Prakash V. Bhave1, Chelsea E. Stockwell2, Ted J. Christian2, Thilina Jayarathne3, J. Doug Goetz4, Michael Giordano4, S. Praveen Puppala1, Sagar Adhikari5, Rashmi Maharjan5, Bijaya Raj Khanal6, Wolfgang Nadler4, Benjamin

S. Wierden4, Sanu Babu Dangol5, Shradda Dhungel7, Sudeep Ghimire5, Mukesh Rai5, Robert J. Yokelson2, Elizabeth Stone3, Peter F. DeCarlo4, Eri

Saikawa8, Maheswar Rupakheti9, Arnico K. Panday1

Global Emissions InitiAtive (GEIA) ConferenceNovember 18-20, 2015

Beijing, China

Acknowledgements: Variety of support from many other colleagues!

Nepal Air Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE)

1 2 3

4 875 96

S. Asia Emissions very UncertainREAS

Kurokawa et al., 2013ABC

Shrestha et al., 2014Inventory Year 2008 2008/09Total BC [Gg yr-1] 26 178Cooking, Heating, Lighting [Gg yr-1] 25 27Solid Waste Combustion [Gg yr-1] 147Transportation [Gg yr-1] 0.37 2.2Crop Residue Burning [Gg yr-1] 1.40Manufacturing & Industry [Gg yr-1] 0.35 0.41

• Both estimates of BC from residential sector (cooking, heating, lighting) are quite consistent

• Manufacturing & industrial sector emissions also consistent• Transportation emissions of BC differ by a factor of 6!• Potentially important sources requiring further investigation

• Solid waste combustion• Crop residue burning

2 BC Inventories for Nepal

NAMaSTE• Nepal Air Monitoring and

Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE)

• Focused on stationary combustion sources

• ICIMOD-NSF collaboration with substantial Nepali participation

• 6 weeks budgeted– April 6 – May 15, 2015– US teams sent scientists &

sampling equipment

Source Categories• Generator Sets• Motorcycles idling

– Before & after servicing• Garbage Burning

– Residential & Dump Site• Cooking Fires

– In-house & lab setting– Variety of fuels and stoves

• Brick Kilns• Heating Fire• Diesel Irrigation Pumps• Crop Residue Burning

– In-field & small pile

Emission Measurements

Garbage burning test in ICIMOD

parking lot

Brick kiln test in the Dhading district of

Central Nepal

Emission Measurements18 cooking stove tests at Nepal’s Renewable

Energy Testing lab

Measured crop-residue burning emissions

in the Terai (Nepal’s southern plains)

NAMaSTE• 54 source tests completed before Apr25 “Great Earthquake”

Disaster struck field team en route from Terai to Kathmandu

InstrumentationGas Phase

• Picarro– CO2, CO, CH4, H2O

• LICOR (CO2)• Vaisala (CO2)• GasLab (High CO2)• LaFTIR

~20 individual gases• Whole Air Samples*

– VOC speciation

Particle Phase• mini Aerodyne AMS

– speciated PM1

• 2 Photo-Acoustic eXtinctiometers– Single-wavelength

absorption (BrC, BC)• AE-33

– absorption @ 7 wavelengths• Filters – quartz & Teflon

~100 individual organics, OC, EC, ions, metals

* 12 WAS canisters collected post-earthquake

Idling Motorcycles• Sampled 5 motorbikes

before and after servicing– Oil change; cleaned air

filter, sparkplug, & carburetor

• Preliminary results– PM2.5 ↓ by 12x!– 8.8 g kg-1 before servicing– 0.7 g kg-1 after servicing– OC accounts for most of ↓– BUT, CO:CO2 ratio ↑

Other Conclusions• Cooking stoves

– BrC & HCN: Dung burning > Wood-fired > Biogas– Consistency b/t laboratory & real kitchen tests

• Garbage burning– EC: Plastic > Foil > Mixed urban >> Mixed rural– Indiv VOCs: Smoldering > Flaming by ~10x

• Next Steps:– Update emissions inventories in Nepal & vicinity– Source apportionment of ambient data collected

during April 2015 campaign