ü o ñdmV§Í`m~amo~aM^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m AmYmao ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mr gZX ^maVr` OZVobm ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m OmhraZmå`mVrbAZoH$ VÎdm§Mm A{dîH$ma, ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo à{Vq~~ ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV {XgyZ oVo. ^maVmVrb KQ>H$ amÁ`mV ‘mZdr h¸$m§MrA§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1993 bm amï´>r` ‘mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ Am{U KQ>H$amÁ` `m§À`m‘Ü o amÁ` ‘mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMrñWmnZm Ho$br Jobr.

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‘mZdr h¸$ Am{U ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm hr ‘mZdr h¸$mÀ`m OmhraZmå`mVrb VaVwXrMo à{Vq~~ Amho. ^maVr` KQ>ZmH$mamZo XyaÑï>r R>odyZ

^maVmV gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`mMm A§V^m©d amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m‘wio maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV amOH$s` d ZmJar ñdmV§Í`m~amo~aMgm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ A{YH$mamMm g‘mdoe ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mV‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m VÎdm§Mm C„oI AmT>iyZ oVmo. Ogo H$m`Úmg‘moa g‘mZVm, A{^ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`, {dœmg, lÕm d CnmgZoMoñdmV§Í` ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMm gaZm‘m ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmo. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb ‘yb yV A{YH$mamVyZ ‘mZdr h¸$m§MmA{YH$ma {XgyZ oVmo. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb ghm ‘yb yV A{YH$mamVyZ ‘mZdr ô¸$m§À`m OmhraZmå`mVrb Vrg H$b‘m§Ûmao‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

^maVmZo ñdmV§Í`mnmgyZ Ho$di ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g‘W©ZM Ho$bobo Zmhr Va ‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r H$m`Xoera §ÌUm{Z‘m©U Ho$boë`m AmhoV. ^maVm‘Ü o ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ Pmë`mg XmoZ àH$mao XmX ‘mJVm oVo.

1. Ý`m` boI : ^maVmZo amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 6 ì`m ‘yb yV A{YH$mamZwgma EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m h¸$mMo C„§KZ Pmë`mg Ë`mì`º$sbm ~§Xr àË`mjrH$aU, na‘mXoe, à{VfoY, A{YH$man¥ÀN>m Am{U CËàofU `m Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A§VJ©V Ë`m ì`º$sbmamÁ`mÀ`m Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mH$So> qH$dm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mH$So> XmX ‘mJVm oVo.

2. amï´>r` ‘mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ : ^maVm‘Ü o ‘mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm 1993 ‘Ü o amï´>r` Am{U amÁ`nmVirdaH$aÊ`mV Ambr. ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ Wm§~dyZ àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm Ý`m` {‘imdm åhUyZ hm Am`moJ [H«$`merbnUo H$m ©H$arV Amho. `m Am`moJmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ doJdoJù`m XoemVrb ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ H$aUmè`m KQ>Zm§~Ôb AmdmO CR>{dbmOmD$Z Ý`m` àñWm{nV Ho$bm OmVmo.

‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m {XeoZo ^maVmVM Zìho Va, AmO g§nyU© OJ^a ‘hÎdnyU© nmD$b Q>mH$bo OmV Amho. g‘mOm‘Ü o Aern[apñWVr {Z‘m©U Ho$br nm{hOo H$s, {OWo àË oH$ ì`º$sMo OrdZ gwa{jV amhrb. Amnë`m AmdS>r{ZdS>rZwgma OrdZ OJVmoB©b. ‘mZ gÝ‘mZ àmá hmoB©b. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr ^rVr AgUma Zmhr Y‘©, OmV d§e BË¶mXrÀ`m AmYmamda oX^md Ho$bm

OmUma Zmhr. ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar nmobrg àemgZmMr AgVo. Ë`m‘wio nmobrg àemgZmZo Amnë`mH$V©ì`m§er EH${Zð> amhÿZ ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§ajU H$amdo. ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mr OmUrd, OmJ¥Vr Am{U kmZ ho e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm‘YyZM {XboOmVo. Ë`m‘wioM ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo ‘yë` ho e¡j{UH$ ‘yë`m§‘Ü o nhmd`mg {‘iVo. {ejUmÀ`m àË oH$ ñVamda ‘mZdr h¸$mMo nmR>nmR>çH«$‘mV XoUo JaOoMo AgVo. bmoH$emhr‘Ü o àgma‘mÜ`‘m§Mr y{‘H$m hr EH$m ñV§ mgmaIr AgVo. àË oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m n¡byMoàH$Q>rH$aU H$aUo VgoM ì`º$sÀ`m ‘yb yV h¸$m§Mr OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUo Am{U Ë`m h¸$m§Mo g§dY©Z d g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmarhr àgma ‘mÜ`‘mda AgVo. Ë`m‘wioM ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§ajU hmoVo. ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mV AemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ’$ma‘moR>r y{‘H$m AgVo. maVm‘Ü o hr y{‘H$m ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda nma nmS>bobr Amho. H$maU ho ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ Hw$R>o PmboË`mMm emoY KoV AgVmV. Ë`mMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$arV AgVmV. Am{U AIoa C„§KZ H$aUmè`m§g {ejog nmÌR>adrV AgVmV. ‘mZdr ô¸$m§Mo g§ajU Am{U g§dY©Z H$aÊ`m‘Ü o OZVoÀ`m gh^mJmMr ’$ma ‘moR>r Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.bmoH$‘VmÀ`m AmYmamdaM ^maVmVrb ‘mZdr h¸$ g§ajU A{Y{Z`‘ 1993 hm ‘moR>m H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV Ambm Am{U Ë`mbm’$ma ‘moR>m nmqR>~m {‘imbm.

gmam§e1. ‘Zwî` hm {dMmaerb VgoM gm‘m{OH$ àmUr Amho. EH$ ‘Zwî` åhUyZ Oo A{YH$ma àmá Pmbobo AgVmV. Ë`mbm ‘mZdr h¸$

Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m ô¸$m§‘wio ‘Zwî`mbm ‘mZdr à{Vð>m Am{U gm‘m{OH$ H$ë`mU hmoVo. Aem ‘mZdr h¸$mbm 10 {S>g|~a1948 bm EH$ d¡{œH$ ê$n àmá H$ê$Z gmd© m¡‘ ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mr KmofUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m KmofUmnÌmMr 48 Xoem§ZrVËH$mi ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. mM KmofUmnÌmbm lr. e§H$agoZ ‘hm{ZXoeH$, AÝdofU amï´>r` ‘mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ, m§Zr ‘mZdVoMo‘hm{YH$manÌ Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo.

2. ‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m gmd© m¡‘ KmofUoMm ñdrH$ma ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m ^J 3 Am{U 4 ‘Ü o H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ‘mZdrh¸$m§À`m g§ajUmMr ì`dñWm ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmÀ`m Ñ[ï>H$moZmVyZ{dMma Ho$ë`mg nmobrg àemgZ, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, àgma‘mÜ`‘o, Am{U maVr` OZ‘V B. Mr O~m~Xmar Amho. maVm‘Ü o{nnb w{Z`Z Am°’$ {gpìhb {b~Q>uO g§KQ>ZoZo hr ‘hÎdmMr y{‘H$m nma nmS>bobr Amho.

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3 ‘mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ^maVmgma»`m Xoembm ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b‘ 51 ‘Yrb ‘yi ^mdZobm dmMm’$moS>br {ZX}eH$ VÎdmH$So> amÁ`mMo bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo. ^maVm‘Ü o H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr gwédmV Pmbr. ^maVmVrbZmoH$aemhr‘Ü o H$m ©g§ñH¥$Vr {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ^maVr` ‘mUgmbm h¸$m~amo~a H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd {Z‘m©UHo$br. ^maVmÀ`m {d{dYVoV ‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m AZwf§JmZo EH$Vm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. `mnwT>o ‘mZdrh¸$m§H$Sy>Z EdT>rM Anojm H$aVm oB©b H$s, ‘mZdr h¸$mÀ`m Am{dîH$mamVyZ g‘ñV ‘mZdr Moham gX¡d à’w${„V, AmZ§{XVAm{U gwIr g‘mYmZr amhrb.

r r r

ñdÀN>Vm KmofdmŠ`(01) Omo Onbo ñdÀN>VoMo ’w$b hgV‘wI {Xgob Ë`mMo KaHw$b.(02) Omo bmdrb ñdÀN>VoMm d¥j V`mbm {‘iob OrdZmMm ‘moj.(03) EH$ hmVr gwnbr, EH$ hmVr PmSy>, amoJamB©bm XoemVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>.(04) ñdmJV H$ê$ `m ñdÀN>VoMo, Ü`o` R>oD$ {ZamoJr Am`wî`mMo.(05) Kam - KamV Yam ñdÀN>VoMr H$mg gX¡d amhrb {ZamoJr Am wî` Img.(06) ñdÀN> gw§Xa dof, ñdÀN>Vodê$Z H$iob gw§Xa ^maV Xoe.(07) Ho$aH$Mam Zmhr KmU, Vmo Va XoemMm n§MàmU.(08) Agob ñdÀN>Vm XmamV VoìhmM g‘¥Õr oB©b KamV.(09) ñdÀN>Vménr ¶oVr Jmo‘Q>r ’$io, ni{dVr amoJamB©Mr ‘wio.(10) ñdJm©hÿZ gw§Xa ‘mPo Jmd, gdmªnwT>o ImD$Z OmB©b ^md.(11) S>mgm§Zm XoD$ ZH$m JmdmV Wmam, ñdÀN>VoZo H$am Ë`m§À`mda ‘mam.(12) gm§S>nmÊ`mMr `mo½` {dëhodmQ> bmdm Zmhr Va ahmdo bmJob amoJm§À¶m Jmdm.(13) pãbqMJ nmdS>a Q>mH$m {d{har Omdm ñdÀN>VoÀ`m Amhmar, amoJamB© AmnmoAmnM nmo~mam H$ar.(14) EH$ nmD$b VwPo, EH$ nmD$b ‘mPo, ñdÀN>VoMm g§Xoe Kam - KamV éPo.(15) d¥j, qnnir bmdm `mo½` {R>H$mUr, ñdÀN>Vobm hmV^ma Jmdmbm gmdbr.(16) ñdÀN>Vo‘Ü o ahm J{V‘mZ Va, Xoe amhrb ñdÀN>VmàYmZ.(17) ñdÀN>VoMr ‘hm‘m`m Jmdmda H$aob X`m‘m`m.(18) Omo AmoiIrb ñdÀN>VoMr ZmS>r, Ë`mÀ`m Kar {Xgob gwImMr JmoS>r.(19) ñdÀN>VoMo KoVrb YSo> gwI - g‘¥ÕrÀ`m `moOZm hmVr nSo>.(20) ñdÀN>VoMo amon bmdy A§JUr, à{gÕr nmohmoMob ydUr.(21) ñdÀN>Vobm ‘ZmnmgyZ Amnbm ‘mZy m gdm©Zm ~amo~a KoD$Z nwT>o OmD$`m(22) ñdÀN>VoMr S>m`ar R>odm Odir, Cn`moJr nSo>b gm§O - gH$mir(23) Omo Mmbdob ñdÀN>Vm A{^`mZ JVr. AmoiI hmoB©b Ë`m JmdmMr - amï´>mMr àJVr.(24) ñdÀN> H$moè¶m VZ-‘ZmdaVr, amhUma Zmhr amoJmMr YmñVr.(25) ñdÀN>VoMr Amg ‘Zmbm, gd© bmJVrb H$m‘mbm, PmSy> bmJob hmVmbm.(26) ñdÀN>VoÀ`m OmoS>rbm Am¡fYr dZñnVtMr PmSo>, ghOnUo JmdmMr àJVr dmT>o.(27) ñdÀN>VoZo Jmd {Xgob S>mo‘Xma, Jmdmbm emo m oB©b emZXma.(28) ñdÀN> nmÊ`mgmR>r dmnam VwaQ>r, gX¡d amhÿ Xo Amnë`m KaQ>r.(29) KamoKar nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmnam dJamio, ñdÀN>Vm nmim {ZamoJr amhmb gJio.

25

dmMZ ‘Z:em§VrMr Jwé{H$„raqdÐ ‘mbw§OH$a. Zm{eH$.

9850866485

dmMmb Va dmMmb! m Cº$sVyZ dmMZmMm Wmo{MV Jm¡ad S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. EH$mM eãXmÀ`m XmoZAWmª‘YyZ dmMZmMo AZoH$ ’$m`Xo {XgyZ oVmV.

‘mZdmÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r åhUOoM ‘Zmoa§OZ, ì`mg§Jr d¥Îmr Am{U ~wÕrÀ`m àJë^VogmR>r dmMZ ‘hÎdmMo Amho.{dkmZ - V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m dmnam‘wio Am{U ñnY}‘wio ho {dœMr ‘mPo Ka' Ag åhUUmè`m kmZoœam§À`m ñdßZmVrb OJ{d{dY oXm§‘Ü o, A‘mZwfVo‘Ü o {d^mJbo Jobo Amho. H$maU ñnY}À`m ZmdmImbr {dYm`H$ g‘¥Õrnojm {dKmVH$ d {dÜd§gH$àd¥Îmt‘wio, d¡ {º$H$ ’$m`ÚmÀ`m ñdmWm©‘wio OJmMm Zme hmoÊ`mMr ^rVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho. JXuM JXu MmohrH$So> : Jobm ‘mUygHw$UrH$So>' `m Ý`m`mZo ‘mUyg ñdV… ~amo~aM Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ Am{U Xwgè`m ‘mUgmnmgyZ Xya Mmbbm Amho. `m gdmª‘wio YmoŠ`mVAmbobr ‘Z:em§Vr XoUmam EH$‘od am‘~mU Cnm` åhUOoM dmMZ!'

‘Zmbm VOobm XoUmao Am{U ‘Zmbm gX¡d {dYm`H$, M¡VÝ`Xm`r ~Z{dUmao dmMZ gmVË`mZo Ho$ë`mg ‘ZmMr em§VVmgXmo{XV amhVo. OrdZmV XaamoO AZoH$ bhmZ‘moR>çm AS>rAS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. Ë`mda doioda H$mhrEH$ Cnm` ZgwMë`mg ‘Z:em§Vr {~KSy>Z, ‘mUgmÀ`m hmVyZ EImXr Ajå` MwH$sMr KQ>Zm KSy>Z Vmo ñdV…M ~admB©Q> H$ê$Z KoVmo. n[aUm‘rñdV…~amo~aM Hw$Qw>§~mMmhr {dZme H$ê$Z KoVmo.

Aemdoir dmMZ `mo½`‘mJ© XmI{dUmè`m Jwê$Mo H$m‘ H$aVo. qH$~hþZm g§gmamV oUmè`m AS>rAS>MUtda ‘mV H$aVmZmdmMZmMm ’$m`Xm nXmonXr hmoVmo. Zdam - ~m`H$moMo H$S>mŠ`mMo ^m§S>U, Ë`mMm ‘wbm§da hmoUmam n[aUm‘ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ñdmñÏ`{~KS>dyZ Q>mH$Vo. ‘mÌ dmMZmZo g‘§Og Agbobr ì`º$s ^m§S>U Q>miVo. MyH$ VwPr H$s ‘mPr? `mda {ZaW©H$ dmX KmbÊ`mnojm‘ZmMr EH$mJ«VoZo em§VVm R>odyZ H«$moYmdma Vmo {dO` {‘idVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a dmMZm‘wio ñdV…bm {d{dYm§Jr kmZ {‘i{dë`mMm IamAmZ§X {‘iVmo.

J«§W hoM Jwé & J«§W dmQ>gê$ &J«§WmMr AmYmê$ & gdmªMmM &&'

Agm dmMZmMm ‘mZdmbm hmoUmam AmYmaê$nr ’$m`Xm EImXr Jmoï> H$amdr qH$dm H$ê$ Z o mMr Vm{H©$H$Vm, Jwê$À`m kmZmMmhmoUmam ’$m`Xm Ho$di dmMZmÛmaoM hmoVmo. Am wî`â dmMZM ‘mJ©Xe©H$ XrnñV§ ~Zy eH$Vo. àË oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m Am wî`mV ‘mVm- {nVm Am{U Jwê$OZm§~amo~aM J«§W hohr d§XZr` AmhoV. H$maU Vr dmQ> MwH$boë`m dmQ>gê$bm kmZmo‘` dmQ> XmIdVmV.H$m‘MwH$ma ‘mUgmbm H$Vw©ËdmZ ì`º$s¨À`m AmË‘M[aÌm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$m`©àdU H$aVmV.

OrdZ H$g§ OJmd§? Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo Am wî` OJboë`m Wmoa ì`º$saoIm§Mr M[aÌ AmnU Oê$a dmMm`bm hdr. S>m°. Za|ÐOmYd (Am‘Mm ~mn Am{U Amåhr), AmMm © AÌo (H$h}Mo nmUr), amï´>{nVm ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr (‘mPo gË`mMo à`moJ), bj‘U ‘mZo (Cnam), àm. XmXmgmho~ ‘moao (J~mi), bú‘U Jm`H$dmS> (CMë`m), e§H$aamd IamV (Vami - A§Vami ), ñdm. {d. Xm.gmdaH$a ( ‘mPr OÝ‘R>on), à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao ( ‘mPr OrdZJmWm), ‘mOr amï´>nVr S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXwb H$bm‘ (A{¾n§I)`m§À`mgma»`m Ü o doS>çm ‘mUgm§Mr AmË‘M[aÌo Amnë`mbm OJÊ`mMr bT>mB© qOH$Ê`mMr àoaUm XoVmV. H$R>rU àg§Jm§Zm YramoXmÎmnUoVm|S> XoD$Z OrdZmV èñdr hmoÊ`mMo ~i XoVmV. {ddoH$, H$V¥©Ëd, Ë`mJ, ì`dhmaMmVw ©, ~w{Õ‘Îmm, XyaÑï>r, CXmÎm Ü o dmX,VoOñdr Am{U A{^‘mZr d¥Îmr dmMZmÛmao {‘iV Agë`mZo ‘mUgmMr ‘Z:em§Vr {~KS>V Zmhr. qH$~hþZm ^m§S>U amJmZo ‘Z:em§Vr{~KS>ë`mg {dZmoXg‘«mQ> nw. b. Xoenm§So> `m§Mo "~Q>mQ>çmMr Mmi' gmaIo nwñVH$ dm AmMm © AÌo `m§À`m "P|Sy>Mr ’w$bo' ‘Yrb{dS§>~Z H${dVm hgdVm hgdVm ‘Z:em§Vr KS>{dVmV.

dmMZmZo {‘iUmar ‘Z:em§Vr {MaH$mb {Q>H$Umar Agë`mZo dmMZ {ZdS>nyd©H$ H$amdo. H$m` Am{U H$go dmMmdo, ho hr‘hÎdmMo Amho. kmZmV â KmbyZ ‘Zmoa§OZ H$aUmao dmMZ ‘mUgmbm d¡Mm[aH$ AmñdmXH$ ~ZdVo. åhUyZM dmMZmZo ‘Z:em§Vrbm^ë`mg earamMr H$m ©àdUVmhr dmT>Vo. ‘Z Am{U eara gwÑT> Pmbo, Va ì`º$s gwÑT> ~ZVmo. g‘mZVm, ghH$m ©, Ë`mJ,nañnam{^‘mZ, dmËgë` hr ‘yë` dmMZê$nr N>§XmZoM A§Jr ~miJVmV. AmOMr {nT>r Am{U CÚmMr {nT>r `mVrb A§Va H$‘rhmoD$Z AmnU Am{U Amnbm Xoe, Amnbr ‘hmZ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U Iam Vmo EH$mMr Y‘© Agbobm ‘mZdY‘© gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>rdmMZ H$am`bmM hdo. H$maU - Á`mbm bmJbm dmMZmMm bim, Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmMm ’w$bbm ‘im!'

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