प्राणीविज्ञान मेंसंसाधन...

आचंलिक लिक्षा एवं प्रलिक्षण संस्थान,म ंबई-400078

के॰वि॰एस कॉम्प्लेक्स,एन॰सी॰एच॰कॉलोनी,काांजरू मार्ग (प) म ांबई- 400078 ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, MUMBAI

K.V.S. COMPLEX, N.C.H. COLONY, KANJUR MARG (WEST), MUMBAI-400078 Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

दरूभाष 022-25778264/022-25774337

Web site: www.zietmumbai.gov.in

कार्यस्थि : केन्द्रीर् ववद्र्ािर्, डी.आई.ए.टी. गिरीनिर, प णे

VENUE: KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE

22nd to 24th AUGUST 2016

प्राणी–विज्ञान में संसाधन संिधधन–जविल विषयों की पहचान एिं वनर्दषेात्मक व्यूह रचना पर 3 वर्दिसीय कायधशाला 3-DAY CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-

IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS & SUITABLE

INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES (FOR PGT BIOLOGY

TEACHERS)

ररपोिध एिं वनयम संग्रह Report cum Manual

http://www.zietmumbai.gov.in/

2

संरक्षक Patrons

श्री. संतोष क मार मि, ई.ए.एस

माननीर् आर् क्त

के.वव.एस. नई ददल्िी

Sh. Santosh Kumar mall, IAS

Hon’ble Commissioner

KVS New Delhi

श्री.जी.के.श्रीवासतवा,ई.ए.एस

अपर आर् क्त )प्रिासन(


Sh. G.K.Srivastava, IAS

Additional Commissioner (Admin.)

KVS New Delhi

श्री रू्. एन. खवारे

अपर आर् क्त )ििक्षक्षक(


Sh.u.n.khaware

Additional Commissioner

(Acad.)

KVS New Delhi

डॉ. िचीकान्द्त

संर् क्त आर् क्त (प्रलिक्षण(


Dr. Shachikant

Joint Commissioner (Trg.)

KVS New Delhi

3

Guide

and

COURSE DIRECTOR

USHA ASWATH IYER DEPUTY COMMISSIONER

& DIRECTOR, ZIET, MUMBAI

VENUE DIRECTOR AND

ASSOCIATE COURSE DIRECTOR

Ms. Anita mago

Principal I/C K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR PUNE

COMPILED BY

RADHA SUBRAMANIAN, PGT BIOLOGY

FACULTY ZIET, MUMBAI

RESOURCE PERSON

SUPPORTED

BY

Ms.sandhya Mehrotra ,p.g.t.biology

K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR PUNE

RESOURCE PERSON

4

From the Director’s Desk

Any teacher worth his (or her) salt has to

constantly keep updating knowledge, skills

and methodology. The aim of the Content

enrichment workshops is to give teachers an

opportunity to spend at least three days

going through the text, analyse content,

discuss methodology and make them aware of changes in question paper patterns.

Along with the bogey of improving Performance Index and attaining a 100% pass

result, is the need to reassure them that improvement is possible. Teaching is a

science, an art, a skill and a passion. The teachers have to remember this when

they are faced each year with a new set of students. The mistakes committed in the

previous year (if any) are to be wiped out, adopting new methods to suit the new

batch. Yet qualities like alertness, kindness, observation skill will always remain

eternal. Many times it is the kind word, the understanding pat or the encouraging

smile which pushes our students to do better. And this is what they too will

remember when they leave your class.

Remember you are not just teachers, you are creators of a new generation and in

your hands lies the ability to mould students we will be proud of in the future.

Take this responsibility seriously and work towards the goal, for each child is a

precious resource to be honed to perfection.

USHA ASWATH IYER

DIRECTOR

5

INDEX

S.No.

Topic

Page No.

1

Time Table

6

2

Contact Details of Participants

7

3

Details of Guest Speakers

9

4

Daily Reports and Quiz based on the Previous Day’s sessions

10

5

Group wise compilation of Identification of Difficult topics & suitable

Instructional strategies:

1) Classification of Animals_ Invertebrates

2) Classification of Animals_ Vertebrates

3) Different systems of Cockroach( Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory ,

Nervous & Reproductive systems)

4) Structure of Human Eye and Mechanism of Vision

5) Structure of Human Ear and Mechanism of hearing & balance

6) Evolution

7) Early Embryonic development and Placentation in Human

8) Human Genome Project

14

16

18

21

25

28

31

32

6

Glimpses of the Workshop

34

“Genetics is to biology what atomic theory is to physics. Its principle is clear:

that inheritance is based on particles and not on fluids. Instead of the essence

of each parent mixing, with each child the blend of those who made him,

information is passed on as a series of units. The bodies of successive

generations transport them through time, so that a long-lost character may

emerge in a distant descendant. The genes themselves may be older than the

species that bear them.”

John Stephen Jones

http://todayinsci.com/J/Jones_John/JonesJohn-Quotations.htm

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, MUMBAI 3_ DAY WORKSHOP ON ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY FOR PGT (BIOLOGY), 2016-17

22nd to 24th AUGUST 2016 TIME TABLE VENUE: K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE

Session-1 15 min

Session-2 1 Hr

Session-3 15 min

Session- 4

Day 0900-0915 0915-1100 Hrs 1115-1300Hrs 1400-1545 Hrs 1600-1730

22.08.16 Mon

Registration

Aims & Objectives Group formation and allocation of Group Work

Tea

B

rea

k

Lymphatic System

Lu

nch

B

rea

k

Brain Structure and Nerve Impulse Conduction

Tea

B

rea

k

Group Work: Identification of Difficult areas, Suggested Instructional strategies

Mrs Radha Subramanian

Emeritus Prof.R.L.Deopurkar U of P

Dr.T.A.Sangeeth RP 1 & RP.2

23.08.16 Tues

Prayer / Report

DNA Finger Printing

Counter Current Mechanism of Urine Formation

Demonstration of DNA Extraction & Printing errors in NCERT TB

Presentation of Group Work_ Group 1 & 2


Asst.Prof.Pramod Phirke Fergusson College

Ms.Sandhya Mehrotra RP 1 & RP.2

24.08.16 Wed

Prayer / Report

Pedigree Analysis

Mechanism of Hormone Action

Presentation of Group Work_ Group 3 , 4& 5

Presentation of Group Work_ Group 6 & 7


Ms. G. Pravallika IISER Pune

RP 1 & RP.2 RP 1 & RP.2

7


ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION & TRAINING, MUMBAI 3_DAY WORKSHOP ON CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS &SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

VENUE: K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE 22

nd to 24

th AUGUST 2016

S.No

Name of the Participant Name of K.V Region Address of K.V Email I.D of Participant Email I D of the K.V

Contact Number

1 Ms.Sona Kumari No.2 Ahmedabad Cantt Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad Cantt Near Hanuman Temple Daffnala AirPort Road Ahmedbad 380003 (GUJ.) [email protected] [email protected] 7359400901

2 Mr.V.Ramesh No.2 Jamnagar Ahmedabad [email protected] 9427771669

3 Mr.Sunil Goswami Dhantewada Ahmedabad [email protected] 9408059060

4 Mr.Niranjan Ram No.2, Kribhco, Surat Ahmedabad

KV NO.-2, KRIBHCO, SURAT-394515, HAZIRA ROAD, SURAT [GUJARAT] [email protected] [email protected] 9427709680

5 Mr.Pradeep Kumar Kuldeep Himmatnagar Ahmedabad [email protected] 8141376887

6 Mr.Om Prakash Vayusena,Bhuj Ahmedabad [email protected] 8141376887

7 Mr.Mohd Asif Hussain No2 Army Jodhpur Jaipur

Near Konark Auditorium Shikargarh, Jodhpur - 342015 [email protected] [email protected] 9828304620

8 Mr.Virendra Kumar No.2, Bikaner Jaipur

Inside Army Cantt., P.O. : Udasar, Bikaner - 334022 [email protected] [email protected] 7665141341

9 Mrs.Sudarshana Solanki

No.1,Pratap Nagar,Udaipur Jaipur

K.V.NO.1,PRATAP NAGAR,UDAIPUR,RAJASTHAN [email protected] [email protected] 9672369071

10 Mr.Devendra Kumar Deepak Suratgarh Cantt Jaipur

KV suratgarh cantt, Shriganganagar, 335804, Rajsthan [email protected]

[email protected] 9304140138

11 Mrs.Sunita Chauhan No.4 Jaipur Jaipur kv4jaipur2gmail.com

12 Mr.Prashant Kumar Nad Karanja Mumbai

KV NAD KARANJA NAD URAN RAIGARH MS 400704 [email protected] [email protected] 9869872203

13 Ms.Nimisha Singh Nrc, Nasik Mumbai KV, NRC, ARTILLERY CENTRE, NASIK, 422101 [email protected] [email protected] 7387592117

mailto:[email protected]




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14 R. M. Patil No. 3, 9brd, Af. Pune - 14 Mumbai

K. V. No. 3, 9 BRD, AF. PUNE - 14 [email protected] [email protected] 9421556546

15 Mrs.Prabhavati No.1devlali Mumbai

KV No.1 Rest Camp Road, Near Devi Mandir, Devlali 422401 [email protected]


16 Mrs.Rubina Pasha Nda Pune Mumbai [email protected] 9561865990

17 Mr.Vineet Wadhera Nmu Jalgaon Mumbai [email protected] 9730591333

18 Mr.Mithun Chakraborty

No. 2, Gaya, Bihar Patna

KV NO. 2, GAYA, ASC (N) PAHARPUR CANTT., GAYA, BIHAR - 823005 [email protected]


19 Mr.Parashuram Sharma Khagaria Patna

SHYAMA LAL NAGAR, NEAR KOSHI COLLEGE, KHAGARIA PIN 851205 [email protected] [email protected] 8873989813

20 Mr.Santosh Kumar Ishwar BSF, Kishanganj Patna

KV, BSF CAMP KHAGRA, KISHANGANJ PIN- 855107 [email protected] [email protected] 9470457590

21 Mr.P.K. Nayak Kanker Raipur

NEAR NAGAR SAINIK OFFICE SINGARBHAT KANKER

[email protected] [email protected] 7049890239

22 Mrs.Ranjana Singh Baikunthpur Raipur

SECL, RAMPUR COLONY BAIKUNTHPUR ,DISTT. KORIYA (CG)497335 [email protected] [email protected] 9406295789

23 Mr.Ajambila Behera Bargarh Raipur

KV,BARGARH,ACC ROAD,DANG,BARGARH-768038 [email protected] [email protected] 9439536739

24 Mr.Jogendra Pradhan Durg Raipur

Q.NO C-1, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CAMPUS NEAR, DIST. JAIL, DURG (C.G) 491001 [email protected] [email protected] 9424235475

25 Mr.Nirdosh Tigga Jagdalpur Raipur [email protected] 9098591333

26 Ms.Namrata Prasad Manendragarh Raipur [email protected] 8294971321

RESOURCE PERSONS

1 Mrs.Radha Subramanian ZIET Mumbai [email protected] [email protected] 9869354319

2 Ms.Sandhya Mehrotra

DIATGirinagar Pune Mumbai [email protected] [email protected] 7875510937









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ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION & TRAINING, MUMBAI

3-DAY WORKSHOP ON CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS & SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

VENUE: K.V.D.I.A.T.GIRINAGAR, PUNE

22.08.2016 to 24.08.2016

DETAILS OF GUEST SPEAKERS

S.NO.

NAME OF HE GUEST SPEAKER

DESIGNATION

INSTITUTE FROM

DATE TOPIC TIME SLOT EMAIL I.D CONTACT NO.

1 Dr. RAJENDRA L DEOPURKAR

UGC EMERITUS PROFESSOR

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

22-Aug-16

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 11:15 AM TO 1:00 PM writeto [email protected] 9371026111

2 Dr. T A SANGEETH

DOCTOR BJ MEDICAL COLLEGE PUNE 22-Aug-16

BRAIN STRUCTURE, NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION

2: 00 PM TO 3: 45 PM [email protected] 8275877510

3 Dr. PRAMOD PHIRKE

ASSTT PROFESSOR

FERGUSSON COLLEGE PUNE 23-Aug-16

COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM

11:15 AM TO 1:00 PM [email protected] 9421984460

4 PRAVALLIKA GOVADA

RESEARCH SCHOLAR IISER PUNE 24-Aug-16

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

11:15 AM TO 1:00 PM [email protected] 9881045251

“DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software ever created.”

Bill Gates, The Road Ahead




http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/23470.Bill_Gates

http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1479853

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DAILY REPORTS: 22.08.2016_MONDAY_DAY_1 The 3_ Day workshop on Content enrichment in Zoology _ identification of difficult topics & suitable instructional strategies conducted by KVS ZIET Mumbai at KVDIAT Girinagar Pune, commenced on 22nd August 2016. The programme started with the formal lighting of the lamp by Mrs.Anita Mago, Principal KVDIAT Girinagar Pune and also the Associate Course Director of the Workshop. Mrs. Radha Subramanian PGT Biology, ZIET Mumbai and Resource Person, along with Ms. Sandhya Mehrotra PGT Biology, KVDIAT Girinagar Pune and Resource Person ; joined in the lighting of the Lamp. Two participant representatives too joined. This was followed by a floral welcome by the students of Class I .They gave a floral welcome to the dignitaries and also to each and every participant along with a beautiful welcome card. A welcome song, by young students was melodious, heartwarming and welcoming. A formal welcome address by Mrs. Anita Mago, Principal KVDIAT Girinagar Pune, followed. Mrs.Radha Subramanian then highlighted the objectives of the Workshop and elaborated on the tasks of the Groups. The Participants were divided into seven groups and task assigned to them. The Participants enthusiastically regrouped themselves to break the ice and start the deliberations on the topic/ task assigned. This was followed by a brief Tea break, after which, Emeritus Prof. Dr.R.L.Deopurkar , University of Pune, took a session on Lymphatic system. The session was an eye opener. He reiterated the need for inter- disciplinary approach in the teaching and learning of Biology. This is the need of the hour to create analytical minds rather than mere rote minds! The problem solving method of teaching/ learning would facilitate Research. He clarified the queries the participants had regarding Lymphatic system. The post Lunch session was by a young and budding Scientist cum Doctor Dr.T.A Sangeeth. He took a very highly interactive and interesting session on Human Brain, and conduction of Nerve Impulse. All doubts posed by the participants were clarified satisfactorily by Dr.T.A Sangeeth. The tea break was followed by the Participants reverting the assigned Group Work. Thus the first day of the workshop came to an end with satisfaction. QUIZ BASED ON SESSIONS OF DAY : 1

1. What is the value of 2 20 _ 218 = ? Ans: 218 (22 _ 1) = 3 *218

2. The time taken by a variety of Bacteria to divide is 20minutes.Initially 105

bacteria are present in the colony. How many Bacteria will be found after 100 minutes?

Ans : 25 * 105 = 32 * 105

3. CNS consists of which organs? Ans: Brain & Spinal Cord

4. Which region of the Brain is responsible for Memory and Intelligence? Ans: Frontal lobe of the cerebrum

5. Which part of the Brain functions as the relay centre? Ans: Thalamus

6. Name the part of the Brain that regulates the Body temperature. Ans: Hypothalamus 7. What connects the two cerebral hemispheres? Ans:Corpus Callosum

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8. Name the membrane of the meninges that is pain sensitive. Ans: Duramater 9. Lymph acts as a ………………….. between blood and tissue. Ans: Middle man/ Medium 10. Which part of the lymphatic system also functions as a Check post/ Ans: Lymph Nodes DAILY REPORT: 23.08.2016_TUESDAY_DAY_2 The second day of the Workshop commenced with the morning assembly conducted by the participants of Ahmedabad and Jaipur Regions. The assembly consisted of the Prayer, News, Previous Day’s report and Quiz based on the previous day’s sessions. A very effective and interesting way to recapitulate the previous day’s learning. The First session of the second day was by Mrs. Radha Subramanian PGT Biology, ZIET Mumbai. At the outset to explained how to extract one’s own DNA in a very simple and lucid manner; after which she discussed in detail about DNA Fingerprinting also known as DNA Profiling. The session was exhaustive and addressed all the misconceptions related to the topic. She started with puzzles and ended with informative videos. The tea break then was followed by the second session by Dr.Pramod Phirke Asst.Prof from Ferguson College Pune. His session was on Counter current mechanism of urine formation. It was a highly interactive and interesting session supplemented by a Power Point Presentation. Post Lunch session was taken by Ms.Sandhya Mehrotra .She gave a demonstration of DNA extraction from Onion, which was highly appreciated.She alos listed aout some of the Printing errors in the NCERT Textbokoks. Post tea session was devoted to the completion of the Group work and soon followed by the presentation of the Group work. Here the groups were assigned some commonly found difficult topics of Zoology to teach in classes XI & XII .They had to discuss and compile the Key concepts, Identification of Difficult areas in the respective topic, Misconceptions and the suggested Instructional strategies for the topic assigned. Groups 1,2 & 3 gave their presentation, each of which was along with the interaction with the participants. The discussion was enlightening, informative and highly participatory. It was appreciated by one and all. QUIZ BASED ON SESSIONS OF DAY : 2

1. What is the net pressure of filtration of blood in the Bowman’s capsule? Ans: 10 mm of Hg.

2. Name the artery present in our hand from which blood is taken out during Hemodialysis?

Ans: Radial artery 3. Where is the nitrogenous wastes produced in our body due to deamination?

Ans: Liver 4. Why is the Morula stage of embryonic development called so?

Ans: It is due to the morphological resemblance with the fruit of Mours alba (Mulberry) 5. Name the lining found in true coelomates and absent in pseudo coelomates. Ans: Mesoderm 6. Diuretics increase the frequency of urination. Name any two diuretics. Ans: Tea & Coffee

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7. Name an animal Phylum that shows both radial as well bilateral symmetry. Ans: Echinodermata 8. Expand STR with reference to DNA Profiling Ans: Short tandem repeats. 9. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is used to study? Ans: Causes of Diseases, DNA Profiling, etc. 10. List any 3 uses of DNA Profiling. Ans: To resolve Paternity disputes, in Criminal cases, to study geneology, Mutations, Diseases etc. DAILY REPORT: 24.08.2016_WEDNESDAY_DAY_3 The third and the final day of the Workshop started with the morning assembly by the Participants of Patna & Raipur Regions. It was very well conducted .Soon after, Mrs Radha Subramanian PGT Biology took a session on Pedigree Analysis. This was a very important and useful session taken up in a very simple and eloquent manner. The benefits of the session will surely percolate the students in their theory as well as Practical’s. All doubts and questions by the participants were clarified. Post tea session was for Mechanism of Hormone Action by Ms. G. Pravalika from IISER Pune. A session filled with the intricate details and well participated in by the participants. Interaction and doubt clearance were the hallmark of the session. Post Lunch was devoted to the presentation of the Group work. The discussions and interaction were highly satisfying and what was expected of such a forum of PGT Biology teachers. The last 15 minutes were devoted to Valedictory. Here a few participants shared their impression so the Workshop and also shared a few suggestions regarding early intimation, to facilitate prior booking /reservation of train tickets. Post distribution of the certificates and blessings by the Associate Course Director Mrs.Anita Mago, a participant proposed the vote of thanks .Thus the 3- Day workshop came to a successful end, with rejuvenation and revived enthusiasm. QUIZ BASED ON SESSIONS OF DAY : 3 1. Usually stem cells are found stored in abundance in which part of the pregnant women? Ans: Umbilical Cord 2. Where does implantation occur during ectopic pregnancy? Ans: Usually anywhere other than the Uterus. It could be the fallopian tube, Ovary , abdominal or even outside the uterus in the cervix. 3. What type of trait is red and green colour blindness, while studying pedigree analysis. Ans: Sex linked recessive disorder 4. Name the mineral that is essential for the release of Hormone that triggers muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction? Ans: Calcium 5. Name a neuro hormonal gland. Ans: Posterior Pituitary gland.

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प्राणी –विज्ञान में संसाधन संिधधन – जविल विषयों की पहचान एिं वनरे्दषात्मक व्यहू

रचना

CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS

& SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

GROUP: 1

TOPIC: Classification of Animals_ Invertebrates

Invertebrates include these animals that are without backbone.

It consists of 90% of the known animals & 10% is vast and heterogeneous group.

Basis of classification of invertebrates is said to be major and minor groups:

Number of species and individuals, their participation in ecological communities.

KEY CONCEPTS:

1. Basis of classification: Levels of Organization_

Symmetry

Germinal layers

Coelom

Segmentation

Notochord

2. Salient Features of different Phyla

) Levels of Organization_ cellular/tissue/organ/organ system/Organism

ii) Symmetry _ Asymmetrical/Radial/bilateral Symmetry

iii) Germinal Layers_ Diploblastic or Triploblastic

iv) Coelom: Acoelomates /Pseudo coelomates /Coelomates

v) Segmentation: Body is divided externally and internally into segments with serial

repetitions of at least some organs

vi) Notochord: Mesodermal derived rod like structure formed as the dorsal side during

embryonic development_ Chordates having Notochord and Non-Chordates _absence of

Notochord.

IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT AREAS:

1. Difference between Acoelomates and coelomates

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2. Functions of Coelom

3. Concepts of Germinal Layers

4. Concept of polyp and Medusa

MISCONCEPTIONS:

1. Organisms with Coelom & Pseudo coelom:

The body cavity lined by mesodermal epithelium. Found in triploblastic organisms. Such

organisms are referred to as Coelomates (Eucoelomates).Coelom formation may occur

by either of the two quite dissimilar mechanisms a characteristic that has been used to

assign Coelomates into two major sub-groups

1) Protostomes_ Coelom formation here occurs by gradual enlargement of a split in

mesoderm. This process is termed as Schizocoely (Schizo = Split)

2) Deuterostomes_ Coelom in this case is typically formed by the invagination of the

Archenteron in the embryonic blastocoel. Because the Coelom of Deuterostomes later

forms a part of what eventually becomes the gut, hence the coelom formation in this

group of animals is termed as Enterocoely (entero= gut)

Acoelomates (without Coelom)

Triploblastic animals lacking an internal body cavity are said to be Acoelomates.

Pseudo coelomates (false Coelom)

In some organisms the cavity is derived from blastocoel, this type of body cavity is

termed as Pseudocoel. The pseudo is not intended to disparage the Coel, the body

cavity is genuine, but is not a true body cavity.

2. Water Vascular system and water canal System

a) Water Canal System: Sponges have a water canal system .Water enters through he

minute pores called ostia in the body wall into the central cavity called the SpongocoeL,

from where it goes out through the Osculum. This pathway of water is helpful for food

gathering, respiratory exchange and the removal of wastes.

b) Water Vascular system: It is a hydraulic system, which helps in the locomotion,

capture and transport of food and Respiration. It is composed of numerous tube feet.

Echinoderms, move by alternating the flow of water into the tube feet and there by

contracting and relaxing the feet muscles for locomotion. Circular ambulacral situated

around the mouth, which extends into radial canal and exchange between the body

cavity and the exterior are brought about. Food, Oxygen, carbon di oxide, reproductive

bodies etc.

15

3. Jointed appendages: in Arthropods are connected externally by Chitin, while in

Vertebrates they are connected internally12 by Bones and ligaments.

4. Haemocoel and open circulatory system: The clarification between closed and open

circulatory systems can be brought about by the analogy of the coolant flowing through

the closed tubes in a refrigerator and the open water body like a pond/ lake, where in

organisms freely move about.

INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:

1. Use of PPT, slides

2. Use of video clippings from Discovery channel, YouTube and other science based

channels.

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Ms.Sona Kumari Ahmedabad Cantt. Ahmedabad

2 Mr. Mohd Asif Hussain No.2 Army Jodhpur Jaipur

3 Mr. Prashant Kumar NAD Karanja Mumbai

GROUP: 2

TOPIC: Classification of Animals_ Vertebrates

KEY CONCEPTS:

1. Notochord is present during embryonic development and it is replaced by Vertebral

column in adult stage.

2. Presence of Muscular heart with 2, 3, or 4 chambered heart.

3. Paired appendages, which may be fins or limbs

4. Lack of / presence of Jaws


1. Classification of Whales and Duck billed Platypus as Mammals:

a) Whales give birth to young ones

b) Duck billed Platypus: is semi aquatic, egg laying, milk is secreted from the pores in

the skin and not mammary glands and it is a venomous animal.

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2. Consideration of Hippocampus as Osteichthyes: Hippocampus (Sea Horse) lacks

scales. Its skin is covered by a series of bony plates (as rings) and caudal fin is absent.

MISCONCEPTIONS:

1. Appendages of Arthropods and Vertebrates:

Jointed appendages: in Arthropods are connected externally by Chitin, while in

Vertebrates they are connected internally12 by Bones and ligaments.

2. Mechanism of Electric Organ’s functioning in Torpedo: These fishes have Electric

Plexus which are capable of producing 8 to 220 volts of electric current. This current is

used either to stun the prey before consumption or to ward off predators.

3. Generally fishes are Oviparous but some are Viviparous: Most fishes are Oviparous,

but some like the Rose fish and White Whales are Viviparous.


Use of PPTs/ Video clips from National Geographic & Discovery Channel.

Interactive _Question & Answer method

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Mr.V.Ramesh No.2 INF Lines Jamnagar Ahmedabad

2 Mrs. Sudarshana Solanki

No.1 Udaipur Jaipur

3 Mrs.R.M.Patil 9 BRD Pune Mumbai

4 Mr.Mithun Chakraborty No.2 Gaya Patna

GROUP: 3

TOPIC: Different systems of Cockroach (Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory,

Nervous & Reproductive Systems)

KEY CONCEPTS: 1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH

Meaning of Alimentary canal

Divisions of Alimentary canal (foregut, midgut, hind gut)

Parts of the Foregut( mouth, pharynx, Oesophagus, Crop, Gizzard)

Midgut( its functions)

Parts of the hindgut ( Ileum, Colon, Rectum)


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Hepatic Caecae /Gastric Caecae

Malphigian Tubules

Correlation between excretory & digestive system

Position of hepatic caecae & Malphigian tubules

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Egestion and excretion are the same

Malphigian tubules are a part of Digestive System


Interactive methods( using a chart)

E-class

With the help of suitable labelled diagrams on the board

KEY CONCEPT: 2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Open Circulatory system& Closed Circulatory system

Haemocoel and its correlation with animal kingdom

Haemolymph and its composition

Structure of heart, ostia & alary muscles

Concept of Sinuses, Pericardial Sinus, Peri visceral Sinus & perineural sinus


Structure of 13 chambered heart and its functioning

Circulation of haemolymph through the sinuses to transport nutrients, hormones,

and collect nitrogenous wastes from the tissues/ organs to the Malphigian

tubules for excretion.

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Haemolymph is the same as blood

Haemolymph and blood has the same function


Introduction of the topics by correlating with previous knowledge

Using PPT

Using Videos

Using charts and Models

Using labelled diagrams

KEY CONCEPTS: 3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF COCKROACH

Tracheal System

Tracheal tube

18

Tracheolar Tube

Spiracles

Structure of tracheal system


Position of spiracles

Network of Tracheae

Exchange of Gases

Opening and closing of spiracles

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Without lungs, how does the distribution of gases take place?

Relationship between Respiratory system and circulatory system


Question & answer method

Using of PPT

e. class

KEY CONCEPTS: 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COCKROACH

Structure of Nervous system_ formed by Ganglia structure of Ganglia

Antennae & Compound Eyes

Sense Organs_ Antennae, eyes, Maxillary Pulp, Labial Palps, Anal Cerci etc.

Structure of Ommatidium & definition of mosaic vision.


What controls the Nervous System, if Brain is absent in Cockroach?

How compound eyes are formed and how are they different from simple eyes?

Mechanism of Mosaic vision

Nerve ring _ difficult to understand without dissection

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Presence of Brain is a must for senses to function

Cockroach can see in the day time but cannot see easily at night time


Use of models and charts

Use of PPTs and Video will be used for mechanism of Mosaic vision.

KEY CONCEPTS: 5. A. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH

A pair of Testes found in the 4th to 6th abdominal segments along the lateral side.

19

A pair of Vas deference

One ejaculatory duct

Associated /Accessory glands _ Seminal Vesicles, mushroom gland (6th & 7th

Segments)

External genitalia_ Gonopophysis or Phallomere

Spermatophores


Diagrams of the Reproductive systems

Spermatophores and its role in reproduction

Gonopophysis and its function

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Difference between Gonopore & Gonopophysis

Difference between Seminal vesicle and Spermatophores


Warm up question based on Class X Syllabus

Interactive method

E.class

Labelled Diagrams

KEY CONCEPTS: 5 B. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF COCKROACH

A pair of Ovaries_ 2nd to 6th Abdominal segment

Oviducts_ one pair that arises and joins to form a median oviduct( vagina)

Genital Chamber

A pair of Spermatheca

Oothecae

Paurometabolous Development


Understanding of genital chambers

Storage of sperms

Oothecae-how are they formed?

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Lack of clarity between the role of Spermatheca and genital chamber

Ootheca contains only one egg.


Question & Answer method of recollection about male reproductive system of

Cockroach.

Use of Chart & Interactive Method

20

E.class

Use of labelled diagrams

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Mr.A.Behra Bargarh Raipur

2 Mrs.Rubina Pasha NDA Pune Mumbai

3 Mr.D.K.Deepak Suratgarh Cantt. Jaipur

4 Mr. Sunil Goswami BSF Dantiwara Ahmedabad

GROUP: 4

TOPIC: Structure of Human Eye and mechanism of Vision

KEY CONCEPTS:

Location & Position of eye are located in sockets of the skull called orbits

Structure of eye-external layers of the eyeball _ Human adult eye ball is nearly a

spherical structure

Layers of the eye: The wall of the eye ball is composed of three layers _ the

external layer_ sclera is compose of connective tissue and the anterior portion of

this layer is called the cornea. The middle layer is highly vascular with a rich

supply of blood vessels; it is bluish in colour and called as Choroid. The choroid

layer is thin over the posterior two thirds of the eye ball, but it becomes thick in

the anterior part to form the ciliary body the ciliary body itself continues forward to

form a pigmented and opaque structure called the Iris, which is the visible

Coloured portion of the eye. The eyeball contains a transparent crystalline lens

which is held in place by ligaments attached to the ciliary body.

Eye lens_ in front of the eye lens lies the aperture surrounded by the Iris and is

called the pupil. The Diameter of the pupil is regulated by the muscle fibers if the

Iris.

Retina_ the innermost layer consists of Ganglia, Bipolar cells and Photoreceptor

cells, namely Rods & Cones. These cells contain light sensitive proteins called

the Photo pigments. Rod cells functions well in twilight (Scotopic). Gives black &

white image / vision .It contains a purplish red protein called Rhodopsin visual

purple which is a derivative of Vitamin ‘A’. Cone Cells function well in day light

(Photopic) vision and also colour vision. In human eye there are three types of

cones which possess their own characteristic photo pigments that respond to

red, green and blue light. The sensations of different colour are produced various

combinations of those cones and their photo pigments, when then cones are

stimulated equally; a sensation of white light is produced.

Mechanism of vision

21


Iris and Pupil_ Iris is the extension in anterior.1/3 Coloured part of choroid layer

of eye ball

Provides colour to eye

Pupil is the gap in Iris through which light enters the eye.

In bright light its size becomes small while in dim light its size become bigger to

enter enough light.

Blind spot and fovea the area on retina without having any Rods & Cones. The

area with maximum Cone cells & higher resolution. No Rod cells are there.

Rod & Cone cells+ Retina has two kinds of Photoreceptor cells: Cone cells and

Rod cells. Cone Cells: Responsible for bright vision (Photopic), having with

Iodopsin pigment, (3 types) Cone cells having with Photo pigments which

respond to red, green & blue lights. Rod cells: responsible for dark vision

(Scotopic), Has Rhodopsin pigment.

Generation of Action Potential for vision:

Focusing of light ray on retina through cornea, lens & humors.

Light induces dissociation of the retinal opsin (Rhodopsin / Iodopsin)

Causes change in Structure of the Opsin

Causes change in membrane permeability

Potential difference generated in Photoreceptor cells

It produces a signal which generates action Potential (Impulse)

Impulse is transmitted through Optic nerve to the visual cortex of the Brain

Image formation takes place on the Retina

MISCONCEPTIONS:

22

Position of cells of retina from outside to inside:

3 Types of cells: Ganglion cells (inner most), bipolar cells & Photoreceptor cells

(outermost)

Internal conversion of Rhodopsin and Iodopsin: Rod Cells_ Rhodopsin_ Twilight

vision

Cone Cells_ Iodopsin_ Bright light_ Colour Vision

Defects of Vision_ Colour blindness, Night Blindness, Myopia, Hypermetropia &

Presbyopia


Use of 3 D model of eye

Video of eye structure and mechanism of vision

Use of Chart /Models

Questionnaire

Flow chart /Schematic representation

For eg.:

Generation of Impulse: Photoreceptor cells_ Photo pigments

Retinal (aldehyde) + Opsin (Protein)

Retinal, Opsin (dissociation)

Change in Structure

Permeability of Membrane changes

Generation of Potential difference

Production of Signal

23

Action Potential in Ganglia cells

Optic nerve

Brain

Image

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Mr.Niranjan Ram No.2 Kribhco Surat Ahmedabad

2 Mr.Virendra Kumar No.2 Bikaner Jaipur Jaipur

3 Mrs.Ranjana Singh Baikuntpur Raipur

4 Mrs.Prabhavati Vaidya No.1 Devlali Mumbai

GROUP: 5

TOPIC: Structure of Human Ear and mechanism of hearing & balance

KEY CONCEPTS:

Structure of Human Ear_

Outer Ear_ The Outer ear consists of Pinna and External auditory meatus( canal)

i. Pinna is responsible to collect the vibrations from the outside(air)

ii. External auditory canal extends till the tympanic membrane( the ear

drum).It is lined by very fine hair and wax secreting sebaceous glands to

trap unwanted duct/ foreign particles that come in along with the air/

vibrations

iii. Tympanic membrane_ is made up of connective tissues with skin lining

the outside and mucous membrane lining the inside of the membrane.

24

Middle Ear_ It consists of three ear ossicles, namely Malleus, Incus & Stapes.

These are arranged in a chain like fashion. The Eustachian tube connects the

middle ear cavity to the Pharynx. Its function is to equalize the pressure on either

side of the Tympanic membrane.

Inner ear_ Labyrinth and cochlea

i. Labyrinth_ the complicated irregular passage connecting different parts of

the ear is the labyrinth which in turn is made up of the Bony labyrinth and the

membranous labyrinth. The Membranous labyrinth lies inside the bony

labyrinth. The space between the Bony labyrinth and the membranous

labyrinth is filled with the Perilymph, while the membranous labyrinth is filled

with Endolymph.

ii. Cochlea is the coiled portion of the Labyrinth. It consists of three chambers

and membranes, i.e. Reissner’s membrane as well as basilar membrane,

which collects and transports the auditory signals to the brain for hearing.

The Cochlea is coiled like the shell of a snail.

iii. Organ of Corti: is located on the Basilar Membrane and it contains hair cells,

which function as auditory receptors.

iv. Vestibular apparatus: It is a complex system of inner ear and is located

above the Cochlea. It consists of the semi -circular canals and the Otolith

Organ, which is responsible for the maintenance of balance.

v. Mechanism of Hearing & Balance:

The vibrations produced in the ear drum (Tympanic Membrane) are

transmitted to the series of 3 ear ossicles to the oval window of the

Cochlea. The vibrations are carried over to perilymph in the Scala

Vestibuli and Scala Tympani, which in turn cause the vibrations to be

transmitted to the endolymph of the scala media. The Scala Media is

lined above by the Reissner’s Membrane and below by the basilar

membrane and Tectorial membrane, The Organ of Corti embedded in

the basilar membrane start vibrating and pass the vibrations to the

hair like structures which then send the impulse by the cochlear nerve

to the auditory complex of the Brain to decipher the auditory signals

.Thus hearing is brought about by the internal ears Cochlea.

The vestibular apparatus consisting of the Utricle, Saccule, and the

three semicircular canals, with the Otolith. These can perceive change

in all the three dimensions and send the signals to the brain, which in

turn gives the signal for corrective posture to maintain balance.


Structure of Cochlea: reconstruction of the structure of cochlea and its parts in

different planes.

Fluids in Ear: Endolymph & Perilymph-Composition and Functions

Semi- circular Canals , structure & Functions

25

Structure of Crista, ampullaris & Maculla

The role of ear in mainting balance

How does the ear distinguish between Noise, Music and other sounds?

Role of Eustachian tube in maintaining the pressure from inside of the Tympanic

membrane?

Why are passengers advices to chew toffee while flying at high altituddes

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Loud noise is not dangerous as long as you don’t feel any pain in your ears.

Hearing loss of after exposure loud explosion sound is temporary

Hearing loss is mostly caused by aging

Loud sound only damages your hearing.

It is only the brain that is responsible to maintain Balance

Plant extracts are good solutions to lean the ear.


By sharing real stories of deaf people

Use of a three dimensional model of the Human ear.

Videos on the working eg. ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m/HwxqbSPdk)

Use of flow charts

For eg.:

Collection of sound waves by the external ear

Directing the same to the tympanic membrane ( ear Drum)

Vibration of the Tympanic membrane

Transmission of the vibrations to the three Ear Ossicles

Transmission of vibrations to the Oval Window of the Cochlea

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m/HwxqbSPdk

26

Transmission of vibrations from the Oval Window of the Cochlea to the Perilymph of the

Scala Vestibuli & Scala Tympani

Transmission of vibrations to the endolymph of the Scala Media and the Reissner’s

membrane and the Organ of Corti

Generation of Potential difference

Production of Signal

Action Potential in Ganglia cells

Auditory nerve

Brain

Hearing of Sound and recognition of impulses as known sound, new sound, noise, etc.

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Mr.S.K.Ishwar BSF Kishanganj Patna

2 Mr. Pradeep Kumar Kuldeep Himmatnagar Ahmedabad

3 Ms.Nimisha Singh NRC Nasik Mumbai

4 Mr.Nirdosh Tigga Jagdalpur Raipur

GROUP: 6

27

TOPIC: Evolution

KEY CONCEPTS:

Origin of Universe, Earth & Life

1. Big bang theory

Theories & Evidences of Evolution:

1. Theories of Origin of Life on Earth

Special Creation theory_ God created everything

Panspermia theory_ Life came from outer space

Abiogenesis

Chemical Evolution _ Oparin & Haldane theory

2. Theories of Evolution

Lamarckism_ Use & disuse of organs

Darwinism_ Natural Selection

Neo Darwinism_ Darwinism & Mutation ( Gene Migration, gene flow &

genetic drift)

Chemical Evolution

Divergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Parallel Evolution

Adaptive radiation

3. Evidences of Evolution

Fossils ( Paleontological evidences)

Homologous and Analogous organs ( Comparative Anatomy &

Morphology)

Industrial Melanism

Excessive use of Herbicides, Pesticides, lead to the evolution of more

resistant variants

Mechanism of evolution_ Hardy Weinberg Principle

(p+q)2 = p2 + q2 + 2pq

Founder effect: is a special case of Genetic drift, occurring when a small group in

a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one. The

new colony may have less genetic variations than the original population and

through the random sampling of alleles during reproduction of subsequent

generations continue rapidly towards fixation. Reduced genetic variation means

that the population may not be able to adapt to new selection pressures, such as

climatic change or a shift in available resources, because the genetic variation

that selection would act on may have already drifted out of the population. Thus

consequence on inbreeding may make the colony more vulnerable to extinction.

Evolution of Human:

28

1. Based on the Fossil found, Location & age

2. Based on eating habits

3. Based on differences in cranial capacity

An example of a bottleneck:

Northern elephant seals have reduced genetic variation probably because of a

population bottleneck humans inflicted on them in the 1890s. Hunting reduced their

population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century. Their

population has since rebounded to over 30,000—but their genes still carry the marks of

this bottleneck: they have much less genetic variation than a population of southern

elephant seals that was not so intensely hunted.

PARALLEL EVOLUTION:

The development of similar trait in related but distinct species descending from the

same ancestor, but from different groups_ PARALLEL EVOLUTION

Parallel evolution occurs when different species start with similar ancestral origins, ten

evolve similar traits over time. When they experience similar kinds of environmental

pressures & survive only by undergoing similar adaptations.

An example of Parallel evolution is provided by the two main branches of the

mammal’s_ the placental & marsupials in Australia. Australia separated from the other

continents more than 50 million years ago, after marsupials had evolved but before the

appearance of placental mammals. The Australian Marsupials resemble the placental

mammals living today on the other continents. The similarity between some individual

members of these two sets of mammals argues strongly that they are the result of

parallel evolution, similar forms having evolved in different isolated areas because of

similar selective pressures in similar environments.

CRANIAL CAPACITIES:

NAME BRAIN SIZE( cm3)

Homo habilis 550-687

Homo ergaster 700-900

Homo erectus 600-1250

Homo heidelbergensis 1100-1400

Homo neanderthalensis 1200-1750

Homo sapiens 1400-1425


Proper explanation of figures 7.7 &7.8 in NCERT class XII Text Book of Biology

The utility and explanation of diagram 7.9 & 7.10.

29

The text explanation regarding Brain size and food eating habit of Man.

No suitable example is given on Founder effect

Concept of era, epoch must be maintained in a tabular form.

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Big Bang theory

How Vertebrate Brain is considered as an example of Homologous organs


GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Mr.P.R.Sharma Khagaria Patna

2 Mr.P.K.Nayak Kanker Raipur

3 Mr.Vineet Wadhera NMU Jalgaon Mumbai

4 Mr.Om Prakash AFS Bhuj Ahmedabad

GROUP: 7

TOPIC: Early embryonic development and placentation in Human

KEY CONCEPT/ S:

Cleavage

Blastomere

Blastocyst

Blastulla

Blastocoel

Trophoblast

Inner cell Mass

Germinal Layers

Chorionic villi

Placenta

Implantation

Placenta as an Endocrine gland

Placental Hormones

hCG,hPL & Relaxin

Umbilical Cord


Differences between

1. Morula & Blastula

30

2. Umbilical cord & Placenta

3. Blastula & Blastocyst

Development of the three germinal layers

Diagram 3.12 of NCERT T.B

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Stem cells and its formation

Formation of Blastocyst from Morula

Position of Placenta


Concept mapping

Clarity of Concept

Use of audio-visual aids

Cross questioning

Group discussion in the class

Collaborative learning

Co-relation of the concepts to day to day experience/situations

GROUP MEMBERS:

S.No. NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Ms.Namrata Prasad Manendragarh Raipur

2 Ms.Sunita Chauhan No.4 Jaipur Jaipur

3 Mr.Jogendra Pradhan Durg Raipur

प्राणी –विज्ञान में संसाधन संिधधन – जविल विषयों की पहचान एिं वनरे्दषात्मक व्यहू रचना

CONTENT ENRICHMENT IN ZOOLOGY-IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFICULT TOPICS

& SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

GROUP: 8

TOPIC: Human Genome Project

KEY CONCEPT/ S:

Introduction: With the help of genetic engineering techniques, it was possible to

sequence the DNA of the Human Genome completely

Mega Project: It was launched in the year 1990.The DNA of the Human

Genome is approximately 3x109 bp and cost of sequencing per base pair is US$

3/-( in th ebeginning0, the total cost of the project would be 9 billion US dollars.

31

Bioinformatics: HGP was closely associated with the rapid development of a

new area in Biology known as Bioinformatics. This subject was capable of

handling the enormous amount of data generated and also analyzing the same.

Goal: 1) Identify all the genes in Human genomic DNA

2) Determine the sequences that make up human DNA

Conduct of the Project: The HGP was conducted by the US Dept. of energy

and the National Institute of Health and major partners were Japan, France,

Germany, China, and others. The Project was completed in 2003

Methodology: 1) EST ( Expressed sequence tags) _ Focused on identifying all

the genes that are expressed as RNA ( mRNA for protein synthesis)

DNA Sequencing by Sanger Method: The fragments were sequenced using

automated DNA sequencers that worked on the principle of a method developed

by Fredrick Sanger. Sanger is also credited for developing the method for

determination of amino acids sequence in proteins.

Salient Features:

1) The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotides bases

2) The average gene consists of 3000 bases.

Applications: One of the greatest impact of having the Human genome

sequenced may well be enabling a radically new approach to biological research.


Bioinformatics: It is the branch of Biology / Science that deals with computing

biological data ( with the help of Computers and special software’s)

Methodology: DNA sequencing mainly includes two approaches_

i) Expressed sequence Tags(EST) it focusses on identifying all the genes which

are expressed as mRNA

ii) Sequence annotation (S.A) It focusses on identifying the whole set of Genome,

i.e. Coding & non-Coding DNA sequence.

Vector used for cloning of DNA:

i) The commonly used vectors / host are Bacteria & Yeast

ii) The Vectors are known as Bacterial artificial Chromosome (BAC) and Yeast

artificial Chromosome ( YAC)

DNA Sequencing by Sanger method: The DNA fragments prepared by

restriction endonuclease enzyme were sequenced using automated DNA

sequence which work on Principle similar to that of Sanger.

DNA sequence was arranged based on overlapping regions present in them.

Specialized computer based programme is prepared for it as it is not humanly

possible to analyze such huge amount of data.

SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

32

So far Scientists have identified about 1.4.million such locations

It is the difference a single base pair of the DNA sequence.

These are helpful to locate disease associated sequences and tracking human

history.

MISCONCEPTIONS:

Mega project: Ambitious Project, the reason being:

i) 13 yearlong Project

ii) Cost of sequencing

iii) Storage of Data

iv) Studying, analyzing and interpreting the Data

ELSI from the Project :

i) Ethical issues

ii) Legal issues

iii) Social issues

Storing information in Data base :

i) Computational devices

ii) Software

Cloning vectors _ BAC /YAC:

i) Role of Vectors

ii) Method of cloning

Role od snips in finding location of Disease associated sequence:

i) Importance of snips

ii) Difference in two human beings

iii) Cause of genetic diseases


Use of PPT

Use of animations

Use of Flowchart

Use of Concept map

Use of Questionnaires

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME

NAME OF K.V

REGION

1 Mr.Virendra Kumar No.2 Bikaner Jaipur

2 Ms.Ranjana Singh Baikunthpur Raipur

3 Mrs.Prabhavati Vaidya No.1.Devlali Mumbai

4 Mr.Niranjan Ram No.2 Kribhco Surat Ahmedabad

33

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