महाराष्ट्र शासन

अभिजात मराठी

िाषा सभमती

अहवाल - 2013

मराठी िाषा भविाग नवीन प्रशासन भवन, 8 वा मजला, मादाम कामा मार्ग, हुतात्मा राजर्रुू चौक, मंत्रालय, मुंबई – 400 032.

दरूध्वनी क्रमांक : 22027649 / फॅक्स क्रमांक : 22836877 e-mail ID – marathibhasha.123@gmail.Com

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1 कें द्र क च क :

.

1. High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years. 2. A body of ancient literature / texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers.

3. The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community.

4. The Classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the Classical language and its later forms of its offshoots.

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, Gaekwad s Oriental Series, ]

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18

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' ' इ - - त्त ( , , 1927 337 340)

19

क ि-2

8 : त् त्त च :

त्त इ

त्त ''

'' ह्य

त्त ' '

(A Linguistic Survey of India, Volume I, Part I,

Chapter XII) इ

ि

द्व

(Michael Witzel) त्त

ि

ह्य

द्व त्र,

'

ह्य

ह्य

ह्य

20

ह्य

त्त

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(ह्य

त्र त्र इ त्र

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21

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22

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इ 884 959 ,

, ि ि

ह्म

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, , 9

23

12 ष्र :

' ' '

कृ ष्र कृ ष्र द्व : ( ) : म् म् ( ) स् ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( ) त्त ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ओ (ओ ) ( ) ( , ) , ( , ) ट्ठ

इ 68 .

इ 467 ॅ इ 1000

,

700

50 ह्य

24

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, ऐ, ओ द्व ,

हृ - - य् , - - , ग् - ग् - , -

- , - - , - - , द्व - , - -

, - - , – त्त- , - , रु -रु इ-रु ,

- म्- , - - , ( ) - -

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25

क ि-3

13 प् श ल :

इ इ । त्त ग् ॥

( , ( ) , 2012 .119 ..163)

'' ग् ?”

, त्त । , ।। ।।

( , ( ) , 2012 .177 .251)

, त्र, , .

इँ इँ ँ ह । ( , ( ) , 2012 .176 .248)

“ ( ) ।''

“ । ॥” ( 9-438)

26

इ ओ चल । इ ङ्ग ि रु ॥

( , ( ) , 2012 .220 .304)

: , . 14 कृ क श :

रु इ 250

ि , ,

य्

ग् य् रु रु

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15 श ष्र त् :

रु 12 9

3 ,

रु

इ

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27

द्भ

द्भ - - ( ), – स् ( ), त्

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1212

त्र,

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ॅ

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29

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17 भ्र श ू :

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(' '- , 479)

30

18 च त् क त् ि :

: ? , , , , , : : , ि “ ” ढ्य “ त् त् : , रु : :” ( , औ , ) 19 क ल ल ल ट्ठ :

इ 780

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31

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32

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( , ( ) , 2012, )

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35

21 ष्र :

1500 2000

80

रु

(4 ), (6

), (5 ), (3

), म् (1 3 )

22 श् ल आ ि ‘ कृ ’ :

त्र

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(1) - : इ 6 इ 6

(2) - : इ 6 इ

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36

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23 ‘ ष्र ’ कृ ल लब्ध त् :

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ह्न – ( ) – इ

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24 ष्र आ ि ष्र :

:

( )

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38

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39

6

:

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6

:

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( ) –

द्व ( ) –

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40

25 त् िच :

त्र , ,

, , , इ ग् , , ॅ .

इ ग्

ल क द्र ष्र ‘ ’

ध ,

ग् , “In it s

classical form, as represented by Haribhadra s Samaradityakatha and

Dhurtakhyana, Jain Maharashtri comes nearest to pure Maharashtri”

(A.M.Ghatage, (Editor), Pune 1996, , .10)

( lassi al)

: ि

औ ँ |

( .55)

ि

,

,

.

41

26 कृ क िक आ ि ष्र :

, , रु , त्र , , ,

त्त् . रु 6

त्र , त् , 6

- .

Maharashtri Language and Literature,

Journal of Uni. Of Bombay, May 1936 त्र

.

27 कृ - टक - ष्र :

Pre- lassi al Prakrit

lassi al Prakrit

( hata e, ( dit r), P ne 6, , .1 )

, , त्त, , :

: त्र

(

42

)

ि .

28 कृ ट्य, ल क ट्य :

ट्ट

,

द्भ ट्ट

(इ )

(इ त्त )

-

|| ( 1)

त्त - - ,

- इ ,

.

. ढ्य

ड्ड

( ) ( ),

43

( ड्य ),

त्त ( )

-

.

29 क ल ल आ ि श :

ह्न

इ ह्न

त्र

. ट्ठ

. ( .152-153)

.

(इ )

, इ ट्ठ- - | ( , ) त्,

( ) ,

इ इ - - - ( .4)

44

- - ,

.

30 ‘ ’ शब् च च :

इ -

( द्व , ) 6

.

त्त

त्त ( ) (

6 -8 ) 6 .

ढ्य (इ ) 6

.

( ) त्र

त्त

इ .

45

31 प् श आ ि आच लप् :

(इ -

) ( )

(इ )

त्त इ

ट्ठ -

.

- ,

ि

,

-

( ) -

द्भ

( ) –

.

(

) ( , त्त, त्त )

.

46

32 ष्र आ ि ष्र च आकल ल :

’ द्व

ह्य ि

, .

( : )

.

ष्र आ ि श ल ल ‘ श ’ शब्

1. – 2. –

3. – 4. ओ – ओ

5. ड्ड – , 6. –

7. – 8. ड्ड –

9. ड्ड – 10. –

11. ट्ट – 12. –

13. – 14. –

15. – 16. –

17. – 18. –

19. – 20. –

47

21. – 22. –

23. ग् – 24. –

25. – 26. – , ि

27. – 28. –

29. – 30. –

31. – 32. – ,

33. – 34. –

35. – 36. –

37. – 38. – ,

39. – ( ) 40. –

41. ह् – 42. – ,

43. – 44. –

45. ट्ट – 46. –

47. ट्ट– 48. ट्ट –

49. – 50. इ –

51. – 52. –

53. – 54. ट्ट-

55. ड्ड – 56. –

57. – 58. –

59. – , 60. –

48

61. ट्ट – 62. ग् – ,

63. – 64. ट्ट –

65. – 66. – ,

67. – 68. –

69. – 70. –

33 ष्र - भ्र श ल च :

, – : - .

, - - – , ि .

, , , ,

49

क ि-4

34 ड कृ क लकि :

' द्ग ' , '' ,

, , , , ,

इ

,

ह्य इ

600 इ 700

ि, ,

(इ 100) ह्य रु ' '

- ,

ि इ 400 700

' , त्त

' इ 983

इ ' 'इ

50

ँ '

ि ,

, ह्य इ

600-700 ''

( , 1950, 168)

32

1300 1400

त्र , ढ्य , ,

, ,

त्र ' य ' '

,' ' '

2000

. .

' '

2000 इ ,

51

35 ि ढ्य च ृत्क :

“ ढ्य 2000

' '

ढ्य -

, - ,

, '' ढ्य

,

ढ्य

' '

''

( ( ), , , 6)

''

52

' ' ' '. ि

त्त ' '

' ' इ

' ' ढ्य

, ढ्य

त्र ''

( ( ), , 1980, 7)

, ''

रु ि त्त इ

इ ,

इ

रु ि

रु ,

, '' ( . , (1935), 1989

11) , “ रु

त्र -

, ि स्र ,

ि स्र

53

ि स्र , रु ि

रु ि ,

, इ ''

( . , (1935), 1989 13)

36 श :

(30) त्र

' य '

,

त्र , ''

रु द्व

त्र 'श ष्र त्'

ो ि , ि

54

''.

( ( ), 1979, 7 8)

''

त्र

,

,

,

,

,

ि

:

,

55

त्

( रु ) ,

इ ''

( ( ), 1979, )

त्र , “

, ह्म

,

,

ड्य द्व ह्म ि ,

,

,

(

)

56

त्र ,

, ,

, त्र

इ ,

''

( ( ), 1979, 12, 13)

त्र

' ' ,

, ,

, , ि

57

37 ज्ञ ष्र ल ज् :

, त्र

,

इ

त्र , “

” ( ( ), 1979, )

त्र

त्त्

38 ल क च कृ :

इ ' ' ,

“

द्भ

(

) ” (इ , , 1962, 203)

, “

58

( )

, ह्य

?

, ि

ह्य ि ग्

ि त्त

,

इ 500 600

”

इ ,

“

त्त

;

ह्य

ि

,

इ ,

. ग्

,

(इ , , 1962, 215 216)

59

, “ , , ह्य

ि

ह्य

ि ि त्र

.... ट्ठ ह्य ह्य

... ध्र

, , ह्य

त्र ि

ऐ .

त्त्

,

( ) त्त

...

य त्त -

... ,

त्त त्त ”

(इ , , 1962, 218 221)

60

इ , ''

' ' :

ि 800 , ...

ि

ह्य ( ि )

,

रु ...

ड् ि ह्य ङ

त्र ड्य , ,

त्र

द्भ

,

' ट्ठ

' ''

(इ , , 1962, 224-226)

61

39 ड श :

-2 ,

“ ,

ो ,

, , ,

, , , इ

त्त

, , ि

1000 द्व

“ : ट्ट

त्र

, , इ

, त्त्

ओ

: ि

62

,

”

( ( : ), , 1983, .639 640)

, “

त्त , इ

त्त ओ

, ,

,

, ऐ

ि 800 त्र

त्र ,

, इ

700 ि ,

त्त

,

, , ,

( ( : ), , 1983, .640)

63

, “

त्र, , ि , त्त

ि , ,

, इ इ

.

ि

रु रु

(इ 365)

. ( , , 1.159)

' '

('' ... '')

ट्ठ ट्ठ

' ट्ठ' ' ट्ठ' ट्ठ

, ( , 1)

64

,

( , 2.197).

( ( : ), , , 6 641)

40 श श :

ड ि क ,

“ ' '

त्त ' '

ो

“

”

' ट्ठ' ' '

(' ', 12).

' ' ' ग् :

त्र :' ( 10.8) ऐ

(इ 634) ( )

( इ 6.4).

त्र- 15 ' '

ि

ह्य (इ 629 645) ' '

(BG, I, 2, 184)- , रु

65

ि , ि

”

( ( : ), , 1983, .641)

,

“

' त्र' '

'

( , त्र, 1)

:- '' :

त्त : : :''

, इ N lear areas

' ' त्र

- - -

'

' '

( .इ त्र 54. 1-2)

66

' : '

ि , ट्ठ

;

;

ट्ठ

, द्व द्व

-

( ( : ), , 1983, .642 644)

41 ष्र – त् त्त :

, “ त्त द्व

त्त्

' '

' '

, - , द्व

त्त

; ,

67

, त्त

ह्य

( , 4, 24-31). ट्ठ

' ट्ठ' ' '

,

( ( : ), , 198, .641-642)

, “

ट्ठ

ऐ , ,

' ' ' ' त्र रु

(Arch. SWI, 5.59 ) 6

' '

' ' '

'

, ' '

त्त

“

' न् त्त

( , 49). -

68

, , इ

,

( ( : ), , 1983, .642)

,

“ त्त

, ,

,

त्र 15 '

त्र , ' '

' ' त्र , ''

: : - '' इ

634 ऐ

17

' ' -

'' : :

इ : त्त : ऐ

: :

( , ) :

69

: : त् त्

: '' ( : - त्र , ि , 2).

त्र ,

: , त्त इ

”

( ( : ), , 1983, .642 643)

,

“ – ट्ठ – ट्ठ -

' '

( 1. 34),

त्र -

ि

इ 400

,

- ओ

' त्त ', ' ' ' '

' ', ' ' ' '

इ , , , द्व

70

त्त्

( ( : ), , , 6 644)

, “

इ 400 ……

ि

इ 400

ग् ”

( ( : ), , , . 644)

त्त : :

ऐ -

,

' ' रु

: : : :।

त् रु: :॥

71

त्र

ट्ट

' ' ( 1). इ

, इ 700

' ' ( त्र )

इ 778

ट्ठ

700

' - '

( ( : ), , , 6 646)

.

, “ 1051 ' '

' ' ,

. , 11 ,

72

( - , 101). ॅ

( - , 1909, 40). 11 त्त

' '

' - '

-

'' । ( :।) । ओ , , , । । । । इ । 6 इ । । '' ( ऽ :) ( - 2 ह् , , 4.रु ,5. 6. , 7. , 8. )

, ( त्त

)

12 त्त 1050

( : 59.12)

73

1212

इ ;

-

“The college founded and endowed in 1290 A.D. by the Hoyasala minister Perumala at Mailangi (Tirumkudal-Narsipur,27) deserves menti n……… Pr visi n was made in it for masters to teach Nagar, Kannad, Tigulu (Tamil) and Arya (Mahratti)”.

इ 1290

(

3.146) ग् ”

( ( : ), , 1983, .646 647)

. , “

कस ध ू

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.

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ि त्र ऐ

Marathi language has been characterized, besides its antiquity of

origin, with many crucial aspects in terms of literary production.

Compared to any language in the world, in terms of literary schools and

production, Marathi emerges superior due to its variety of literary schools

produced by its native speakers. So far as English is concerned, there are

certainly many offshoots of literary schools but they are not, essentially,

incepted by their own native speakers. For instance, English has been

enriched with the arrival of American literature, African American

literature, Native American literature, Australian aboriginal literature,

First Nation Canadian literature etc. At the same time, in recent period,

many colonized countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh etc. are

writing in English and contributing to English language and literature.

These literary productions, though enrich English language, are not by the

native speakers of English. Therefore ubiquitous nature of writing in

English is not the credit of English language but of colonial forces that

imposed English language on colonized people all over the world. In fact,

99

in order to perpetuate linguistic and cultural supremacy, the Europeans

imposed English language and literature on the colonized people.

In case of Marathi, we have enormously rich school of Dalit literature,

which has a deep relationship with African American literature in terms

of thematic expression, experience, and revolt. The concept of Dalit

literature is not borrowed from any foreign language or any other Indian

language; it is a very original creation of Marathi language. Moreover, the

fact is, Marathi Dalit literature has been inspiring the oppressed groups of

other Indian languages as well as foreign languages. The oppressed

people in adjacent Asian countries have adopted the term Dalit literature

and they are establishing the schools of Dalit literature in their respective

countries. In recent time in Pakistan and Bangladesh Dalit writing in Urdu

and Bangla is emerging with tremendous force. Especially from

Bangladesh the writers like Gautam Ali, Achintya Biswas, Nakul Malik

and Kapil Thakur have been contributing to the body of Dalit literature in

Bangladesh. Nowadays Dalit literature is flourishing in many regional

languages in India. Especially, the languages like Kannada, Tamil,

Malayalam, Panjabi, Telgu; have a great treasure of Dalit literature. Dalit

literature in various Indian languages is being translated in many world

languages, and this is going to be a crucial domain of literary and cultural

studies in future. And the inspiration behind all these developments is, of

course, Marathi Dalit Literature. This is notable and lasting contribution

of Marathi language to the world literature. In short, Marathi Dalit

100

literature has pioneered in opening the branches of its school in other

languages and countries.

Now it will be important to focus on the causes behind the emergence of

Dalit literature in Marathi India s s ial lt ral s ene is the res lt f

hegemonic Varna structure. Upper Varnas like Brahman, Kshatriya and

Vaishya have been enjoying every pleasure and privilege at the cost of

others (shudra atishudras) misery. The supremacy and domination of

Brahman and allied Varnas has been sanctioned by religion. Therefore the

possibilities of counter discourse seemed to be feeble, and if any,

remained unnoticed. By quoting the religious provisions, made in their

own interests, Brahmins and allied castes have been exploiting the

shudratishudra masses. The acceptance of upper caste domination,

because it has been sanctioned by the religion, has been a very tragic truth

of Indian cultural system. This psyche of shudratishudra people can be

understood in the li ht f rams ian n ept f he em ny nt ni

Gramsci very pertinently states that lower classes, on their own accord

accept the domination, they give consent to the domination of upper

classes is hegemony. Though Gramsci had propounded this argument in

Italian context, it perfectly suits to Indian cultural scenario. Indian psyche

is nditi ned in s h a way, that it an t even ima ine t q esti n and

challenge the religious belief that privileges the upper castes and exploits

the masses. This psychological conditioning is maintained through

religious scriptures which have been declared as infallible so that ordinary

101

human beings must not even doubt of its eternity, authenticity, and

sanctity. It is one of the crucial features of hegemony that it formulates

some rites, rituals, festivals and customs etc. to exercise the dominating

ideology. Shudratishudra always felt it necessary to observe these

customs and traditions. It means, in a way slaves were made to enjoy

slavery.

In this situation some voices emerged against this enslavement,

oppression and exploitation. Jotirao Phule was one of the very potential

and radical voices in modern India. He categorically challenged the upper

caste hegemony and initiated the virtual war against upper castes. He

realized the power of alphabets, and started to disseminate it among the

i n rant sh dratish dra brethren D e t Ph le s radi al m vement, the

lowered masses started to articulate their grief, agony and torment in their

own undisciplined and unsophisticated voices. Mukta Salve, one of the

Mang girl students, wrote an essay about the misery of shudratishudra

people. This may be taken as the inception of Dalit articulation. But Dalit

literat re in its tr e sense was the res lt f Dr Babasaheb mbedkar s

socio-cultural and political movement for equality, fraternity and

emancipation of lowered masses. Dr. Ambedkar emerged as the greatest

leader and ideologue of masses. He brought a very rational critique of the

upper caste supremacy and waged a great battle against it. Inspired by the

egalitarian ideology of Buddha, Kabir and M. Phule, Dr. Ambedkar

initiated a fierce struggle for the identity and equal rights of the masses in

102

socio-cultural, economic and political domains. He himself was a great

economist, sociologist, anthropologist, historian and political leader. Dalit

literary scholars, with true pride, declared Dr. Ambedkar as the central

force behind their literary production.

Around 1960, Dalit literature, with its necessary radical features, emerged

on the horizon of Marathi literature and made the whole literary scenario

up side down. In recent time, torrential writings of Dalit writers like

Baburao Bagul, Namdeo Dhasal, Daya Pawar, P.I. Sonkamble, Laxman

Mane, Laxman Gaikwad, Baby Kamble, Sharankumar Limbale, J. V.

Pawar, Waman Nimbalkar, Bapusaheb Jagtap, Narayan Surve, Gangadhar

Pantavne, Arjun Dangle, Hira Bansode, Jyoti Lanjevar, Uttam Kamble,

Pralhad Chendvankar, Keshav Meshram, Kumud Pavde, Madhav

Kondvilkar, Urmila Pawar, and many more, are now dominating the

Indian literary scene. In fact, Dalit literature has redefined the concept of

creative writing and posed a great challenge to the prevalent hegemonic

literary traditi n Dalit writers have been sin w rd as weap n in the

battle against dominating system to emancipate the masses from the

cultural colonization perpetuated by upper castes.

103

56 च त् :

, , , ,

, इ ,

, ,

त्त 13

( ) 9

(

, )

त्र त्त् 1195

ओ ि ' ' ( 1195) द्भ

, 1196, त्र,

, ि त्र ( )

ओ ि , 1206, ओ ि

, 1200, रु , 1200,

त्त् .

.

104

, इ

57 क ाच श्र ष् ग्र :

, , इ ( , )

, ,

( )

रु

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, ''

?'' ,

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105

,

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इ 778 ' '

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106

(A.M.Ghatage, (Editor), Pune 1996,

, .10)

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463

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: -: ग्र चू :-

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125

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. 33) , , :, 34) , रु ( ), , 1984, ,

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