[ijcst-v4i3p44]:prof. g.ezra sastry, prof. s.tamilarasan, dr.p.kumar

7/25/2019 [IJCST-V4I3P44]:Prof. G.Ezra Sastry, Prof. S.Tamilarasan, Dr.P.Kumar

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In ternational Journal of Computer Science Trend s and Technolo gy IJ CS T) Volum e 4 Issu e 3, May - Ju n 2016

ISSN: 2347-8578 www.ijcstjournal.org Page 268

Dynamic Resource Allocation in Cognitive

Radio Networks - SurveyProf. G.Ezra Sastry [1], Prof. S.Tamilarasan [2], Dr.P.Kumar [3]

Assistant Professor [1], Dept of CSE, NEC, Narasaraopet, Andhra Pradesh.

Research Scholar [2], CITE, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, TamilnaduAssociate Professor, Dept of CSE, Brindavan College of Engineering, Bangalore

Assistant Professor [3], Center for Information Technology and Engineering,Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu

India

ABSTRACTCognitive radio network (CRN) is growing worldwide that leads such networks area unit tormented by the challenges of

efficient spectrum/resource allocation also as lack of spectrum. Economical spectrum allocation technique becomes new

analysis problem in use of CRN. A significant challenge to the current new technology is the way to build honest ass ignment of

accessible spectrum to unaccredited users. The acceptable allocation of idle frequency spectrum synchronic psychological

feature radios whereas increasing total information measure utilization and minimizing interference is needed for theeconomical spectrum utilization in CRN. The tactic of mounted spectrum allocation resulted to less spectrum utilization over

the whole spectrum. For psychological feature radio systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) widely

used information transmission technique that delivering the pliability for allocating the resources beneath the dynamic

conditions. Therefore, OFDM primarily based CRN networks having major challenge of resource allocation. There area unit

completely different things and parameters in dynamic atmosphere that area unit impacting on total system rate performance.

During this paper, we have a tendency to area unit presenting the survey on cognitive radio networks, spectrum sensing,

challenges and completely different recent s trategies analysis for resource allocation.

Keywords :- Cognitive radio networks , Resource Allocation, Energy, and Throughput .

I. INTRODUCTION

For increasing the utilization of the restricted radioinformation measure presently days the psychological feature

radio has emerged as a promising knowledge while in wireless

networks for services and applications accommodating the

increasing amount. To the dynamic radio setting, a cognitive

radio (CR) transceiver is prepared to adapt and for the

constrained radio resources the network limitations to

maximize the utilization whereas providing flexibility in

wireless access. For the radio setting (in terms of radio

spectrum usage, power spectral density of transmitted

/received signals, wireless protocol signaling) and intellects

are the key choices of a metal transceiver are awareness. For

adaptative standardization of system limitations like trans mit

power, carrier frequency, and modulation strategy (at the

physical layer), and higher-layer protocol limitations this

intelligence is achieved through learning. Development of

psychological feature radio technology ought to upset

technical and wise considerations (which are very

multidisciplinary) still as restrictive desires. Theres an

increasing interest on this technology among the researchers

in every domain and business and thus the spectrum policy

makers. The key facultative techniques for cognitive radionetworks (also cited as dynamic spectrum access networks)

are broadband signal method techniques for digital radio,

advanced wireless communications ways that, artificial

intellects and machine learning systems, and cognitive radio-

aware adaptative wireless/mobile networking protocols [7].

To meet user wishes from its experiences to reason, plan,

and s elect future actions A psychological feature radio is AN

adaptative, multi-dimensionally aware, autonomous radio

system that learns. For using, allowing access to, or allocating

spectrum Standards groups and restrictive bodies around the

world unit increasingly seeking new ways in which.

Throughout the SDR Forums world restrictive Summit on

SDR and psychological feature Radio Technologies (June

2005) from round the world mentioned their spectrum

management challenges and goals, and thus the role of recent

technologies. This was created clear, once standards,

regulative and various key stake holder representatives. With

every the introduction of SDR This interest in developing new

spectrum utilization technologies combined and for brand new

and promising technologies like psychological feature radio

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
http://www.ijcstjournal.org/http://www.ijcstjournal.org/


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the conclusion that machine learning are applied to radios is

creating intriguing prospects. Psychological feature Radio and

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) represent a pair of

complementary developments which is able to manufacture

the world of wireless communication. A psychological feature

radio, in distinction, will use informat ion of radio technology

and policy, representations of goals, and various discourse

parameters.

So far relating to psychological feature radio and DSA we

have a tendency to tend to mentioned, but AN ever deficient

resource with spectrum turning into, as with efficiency as

accomplishable it's fastidious that new systems utilize all

accessible frequency bands. Spectrum lots of dynamically is

allocates by Dynamic spectrum access and for analysis it is a

vigorous space. Not only advances in technology but

additionally new policy DSA is very important and for

spectrum use can be AN economic model. Psychological

feature radios are wide viewed as a result of the riotous

technology that will radically ameliorate every spectrum

efficiency and utilization.

Cognitive radios are fully programmable wireless

diplomacy that may sense their setting and dynamically

adjustment their transmission wave kind, channel access

methodology, spectrum use, and networking protocols as

needed permanently network and emphasize presentation. For

addressing the amount of study courageous of blending the

DSA and psychological feature radio presented by analysis

community, there are entirely completely different analysis

works. Between individual investigation outcomes and thus

the largescale preparation of cognitive radio networks there'san enormous gap that dynamically optimize spectrum use.

Versatile spectrum use recent developments such LTE-A

(Long Term Evolution-Advanced) that depends, for cognitive

radio and DSA offer stupendous opportunities to demonstrate

the promising worth. For future wireless communications the

revolutionary technology conferred during this survey are at

the vanguard. To the current rising technology, outlining the

fundamentals of psychological feature radio networks and

dynamic spectrum access Dynamic spectrum access and

psychological feature radio networks are prepared an all

espousal introduction. During this paper, we are inclined to bepresenting review study over the cognitive radio networks

parts like spectrum sensing, spectrum sharing, spectrum

quality, spectrum call etc. in addition totally different

spectrum allocation ways mentioned and compared their

performances.

Rest of in this article present section II, presenting literature

survey on cognitive radio systems; section III presenting the

survey of various spectrum or resource allocation ways for

CRN, section IV presenting comparative analysis of various

spectrum allocations.

II.LITERATURE SURVEY ONCOGNITIVE

RADIOSYSTEMS

A. Cognitive Radio

Electromagnetic spectrum is one in every of theforemost scarce and precious resource. A bunch spectrum

assignment strategy is follow by Wireless networks these

days, by government agencies is that the utilization of that

is licensed. as a results of assorted factors like quantity of

traffic load on authorised users or geographical variations

[1] for appointed spectrum getting used only intermittently

or not in any respect This finally lands up in Associate in

Nursing outsized portion. For the licens ed spectrum by the

authorised or primary user (PU) actual measurements by

Federal Communications Commission [2] support this

truth by showing a severe underutilization. as a results of

restricted accessibility of spectrum and h igh inability in its

usage, new insights into the employment of spectrum have

challenged the standard approaches to spectrum

management to harness the underutilized wireless

spectrum by accessing it opportunistically to harness the

underutilized wireless spectrum by accessing it

opportunistically, This necessitates a replacement

communication paradigm. This new communication

technology is referred as Dynamic Spectru m Access (DSA)

or psychological feature Radio (CR). Derived from

J.Mitolas student thesis [4], a psychological feature radio

is associate degree intelligent wireless communication

system that depends on e xpedient communication between

unauthorized or secondary users (SU) s over in brief

unused spectral bands that are authorised to their PUs. The

FCC suggests that any radio having adaptational spectrum

awareness got to be same as Cognitive Radio [5].

To improve the current spectrum underutilization

psychological feature Radio systems has been seen as a

promising answer whereas the increasing amount of

services and applications in wireless networks [6] is

accommodating. With an identical band as a result of the

element to at an equivalent time or opportunisticallyoperate psychological feature radio technology would

poss ibly most likely mod ify associate degree entire SU

system. However, as results of kind of challenges it faces

in but it learns the event of psychological feature radio

continues to be at a abstract stage and at each end of the

link adapts to the native spectral activity. To acknowledge

their communication setting the inherent feature of these

chemical element systems would be their ability and for

the SUs whereas minimizing the interference to maximise


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the quality of service (QoS) to the PUs adapts the

parameters of their co mmun ication theme. Nevertheless, in

channel quality and interference thus on beat high

variation metal sys tems ought to be compelled to possess a

high degree of flexibility.

In SDR technology as a results of implicit realization of

these characteristics it will be des igned over package made

public radio (SDR), that 's already in production and is

presently accessible of the radio setting (in terms of

spectrum usage, power spectral density of

transmitted/received signals), dynamic ability (adaptive

standardization to system parameters like transmit power,

carrier frequency, modulation strategy etc.) and intensely

economical cooperative or non-cooperative behaviour

(when there's competition between multiple metal

transceivers), The key choices of metal transceivers area

unit awareness. For a CR network to be deployed for smart

usage kind of recent technologies ought to be compelled to

be developed. For specific interest area unit the challenges

involved among the design of physical and link layers. For

network parameters, reliable spectrum sensing (detecting

world organization used spectrum), spectrum quality

(maintaining seamless transition to a replacement

spectrum), be ing (with PUs and co mpletely different meta l

networks), spectrum manage ment, irresponsibleness (in

terms of QoS), resource allocation (such as transmit power

allocation and dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS)) thus on

area unit kind of recent mechanisms a mong these layers

like live, have to be compelled to be designed for several

economical and far harmless access and sharing ofexpedient spectrum. Additionally, to spice up network

performance for var ied things thus as it's crucial to bes t

opt imize these mechanisms.

For future metal systems whereas not inflicting any

degradation in commission to PUs, Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been referred to as a

potential t ransmiss ion technology Since PU channels

ought to be compelled to utilize by secondary users in

associate degree passing Cr network. In dynamically

dynamic spectral environments and allocating unused

spectrum among SUs this could be principally as results ofits nice flexibility, in radio spectrum to fast dynamic

conditions that allows for simple adaptation of sub-carriers.

Besides, to spice up the spectrum utilization typically

OFDM permits for multiuser diversity overcoming

frequency selective attenuation that helps. A s erious

challenge is to style economical a resource allocation

algorithm (spectrum sharing and power allocation) that

works well in OFDM based metal networks. Throughout

this thesis, we tend to tend to specifically check au fait

these pair of problems with Sub Carrier Allocation, Bit

Allocation and power allocation to limb which we tend to

then propose and style smart algorithms for them.

B. Spectrum Management FunctionalitySpectrum Sensing

Spectrum Sensing

This can be the essential functionality; it consists on

sensing unused spectrum and whereas not interference with

the opposite users sharing it. One in each of the goals of the

spectrum sensing, notably for the interference sensing, is to

get the spectrum standing (free/busy), so by a SU underneath

stress of interference the spectrum is also accessed. By the

primary transmissions of SUs the challenge is that of activity

the interference at the receiver caused.

Spectrum Decision

For spectrum access a call model is needed. Within the

analysis of the spectrum on the parameters thought-about the

quality of this model depends. Once a SU has multiple

objectives the choice model becomes additional advanced.

Chemical analysis or Sharing

To estimate the spectrum quality the sensing spectrum

results are analysed. One issue here is a way to live the

spectrum quality which might be accessed by a SU. By the

Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR), the typical correlation and also the

access ibility of white areas this quality may be characterised.

Spectrum quality or Handoff

To vary its operational frequency Spectrum quality is that

the method that enables the Cr user. To control within the best

accessible band Cr networks are attempting to use the

spectrum dynamically permitting radio terminals, throughout

the transition to a more robus t frequency to take care of clearcommunication demand.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section we've an inclination to square ensure

discussing whole different methods planned for dynamic

spectrum allocation and resource utilization.

In [5], author presenting approach relating to spectrum

convenience in making the selection throughout that the

cognitive Radio nodes collaborating. To noise magnitude

relation conditions with a unbroken warning rate at reallysmall signal Simulation result indicates that every polynomial

and linear classifiers supply high detection rate of primary

users.

As associate degree example, with observation window of

fifty bits and 100 percent warning rate the planned methods

will do higher than ninetieth detection probability at EbNo =

-7dB. Its to boot indicated that for every methods the

performance improves as we've an inclination to extend the

sensing time.


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Figure 1:Illustration of spectrum management functionalities

In [6], author introduced for channel usage time is planned the

prediction model, that 's predicated on the standard of

cognitive Radio users and spectrum transmission spectrum.

For the spectrum sharing the channel expected usage time is

main metrics. In sequence from short channel usage time to

decrease channel handoffs succeeding, for the channel

allocation a usage threshold time is concerning. Once in an

exceedingly single hop channel football play cannot be

enforced, to stay the communication the multi-hop routingsquare measure planning to be established.

In [7], author of this paper for single node spectrum sensing

on simple exposure impotency and CUSUM based algorithms

taking care from our earlier implementation work, in

cooperative methodology for ordered modification detection

algorithm explained the implementation, the Dual-CUSUM.

Single node sensing is not reliable, notably, because of

obstacles (hidden node problem) once the nodes square

measure subjected to shadow weakening. Once pattern the

expected channel usage time s imulation results reveal that the

quantity of channel handoffs is considerably reduced andchannel utilization is exaggerated and so the football play

block likelihood is to boot dramatically bated at an equivalent

time. To boot, the any simulation results show that except the

PU activity, metal nodes quality is to boot important to the

channel handoffs and link on the market time.

In [9], author of this paper for to handle the issue with

dynamic channel allocation planned the slotted call admiss ion

management methodology integrated. Within the planned

technique, at the beginning of a spanking new slot admitting

user entirely occurs; thus, to first enter a waiting queue until

ensuing slot arrives, new genus SUs inward between two s lots

ought. By imposing a needed up to now restricted waiting

time on new SUs, to a llow admitted genus SUs to fully utilize

the obtainable primary spectrum the planned technique give a

chance. On every the call-level and packet level performances

of genus SUs to analyse the impact of the planned

methodology, associate degree analytical framework using a

3D distinct time Ma rkoff cha in is developed. Simulat ion result

verifies that the accuracy of the analysis and show the

effectiveness of the planned methodology in terms of

reducing block and dropping potentialities, lowering packet

queuing delay, and up spectrum utilization efficiency.

In [10], in cooperative psychological feature networks author

propose and analyse the performance of virtual reservation.

Through full spectrum utilization to maximise the output of

the cognitive network virtual reservation can be a narrative

link maintenance strategy that aims. Performance analysis

shows important enhancements not solely at intervals the

genus SUs block and made termination potentialities but to

boot at intervals the output of psychological feature users.

In [11], in an orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access

based cognitive radio (CR) network the authors examine

resource allocation that dynamically senses primary users

(PUs) spectrum and opportunistically uses on the market

channels. The aim is resource allocation specified the Cr

network outturn is maximised below the PUs most

interference constraint and cognitive users (CUs) transmiss ion

power budget. Then, to maximise the Cr network add bit rate

(throughput) below the CUs transmission power budget and

PUs most interference constraints author formulate the

transmiss ion resource allocation downside. During this paper,

on a abstract system in such the way that a least square based

mostly adaptative algorithm will notice the answer author

explained the way to redevelop the subcarrier assignment

downside into identical downside outlined.

IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Year of

public

at-ion

Paper Title Methodology Outcomes

2010 Comparison of

Linear and Poly

-Classifiers for

Co-operative

Co-

Radio Networks

Cognitive

radios,

polynomial

classifiers;

Linear

classifiers;

cooperative

spectrum

sensing

Improved

significant

performanc

e

2011 Spectrum

Sharing Basedon Spectrum

Heterogeneity

and Multi-hop

Handoff in

Centralized

Cognitive Radio

Networks

Cognitive

radio;spectrum

sharing;

spectrum

heterogeneit

y; multi-hop

routing;

spectrum

handoff

Improved

handoffblocking

probability

& link

available

time


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2011 Cooperative

spectrum

sensing based

on

matrix rank

minimizat ion

Cooperative

sensing,

support

detection,

low

rank

property,

matrix rank

minimizatio

n,

MRM

offers large

performanc

e gain over

the

convention

al separate

approach

(SA)

2012 Co-operative

Spectrum

Sensing:

Implementation

and

Benchmarking

on

ANRC

Cognitive Radio

Test-bed

Cognitive

radio(CR),

Spectrum

Sensing,

Energy

detector(ED)

, GNU

Radio, EDD,

real-time

emulation,

test bed,

Sequential

change

detection,

CUSUM,

Dual

CUSUM,

Fusion

Centre (FC)

Dual-

CUSUM)

is better

than its

counterpart

Cooperativ

e

Snapshot

ED,

especially,

under low

SNR

regimes

2013 DynamicChannel

Allocation-

based Call

Admission

Control in

Cognitive Radio

Networks

Slotted calladmission

control

method

integrated

with

dynamic

channel

allocation

Reducingblocking

and

dropping

probabilit ie

s, lowering

packet

queuing

delay, and

improving

spectrum

utilizationefficiency

2013 Improved

Spectrum

Mobility using

Virtual

Reservation in

Collaborative

Cognitive Radio

Networks

Collaborativ

e Sensing;

Link

Maintenance

;

Reservation;

Admission

Control;

Maximize

the

throughput

of the

cognitive

network

through

full

Real-time

systems.

spectrum

utilization

2013 Energy-Efficient

Resource

Allocation in

Cognitive Radio

Systems

A bisection-

based

algorithm is

employed to

work out the

optimal

solution in

an iterative

manner.

Developed a

fast barrier

method to

reduce the

computation

al

complexity

by

exploiting

the

problems

structure

Simulation

results

validate

that our

proposed

RA scheme

can

improve

the energy

efficiency

of

the CR

system and

the

proposed

algorithm

converges

quickly

2015 Computationall

y efficient

adaptive

algorithm for

resource

allocation in

orthogonalfrequency-

division multi-

places-based

cognitive radio

networks

The problem

is

formulated

as a mixed

integer.

Non-linear

programming problem

which is NP-

hard in

general and

infeasible to

solve in real-

time.

simulation

results

show that

the

achievable

bite rates

for variousCUs power

budget and

interferenc

e

thresholds

are very

close to the

maximum

achievable

bit rates

V.

CONCLUSION ANDFUTURE WORK

This survey paper is aiming at discussing for psychological

feature radio systems the assorted aspects, then for spectrum

allocation range of recent works, resource allocation, energy

efficiency etc. and finally comparative study among all

mentioned works. For psychological feature radio networks,

certain psychological feature networks of achieving the upper

performance use of spectrum allocation technique plays

necessary role. For future work, for these existing methods of


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psychological feature radio networks we tend to advise to

work on mathematical analys is.

REFERENCES

[1] Ian F. Akyildiz, Won-Yoel Lee, Meh mat C. Vuran and S.

Mohanty, NeXt gener-ation/dynamic spectrum

access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A survey, in

Computer Networks Journal (Elsevier), September 2006

[2] FCC frequency spectrum inventory

table:http://www.fcc.gov/oet/info/database/spectrum

[3] Hisham a Mahmoud, Tevfik Ycek, and Hseyin Arslan,

University of South Florida, OFDM for Cognitive

Radio: Merits and Challenges, IEEE Wireless

Communications, April 2009.

[4] J. Mitola III, Cognitive Radio: An Integrated Agent

Architecture for Software Defined Radio, PhD

Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH),

Sweden, May 2000.

[5] FCC. Et docket no. 03-322. Notice of Proposed Rule

Making and Order, Dec. 2003.

[6] Z.H. Hashmi, "Dynamic Resource Allocation for

Cognitive Radio Systems", Master of Applied Science

thes is, The University of British Columbia, June 2008.

[7] Yasmin Hassan and Sharjah, Sharjah, Comparison of

Linear and Polynomial Class ifiers for Co-operative

Cognitive Radio Networks, 2010.

[8] Guoqin Ning, Jiaqi Duan, Jian Su1, Duo Qiu, Spectrum

Sharing Based on Spectrum Heterogeneity and Multihop

Handoff in Centralized Cognitive Radio Networks,2011.

[9] Ramachandra Budihal and Bharadwaj Desikan,

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing: Implementation and

Benchmarking on ANR Cognitive Radio Tes tbed, 2012.

[10] Shun-Fang Yang and Jung-Shyr Wu1 and Jian-Wei

Huang, Spectrum Handover with Queues and Guard

Channels in Cognitive Radio Networks, 2012.

[11] Zhifeng Ni , Hangguan Shan*, Wei Shen t, Jian Wang,

Dynamic Channel Allocation-based Call Admission

Control in Cognitive Radio Networks, 2013.

[12]

Ayman T. Abdel-Hamid, Ahmed H. Zahran, ImprovedSpectrum Mobility using Virtual Reservation in

Collaborative Cognitive Radio Networks, 2013.

[13] Mahdi Raeis, Kamal Shahtalebi, Amir Reza Forouzan,

Computationally efficient adaptive algorithm for

resource allocation in orthogonal frequency-division

multiple-access-based cognitive radio networks, IET

Commun., 2015, Vol. 9, Iss. 12, pp. 14421449 1442 &

The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015.

[14] Weijia Shi & Shaowei Wang, Energy-Efficient

Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio Systems, 2013

IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking

Conference (WCNC): SERVICES & APPLICATIONS.

AUTHORS PROFILE

G. Ezra Sastry He is received the B.TECH(CSE) degree

from Bapatla Engineering college, Nagarjuna University,Guntur, Andhra pradesh, India, M.TECH(IT)degree from

Vignan University, Guntur, Andhra pradesh, India, Currently

working as Assistant Professor in Computer Science and

Engineering, NEC, Narasaraopet, A.P.

Specialization:

Mobile computing, Advanced Data Structure, Design and

analys is of algorithm, Computer networks,

Research Area:

His interesting research field is Cognitive Radio Network,Mobile wireless Ad-Hoc Networks.

S.Tamilarasan: He is received the B.E(CSE) degree from

Madras University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, M.E(CSE)

degree from Anna University, Chennai, India, Currently doing

doctoral degree in Center for Informat ion Technology and

Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,

Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, under the guidance of Dr.P.Kumar,

Assistant Professor, Information Technology and Engineering,

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil


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Nadu. Presently I am working as Associated Professor, dept of

CSE, Brindavan College of engineering, Bangalore.

Specialization:


analys is of algorithm, Computer networks,

Research Area:

His interesting research field is Cognitive Radio Network,

Mobile wireless Ad-Hoc Networks.

Dr.P.Kumar, MTech, PhD: He is received M.Sc. (IT),

M.Tech (IT), PhD (IT&CSE) fro m Manonmaniam Sundaranar

University Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, Now He is working as

Assistant Professor in the department of Information

Technology and Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar

University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. He is published several

international and national journals. He is having more than

seven years of research experiences and guiding to the

research scholars and M.Phil s tudents.

Specialization:


Analysis of Algorithm, Computer Networks, image

process ing, Distributed Database Management Systems,

Compiler Design.

Research A rea

His interesting research field is Image Processing, Computer

Networks, Wireless communicat ions and networks and

Mobile Computing

[ijcst-v4i3p44]:prof. g.ezra sastry, prof. s.tamilarasan, dr.p.kumar

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