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The Marudhu Pandiyar(Tamil:) brothers (Periya Marudhu andChinna Marudhu) ruledSivagangai,Tamil Nadutowards the end of the 18th century. The

Marudhu brothers were the first to issue a proclamation of independence from the colonial

British rule from Trichy Thiruvarangam Temple, Tamil Nadu on 10 June 1801, more than 56years before what is generally said to be theFirst War of Indian Independencewhich broke out

mainly in Northern India in the year 1857.[1][2]

Contents

1 Childhood 2 Early life 3 Bravery 4 Marudhu Pandiyars Battles against the British 5 Administration 6 Death

7 Honour 8 References 9 External links 10 See also

Childhood

The Marudhu brothers were the sons of Udayar Servai alias Mookiah Palaniappan Servai andAnandayer alias Ponnathal.Marudhu Pandiyar, the Elder was born on 15.12.1748 in a small

hamlet called Narikkudi nearAruppukkottaiin thenRamnadprincipal state (nowVirudhunagardistrict). In 1753 the younger Marudhu Pandiyar was born inRamnad. Their father "Udayar

Servai" served as theGeneralin the Ramnad state military and he shifted his family toVirudhunagarfrom Narikkudi.

Early life

The Marudhu brothers were trained in native martial arts at Surankottai which traditionally

served as a training centre for the Ramnad state army. TheValariis a peculiar weapon unique to

India used originally by the indigenous people (ancient Tamils) of theSouth Asia. Two forms ofthis weapon are used in India and known asboomerangwarfare. These are normally made of

wood. They are known as Valari sticks inSangamTamil. Marudhu brothers were experts in the

art of throwing the Valari stick and using it as a weapon. They used Valari in theirPoligar Wars

against the British colonial forces.[3]They contested in and won many competitions of martialarts and distinguished themselves as brave warrirors. The Raja of RamnadMuthu VijayaRaghunatha Sethupathy issued the title ofPandiyas to honour the Marudhu Pandiyargal.

[1]

Bravery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Braveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Braveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Marudhu_Pandiyars_Battles_against_the_Britishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Marudhu_Pandiyars_Battles_against_the_Britishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Honourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Honourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruppukkottaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruppukkottaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruppukkottaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhunagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhunagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhunagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhunagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhunagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomeranghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomeranghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomeranghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligar_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligar_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligar_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligar_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomeranghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhunagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virudhunagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruppukkottaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Honourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Marudhu_Pandiyars_Battles_against_the_Britishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Braveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#Childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language

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The Raja ofSivagangai, a principal state near Ramnad, Muthu Vaduganadhathevar came to

know of their brave and courageous deeds and requested the Ramnad king to assign them to

serve the Sivaganga state army. They were appointed as Generals of theSivagangamilitary andthe brothers left an indelible impression in the military history of India.

In the year 1772, the English military of the British East India Company, under the command ofLt.Col. Bon Jour attacked the state atKalayar Kovil. During the war, Raja Muthu

Vaduganadhathevar lost his life in the battlefield. But the Marudhu brothers managed to escape

along withRani Velu Nachiar, wife of Raja Muthu Vadughanadhathevar and arrived atDindigulwhich was ruled byHyder Alithe Sultan of Mysore as refugees. Hyder Ali supported them in

all respects.

TheNawab of Arcot, the alliance partner of British East India Company, was not able to collect

any taxes from the people of Sivaganga state for eight long years. He entered into an agreement

whereby the rule of Sivaganga was restored to "Rani Velu Nachiar" after he collected his dues

from her. The Marudhu brothers with 12,000 armed men surrounded Sivaganga and plundered

theArcot Nawab's territories. The Nawab on the 10th of March 1789 appealed to the MadrasCouncil for aid. On 29 April 1789, the British forces attacked Kollangudi. It was defeated by a

large body of Marudhu troops.[4]

Marudhu Pandiyars Battles against the British

They were in close association withVeera Pandiya Kattabommanof Panchalankurichi.Kattabomman held frequent consultations with the Marudhus. After the execution of

Kattabomman in 17 October 1799 at Kayattar, Chinna Marudhu gave asylum to Kattabomman's

brotherOomaidurai. But the British took this reason to invade and attacked Sivaganga in 1801with a powerful army. The Maruthu Pandiyars and their allies were quite successful and captured

three districts from the British. The British considered it such a serious threat to their future inIndia that they rushed additional troops from Britain to put down the Maruthu Pandiyars'

rebellion. These forces surrounded the Maruthu Pandiyars' army atKalayar Koil, and the latterscattered. The Maruthu Brothers and their top commanders escaped. They regrouped and fought

the British and their allies at Viruppatchi,DindigulandCholapuram. While they won the battle

at Viruppatchi, they lost the other two battles.[4]

Administration

Marudhu brothers were not only warriors and noted for bravery, but they were very greatadministrators. Rani Velu Nachiar made a will and paved the way for Marudhu Pandiyar Elder to

rule. Marudhu Pandiar younger was made the Dewan of the state. During the period from 1783

to 1801, they worked for the welfare of their subjects and theSivagangaSeemai was madefertile. They constructed many notable temples likeKalayar Kovil,Sivagangamany Ooranis and

Tanks.[1][5][6]

Death

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Velu_Nachiarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Velu_Nachiarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Velu_Nachiarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Arcothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Arcothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Arcothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Nawabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Nawabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Nawabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Pandiya_Kattabommanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Pandiya_Kattabommanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Pandiya_Kattabommanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomaiduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomaiduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomaiduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Koilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Koilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Koilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Maruthu-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Koilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomaiduraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Pandiya_Kattabommanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Nawabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Arcothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dindigulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Velu_Nachiarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaganga

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The Marudhu Pandiyars and many of their family members were captured at Cholapuram they

were infamously hanged at same time in the Fort of Tiruppathur (Sivaganga District, Tamil

Nadu) on the English month of October 24, 1801.[4]

Honour

A commemorative postage stamp has been released on October 2004.[7][8]

Every year people

conductguru pooja to them in October month.[9]

References

1. ^abc[1]2. ^"Imbibe patriotic spirit of Marudhu brothers".The Hindu (India). 5 November 2008.3. ^"Marudhu brothers". Sivaganga district, State government of Tamilnadu. Retrieved 4

January 2012.

4.

^

a

b

c

Southindian states website5. ^Sivaganga6. ^Kalayar Kovil7. ^"Stamp on Marudhu Pandiar brothers released".The Hindu (Madurai, India). 25

October 2004.8. ^"Stamps 2004". Indian Postal department. Retrieved 4 January 2012.9. ^"Thousands pay homage to Marudhu Brothers".The Hindu (Madurai, India). 28

October 2010.

External links

Maruthu Pandiyar picture Maruthu Pandiyar History in Tamil Marudu Brothers - Forgotten Facts. Article by P.A.Krishnan in Kalachuvadu MahraduAn Indian Story of the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century - 1813 London Major James Welsh (1830). Military reminiscences : extracted from a journal of nearly

forty years' active service in the East Indies. London : Smith, Elder, and Co.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-Southindia-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Maruthu_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Maruthu_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Maruthu_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Maruthu_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Maruthu_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Maruthu_1-2http://books.google.com/books?id=vRwS6FmS2g0C&pg=PA272&dq=maruthu+pandiyar&hl=en&ei=WlYRTaKzI4W8sQOVhp2HCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=maruthu%20pandiyar&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=vRwS6FmS2g0C&pg=PA272&dq=maruthu+pandiyar&hl=en&ei=WlYRTaKzI4W8sQOVhp2HCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=maruthu%20pandiyar&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=vRwS6FmS2g0C&pg=PA272&dq=maruthu+pandiyar&hl=en&ei=WlYRTaKzI4W8sQOVhp2HCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=maruthu%20pandiyar&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-2http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/05/stories/2008110557360200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2008/11/05/stories/2008110557360200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2008/11/05/stories/2008110557360200.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-3http://sivaganga.nic.in/maruthu.htmhttp://sivaganga.nic.in/maruthu.htmhttp://sivaganga.nic.in/maruthu.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Southindia_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Southindia_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Southindia_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Southindia_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Southindia_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-Southindia_4-2http://southindianstates.com/tamilnadu_districts/sivagangai/sivagangai-marudhu-brothers.htmlhttp://southindianstates.com/tamilnadu_districts/sivagangai/sivagangai-marudhu-brothers.htmlhttp://southindianstates.com/tamilnadu_districts/sivagangai/sivagangai-marudhu-brothers.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivagangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayar_Kovilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-7http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/25/stories/2004102511960300.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2004/10/25/stories/2004102511960300.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2004/10/25/stories/2004102511960300.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-8http://www.indiapost.gov.in/netscape/Stamps2004.htmlhttp://www.indiapost.gov.in/netscape/Stamps2004.htmlhttp://www.indiapost.gov.in/netscape/Stamps2004.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruthu_Pandiyar#cite_ref-9http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article854734.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article854734.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article854734.ecehttp://www.agamudayararan.blogspot.com/http://www.agamudayararan.blogspot.com/http://www.thevarthalam.blogspot.com/http://www.thevarthalam.blogspot.com/http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-128/page52.asphttp://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-128/page52.asphttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z3QIAAAAQAAJ&dq=mahradu&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=mahradu&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z3QIAAAAQAAJ&dq=mahradu&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=mahradu&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z3QIAAAAQAAJ&dq=mahradu&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=mahradu&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z3QIAAAAQAAJ&dq=mahradu&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=mahradu&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=8UjRAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Military+Reminiscences+-+James+Welsh&hl=en&ei=YJgBTugohf69A43AsZAO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=8UjRAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Military+Reminiscences+-+James+Welsh&hl=en&ei=YJgBTugohf69A43AsZAO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=8UjRAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Military+Reminiscences+-+James+Welsh&hl=en&ei=YJgBTugohf69A43AsZAO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=8UjRAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Militar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