tugas 3 pengolahan minyak bumi

7/21/2019 Tugas 3 Pengolahan Minyak Bumi

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WMFSG_QFT@Q FMDKMGQF@

TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF

L_KW^ 6 L_KW^ ^G_QKMMGI:

@ABE@D C@TBKMV (00>3>>?)_FHV FHB\@M E@WI@M@ (00>3>327??)_FZHV ^@MDW Q. (>6>37747)

TWIWQ QGTF@\@M (00>3>07647)

ABGEFA@I GMLFMGG_FML DG^@_TEGMTGMLFMGG_FML C@AWITV

WMFSG_QFT@Q FMDKMGQF@DG^KH?>04


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TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF ? 04

0Wmfvgrsft`s Fmdkmgsf`

0. Agrft`h`m ^r ksgs ^gmlki`b`m E fmy`h Ouef , ^rksgs Qgp`r`sf, d`m

Hkmvgrsfmy`!

^`d` prfmsfpmy`, t`b`p`m pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef egifputf prksgs dfstfi`sf, hkmvgrsf,

pgefs`b`m iklè, d`m pgmaèpur`m cr`hsf. ^rfmsfp utè` d`rf pgefs`b`m `mt`r cr`hsf y`ml

tgrh`mduml dìè efmy`h ouef `dì`b `d`my` pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfb/u`p d`rf tf`p-tf`p cr`hsfmy`.

Bì fmf dfd`s`rh`m p`d` hgmy`t``m o`bw` sgmy`w` cr`hsf y`ml tgrh`mduml dìè efmy`h ouef

egefifhf tftfh dfdfb y`ml ogrogd`. J`df pgefs`b`mmy` ege`mc``th`m pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfbmy`.

Qge`hfm ogs`r pgrogd``mmy`, e`h` sge`hfm eud`b pgefs`b`mmy`. Qga`r` ueue pgmlkib`m

efmy`h ouef dflèo`rh`m dgml`m shge` ogrfhut.

Lèo`r 0. Qhge` ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef

Efmy`h Egmt`b

^gmyfep`m`m

^gmlbfi`ml`m l`rè

Dfstfi`sf Cr`hsfm`sf

Cr`hsf ogr`t d`m _fml`m

^rksgs Bfdrkh`rokm0. Aràhfml

?. _gckrefml

1. @ihfi`sf d`m ^kifegrfs`sf4. geurmf`m7. gmaèpur`m

^rkduh `hbfr efmy`h ouef


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?Wmfvgrsft`s Fmdkmgsf`

Ogrfhut fmf `h`m hèf o`b`s prksgs-prksgs p`d` shge` df`t`s s`tu pgr s`tu.

Dgsìtfml

Qgi`fm egml`mduml ogro`l`f z`t pgmlktkr, efmy`h egmt`b jul` egml`mduml ogro`l`f z`tefmgrì y`ml i`rut dìè `fr. Wmtuh egmlbfi`mlh`m l`rè efmgrì tgrsgout dfi`huh`mi`b prksgs

pgmlbfi`ml`m l`rè `tù y`ml of`s` dfsgout dgml`m dgsìtfml. ^rksgs fmf dfi`huh`m dgml`m a`r`

egmaèpur efmy`h egmt`b dgml`m `fr sgbfmll` efmgrì-efmgrì tgrsgout `h`m i`rut dìè `fr.

Qgd`mlh`m pgmèo`b`m `sè d`m o`s` dfi`huh`m jul` umtuh egmlbfi`mlh`m sgmy`w`-sgmy`w`

mkmbfdrkh`rokm.

^rksgs dgsìtfml dfi`huh`m umtuh egmagl`b hkrksf pfp`-pfp` efmy`h d`m egmagl`b

tgrsueo`tmy` iuo`ml-iuo`ml df egm`r` cr`hsfm`sf. Qgtgi`b efmy`h egmt`b egmlìèf prksgsdgsìtfml, sgi`mjutmy` efmy`h egmt`b dfìfrh`m hg t`mlhf pge`m`s umtuh egmlu`ph`m efmy`h

egmt`b d`m hgeudf`m u`p efmy`h egmt`b dfìfrh`m dìè egm`r` cr`hsfm`sf (egm`r` dfstfi`sf).

Dfstfi`sf

Dfstfi`sf `tù pgmyuifml`m egrup`h`m su`tu egtkd` pgefs`b`m s`tu `tù igofb sgmy`w`

d`rf sgmy`w` i`fmmy` dgml`m ege`mc``th`m pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfb d`rf sgmy`w`-sgmy`w` y`ml`h`m dfpfs`bh`mmy`. Efmy`h ouef egml`mduml ogro`l`f sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm y`ml egefifhf

tftfh dfdfb ogrogd`-ogd` tgrl`mtuml d`rf struhtur ekighuimy`.

Egiìuf egtkd` dfstfi`sf, sgmy`w`-sgmy`w` dìè efmy`h ouef d`p`t dfpfs`b egmj`df

ogro`l`f cr`hsf sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm sgsu`f dgml`m tftfh dfdfbmy`. Egtkdg dfstfi`sf dfi`huh`m

dgml`m egmllum`h`m pgmdfmlfm`m ogrt`b`p `tù ogrtfmlh`t. Tftfh dfdfb d`rf sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm

y`ml tgrh`mduml p`d` efmy`h ouef d`p`t dfifb`t p`d` tògi df o`w`b.

Tògi 0. B`sfi ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef

C_@HQF JWEI@B @TKE TFTFH DFDFB ( KA) HGLWM@@M

L`s-l`s ^gtrkigue A0 A4 -034 - 1> O`b`m o`h`r l`s

^gtrkigue Gtgr A7 A< 1> 6> ^ì`rut, ofm`tu hfef`


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Ogmsfm (L`skifm) A7 A0? 1> ?>> O`b`m o`h`r ektkr

Efmy`h T`m`b

(Hgrksfm)

A00 A03 0> O`b`m o`h`r egsfmdfgsgi

Efmy`h ^giue`s A03 hg `t`s 17> hg `t`s ^giue`s

^`r`cfm A?> hg `t`s 71 7< (egigigb) Ififm lgrgj`,

pgmlgmd`p`fm `fr o`lf

h`fm, hkrgh `pf, d`m

pgml`wgt`m

Tgr rgsfdu @spì ou`t`m

Hkh`s pgtrkigue _gsfdu O`b`m o`h`r, gightrkd`

Dgml`m egepgrb`tfh`m d`t` tògi tgrsgout d`p`t dfhgt`buf o`bw` jfh` efmy`h

ouef/egmt`b dfp`m`sh`m p`d` tgepgr`turg 1> dgr`j`t agiafus e`h` l`s-l`s pgtrkigue h`m sglgr`

egmdfdfb d`m egmlu`p. Qgd`mlh`m sgmy`w` i`fmmy` tgt`p ogr`d` p`d` c`s` `wìmy`. Bì y`ml

sè` jul` dfi`huh`m p`d` sgmy`w` i`fmmy`

Aràhfml

Aràhfml `dì`b pgmlur`f`m ekighui-ekighui sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm y`ml ogs`r egmj`df

ekighui-ekighui sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm y`ml hgafi. Akmtkb aràhfml fmf dì`b pgmlki`b`m efmy`h

ski`r `tù efmy`h t`m`b egmj`df ogmsfm.

^rksgs fmf tgrutè` dftujuh`m umtuh egepgro`fhf huìft`s d`m pgrkigb`m cr`hsf l`skifm

(ogmsfm). Huìft`s l`skifm s`ml`t dftgmtuh`m kigb sfc`t mtf hmkah (hgtuh`m) y`ml dfmy`t`h`m dìè

ofi`ml`m kht`m. Ofi`ml`m kht`m 0>> dfogrfh`m p`d` fskkht`m (?,?,4-trfegtfi pgmt`m`) y`ml

egepumy`f sfc`t `mtf hmkahfml y`ml fstfegw`, d`m ofi`ml`m kht`m > dfogrfh`m p`d` m-bgpt`m`

y`ml egepumy`f sfc`t `mtf hmkah y`ml ouruh. L`skifm y`ml dfujf `h`m dfo`mdfmlh`m dgml`m


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aèpur`m fskkht`m` d`m m-bgpt`m`. Ofi`ml`m kht`m dfpgml`rubf kigb ogogr`p` struhtur ekighui

bfdrkh`rokm.

Tgrd`p`t 1 a`r` prksgs aràhfml, y`ftu :

`. Tbgreì aràhfm l

Tbgreì aràhfml `dì`b prksgs pgrgmlh`l`m dgml`m pgmllum``m subu tfmllf d`m tgh`m`m

y`ml rgmd`b. Akmtkb rg`hsf-rg`hsf p`d` prksgs aràhfml `dì`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut :

o. A`t iytfa aràhfml

A`tìytfa aràhfml `dì`b prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m dgml`m pgmllum``m h`tìfs. H`tìfs y`ml

dflum`h`m of`s`my` QfK ? `tù @i ?K1 oùhsft. _g`hsf d`rf pgrgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh egiìuf

egh`mfseg pgrgmlh`b`m fkm h`rokmfue. Eui`-eui` h`tìfs h`rgm` ogrsfc`t `sè egmèo`bhm`

prktkm hg ekighui kigvfm `tù egm`rfh fkm bfdrfd` d`rf ìh`m` sgbfmll` egmygoòh`m

tgrogmtuhmy` fkm h`rokmfue :

a. Bfdrkaràhfml

Bfdrkaràhfml egrup`h`m hkeofm`sf `mt`r` pgrgmlh`b`m d`m bfdrklgm`sf umtuh

egmlb`sfih`m sgmy`w` y`ml jgmub. _g`hsf tgrsgout dfi`huh`m p`d` tgh`m`m tfmllf. Hgumtuml`m

i`fm d`rf Bfdrkaràhfml fmf dì`b o`bw` ogigr`ml y`ml tgrh`mduml dìè efmy`h dfuo`b egmj`df

bfdrklgm suicfd` y`ml hgeudf`m dfpfs`bh`m.

_gckrefml

_gckrefml dì`b pgruo`b`m d`rf ogmtuh ekighui ogmsfm y`ml ogreutu hur`ml o`fh (r`mt`f

h`rokm iurus) egmj`df ogmsfm y`ml ogreutu igofb o`fh (r`mt`f h`rokm ograò`ml). Hgdu` jgmfs

ogmsfm fmf egefifhf rueus ekighui y`ml sè` ogmtuh struhturmy` y`ml ogrogd`. Kigb h`rgm` ftu,


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prksgs fmf jul` dfsgout fskegrfs`sf. _gckrefml dfi`huh`m dgml`m egmllum`h`m h`tìfs d`m

pge`m`s`m.

Akmtkb rgckrefml `dì`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut :

_gckrefml jul` d`p`t egrup`h`m pgmluo`b`m struhtur ekighui d`rf bfdrkh`rokm p`r`cfm

egmj`df sgmy`w` `rke`tfh dgml`m ofi`ml`m kht`m tfmllf. ^`d` prksgs fmf dflum`h`m h`tìfs

ekifodgmue khsfd` dìè @i ?K1 `tùpi`tfm` dìè igepuml.Akmtkb rg`hsfmy` :

@ihfi`sf

@ihfi`sf egrup`h`m pgmèo`b`m juei`b `tke dìè ekighui egmj`df ekighui y`ml igofb

p`mj`ml d`m ograò`ml. Dìè prksgs fmf egmllum`h`m h`tìfs `sè hu`t sgpgrtf B?QK4, BAi,

@iAi1 (su`tu `sè hu`t Igwfs). _g`hsf sga`r` ueue `dì`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut:

_B + AB?5A_ _ _ -AB?- AB_ _

^kifegrfs`sf `dì`b prksgs pgmllòuml`m ekighui-ekighui hgafi egmj`df ekighui ogs`r.

Akmtkb pkifegrfs`sf y`ftu pgmllòuml`m sgmy`w` fskoutgm` dgml`m sgmy`w` fskout`m`

egmlb`sfih`m ogmsfm ogrhuìft`s tfmllf, y`ftu fskkht`m`.

Trg`tfml
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dp-vlKce_AE/S_D01sv-ObI/AAAAAAAAAAc/eVDdiD9xq6I/s1600/b.gifhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dp-vlKce_AE/S_D0CdMZ4RI/AAAAAAAAAAU/pZuz5JGiN4o/s1600/a.gif


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Trg`tfml `dì`b pgeurmf`m efmy`h ouef dgml`m a`r` egmlbfi`mlh`m pgmlktkr-

pgmlktkrmy`. A`r`-a`r` prksgs trg`tfml `dì`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut :

Akppgr swggtgmfml d`m dkatkr trg`tfml, y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m pgmlktkr y`ml d`p`t

egmfeouih`m où y`ml tfd`h sgd`p.

@afd trg`tegmt, y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m iuepur d`m pgro`fh`m w`rm`. Dgw`xfml y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m w`x (m p`r`cfm) dgml`m ogr`t ekighui tfmllf d`rf

cr`hsf efmy`h pgiue`s umtuh egmlb`sfiih`m efmy`h pgiue`s dgml`m pkur pkfmt y`ml

rgmd`b.

Dg`spbìtfml y`ftu pgmlbfi`ml`m `spì d`rf cr`hsf y`ml dflum`h`m umtuh efmy`h pgiue`s Dgsuicurfzfml (dgsuicurfs`sf), y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m umsur ogigr`ml.

Oigmdfml

^rksgs oigmdfml `dì`b pgmèo`b`m o`b`m-o`b`m `dftfc hgdìè cr`hsf efmy`h ouef

dìè r`mlh` umtuh egmfmlh`th`m huìft`s prkduh tgrsgout. Ogmsfm y`ml egefifhf ogro`l`f

pgrsy`r`t`m huìft`s egrup`h`m akmtkb b`sfi efmy`h ouef y`ml pìfml o`my`h dflum`h`m df

o`ro`l`f mgl`r` dgml`m ogro`l`f v`rf`sf auà`. Wmtuh egegmubf huìft`s ogmsfm y`ml o`fh,

tgrd`p`t sghft`r ?? o`b`m pgmaèpur y`ml d`p`t dftèo`mbh`m p`d` prksgs pgmlki`b`mmy`.

Df`mt`r` o`b`m-o`b`m pgmaèpur y`ml tgrhgmì `dì`b tgtr` gtbyi ig`d (TGI). TGI

ogrcumlsf egm`fhh`m ofi`ml`m kht`m ogmsfm. Dgefhf`m pui` bìmy` dgml`m pgiue`s, `l`r

dfpgrkigb huìft`s y`ml o`fh e`h` p`d` prksgs pgmlki`b`m dfpgriuh`m pgmèo`b`m z`t `dftfc.

^gmèo`b`m TGI d`p`t egmfmlh`th`m ofi`ml`m kht`m, tgt`pf d`p`t egmfeouih`m pgmage`r`m

ud`r`.


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kA sèp`f ?07 kA y`ml egml`mduml lrup

bfdrkh`rokm p`r`cfm, kigcfm, m`ctgm`, d`m `rke`tfh dgml`m v`rf`sf mfi`f `mlh` kht`m`my` auhup

ogs`r.

^rksgs pgeou`t`m ogmsfm dfeui`f dgml`m sgp`r`sf efmy`h ouef p`d` prksgs dfstfi`sf

`tekcgr d`m dfstfi`sf v`hue. Efmy`h ouef dfcr`hsfkm`sf egmj`df m`ct` (sd. 02> kA), hgrksfm (02>k

?7> kA), ski`r (?7> k 17>kA), dfstfi`t v`hue (17> k 77>kA), d`m rgsfdu v`hue (= 77> kA).

Cr`hsf m`ct` dfsgp`r`sf egmj`df l`s (A 0/A?), I^L (A 1/A4), m`ct` rfml`m (A 7/A3) umtuh

uep`m prksgs fskegrfs`sf, d`m m`ct` ogr`t dfp`h`f sgo`l`f uep`m rgckre`sf h`tìftfh. Qgbuouml`m

dgml`m o`my`hmy` cr`hsf m`ct` y`ml dflum`h`m umtuh uep`m prksgs pgtrkhfef` (sghft`r 4>% d`rf

tktì prkduh m`ct`), e`h` hgoutub`m uep`m m`ct` dfpgmubf dgml`m b`sfi d`rf prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m

tgreì d`m h`tìftfh cr`hsf ogr`t, d`m jul` d`rf prksgs pgmllòuml`m (ìhfi`sf d`m pkifegrfs`sf)

y`ml egmllum`h`m uep`m l`s (A 1/A4).

^rksgs pgeou`t`m hkepkmgm ogmsfm tgrdfrf `t`s: (0) prksgs sgp`r`sf `tù dfstfi`sf

(egmlb`sfih`m str`flbt-rum m`pbtb`) d`m (?) prksgs hkmvgrsf, y`ftu: (`) prksgs hkmvgrsf tgreì,

y`ftu prksgs vfsorghgr (vfsorg`hgr m`pbtb`), d`m prksgs hkhgr (akhgr m`pbtb`), d`m (o) prksgs

hkmvgrsf h`tìftfh y`ftu: prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh (ogmsfm rgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh a`t. aràhgd

l`skifmg), prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m (bydrkaràhgd m`pbtb`), prksgs fskegrfs`sf (fskegr`t),

prksgs rgckre`sf h`tìftfh (rgckre`t), prksgs ìhfi`sf (ìhfi`t) d`m prksgs pkifegrfs`sf (ogmsfm

pkifegr

pkiyl`skifmg).

0. ^rksgs ^grgmlh`b`m H`tìftfh

Egh`mfseg rg`hsf pgrgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh d`p`t dfur`fh`m sgpgrtf p`d` Lèo`r 0 ogrfhut.

_g`hsf pgrgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh ogrjì`m egiìuf pgeogmtuh`m sgmy`w`-`mt`r` fkm h`rokmfue (_+)

y`ml dfb`sfih`m dgml`m pgm`rfh`m fkm bfdrfd` (B-) d`rf ekighui uep`m kigb fmtf `htfc `sè Igwfs


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h`tìfs (F) `tù pgeogrf`m prktkm (B+) kigb fmtf `htfc `sè Orkmstgd h`tìfs hg kigcfm (FF) y`ml

dfb`sfih`m d`rf pgrgmlh`b`m tgreì uep`m df dìè rfsgr (FFF). Ekighui bfdrkh`rokm d`rf rg`ht`m

b`rus ogrc`sg u`p `l`r sup`y` ekighui tgrsgout d`p`t dgml`m eud`b ogrdfcusf hg fmtf `htfc `sè

df dìè pkrf h`tìfs. Fkm h`rokmfue d`p`t pga`b (FFF) p`d` pksfsf ogt` d`m tgrogmtuh kigcfm d`mfkm h`rokmfue rgmd`b, d`m jul` ogrfskegrfs`sf (FS) `tù tr`mscgr bfdrklgm (Lèo`r 0).

Lèo`r 1. Egh`mfseg _g`hsf ^grgmlh`b`m(Queogr:

bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_è`b%?>Ifml

huml`m.pdc)

Tr`mscgr bfdrklgm ogrdèp`h mgl`tfc p`d` eutu prkduh, y`ftu tgrogmtuhmy` ogmsfm

ogrh`d`r kigcfm tfmllf dgml`m `mlh` kht`m` rgmd`b, d`m efmy`h rfml`m ogrh`d`r `rke`tfh tfmllf

dgml`m `mlh` sgt`m` rgmd`b, sgrt` tgrj`df pui` pgmurum`m

pgrkigb`m A1 d`m A4.^grgmlh`b`m tgreì d`p`t tfeoui ogrsè``m dgml`m pgrgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh p`d` tgepgr`tur

kpgr`sf tfmllf, y`ml egrulfh`m, o`fh dftfmjù d`rf pgrkigb`m eùpum eutu prkduh ogmsfm, y`ftu

tgrogmtuhmy` prkduh ogmsfm ogrh`d`r kigcfm tfmllf dgml`m sgdfhft h`d`r fsk-kigcfm d`m p`r`cfm

rgmd`b sgrt` prkduh l`s tfmllf (A 0 A1).
http://www.lemigas.esdm.go.id/id/pdf/buku_populer/Proses%20Pembuatan%20BBB%20Solar%20Ramah%20Lingkungan.pdfhttp://www.lemigas.esdm.go.id/id/pdf/buku_populer/Proses%20Pembuatan%20BBB%20Solar%20Ramah%20Lingkungan.pdfhttp://www.lemigas.esdm.go.id/id/pdf/buku_populer/Proses%20Pembuatan%20BBB%20Solar%20Ramah%20Lingkungan.pdfhttp://www.lemigas.esdm.go.id/id/pdf/buku_populer/Proses%20Pembuatan%20BBB%20Solar%20Ramah%20Lingkungan.pdf


11/38


0>Wmfvgrsft`s Fmdkmgsf`

^grgmlh`b`m bfdrkh`rokm uep`m ogrjì`m sgo`l`f ogrfhut:

^grgmlh`b`m p`r`cfm dfpgml`rubf kigb uhur`m d`m struhtur ekighui p`r`cfm, y`ftu e`hfm

ogs`r juei`b `tke h`rokm (A=3), d`m y`ml egepumy`f `tke h`rokm tgrsfgr igofb eud`b

pgrgmlh`b`mmy` d`m prkduh l`s y`ml dfb`sfih`m egml`mduml o`my`h A 1 d`m A4. Dgbfdrklgm`sf m`ctgm` egmj`df `rke`tfh d`m pgeutus`m r`mt`f afmafm A A d`rf m`ctgm`

tgrsgout `dì`b du` rg`hsf utè` p`d` pgrgmlh`b`m m`ctgm`. ^rkduh a`fr d`m l`s

egml`mduml igofb o`my`h p`r`cfm d`rfp`d` y`ml dfb`sfih`m pgrgmlh`b`m p`r`cfm.

^grgmlh`b`m `rke`tfh dgml`m lulus ìhfi ogrh`d`r `tke h`rokm A 91 tfd`h s`ml`t rg`htfc.

^geutus`m ìhfi `rke`tfh ogr`tke o`my`h tgrj`df p`d` `tke h`rokm y`ml tgrfh`t i`mlsuml

p`d` afmafm `rke`tfh y`ml `h`m egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ogmzgm` d`m kigcfm

O`b`m o`hu prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh `dì`b cr`hsf ogr`t efmy`h, y`ftu df `mt`r`my`

cr`hsf efmy`h ?7> 77>kA d`m jul` rgsfdu y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s ekighui bfdrkh`rokm d`m hktkr`m mkm-

bfdrkh`rokm. Hkepksfsf bfdrkh`rokm uep`m egegml`rubf pgrkigb`m d`m eutu prkduh ogmsfm

y`ftu:

Hgagp`t`m rgi`tfc pgrgmlh`b`m bfdrkh`rokm egmurum d`rf kigcfm = m`ctgm` = fskp`r`cfm =

p`r`cfm = `rke`tfh.

Qge`hfm ogs`r uhur`m ekighui, sge`hfm tfmllf pui` hgagp`t`m pgrgmlh`b`m.

Wep`m dfstfi`t v`hue `rke`tfh `h`m egmlb`sfih`m hkmvgrsf uep`m rgmd`b, pgrkigb`m

prkduh ogmsfm rgmd`b ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf. ^gml`rub jgmfs uep`m dfstfi`t v`hue p`d`

h`r`htgrfstfh prkduh ogmsfm dfs`jfh`m p`d` Tògi ?.


12/38



Tògi ?. ^gml`rub Jgmfs Wep`m Dfstfi`t S`hue p`d` H`r`htgrfstfh ^rkduh Ogmsfm

(Queogr:


huml`m.pdc)

Wep`m rgsfdu egml`mduml o`my`h hktkr`m mkm-bfdrkh`rokmX07U y`ftu sgmy`w` krl`mfh

y`ml egml`mduml `tke suicur, mftrklgm d`m khsflgm, d`m sgmy`w` `scìtgm `tù h`rokm rgsfdu

(efark a`rokm rgsfdug ) y`ml egml`mduml iklè (Mf, S, Cg, Au). Qgmy`w` mkm-bfdrkh`rokm

tgrsgout d`p`t egmurumh`m umjuh hgrj` h`tìfs. ^gml`rub h`d`r h`rokm rgsfdu p`d` h`r`htgrfstfh

prkduh ogmsfm dfs`jfh`m p`d` Tògi 1.


13/38


14/38



_gckre`t dì`b hkepkmgm ogmsfm tgrogs`r hgdu` sgtgi`b ogmsfm rgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh dìè

pgeou`t`m ogmsfm rè`b ifmlhuml`m dgml`m pgrsgmt`sg sghft`r ?>-1>% vkiueg. @mlh` kht`m`

rgckre`t _KM 6? 0>2 dgml`m dfstrfousf `mlh` kht`m` rgmd`b (tfd`h bkeklgm/tfd`h o`fh)._gckre`t egml`mduml h`d`r `rke`tfh tfmllf (=7>% vkiueg), sgbfmll` sgmsftfvft`smy` (_KM

EKM) tfmllf pui`, y`ftu sghft`r 2 01 s`tu`m (tfd`h o`fh).

O`b`m o`hu prksgs rgckre`sf h`tìftfh `dì`b m`ct` ogr`t, o`fh d`rf b`sfi dfstfi`sf efmy`h

ouef ( str`flbt-rum m`pbtb` ) eùpum prkduh m`ct` d`rf ogro`l`f prksgs hkmvgrsf sgpgrtf: m`ct`

rgmlh`b`m tgreì ( vfsorg`hgr m`pbtb` d`m akhgr m`pbtb` ) d`m m`ct` bfdrkrgmlh`b`m

(bydrkaràhgd m`pbtb` ) dgml`m tr`ygh tftfh dfdfb 2> 027 kA. Qgbuouml`m ekighui bghs`m` ( A3)

egrup`h`m sueogr pgeogmtuh`m ogmzgm` df dìè prkduh rgckre`t, y`ml h`d`r `rke`tfh ftu

dfo`t`sf df dìè ogmsfm (0 7% vkiueg), e`h` tftfh dfdfb `wì uep`m dfm`fhh`m egmj`df 6> kA.

@d`my` hgm`fh`m tftfh dfdfb `hbfr prkduh rgckre`t sghft`r 07 ?>kA tgrb`d`p tftfh dfdfb `hbfr

uep`m, d`m dfo`t`sfmy` tftfh dfdfb `hbfr ogmsfm ?07 kA, e`h` tftfh dfdfb `hbfr uep`m m`ct` ogr`t

dfo`t`sf 9027 kA. Hgm`fh`m tftfh dfdfb `hbfr uep`m m`ct` sghft`r 1> kA `h`m egm`fhh`m

pgeogmtuh`m hkh`s p`d` pgreuh``m h`tìfs.

Wep`m m`ct` ogr`t `dì`b aèpur`m bfdrkh`rokm y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s p`r`cfm (^), m`ctgm` (M)

d`m `rke`tfh (@) df e`m` (M+?@) d`rf m`ct` p`r`cfmfh d`m m`ct` `rke`tfh `dì`b e`sfml-e`sfml

9 4>% vki. d`m = 4>% vki. d`m m`ct` m`ctgmfh sghft`r 4>% vki. Hkepksfsf bfdrkh`rokm uep`m

m`ct` d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs efmy`h ouef dfs`jfh`m p`d` Tògi 4.


15/38


16/38



^rksgs fskegrfs`sf d`p`t pui` dfp`h`f umtuh pgeou`t`m prkduh fskout`m` y`ml egrup`h`m

sì`b s`tu uep`m prksgs ìhfi`sf dgml`m pgmèo`b`m s`tu hkike dgfskout`mfzgr p`d` umft prksgs

tgrsgout. H`tìfs fskegrfs`sf `dì`b fdgmtfh dgml`m h`tìfs rgckre`sf ofcumlsfkmì y`ml

egml`mduml fmtf `htfc iklè pi`tfm` d`m fmtf `htfc `sè ìuefm` hikr d`m/`tù zgkift y`ml jul` ogrcumlsf sgo`l`f pgmy`mll` h`tìfs.

^rksgs fskegrfs`sf pgmt`m` (A 7) dgml`m sfrhui`sf uep`m d`p`t egm`fhh`m `mlh` kht`m`

d`rf uep`m _KM 07 s`j`. Hgm`fh`m `mlh` kht`m` d`rf prksgs fskegrfs`sf A 7/A3 dfpgml`rubf kigb

hkepksfsf A 7 d`m A3 d`rf uep`m m`ct` rfml`m. Fskegrfs`sf bgpt`m` b`my` egeogrfh`m fskp`r`cfm

rgmd`b ograò`ml s`tu y`ml `mlh` kht`m`my` tfd`h oglftu ogs`r. ^`d` fskegrfs`sf A 3 d`m A< d`p`t

tgrj`df rg`hsf sèpfml bfdrkrgmlh`b. @mlh` kht`m` prkduh fskegr`t d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs uep`m

dfs`jfh`m p`d` Tògi 7.

Tògi 7. @mlh` Kht`m` Ogro`l`f Jgmfs Wep`m ^rksgs Fskegrfs`sf d`m ^rkduhmy`

(Queogr:


huml`m.pdc)

4. ^rksgs @ihfi`sf

^rksgs ìhfi`sf d`rf uep`m aèpur`m `mt`r` ekighui kigcfm A 1/A4/A7 d`m fskp`r`cfm A 4

dgml`m o`mtu`m h`tìfs `sè, `dì`b umtuh pgeou`t`m prkduh ìhfi`t ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf y`ml

egrup`h`m sì`b s`tu hkepkmgm utè` ogmsfm.

Wep`m kigcfm y`ftu prkpfigm`, outfigm` d`m èfigm` dfpgrkigb d`rf prksgs rgmlh`b`m o`fh

tgreì ( akhfml d`m vfsorg`hgr ) eùpum h`tìftfh (rgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh). Queogr fskp`r`cfm sgpgrtf


17/38



fskout`m` d`m fskpgmt`m` dfb`sfih`m d`rf prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh, rgckre`sf h`tìftfh,

pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m d`m prksgs fskegrfs`sf out`m` d`m pgmt`m`. Fskout`m` igofb o`my`h dfp`h`f

p`d` prksgs ìhfi`sf d`rfp`d` fskpgmt`m` y`ml d`p`t i`mlsuml dfp`h`f sgo`l`f hkepkmgm ogmsfm.

Wep`m kigcfm d`m fsk-p`r`cfm b`rus hgrfml dgml`m h`mduml`m suicur rgmd`b umtuhegmlur`mlf hgoutub`m h`tìfs `sè d`m egmj`l` eutu prkduhmy`. _`sfk tfmllf `mt`r` fsk-out`m`

d`m kigcfm egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ìhfi`t ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf dgml`m tftfh dfdfb `hbfr rgmd`b.

@mlh` kht`m` (_KM) prkduh ìhfi`t d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs uep`m kigcfm prkpfigm`, outfigm`,

fskoutfigm`, èfigm` d`m prkpfigm`/ outfigm` `dì`b sghft`r 22 6


18/38


19/38



^rksgs FC^ Dfegrski egepkifegrfs`sf kigcfm prkpfigm` (A 1) dgml`m egmllum`h`m h`tìfs

`sè cksc`t d`m jul` h`tìfs ìhfi ìuefm` umtuh pgeou`t`m prkduh dfegr (bghsgm`) y`ml

dflum`h`m sgo`l`f hkepkmgm ogmsfm dfe`t. rksgs dfegrski fmf dì`b prksgs pkifegrfs`sf sgightfc

y`ml d`p`t jul` dfp`h`f umtuh dfegrfs`sf kigcfm A 1/A4 hbusus umtuh pòrfh ìhkbki.^kifegrfs`sf gtfigm` `h`m egmlb`sfih`m prkduh pkifegr ogr`t, sgd`ml pgmtgm` sud`b d`p`t

i`mlsuml dfp`h`f sgo`l`f hkepkmgm ogmsfm. ^rksgs pkifegrfs`sf prkpfigm` ogrjì`m igofb ièo`t

d`rfp`d` outfigm`. ^`d` tgepgr`tur rgmd`b, tgh`m`m tfmllf dgml`m hkmvgrsf uep`m rgmd`b, prksgs

pkifegrfs`sf kigcfm tgrsgout d`p`t egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ogmsfm pkifegr ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf.

^rkduh pkifegr ogr`t dfb`sfih`m p`d` prksgs pkifegrfs`sf kigcfm p`d` tgepgr`tur d`m tgh`m`m

tfmllf. Hkmdfsf kpgr`sf prksgs pkifegrfs`sf kigcfm `dì`b tgepgr`tur sghft`r 0 ??7 kA d`m

tgh`m`m sghft`r ?2 2> hl/ae ?.

Ogmsfm pkifegr dgml`m h`mduml`m kigcfm tfmllf =6>% vki egepumy`f mlh` kht`m` tfmllf

dgml`m sgmsftfvft`s (_KM-EKM) tfmllf (hur`ml o`fh) (Tògi 3). Qgmsfvft`s tfmllf d`rf ogmsfm

pkifegr tgrsgout egrup`h`m su`tu hgige`b`mmy` dfo`mdfml hkepkmgm ogmsfm ìhfi`t tgt`pf hgdu`

ogmsfm (pkifegr d`m ìhfi`t) egepumy`f dfstrfousf `mlh` kht`m` bkeklgm (o`fh). Hgumtuml`m

prksgs pkifegrfs`sf fmf, fì`b o`bw` f` tfd`h egegriuh`m uep`m fskout`m` y`ml prkduhsfmy`

tgro`t`s sgpgrtf bìmy` prksgs ìhfi`sf.

Tògi ^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_è`b%?>Ifml

huml`m.pdc)


20/38



Qki`rQki`r egepumy`f hfs`r`m tftfh dfdfb `mt`r` ?>> k sèp`f dgml`m 1 kA d`m tgrdfrf `t`s

bfdrkh`rokm p`r`cfm, kigcfm, m`ctgm` d`m `rke`tfh. Weuemy` hkepkmgm ski`r tgrdfrf `t`s

bfdrkh`rokm dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml d`rf efmy`h ouef ( str`flbt rum l`skfi ), mèum hkepkmgm ski`ri`fmmy` sgpgrtf ski`r rgmlh`b`m tgreì ( vfsorkhgm l`skfi d`m akhgr l`skfi ) d`m prksgs h`tìftfh

(ayaig l`skfi d`m bydrkaràhgd l`skfi ) jul` o`my`h dflum`h`m.

Eutu ski`r dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml d`rf efmy`h ouef dfpgml`rubf kigb sfc`t uep`m efmy`h ouef

tgrsgout, `mt`r` i`fm hkepksfsf bfdrkh`rokm d`m h`d`r suicur. H`d`r suicur d`rf ski`r dfstfi`sf

i`mlsuml egmfmlh`t dgml`m m`fhmy` h`d`r suicur uep`m. Efmy`h ouef p`r`cfmfh egmlb`sfih`m

prkduh ski`r y`ml e`ss` jgmfsmy` igofb rgmd`b d`rfp`d` ski`r y`ml ogr`sì d`rf efmy`h ouef

m`ctgmfh.

Qki`r rgmlh`b`m, o`fh y`ml ogr`sì d`rf rgmlh`b`m tgreì eùpum rgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh

(hgauìf b`sfi pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m bydrkaràhgd l`skfi ) egml`mduml pgrsgmt`sg `rke`tfh d`m

kigcfm y`ml igofb ogs`r d`rfp`d` ski`r b`sfi dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml. Eutu hkepkmgm ski`r dfpgml`rubf

kigb ogro`l`f c`htkr, df `mt`r`my` e`ss` jgmfs, h`d`r bfdrkh`rokm t`h-jgmub (`rke`tfh d`m kigcfm),

h`d`r mkm- bfdrkh`rokm (ogigr`ml, mftrklgm d`m khsflgm), w`rm` d`m stòfift`s.

0. ^rksgs ^gmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m

^rksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m `dì`b rg`hsf `mt`r` bfdrklgm d`m dfstfi`t ogr`tefmy`h ouef,

y`ftu dfstfi`t v`hue ( vàuue dfstfii`tg) , efmy`h `w`-`spì, (dg`spbìtgd kfi ) d`m dfstfi`t-tgreì

ogr`t ( bg`vy tbgreì dfstfii`tg ), dgml`m o`mtu`m h`tìfs ofcumlsfkmì. ^rksgs fmf egmlb`sfih`m

ogro`l`f jgmfs prkduh ogrmfi`f tfmllf, `mt`r` i`fm o`b`m o`h`r efmy`h ogreutu tfmllf (hgrksfm,

`vtur, d`m ski`r), o`b`m d`s`r pgiue`s, sgrt` m`ct` rfml`m umtuh uep`m prksgs bfdrkfskegrfs`sf

d`m m`ct` ogr`t sgo`l`f uep`m prksgs rgckre`sf h`tìftfh umtuh pgeou`t`m hkepkmgm-hkepkmgm

utè` ogmsfm (fskegr`t, d`m rgckre`t) ogreutu tfmllf: BKEA ( bflb kat`mg ekl`s akepkmgmt ).

Wep`m bfdrkrgmlh`b `dì`b aèpur`m bfdrkh`rokm (p`r`cfm, m`ctgm`, d`m `rke`tfh) d`msgdfhft pgmlktkr mkm-bfdrkh`rokm (suicur, mftrklgm, khsflgm, d`m iklè: Mf d`m S). @rke`tfh

pgrtè`-tè` ogrg`hsf egmj`df m`ctgm`, d`m hgeudf`m m`ctgm` tgrsgout pga`b egmj`df ekighui

hgafi. `r`cfm rgi`tfc stòfi p`d` hkmvgrsf uep`m sghft`r 37% vki. p`d` prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m

s`tu t`b`p. Eutu prkduh hgrksfm, d`m ski`r m`fh dgml`m dfm`fhh`mmy` hkmvgrsf uep`m, y`ftu tftfh

`s`p hgrksfm ?7 ee d`m `mlh` sgt`m` ski`r


21/38


?>Wmfvgrsft`s Fmdkmgsf`

^`d` prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m du` t`b`p, bfdrklgm`sf `rke`tfh ogrtèo`b d`m jul`

bfdrkfskegrfs`sf p`r`cfm sgbfmll` eutu prkduh `h`m egmfmlh`t i`lf, y`ftu tftfh `s`p hgrksfm 4>

ee d`m `mlh` sgt`m` ski`r , dgml`m h`d`r fskp`r`cfm tfmllf y`ml d`p`t egmfmlh`th`m sfc`t ìfr

prkduh ski`r ( akid cikw). _g`hsf bfdrkrgmlh`b dfbèo`t kigb hktkr`m hkepkmgm mkm-bfdrkh`rokm(mftrklgm) d`rf uep`m y`ml tgrhkmvgrsf egmj`df èkmf` d`m tgro`w` dìè sfrhui`sf l`s bfdrklgm

sgrt` e`suh hg dìè zkm` h`tìfs. Wep`m rg`htkr hgdu` d`rf prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m du`

t`b`p tgi`b ogo`s d`rf hktkr`m hkepkmgm mftrklgm tgrsgout sgbfmll` h`tìfs d`p`t oghgrj` sga`r`

kptfeì. H`r`htgrfstfh prkduh ski`r bfdrkrgmlh`b d`rf uep`m dfstfi`t v`hue d`m efmy`h w`-`spì


Tògi 2. rkduh Qki`r Bfdrkrgmlh`b

(Queogr:


huml`m.pdc)

Wep`m prksgs bfdrkrgmlh`b `dì`b ogro`l`f jgmfs dfstfi`t ogr`t y`ftu dfstfi`t v`hue,efmy`h `w`-`spì d`m dfstfi`t-tgreì ogr`t y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s ekighui bfdrkh`rokm (p`r`cfm, kigcfm,

m`ctgm` d`m `rke`tfh) d`m hktkr`m mkm-bfdrkh`rokm y`ml egml`mduml `tke suicur, mftrklgm,

khsflgm d`m iklè (Mf, S).

Bfdrklgm`sf `rke`tfh egmj`df m`ctgm` egrup`h`m rg`hsf pgrtè`, y`ml hgeudf`m afmafm

m`ctgm` tgrsgout dfpga`b egmj`df p`r`cfm dgml`m rg`hsf bfdrkdgsfhifs`sf. `r`cfm rgi`tfc igofb stòfi


22/38


?0Wmfvgrsft`s Fmdkmgsf`

p`d` hkmvgrsf uep`m 937% vkiueg. Hktkr`m hkepkmgm mftrklgm uep`m y`ml pga`b egmj`df

èkmf` d`m tgro`w` df dìè sfrhui`sf l`s bfdrklgm d`p`t egmlbèo`t rg`hsf bfdrkrgmlh`b.

Wmtuh egmstòfih`m hkmvgrsf uep`m, e`h` tgepgr`tur kpgr`sf b`rus dfm`fhh`m.

?. ^rksgs ^gmlbfdrkeurmf`m

Hkepkmgm ski`r y`ml dfprkduhsf df hfi`ml-hfi`ml efmy`h dgw`s` fmf ueuemy` tgrdfrf t`s

ski`r b`sfi dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml efmy`h ouef, sgi`fm ogogr`p` hkepkmgm ski`r ki`b`m sgpgrtf ski`r

rgmlh`b`m tgreì d`m ski`r rgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh. Mèum huìft`s/eutu hkepkmgm-hkepkmgm ski`r

tgrsgout e`sfb pgriu dftfmlh`th`m dgml`m prksgs pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m.

Qki`r rgmlh`b`m, o`fh y`ml ogr`sì d`rf rgmlh`b`m tgreì eùpum rgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh

egml`mduml pgrsgmt`sg `rke`tfh d`m kigcfm y`ml igofb ogs`r d`rfp`d` ski`r dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml.

Qki`r d`rf efmy`h ouef m`ctgmfh egepumy`f e`ss` jgmfs y`ml igofb tfmllf dfo`mdfml dgml`m ski`r

dfstfi`sf efmy`h ouef p`r`cfmfh.

^rksgs pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m hkepkmgm ski`r dgml`m ege`h`f h`tìfs ekmkcumlsfkmì d`p`t

egmfmlh`th`m `mlh` sgt`m`, w`rm`, stòfift`s d`m egmurumh`m h`d`r bfdrkh`rokm t`h jgmub

(`rke`tfh, kigcfm) sgrt` hktkr`m mkm-bfdrkh`rokm (ogigr`ml, mftrklgm, khsflgm). H`tìfs

pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m tgrdfrf `t`s fmtf `htfc iklè s`j` dgml`m pgmumj`ml ìuefm` (@i ?K1).

Hkepkmgm ski`r tgrdfrf `t`s ski`r b`sfi dfstfi`sf efmy`h egmt`b ( str`flbt rum l`skfi ), ski`r b`sfi

rgmlh`b`m tgreì ( vfsorkhgm l`skfi d`m akhgr l`s kfi ), d`m ski`r rgmlh`b`m h`tìftfh ( ayaig l`skfi

d`m bydrkaràhgd l`skfi ). E`ss` jgmfs, ogigr`ml d`m `mlh` sgt`m` d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs hkepkmgm


Tògi 6. H`r`htgrfstfh ^rkduh Qki`r d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs ^rksgs ^geou`t`m


23/38


??Wmfvgrsft`s Fmdkmgsf`

Hgrksfm^rksgs pgeou`t`m hgrksfm, b`epfr s`e` dgml`m ogmsfm d`m ski`r. Eui`-eui` dfi`huh`m

prksgs arudg dfstfii`tfkm dgml`m uep`m efmy`h ouef sgsu`f shge` ogrfhut fmf.


24/38



V`ml dfpgrkigb d`rf arudg dfstfii`tfkm `dì`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut.

Tògi 0>. Vfgid ^rksgs Arudg Dfstfii`tfkm

(Queogr: bttp://www.prkagssgmlr.ake/ppt[prgsgmt`tfkms/kfi[rgcfmgry[prkagssgs.pdc)

Hgeudf`m umtuh prkduhsf hgrksgmg ogrhuìft`s tfmllf (jgt cugi), hgrksgmg b`sfi dfstfi`sf `h`m

egiìuf prksgs pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m sgo`l`fe`m` shge` ogrfhut.

Lèo`r 4. Qhge` ^rksgs Hkmvgrsf Arudg Kfi

(Queogr:bttp://likoì.orft`mmfa`.ake/GOabgahgd/tkpfa/47444>/pgtrkigue-rgcfmfml/20204/Hgrksgmg)
http://www.processengr.com/ppt_presentations/oil_refinery_processes.pdfhttp://www.processengr.com/ppt_presentations/oil_refinery_processes.pdf


25/38



^rksgs pgmlbfdrkpgeurmf`m `dì`b rg`hsf ghsktgrefs y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s: rg`hsf bfdrklgm`sf

bfdrkh`rokm t`h jgmub (`rke`tfh d`m kigcfm), rg`hsf bfdrkdgsuicurfs`sf, rg`hsf bfdrkdgmftrfcfh`sf

d`m bfdrkdgkhsflgm`sf. Hgtfl` rg`hsf y`ml tgrsgout tgr`hbfr dfs`jfh`m p`d` Tògi 00 ogrfhut.

Tògi 00. _g`hsf ^geurmf`m Bfdrk

(Queogr:

bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%

?>_è`b%?>Ifmlhuml`m.pdc)


26/38



4. Jgi`sh`m sga`r` spgsfc fh prksgs d`m prkduh y`ml dfb`sfi h`m d`rf hf i`ml efmy`h

ouef pgr tèfm`!

Hfi`ml `tù _gcfmgry Wmft egrup`h`m o`lf`m y`ml s`ml`t pgmtfml dìè pgmlki`b`m

efmy`h ouef dfe`m` efmy`h egmt`b y`ml hgiu`r d`rf dìè pgrut ouef dfki`b egmj`df ogro`l`f

eàè prkduh, sgpgrtf l`skifmg, `vtur, iuorfa`tfml kfi `tùpum prkduh-prkduh i`fmmy` tgre`suh

o`b`m o`hu fmdustrf pgtrkhfef`. Oglftu str`tglfsmy` pgr`m`m d`rf rgcfmgry umft fmf sgbfmll`

pgeo`b`s`m tgmt`ml pgrckre` kpgr`sfkmì hfi`ml, prksgs y`ml tgrj`df df sgtf`p umftmy` sgrt`

tumtut`m d`rf prkduh-prkduh y`ml fmlfm dfb`sfih`m egmj`df s`ml`t egm`rfh. Dìè pgeo`b`s`m

fmf, hèf `h`m egmako` egmfmjù prksgs-prksgs y`ml tgrj`df p`d` pgmlfi`ml`m sgrt` prkduh-

prkduh `p` s`j` y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf hfi`ml efmy`h ouef ^grtèfm`.

Q``t fmf pgrtèfm` egefifhf gmè Wmft ^gmlki`b`m (W^) y`ml ogrkpgr`sf, `mt`r` i`fm _W

FF Due`f - Qgf `hmfml, _W FFF i`ju, _W FS Afià`p, _W S Oìfhp`p`m, _W SF Oìkml`m md _W

SFF Qkrkml dgml`m tktì h`p`sft`s 0,>43 jut` o`rgi. D`ct`r hfi`ml ^grtèfm` d`m h`p`sft`smy`

dfjgi`sh`m dìè tògi 0.

Tògi 0?. Hfi`ml ^grtèfm`

Mk _gcfmfml Wmft A`pàfty (EOQD)0 _W FF Due`f 0

? _W FFF i`ju 011,7 _W SF Oìkml`m 0?73 _W SFF H`sfe 0>

Qgogiue egeo`b`s egmlgm`f prkduh d`rf hfi`ml grtèfm`, tgrigofb d`buiu hft` egmlgmì

egmlgm`f prksgs-prksgs y`ml tgrj`df p`d` pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef. @d` ogro`l`f eàè prksgs,

efsìmy` prksgs pgrsf`p`m, pgefs`b`m, pgrgh`b`m (aràhfml), pgeogmtuh`m (rgckrefml), dso. `d`

t`b`p pgrsf`p`m tgrj`df pgeurmf`m d`rf fepurftfgs (suicur, l`rè, dii) y`ml ofs` egmll`mllu

prksgs p`d` rgcfmgry. Qgi`mjutmy` pgefs`b`m dfi`huh`m egiìuf prksgs dfstfi`sf dfe`m` efmy`h

egmt`b dfu`ph`m iìu dfpfs`bh`m egmj`df cr`hsf-cr`hsf tgrtgmtu. Iìu `d` jul` prksgs aràhfml

dfe`m` r`mt`f h`rokm p`mj`ml dfputus umtuh egmlb`sfih`m r`mt`f h`rokm y`ml igofb pgmdgh,

sgd`mlh`m p`d` rgckrefml tgrj`df pgmyusum`m ui`ml struhtur h`rokm, efsìmy` egeogmtuh


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struhtur r`mt`f iurus egmj`df r`mt`f ograò`ml umtuh egmlb`sfih`m l`skifmg dgml`m huìft`s igofb

o`fh (mfi`f kht`m y`ml tfmllf). ^geo`b`s`m sga`r` igofb spgsfcfh egmlgm`f prksgs p`d` hfi`ml

dfjgi`sh`m sgo`l`f ogrfhut.

@. ^_KQGQ-^_KQGQ WT@E@ DF _GCFMG_V WMFT

Qga`r` ueue tgrd`p`t 3 prksgs utè` dìè _gcfmgry Wmft, eui`f d`rf pgrsf`p`m, pgefs`b`m,

trg`tfml, hkmvgrsf, pgro`fh`m huìft`s eùpum prksgs i`fmmy` sgpgrtf pkifegrfs`sf d`m fskegrfs`sf.

0. ^grsf`p`m

Wmft prksgs : Dgsìtgr

Tuju`m prksgs : Egmurumh`m w`tgr, egmurumh`m h`d`r l`rè

^rksgs dgsìtfml egrup`h`m prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m l`rè y`ml dfi`huh`m dgml`m a`r`

egmaèpurh`m efmy`h egmt`b dgml`m `fr, tuju`mmy` `dì`b umtuh egi`ruth`m z`t-z`t efmgrì

y`ml i`rut dìè `fr. ^`d` prksgs fmf jul` dftèo`bh`m `sè d`m o`s` dgml`m tuju`m umtuh

egmlbfi`mlh`m sgmy`w`-sgmy`w` sgi`fm bfdrkh`rokm. Qgtgi`b egiìuf prksgs dgsìtfml, e`h`

sgi`mjutmy` efmy`h `h`m egmjì`mf prksgs dfstfi`sf.

^rksgs dgsìtfml dfi`huh`m umtuh egmagl`b hkrksf pfp`-pfp` efmy`h d`m egmagl`b

tgrsueo`tmy` iuo`ml-iuo`ml df egm`r` cr`hsfm`sf. Qgtgi`b efmy`h egmt`b egmlìèf prksgs

dgsìtfml sgi`mjutmy` dfìfrh`m hg t`mlhf pge`m`s umtuh egmlu`ph`m efmy`h egmt`b d`m

hgeudf`m dfìfrh`m dìè hkike dfstfi`sf.

?. ^gefs`b`m

Wmft prksgs : Arudg Dfstfiifml Wmft (ADW), Bflb S`hue Wmft (BSW)

Tuju`m prksgs : ^gefs`b`m prfegr ogrd`s`rh`m tftfh dfdfb

Efmy`h egmt`b y`ml tgi`b egiìuf prksgs dgsìtfml hgeudf`m dfki`b igofb i`mjut dgml`m

prksgs dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t, y`ftu a`r` pgefs`b`m aèpur`m ogrd`s`r pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfb. Cr`hsf-

cr`hsf y`ml dfpgrkigb d`rf prksgs dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t fmf `dì`b aèpur`m bfdrkh`rokm y`ml

egmdfdfb p`d` fmtgrvì (r`mlg) subu tgrtgmtu. rksgs dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t d`m cr`hsf y`ml dfb`sfih`m

d`rf dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t dflèo`rh`m egiìuf lèo`r 0 ogrfhut.


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?% d`rf tktì

cggd. `d` dfstfi`sf v`hue ogrkpgr`sf p`d` tgh`m`m dfo`w`b 0 te umtuh egmurumh`m tgh`m`m u`psgbfmll` cr`hsf efmy`h ogr`t y`ml suift tgrcr`hsfm`sf ofs` egmlu`p p`d` d`m tgrcr`hsfm`sf. Cr`hsf-

cr`hsf y`ml dfd`p`th`m sgtgi`b prksgs dfstfi`sf sgi`mjutmy` dfki`b igofb i`mjut dgml`m prksgs

rgckrefml, pkifegrfs`sf, trg`tfml, d`m oigmdfml.

1. Trg`tfml

Wmft prksgs : Bydrktrg`tfml d`m dgegtìfs`sf (BDQ, @_BDE, DBDT), @efmg @oskrogr

Tuju`m prksgs : ^geurmf`m

4. Hkmvgrsf

Wmft prksgs : Bydrkaràhgr, Ciufd A`tìytfa Aràhfml (CAA), _CAA, Dgi`ygd Akhgr, Sfsorg`hgr,

î`tckrefml, B ? î`mt

Tuju`m prksgs : ^geogmtuh`m / rgckrefml


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7. ^gro`fh`m huìft`s

Wmft prksgs : Bydrktrg`tgr (BDQ)

Tuju`m prksgs : pgro`fh`m huìft`s

3. ^rksgs-prksgs i`fm

Wmft prksgs : ^kifegrfs`sf, fskegrfs`sf, EDW

Tuju`m prksgs : ^kifegrfs`sf, `rke`tfs`sf, cfitr`sf

O. _GCK_EFML

_gckrefml egrup`h`m prksgs pgm`t``m ui`ml struhtur ekighui bfdrkh`rokm d`rf m`ct` d`m p`r`cfmegmj`df `rke`tfh d`m fskp`r`cfm dgml`m `mlh` kht`m tfmllf. ^rksgs fmf ogrtuju`m umtuh egruo`b

ogmtuh ekighui ogmsfm y`ml ogreutu hur`ml o`fh (r`mt`f h`rokm iurus) egmj`df ogmsfm dgml`m

eutu tfmllf (r`mt`f h`rokm ograò`ml).

Tgrd`p`t tfl` eàè prksgs rgckrefml, y`ftu fskegrfs`sf, bydrkaràhfml d`m dgbfdrklgm`sf y`ml

`h`m dfur`f igofb dgtfi sgo`l`f ogrfhut :

0. Fskegrfs`sf

Fskegrfs`sf egrup`h`m prksgs pgeogmtuh`m fskegr. Tgrd`p`t ? eàè fskegrfs`sf p`d`

pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef, y`ftu fskegrfs`sf mkreì p`r`cfm egmj`df fskp`r`cfm d`m fskegrfs sf

ìhfisfhikpgmt`m` egmj`df sfhikpgmt`m`.

`. Fskegrfs`sf mkreì p`r`cfm egmj`df fskp`r`cfm.

o. Fskegrfs`sf ìhfisfhikpgmt`m` egmj`df sfhikpgmt`m`, dftèo`b hkmvgrsf i`mjut`m egmj`df

ogmzgm`. Vfgid fskegrfs`sf `h`m egmfmlh`t sgfrfml dgml`m subu tfmllf, hgagp`t`m ru`ml

rgmd`b, d`m tgh`m`m rgmd`b.


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?. Bydrkaràhfml

Bydrkaràhfml egrup`h`m prksgs egmluo`b uep`m ogrup` efmy`h ogr`t egmj`df prkduh-

prkduh efmy`h y`ml igofb rfml`m dgml`m hgb`dfr`m bydrklgm dgml`m o`mtu`m h`tìfs d`m

egmllum`h`m tgh`m`m tfmllf d`m tgepgr`tur egdfue. ^rksgs fmf egifo`th`m pgrgh`b`m d`m

pgmjgmub`m p`r`cfm, dfi`huh`m p`d` o`lf`m `hbfr rg`htkr h`rgm` rg`hsf ogrjì`m rgi`tfc ièo`t.

Tuju`m d`rf prksgs fmf dì`b umtuh egmlhkmvgrsf rgsfduì e`tgrfì (efddig okfifml pkfmt) egmj`df

bfdrkh`rokm huìft`s y`ml igofb tfmllf sgpgrtf l`skifmg ogrmfi`f kht`m tfmllf, jgt cugi, d`m bflb

lr`dg cugi kfi.

Tògi 01. Wep`m d`m prkduh y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf prksgs bydrkaràhfml

Cggd ^rkduats

Hgrksfmg

Qtr`flbt-rum dfgsgi

@tekspbgrfa l`s kfi

M`pbt`

M`pbt` `md/kr jgt cugi

M`pbt`, jgt cugi `md/kr dfgsgi

Sàuue l`s kfi M`pbt`, jgt cugi, dfgsgi, tuog kfi

CAA IAK

CAA BAK

M`pbt`

M`pbt` `md/kr dfstfii`tgs

Akhgr IALK M`pbt` `md/kr dfstfii`tgs

Akhgr BLAK M`pbt` `md/kr dfstfii`tgs

Tògi 04. ^grogd``m `mt`r` a`tìytfa aràhfml d`m bydrkaràhfml

Hkmdfsf A`tìytfa Aràhfml Bydrkaràhfml


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1>Wmfvgrsft`s Fmdkmgsf`

Wep`m

(Cggdstkah)

@tekspbgrfa d`m

vàuue l`s kfi

M`pbtb` `tù dfstfii`tgs

(hgrksgmg `tù dfgsgi)

Hkmdfsf Kpgr`sf Tgepgr`tur rg`htkr

r`t`-r`t` 2-67> kC

Qubu (T) : 17>-47> kA

Tgh`m`m rg`htkr(^): 0>>-?>>

hl/ae?

H`tìfs Zgkiftg Zgkiftg

_g`hsf Gmdktgrefs Ghsktgrefs

^rkduh Wtè` L`skifmg L`skifmg `md jgt cugi

_g`hsf y`ml tgrj`df p`d` prksgs bydrkaràhfml y`ftu :

_g`hsf utè` :

Bydrklgm`sf ^M@ (^kiy Muaigfa @rke`tfa) _fml kpgmfml d`m pgefs`b`m r`mt`f sèpfml _g`hsf aràhfml p`r`ccfmg

_g`hsf i`fm:

Fskegrfs`sf (Qgmy`w` afmafm, r`mt`f sèpfml, p`r`ccfmg) ^gmjgmub`m kigcfm ^gmlbfi`ml`m suicur, mftrklgm, khsflgm Hkmvgrsf pkiym`pbtbgmg d`m ^M@ @hueui`sf p`r`cfm df umakmvgrtgd kfi/WAK


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Lèo`r 3. Wrut`m rg`hsf Bydrkaràhfml p`d` rg`htkr bydrkar`hagr

1. Dgbfdrklgm`sf

Dgbfdrklgm`sf egrup`h`m prksgs rgcfmfml y`ml s`ml`t ogrsfc`t gmdktgrefs d`m d`p`t

egmurumh`m subu rg`hsf hgtfh` prksgs ogri`mlsuml, jul` egefifhf i`ju rg`hsf y`ml pìfml tfmllf

dìè prksgs rgckrefml. Tuju`m d`rf prksgs fmf `dì`b umtuh egmlbfi`mlh`m Bfdrklgm (B?) `l`r

egmlb`sfih`m bfdrkh`rokm dgml`m huìft`s y`ml igofb o`fh/egmfmlh`th`m mfi`f kht`m.

Tgrd`p`t 1 eàè rg`hsf dgbfdrklgm`sf, `mt`r` i`fm :

Dgbfdrklgm`sf ìhfisfhikbghs`m` egmj`df `rke`tfh.

Akmtkb: Dgbfdrklgm`sf Egtfisfhikbghs`m`

Dgbfdrkfskegrfs`sf ìhfisfhikpgmt`m` egmj`df `rke`tfh

Akmtkb: Dgbfdrkfskegrfs`sf Egtfisfhikpgmt`m`

Dgbfdrksfhifs`sf p`r`cfm egmj`df `rke`tfh.


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7. Iudg O`sg Kfi

Iuog O`sg Kfi `dì`b o`b`m o`hu pgiue`s `tù dfsgout pgiue`s d`s`r, dfprkduhsf kigb

EGH Dgw`xfml Wmft (EDW) F, FF, d`m FFF dìè ogmtuh a`fr. Iuog O`sg kfi dflum`h`m sgo`l`f

o`b`m o`hu efmy`h pgiue`s ogro`l`f jgmfs pgregsfm`m o`fh ogr`t eùpum rfml`m. Qgi`fm ftu iuog o`sg kfi jul` dflum`h`m umtuh o`b`m hksegtfh`.

3. Ikw Quipbur \`xy _gsfdug (IQ\_)

Ikw Quipbur \`xy _gsfdug (IQ\_) egrup`h`m okttke prkduh d`rf Arudg Dfstfiifml Wmft

(CKA FF). IQ\_ dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`hu umtuh dfprksgs igofb i`mjut egmj`df ogro`l`f

prkduh OOE d`m MOE, dfsèpfml d`p`t dfe`mc``th`m sgo`l`f efmy`h o`h`r umtuh pge`m`s df

mgl`r`-mgl`r` ogrsubu dfmlfm.


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6. Tkiugmg

Tkiugmg dfprkduhsf dìè ogmtuh a`fr. Tkiugmg dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`hu TMT,

skivgmt, pgw`rm`, pgeou`t rgsfm. Jul` umtuh o`b`m p`rcue, pgeou`t pi`stfafzgr d`m ko`t-ko`t`m.

^rkduh OOE (O`b`m O`h`r Efmy`h)

0. Ogmsfm ^rgefue

^rgefue `dì`b o`b`m o`h`r efmy`h jgmfs dfstfi`t ogrw`rm` hghumfml`m y`ml jgrmfb.

\`rm` humfml tgrsgout `hfo`t `d`my` z`t pgw`rm` tèo`b`m (dyg). ^gmllum``m prgefue p`d`

ueuemy` `dì`b umtuh o`b`m o`h`r hgmd`r``m ogrektkr ogregsfm ogmsfm, sgpgrtf : ekofi, sgpgd`

ektkr, ektkr tgepgi d`m i`fm-i`fm. O`b`m o`h`r fmf sgrfml jul` dfsgout ektkr l`skifmg `tù pgtrki.

?. Qki`r/L`skfi (BQD: Bflb Qpggd Dfgsgi)

Efmy`h ski`r `dì`b o`b`m o`h`r jgmfs dfstfi`t ogrw`rm` humfml hgakhi`t`m y`ml jgrmfb.

^gmllum``m efmy`h ski`r p`d` ueuemy` dì`b umtuh o`b`m o`h`r p`d` sgeu` jgmfs egsfm dfgsgi

dgml`m put`r`m tfmllf (df`t`s 0.>>> _Ê), y`ml jul` d`p`t dfpgrlum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`h`r

p`d` pgeo`h`r`m i`mlsuml dìè d`pur-d`pur hgafi, y`ml tgrutè` dffmlfmh`m pgeo`h`r`m y`ml

ogrsfb. Efmy`h ski`r fmf of`s` dfsgout jul` L`s Kfi, @utkektfvg Dfgsgi Kfi, Bflb Qpggd Dfgsgi.

1. @vtur/@vl`s

Dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`h`r pgs`w`t

4. Hgrksgmg

Efmy`h t`m`b `tù hgrksgmg egrup`h`m o`lf`m d`rf efmy`h egmt`b y`ml egefifhf tftfh

dfdfb `mt`r` 07> A d`m 1>> A d`m tfd`h ogrw`rm`. Dflum`h`m sgiè` ogrt`bum-t`bum sgo`l`f

ì`t o`mtu pgmgr`ml`m, ege`s`h, w`tgr bg`tfml, dii y`ml ueuemy` egrup`h`m pge`h`f`mdkegstfh (rue`b`m).

7. FDC (Fmdustrfì Dfgsgi Cugi)


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Efmy`h Dfgsgi `dì`b b`sfi pgmyuifml`m efmy`h y`ml ogrw`rm` bftè y`ml ogrogmtuh a`fr

p`d` tgepgr`turg rgmd`b. Of`s`my` egefifhf h`mduml`m suicur y`ml rgmd`b d`m d`p`t dftgrfe`

kigb Egdfue Qpggd Dfgsgi Gmlfmg df sghtkr fmdustrf. Kigb h`rgm` ftui`b, dfgsgi kfi dfsgout jul`

Fmdustrfì Dfgsgi Kfi (FDK) `tù E`rfmg Dfgsgi Cugi (EDC).

3. FCK (Fmdustrfì Cugi Kfi)

Qgou`b aèpur`m o`b`m o`h`r efmy`h l`skfi d`m ogr`t, dgml`m l`skfi hur`ml d`rf

efmy`h dfgsgi iùt. D`ct`r hfi`ml sgrt` uep`m d`m prkduh p`d` Hfi`ml ^grtèfm` dfjgi`sh`m

egiìuf tògi 4 ogrfhut fmf.

Tògi 0


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BSF 3>BSF 03>BSF 37>Efm`rgx

Qiàh \`x

Hfi`ml Oìfhp`p`m (_W S)ADW Ogh`p`f/B`mdfi 30,?7 I^LBSW O`d`h/\ìuyk Bg`vy M`pbtb`B. Aràhgr Efxgd Arudg ?0>,63 ^rgefueî`tckregr Hgrksgmg\`x î`mt @vtur

@DKFDK/EDC\`xCkkd Kfi

^KDIQ\_

Hfi`ml Oìkml`m (_W SF)ADW Durf I^L@_BDE Efm`s ^rkpyigmg_AA Akepigx ^rgefue^rkpyigmg _ga. ^grtè`xIML î`mt Hgrksgmg

@DKFDK/EDCECK

Dga`md KfiQuicur

Hfi`ml H`sfe (_W SFF)Arudg kfi 2,63 Iflbt M`pbtbÌflbt sikp >.00 ^rgefue

_gckre`tg@DK_gsfdu

_GCG_GMQF

_è`db`mf, @dbg Qury`. ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef. bttp://www.pi`mgthfef`.ake/?>0?/

0>/pgmlki`b`m-efmy`h-egmt`b/. (df`hsgs p`d` ?4 E`rgt ?>04)

M`sutfkm. E`tgrf ^rgsgmt`sf Hfi`ml Efmy`h ^grtèfm`.
http://www.planetkimia.com/2012/http://www.planetkimia.com/2012/http://www.planetkimia.com/2012/


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