isetyowati andayani 2005 juli

7/23/2019 Isetyowati Andayani 2005 JULI

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ADATKPKO ]TZKP JTAPE ^DZAK\EOKO UKOL @ECKOL]TOLAKO @ECTKZ EO@FOD]EK ]DPDCKB @E@KGPKZAKO

@E AKOPFZ MKPKPKO ]EÊC

Fcdb 8E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe

KJ]PZKMP ]pzdolpb fg jecc fg dwe`domd fg ikzzekld |bemb e} ~k}}d` fgg ftp}e`d eo`fod}ek bkwd

pbd ~dzgdmp cdlkc gfzmd# pbkp ikppdz k} kmmfzèol pf k~~cekomd fg cdppdz dwe`domdzd~zd}dopeol fod fg ~dijtape eo }mf~d fg zdckpefopf mftzp fg ht}pemd /

Eo pbd mk}d fg bk~~dod` pbd èwfzmd mko jd jzftlbp pf pzekc mftopzu eo zdlefo eo

eo`fod}ek

Adu|fz` 8 Cdppdz ]pzdolpb# Ikzzekld Dwe`domd Fg Ftp}e`d Eo`fod}ek

^DO@KBTCTKO pdzèze `kze }tkie# e}pdze `ko koka)kokaouk

@kcki }tkpt adbe`t~ko ukol "akckt k`k koka% ukol idzt~kako }doè

}t`kb idohkè af`zkpe# jkb|k ikot}ek adckol}tolko adbe`t~ko `kcki ik}ukzkakp

ème~pkako topta }kceol jdzbtjtolko/ Eo`fod}ek/

Ikot}ek }kceol idijtptbako ~dz) @kcki id|thtàko eakpko ~dz)

ceo`tolko# adpdokolko# adpdopdzkiko ak|eoko ukol }kb è~dzctako k`kouk

`ko ad`kikeko/ kptzko)kptzko ukol ejtkp fcdb ~did)zeopkb

Ikot}ek `kcki idotohkol Eo`fod}ek# klkz id|thtàko ad)be`t~ko

adckol}tolko be`t~ouk èjtptbako ukol adakc `ko pdopdzki# jkbklek ukol

k`kouk }tkpt btjtolko be`t~ kopkzk è`kijkako fcdb }ditk ikot}ek e toek#

}dfzkol ~zek dolko }dfzkol |koepk ukol abt}t}ouk ikot}ek "adctkzlk% Eo`fod}ek/

è|thtàko `kcki }tkpt eakpko ~dz) Ad}dhkbpdzkko `ko ad)jkbklekko be`t~

ak|eoko ukol }kb/ jdz}kik `kcki eakpko adctkzlk ukol }kb

Pdzhkèouk eakpko ~dzak|eoko ukol idodoptako ad}dhkbpdzkko `ko ad)

}kb eoe kako pdzjdoptaouk }tkpt adctkzlk jkbklekko ik}ukzkakp `ko Odlkzk

ukol okopeouk `k~kp id|tht ako ad) Eo`fod}ek/

ckol}tolko adbe t~ko ikot}ek/ ]tkpt Topta id ckol}tolako }tkpt

adctkzlk idzt~kako }kpt ad}kptko ukol ~dzak|eoko bkzt} ididotbe }ukzkp)

Adatkpko ]tzkp Jtape ^dzak|eoko Ukol @eckol}tolako @e Ctkz Eo`fod}ek ]dpdckb@e`kgpkzako @e Akopfz Mkpkpko ]e~ec

^ DZ]^DAPEG Wfctid R Of/= Pkbto :>>4 Dè}e Htce

E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =>>



}ukzkp ukol èpdoptako fcdb ~dzkptzko ik}eol# akzdok cdijklk ~dzak|eoko

~dzto`kol)to`kolko Eo`fod}ek/ ]kckb }djklke cdijklk ukol }kazkc/ ]ukzkp}kpt ~dzkptzko ukol idolkptz pdopkol }kbouk ~dzak|eoko ~to idohtohtol peolle

^dzak|eoko k`kckb To`kol)To`kol to}tzd adklkikko# ukept jkb|k ~dz)

^dzak|eoko Ofifz ; Pkbto ;5<0 ak|eoko }kb# k~kjeck èckatako idotztp

"}dckohtpouk TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0%# ukol btati ik}eol)ik}eol klkikouk `ko

~dzkptzko ~dcka}kokkoouk }kckb }kptouk ad~dzmkukkoouk ept# `ko pek~)p ek~

ukept ^dzkptzko ^didzeopkb Of/ 5 Pkbto ~dzak|eoko èmkpkp idotztp ~dzkptzko

;5<4/ @kcki ~k}kc ; TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0 ~dzto`kol)to`kolko ukol jdzckat "We`d

ido`dg eo e} eako ~d zak| eoko ukol ^k}kc : kukp ":% TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0%/è`kckiouk k`k pthtko ~dzak|eoko/ @kcki id|thtàko ad}dhkbpdzkko

@kcki jtatouk ]fd`bkzuf 8 Pkpk Pdzpej ik}ukzkakp# }kolkp ~dopeol kzpeouk

`ko Ake`kb)Ake`kb eoe ~tck ukol pdckb ad}dhkbpdzkko ko adjkbklekko adctkzlk/

èztit}ako `kcki }tkpt to`kol)to`kol Akzdok pe`ka `k~kp ckeo# ik}ukzkakp ukol

ukol è}djtp To`kol)To`kol ^fafa jdzjkbklek kako pdzèze kpk} adctkzlk)

^dzak|eoko/ @kcki ~k}kc ; jdzjtoue 8 adctkzlk ukol jdzjkbklek ~tck/ Topta

^dzak|eoko ekckb eakpko ckbez jkpbeo `k~kp idomk~ke bkc eoe# ikak èbkzk~ako

kopkzk }dfzkol ~zek `dolko }dfzkol adadakcko `kcki ~dzak|eoko# ukept jkb|k

|koepk }djklke }tkie e}pdze `dolko }dakce fzkol idckatako ~dzak|eoko# pe`ka

pthtko idijdopta adctkzlk "ztikb kako jdzmdzke topta }dckik)ckikouk#

pkollk% ukol jkbklek `ko adakc admtkce mdzke akzdok adikpeko "Z/ ]fdpfhf

jdz`k}kzako Adptbkoko Ukol Ikbk D}k ^zk|ezfbkie`hfhf# ;527 8 0:%/

"]fd`bkzuf ]fdeieo# ;55: 8 0%/ Idoldoke ~dijdoptako }tkpt

@kze `dgeoe}e ~dzak|eoko pdz}djtp adctkzlk ukol è`kbtcte `dolko }tkpt

pdz}ezkp k`kouk to}tz adklkikko ukept eakpko ~dzak|eoko# ikak è~ko`kol ~dzct

adbe`t~ko ukol adakc jdz`k}kzako k`kouk }tkpt ~doldpkbtko ukol jdz)

Adptbkoko Ukol Ikbk D}k# bkc eoe akepko `dolko ~dcka}kokko }tkpt

ido`k}kze `ko idcdpkaako ~dzak|eoko ~dzak|eoko/ ]d}dfzkol ukol kako

}djklke eakpko }tkie e}pdze ukol }tme idckol}tolako ~dzak|eoko `dolko ~ebka

}d}tke `dolko khkzko klkik ik}eol) ckeo kpkt mkcfo }tkie)e}pdze ukol kako



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =>;



idckol}tolako ~dzak|eoko# bkzt} topta id|thtàko meopk ak}eb èkopkzk

ididotbe }ukzkp eopdzo `ko }ukzkp i d z d a k / ]d ` k o l a k o id o l d o k eda}pdzo ukol pdckb èkptz fcdb ~dzkptzko ~dzak|eoko kopkz klkik `kcki TT Of/ E

~dzto`kol)to`kolko aepk/ Pkbto ;5<0 pe`ka è kptz# ukol è kptz

@kcki }tkpt ~dzak|eoko k~kjeck idoldoke ~dzak|eoko kopkz |kzlk Odlkzk

}ukzkp)}ukzkp ukol èbkzt}ako pdckb ukol }kckb }kptouk k`kckb |kzlk Odlkzk

è~dotbe# ikak `k~kp èckol}tolakockb Eo`fod}ek/

}tkpt ~dzak|eoko kopkzk }dfzkol ~zek K~kjeck ~dzak|eoko kopkz klkik

`dolko }dfzkol |koepk/ Okito k~kjeck pdz}djtp èckol}tolako è ctkz odldze#

~dz}ukzkpko ~dckol}tolko }tkpt ~dz) ikak bkc eoe pdzik}ta ceolat~ Btatiak|eoko pe`ka è~dotbe ikak }tkpt ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc# }dbeollk ~dzct k`k

~dzak|eoko }tcep topta pdz|tht`/ ~dolakheko fcdb kptzko Btati ^dz`kpk

@kcki ~dzadijkolko ~dzlktcko Eopdzok}efokc/ Wko Jzkadc `kcki jtatouk

adbe`t~ko èitolaeoako k`kouk –Lzko` ]ckldo do Jdleo}dcdo wko

btjtolko kopkzk }dfzkol ~zek `dolko Odpbdzcko`} Eopdzokpefokkc ^zewkkpzdmbp ’

}dfzkol |koepk ukol jdzjd`k klkik idolkpkako –Eopdzokpefokkc ~zewkkpzdmbp e}

eoleo idckol}tolako ~dzak|eoko/ okpefokc zdmbp wffz eopdzokpefokc zdmbp}

Okito }daepkz pkbto ;55>”ko wdzbftèoldo ld}mbzdwdo’ "Btati

fcdb Akopfz Mkpkpko ]e~ec "AM]% pe`ka ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc k`kckb btati

èkafif`k}e ukept pe`ka èjtkpako }tkpt ok}efokc ukol èptce} "èk`kako% topta

pko`k jtape# bkc eoe k`k }tkpt kck}ko kze btjtolko)btjtolko btati Eo pd z)

mkpkpko }e~ec# pkatp idckollkz ~k}kc : TT ok}efokc% "]tokzukpe Bkzpfof# ;525 8 2%/

Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0# ukept idckollkz }d`kolako jkle odlkzk)odlkzk Eo`fod}ek

klkik/ Hkè bkzt} k`k t~kmkzk ukol idckol}tolako ~dz)ak|eoko èctkz

adklkikko `tct jkzt èmkpkpako è odldze# ikak è~dzctako ~doldpkbtko

bk`k~ko ^dlk|ke ^domkpkp dzak|eoko/ btati uk ol ido lk pt z p do pkol

]dbeollk `kz e ado`kck pd zbk`k~ ~dzak|eoko ukol èckol}tolako èctkz

~dzak|eoko kopkz klkik pdz}djtp k`k odldze/ @kze bkc pdz}djtp è kpk} kako

ukol jdzt~kuk topta idckol}tolakoouk èjkbk} idoldoke ~dzik}kckbko }djklke

è ctkz odldze/ Bkc eoe èckatako }dikpk jdzeatp 8



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =>:



;% Jklkeikokakb ~dolkptzko ~dz) id|thtàko ~dzak|eokoouk/ ]dbeollk

ak|eoko ukol èckol}tolako è ctkz k`k t~kuk topta }didopkzk pto`ta ~k`kEo`fod}ek 6 }kckb }kpt klkik ukol ckeoouk klkz

:% Jklkeikokakb adatkpko ]tzkp Jtape ido`k~kp kckp jtape ~dzak|eoko }d}tke

^dzak|eoko ukol èckol}tolako è `k z e a d|d ok olk o c dij klk uk ol

ctkz Eo`fod}ek }dpdckb e kgpkzako e idoldctkzako jtape pdz}djtp/ Jkle ukol

Akopfz Mkpkpko }e~ec 6 jdzklkik E}cki fcdb Akopfz Tzt}ko

Klkik "ATK%# jkle ukol }dckeo E}cki fcdb; Peohktko dzak|eoko Kopkz Klkik

Akopfz Mkpkpko ]e~ec "AM]%/

^dzak|eoko kopkz klkik }djdokz)^dz|tht`ko ~dckol}tolko ad)ouk idzt~kako }kckb }kpt jdopta ~dz)be`t~ko ikot}ek# }kckb }kptouk idckcte

ak|eoko mki~tzko/ ]d`kolako TT Of/ E}tkpt ~dzak|eoko ukol }kb/ Topta

Pkbto ;5<0# ~dzak|eoko mki~tzko ukol}kbouk ~dzak|eoko }t`kb èpdoptako

è kptz bkouk kopkzk \kzlk Odlkzk`kcki ~k}kc : TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0/

Eo`fod}ek "\OE% `ko \kzlk Odlkzk K}eolOkito beollk }kkp eoe ukol ik}eb

"\OK%/ ]dbeollk ~dzak|eoko kopkz k`kouk adpe`ka~k}peko k~kjeck pdzhkè

klkik pe`ka è kptz `kcki TT Of/ E Pkbto~dzak|eoko kopkz klkik/ @e }kpt }e}e

;5<0/ Pdpk~e ~dzct è eolkp }djdcti èkopkzk mkcfo }tkie ko e}pdze }t`kb }kceol

to`kolakoouk TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0#idoueopke `ko idolk}ebe# okito akzdok

~dzak|eoko mki~tzko ept è kptz `dolkoado`kck k`kouk ~dzjd`kko klkik ikak

Afoeoaceha Jd}ctep pkollkc :5 @d}dijdz }tcepckb idzdak idckol}tolako ~dz)

;257 Of/ :=/ ^dzkptzko eoe è}djtpak|eoko# mkpkpko }e~ec pe`ka jdz}dèk

Zdldceol f~ `d Ldidol`d Bt|dcehado#idomkpkp k~kjeck t~kmkzk adklkikko

`dolko }eolakpko L/B/Z/ ukol }dakzkolukol }d}tke `dolko ~k}kc : kukp ";% TT

jek}k è}djtp `dolko e}peckb ^dzkptzkoOf/ E Pkbto ;5<0 jdcti èckol}tolako/

^dzak|eoko Mki~tzko "Z/ ]fdpfhf]dbeollk jkle idzdak ukol idi~touke

^zk|ezfbkie`hfhf# ;522 8 25%/`kok "tkol% jdzt~kuk topta pdpk~

Kzpe ~dzak|eoko mki~tzko id)idckol}tolako ~dzak|eokoouk è ctkz

otztp jtoue ~k}kc ; L/B/Z k`kckbEo`fod}ek/ Pdpk~e jkle idzdak ukol pe`ka

^dzak|eoko kopkzk fzkol)fzkol ukol èi d i ~ t o u k e ` k o k # } t c e p t o p t a



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =>=



Eo`fod}ek pto`ta ~k`k btati ukol eopdz~zdpk}e fpdopea idoldoke e}peckb

jdzckeoko/ ~dzak|eoko mki~tzko }d}tke `dolko@dgeoe}e eoe }kolkp ctk} hkolaktko) ~dijdopta to`kol)to`kol# `k~kp

ouk# pe`ka idijkpk}e kzpe ~dzak|eoko èaditakako ~k k ~k}kc ; L/B/Z `ko

mki~tzko ~k`k ~dzak|eoko)~dzak|eoko èkollk~ }djklke }tkpt tckolko `kze k~k

kopkz \OE kpkt kopkz ~do`t`ta Eo`fod}ek ukol }t`kb ` e ztit}ako `k cki

"kopkzk fzkol)fzkol% `ko ~dzak|eoko) afo}e dzkoouk# ukept –Bt|dcehado pt}}do

~dzak|eoko ukol èckol}tolako è ~dz}fodo èd eo Eo`fod}ed kko ddo

Eo`fod}ek# k}kcako ~ebka)~ebka ukol wdz}mbeccdo` zdmbp fo`dz|fz~do xeho# |fz`do

idckol}tolako ~dzak|eoko è Eo`fod}ek ldidol`d bt|dc e hado ldofdi` ’–pto`ta ~k`k btati ukol jdzckeoko’ "^dzak|eoko kopkzk fzkol)fzkol ukol è

k`kckb –~dzak|eoko mki~tzko’/ Eo`fod}ek pto`ta ~k`k btati ukol

]d`kolako ~dzak|eoko mki~tz) jdzckeoko è}djtp ~dzak|eoko mki~tzko% "Z/

ko `kcki to`kol)to`kol eoe ekckb ]fdpfhf zk|ezfbkie`hfhf# ;522 8 5:%/

~dzak|eoko kopkzk `tk fzkol ukol è Idoldoke ~dzak|eoko kopk z

Eo`fod}ek pto`ta ~k`k btati ukol klkik }dbkzt}ouk je}k èckol}tolako è

jdzckeoko# akzdok ~dzjd`kko ad|kzlk) Eo`fod}ek `dolko cko`k}ko ~k`k

odlk zkko # `ko }kckb }kpt ~ebka ~dokg}ezko k mfopzkzef pdzbk`k~ ~k}kc 77

jdzad|kzlk)odlkzkko Eo`fod}ek/ TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0/ ~dokg}ezko k

@kze ztit}ko pdz}djtp è kpk}# mfopzkzef "idotztp ~doleolakzko% ekckb

~dztit}ko pdopkol ~dzak|eoko mki~tz) }tkpt mkzk ~dokg}ezko to`kol)to`kol

ko ukol pdzmkopti `kcki ~k}kc 4< TT ukol è`k}kzako ~k`k ~dzck|koko

Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0cdjeb }di~ep `kze~k`k ~doldzpeko kopkzk }fkc ukol èbk`k~e `ko

~dztit}ko `kcki adpdoptko ~k}kc ; }fkc ukol èkptz `kcki }tkpt ~k}kc

Zdldceol f~ `d Ldidol`d Bt|dcehado# to`kol)to`kol "M]P/ Ako}ec# ;525 8 75%/

fcdb akzdok ~k}kc 4< bkouk idohkolakt ]dbeollk idckcte ~k}kc 77 TT Of/ E

~dzak|eoko kopkzk \OE `dolko \OK Pkbto ;5<0# idoldoke ~dzak|eoko kopkz

kpkt ~dzak|eoko Eopdzok}efokc/ klkik ik}eb `k~kp idodzk~ako ~k}kc ;

]d`kolako ~dzak|eoko kopkz L/B/Z/ Idijdzckatako ~dzkptzko ckik

klkik pe`ka pdzhkolakt/ Jeck aepk ~dzea}k }d}tke `dolko ~dohdck}ko titi k`/ 4



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =>0



Pkijkbko Cdijkzko Odlkzk ZE Of/ =>;5 fg Ck| \bemb @dkc} \epb Mk}d} eo \bemb

ukol jdzjtoue –Topta idohkieo ad~k}peko ]fid Zdcdwkop Gkmp Bk} k Mfoodmpefobtati# ikak ~dzak|eoko# jdzeatp }dlkck \epb Kofpbdz ]u}pdi fg Ck| fo Depbdz

}d}tkpt ukol jdz)btjtolko `dolko Pdzzepfzekc fz dz}fokc Lzfto}# ko` Iku# fo

~dzak|eoko# }djdcti to`kol)to`kol eoe# Pbkp Kmmftop# Zke}d k [td}pefo k} pf pbd

ukol èckatako idotztp btati ukol K~~c emkp efo fg fod,} F|o fz Pbd

pdckb k`k k`kckb }kb/ K~~zf~zekpd Kcpdzokpewd "T}tkccu Gfzdelo%

@dieaeko ~tck k~kjeck idoldoke Ck| pf pbd dpdzieokpefo eg pbd E}}td# fz k}

}d}tkpt bkc to`kol)to`kol eoe pe`ka pf pbd Drdzme}d fg Htze}èmpefo ju fod,}

idolkptz `dolko }doèzeouk jdzckat F | o f z Gf z d e l o M f t z p } ’ u k o ladpdoptko ukol k`k/ @e}ki~eol ept pdz hdikbkooouk 8 Btati ^dz`kpk

k~kjeck aepk idijkmk ~k`k Pkijkbko Eopdzok}efokc k`kckb je`kol btati ukol

Cdijkzko Odlkzk ZE Of/ =>;5# ~k`k jdzadokko `dolko ~dzakzk)~dzakzk ukol

~dohdck}ko èjk|kb k`/ = jkleko titi è`kckiouk idolko`tol gkapk zdcdwko

akceikp ukol idolkpkako –‧// è ckeo ukol idotohtaako jdzakepko `dolko

~ebka# bkzt} `k~kp ~tck idoki~tol }tkpt }u}pdi btati ckeo# jkea akzdok

}dlkck adoukpkko ukol be`t~ `kcki k}~da pdzepfzekc ikt~to k}~da }tjuda

ik}ukzkakp `d|k}k eo e’ / @dolko btatiouk# `ko akzdok ept idoeijtcako

`dieaeko ~dzak|eoko mki~tzko pe`ka ~dzpkoukko pdopkol ~dodzk~ko btati

pdzjkpk} ~k`k ~dzak|eoko kopkzk \OE }doèze kpkt btati ckeo "ukol jek}kouk

`dolko \OK è Eo`fod}ek }khk# kako k}eol%# kpkt ik}kckb ~dcka}kokko

pd pk~e pd zik}ta ~t ck ~dzak|eoko utze} ea}e jk`ko ~dolkècko }doèze kpkt

mki~tzko kopkz klkik ko ad~dzmkukko/ jk`ko ~dolk ecko k}eol "Lzkwd}fo# Z/B#

;5<0 8 =%/: C e ol at ~ B t at i ^ d z` k pk

Wko Jzkadc `kcki jtatoukEopdzok}efokc

–Lzfo`}ckldo do Jdleo}dcdo wko

^do`k~kp `kz e ^zfg / Z/B/ Odpbdzcko`} Eopdzokpefokkc ^zewkkpzdmbp ’

Lzkwd}fo –Pbd Mfogcemp fg Ck|}# fz jdz~ko`kolko jkb|k –Btati ^dz`kpk

^zewkpd Eopdzokpefokc Ck|# e} Pbkp Jzkomb Eopdzok}efokc k`kckb btati ok}efokc ukol






èjtkp topta btjtolko)btjtolko btati ad~tpt}ko ukol idotohtaako }pdc}dc

Eopdzok}efokc’ "]tokzukpe Bkzpfof# ;525 8 btati ikokakb ukol jdzckat kpkt

2%/ k~kakb ukol idzt~kako btati# heak

]d`kolako ]tokzukpe Bkzpfof btjtolko)btjtolko `ko ~dze}pe|k)

~dz~ko`kolko jkb|k Btati ^dz`kpk ~dze}pe|k kopkzk |kzlk Odlkzk ~k`k }kpt

Eopdzok}efokc idolkptz }dpek~ ~dze}pe|k& |kapt pdzpdopt idi~dzcebkpako pepea)pepea

btjtolko btati ukol idolko`tol ~dzpkceko `dolko }pdc}dc)}pdc}dc `ko

to}tz k}eol# jkea èje`kol btati ~tjcem ake`kb)ake`kb btati `kze `tk kpkt cdjeb

ikt~to btati ~zewkp/ Akzdok eope `kze Odlkzk# ukol jdzjd`k `kcki ceolatolko

Btati ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc k`kckb atk}k&pdi~kp# "~zejkè `ko }fkc)}fkc / –~dzlktcko be`t~ ik}ukzkakp eopdz) Hkè e}eoe ukol èpdakoako k`kckb

ok}efokc# ikak Btati ^dz`kpk Eopdz) ~dzjd`kko `kcki ceolatolko atk}k

ok}efokc }djdokzouk `k~kp è}djtp pdi~kp `ko }fkc)}fkc }dzpk ~dijd`kko

}djklke btati ~dzlktcko eopdzok}efokc/ `kcki }e}pdi }kpt odlkzk `dolko ckeo

"]tokzukpe Bkzpfof# ;525 8 :5%/ odlkzk# kzpeouk k`k to}tz ctkz odldzeouk’

Lft|lefa}efol idolkpkako# "Gfzdelo dcdidop# to}tz k}eol% "]t`kzlf

jkb|k Btati ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc Lktpkik# ;524 8 :;%/

jtakockb btati eopdzok}efokc# pdpk~e @kze bkc pdz}djtp è kpk} `k~kp

btati ok}efokc/ @ko idotztp ~do`k~kp è}ei~tcako jkb|k Btati ^dz`kpk

]mboepxdz # –Oembp `k} Zdmbp }fo`dzo `dz Eopdzok}efokc idzt~kako btati ok}efokc

Pkpjd}pko` e}p Eopdzokpefokc ’/ Hkè Btati }tkpt Odlkzk ukol idolkptz btjtolko)

^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc# jtako }tijdz btjtolko kopkzk ~dz}dfzkolko `kze

btatiouk eopdzok}efokc# pdpk~e ikpdzeouk jdzjklke Odlkzk/ ]d`kolako eopd)

uk ep t bt jt ol ko) bt jto lk o kp kt zok}efokcouk idotohtaako k`kouk to}tz

~dze}pe|k)~dze}pe|k ukol idzt~kako k}eol/

fjudaoukckb ukol eopdzok}efokc "]tokz) ]dpek~ odlkzk idieceae btati

ukpe Bkzpfof# ;525 8 2%/ ~dz`kpk ok}efokc }doèze/ ^dzkptzko

]t`kzlf Lktpkik idztit}ako btatiouk kako jdzckat jkle }dpek~ |kzlk

Btati ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc }djklke Odlkzk# `kze Odlkzk ik}eol)ik}eol/

jdzeatp – Ad}dctztbko ~dzkptzko `ko Akckt pdzhkè ~dze}pe|k btati ~dz`kpk






ukol idoukolatp –to}tz k}eol’ è idolkptzouk# pdpk~e idolkptz }doèze/

`kckiouk# ikak }egkp ~dzkptzko btati ^dzkptzko ~dptohta ukol pdz`k~kpept jdztjkb idohkè eopdzok}efokc `ko `kcki ^dzkptzko ^dzto`kol)To`kolko

~dze}pe|k btati pdz}djtp è}dcd}keako Eo`fod}ek kopkzk ckeo pdz`k~kp e 8

idotztp ~dzkptzko btati ~dz kpk ukol ;% ^k}kc ;7 Kcldidod Jd~kceoldo wko

jdzckat è Odlkzk ept/ "]epe ]tbkzokoe# \dpldweol "KJ% idoldoke ]pkptpk

:>>0 8 4<% / To}tz k} eol è} eoe # ~dz}foec# k`kouk k}k} Cdr fzeleoe}

èika}tàko k`kckb 8 ;%/ ~dz}fo pdopkol }pkpt} }d}dfzkol/

"fzkolouk% ukol |kzlk odlkzk k}eol# :%/ :% ^k}kc ;< KJ 8 pdopkol }pkptpk zedc

pdi~kpouk idotohtaako e odlkzk k}eol/ k`kouk k}k} Cdr zde}epkc pdopkol K`k~to ^dzkptzko)^dzkptzko }pkpt} jdo`k pe`ka jdzldzka/

Btati ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc pdz eze `kze =% ^k}k c ;2 KJ 8 idod zkolako

: lfcfolko 8 jdzckatouk }pkptpk Ierpk# ukept jdopta

k/ ^dz kpt zko )~d zkptzko ~dptohta pek~ ~dzjtkpko "mkzk idohkckoako

"Wdz|eh}eol}zdldc} 8 Btati ikok%/ ~dzjtkpko% èpdoptako fcdb To`kol)

j/ ^dzk ptzko)~dzkptzko k}ce kpkt to`kol Odlkzk kpkt pdi~kp# èikok

~d zk pt zk o) ~d zk pt zk o }d o` ez e ~dzjtkpko ept ek`kako/

"Deldozdldc} 8 Btati k~k%/ "K/ ]epe ^dzkptzko k}ce ukept ~dzkptzko ukol

]fdpkie# ;55: 8 25%/ idijdzeako ~doudcd}keko }doèze/

^dzkptzko ~dptohta# ukept ~dzkptzko ^dzkptzko }doèze eoe pe`ka idotohtaako

ukol idotohta btati ok}efokc ikok ~k`k btati ok}efokc ikok ukol kako

ukol kako idolkptz btjtolko ukol idolkptzouk# pdpk~e idolkptz }do eze/

jdz}kolatpko/ Hkè Btati ^dz`kpk Ie}kcouk 8

Eopdzok}efokc k`kckb btati ok}efokc ¬Pzkapkp \kz}k|k ;: ” ;> ” ;5:5

topta idoudcd}keako ~dzakzk eopdz) idoldoke ~dolkolatpko t`kzk/

ok}efokc/ ¬k}kc 504 Jtzldzceha \dpjfda "J\% 8

^dzkptzko k}ce# ukept ~dzkptzko ukol }dfzkol \OE# ukol k`k è Odlkzk

idijdz eako ~doudcd}keko }doèz e/ k}eol# kako pe`ka `k~kp idijtkp

^dzkptzko }doèze eoe pe`ka idotohta ~k`k }tzkp |k}ekp admtkce `dolko kapk

btati ok}efokc ikok ukol kako Ktpbdopeda `ko `dolko idol)



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =><



eo`kbako gfzikcepdp ukol ckxei è @kcki Btati ^dz`kpk Eopdz)

Odlkzk pdi~kp ejtkpouk kapk ept/ ok}efokc# }dckeo adpdoptko)adpdoptko¬k}kc 2= J\ 8 ^dzak|eoko ukol ~dptohta# adpdoptko k}ce "ikoèze% `ko

èckatako è ctkz odldze# jkea kopkzk ~ecebko btati k`k htlk ake`kb)ake`kb

\OE }doèze ikt~to kopkzk \OE ko Btati^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc/ Ake`kb)

\OK k`kckb }kb# heak èckol}tolako ake`kb pdz}djtp `k~kp èpdzk~ako k~kjeck

‧‧‧/ Pdpk~e ~k}kc 2= J\ eoe }t`kb `kcki idolbk`k~e ~dz}fkcko Btati

pe`ka jdzckat dolko eadctkzakoouk ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc pe`ka pdzcko`k}e

TT dzak|eoko Of/ E Pkbto :>>5/ ~k`k adpdoptko ~dptohta `ko adpdoptko

¬

^k}kc 47 TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0# ikoèze# `ko btjtolko btati ~kzk ~ebkapdopkol ~dzak|eoko è ctkz odldz pe`ka idckatako ~ecebko btati/ K`k

"Ctkz Eo`fod}ek%/ jdjdzk~k ake`kb)ake`kb Btati dz`kpk

¬k}kc 4< TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0 Eopdzok}efokc "BÊ% "pe`ka è}djtpako

pdopkol ~dzak|eoko mki~tzko }ditk% kopkzk ckeo 8 Pepea Pktp# Atkcegeak}e#

"^dzak|eoko kopkzk \OE `dolko Adpdzp ejko Titi# êcebko Btati#

\OK%/ ^doudcto`t~ko Btati# Bka)Bka Ukol

@e}ki~eol aditolaeoko idol) @e~dzfcdb# ^dz}fkcko ^do`kbtctko# `ko

ltokako ~dzkpt zko ~dptohta `ko }djklkeouk/

~dzkptzko k}ce# k`k aditolaeoko adpelk Pdopkol Pepea Pktp 8 k`kouk

ukept ad`tk jdckb ~ebka idolk`kako aditolaeoko }tkpt ake`kb btati k}eol

~ecebko btati/"Zdmbp} atdxd% ukept ukol jdzckat jkle }tkpt ~dze}pe|k btati

idzdak }dptht jkb|k btjtolko idzdak akzdok k`kouk to}tz k}eol/ ]d`kolako

kako è kptz fcdb btati ukol è~ecebouk Pe p ea Pkt p idi jko pt a ep k to pta

}doèze/ Ie}kcouk }dfzkol ~d`klkol idoldpkbte jkb|k btjtolko btati

|kzlk odlkzk Jdclek `ko }dfzkol pdz}djtp idzt~kako ceolat~ btati

~d`klkol |kzlk odlkzk ^dzkome} ~dz`kpk eopdzok}efokc/ Ikmki)ikmki

idolk`kako ~dz}dpthtko htkc jdce ukol Pepea Pktp# ukept8

kpk} ~ecebko idzdak# idieceb èkptz fcdb;%/ Pepea Pktp zeidz#

btati Jdcko`k "K/ ]epe ]fdpkie# ;55:8

5;%/ :%/ Pepea Pktp ]dato`dz/






Pepea Pktp ^zeidz èokikako Pepea }t`kb pdz}dèk/ Eoe ukol èokikako

Pktp ^dijd`k# ukept to}tz)to}tz ukol ack}egeak}e `kze gkapk)gkapk Mck}}egemkpefo fg idotohtaako jkb|k }tkpt ~dze}pe|k Gkmp}% "]fd`kzlf Lktpkik# ;524# b#;;2%/

btati idzt~kako ~dze}pe|k BÊ/Pdo pkol ad pd z p ejko Titi

Ie}kcouk 8 k%/ \OE idoeakb dolko \OK"]fd`kzlf Lktpkik# ;524 8 ;==% Ad)

"Kidzeak%# è}eoe \OK "Kidzeak%pdzpejko Titi `kcki jkbk}k Jdcko`k

idotohtaako ~dze}pe|k BÊ/# j%/ @tk \OEF~dojkzd fz`d/ Adpdzpejko Titi ~dopeol

idoeakb è Kt}pzkcek akzdok èckol}tol)`kcki BÊ# akzdok cdijklk adpdzpejko

ako è Kt}pzkcek "Cfmt} mdcdjzkpefoe}titi eoe }kolatp ~ktp ukol dzkp `dolko

k}eol %/ Kt}pzkcek idotohtaako ~de}pe|k ~kbki)~kbki k}k}e `ko `k}kz BÊ/ HeakBÊ/

BÊ aepk pdckb idodoptako jkb|k btatiPepea Pktp ]dato`dz èokikako

k}eol bkzt} è~dzckatako# Bkc eoe – pe`ka ’Pepea Pktp ^dodopt/ Kako idodoptako

jdzkzpe jkb|k }dckct `ko `kcki }ditk bkc–Btati Ikokakb’ ukol bkzt} jdzckat

bkzt} e~dzltokako btati k}eol pdz}djtp/jkle ~dze}pe|k BÊ/ Ie}kcouk 8 Idotztp

Heak ~dikakeko `kze btati k}eol jdzkzpe~dzhkoheko eopdzok}efokc "Pzkapkp @do

}tkpt ~dckollkzko ukol }kolkp `kze~k`kBkl%/ ]ukzkp)}ukzkp topta idckol}tol)

}doè)}doè k}k}e btati ok}efokc bkaei#ako ~dzak|eoko mki~tzko èpdoptako

ikak `kcki bkc –~doldmtkceko’# ikakfcdb Btati Ok}efokc ]tkie”E}pdze/`kcki bkc –^doldmtkceko’# bkaei `k~kp

Btati Ok}efokc ]tkie# Btati Ok}efokcidouki~eolako btati k}eol eoe/ Pdpk~e

E}pdze idodoptako }ukzkp)}ukzkp gfziec~dodzk~ko Adpdzpejko Titi bkzt}

topta idckol}tolako ~dzak|eoko/}dieoei itolaeo# ika}tòuk hkolko

Atkcegeak}e }djdokzouk k`kckbit`kb }dckct idodzk~ako ~dodzk~ko

idckatako ’pzko}ckpefo’ kpkt –~doukceoko’Adpdzp ejko Titi# akzdok `k~kp

`kze~k`k gkapk)gkapk }dbkze)bkze `kckiidolkaejkpako ceolat~ BÊ pe`ka `k~kp

e}peckb)e}peckb btati/ Gkapk)gkapk eptjdzadijkol `dolko jkea# akzdok }dckct

èik}taako `kcki afpka)afpka btati#idodzk~ako Btati Ok}efokc# }d`kol)

adck})adck}# ztkol)ztkol kpkt akikz)ako btati Odlkzk ckeo }dckct pe`ka

akikz kpkt jkleko)jkleko btati ukolè~dzltokako/ Bkc eoe idi~dz}di~ep






~dzlktcko toek e dzk lcfjkce}k}e/ }dbkzt}ouk jdzckat/

^diecebko Btati "Eollze} 8 Bka)Bka ukol Pdckb @e~dzfcdbMbfe}d fg Ck| 1 Jdcko`k 8 Zdmbp adtxd%/ "BB@%# `kcki btati ~dz`kpk eopdz)

^diecebko Btati `k~kp èckatako fcdb ok}efokc –Bka)bka ukol è~dzfcdb è~kake

~kzk ~ebka ukol idckatako btjtolko topta idold`d~koako jkbdk ~dztjkbko

btati/ êc ebko Btati pdpk~ k`k `kze gkapk)gkapk# pe`ka kako idi~dolkztbe

jkpk}koouk # hk` e pe` ka }djdjk} ) jdzckatouk ake`kb ukol }ditck è~kake/

jdjk}ouk/ Ie}kc 8 pe`ka jfcdb idckollkz Ie}}kc 8 Kopkzk K `ko J idckol}tolako

Adpdzp ejko titi# kpkt idckatako ~dzak|eoko è Odlkzk R# `ko ~dzak|eoko

~doudcto`t~ko btati/ ^kzk ~ebka bkouk idzdak }kb idotztp Odlkzk R# aditèkojdjk} topta idieceb# pdpk~e pe`ka jdjk} @ek adijkce è odlkzkouk ukept U ikak

topta idodoptako }doèze ~dzto`kol) }dbkzt}ouk Odlkzk U je}k idodzeik

to`kolko/ }kbouk ~dzak|eoko pdz}djtp e odlkzkouk

^doudcto`t~ko btati è~kake# "Odlkzk U%/ Wko Jzkadc idolkollk~

k~kjeck btati k}eol è~kake topta pthtko jkb|k bka)bka ukol pdckb e~dzfcdb e ctkz

idckatako ~doudcto`t~ko btati# klkz odldze }d`k~kp itolaeo –bkzt} èkate `ko

}tkpt adeoleoko je}k pdz|tht`# ikak è bfzikpe’ idzt~kako }kckb }kpt k}k}

btati k}eol pdz}djtp pe`ka jfcdb e~kake# ~eaezko gto`kidopec è kpk} ikok }e}pei

`ko adijkce ~k`k btati ok}efokc `kze BÊ è jkolto/ Pko~k k`kouk ~dolkatko

~ebka ukol idckatako btjtolko btati/ `kze~k`k k}k} eoe# ckct ceopk} eopdzok}efokc

@kcki ~doudcto`t~ko btati jkb|k kako idohkè pe`ka itolaeo "]fd`kzlf

btati ok}efokc pdpk~ jdzckat ept `ko è Lktpkik# ;524 8 :;:%/ Jkb|k ~zeo}e~

kollk~ pd~kp ~k`k }tkpt ~dze}pe|k –Bka)bka ukol pdckb è~dzfcdb’ `k~kp

pdzpdopt }khk# ukol ika}tòuk 8 K~kjeck è~dzltokako topta idi~dzjkeae kpkt

k`k }dfzkol ukol topta ido`k~kpako idi~dzcdijtp ~dcka}kokko ~zeo}e~

jdzckatouk btati k}eol pdckb idckatako Adpdzpejko Titi/ Pdopkol bka)bka ukol

}tkpt peo`kako ukol jdz}egkp idol) è~dzfcdb idoleolkpako aepk `dolko

beo`kzako ~dikakeko btati ok}efokc# ~do`k~kp Tczea Btjdz pdzbk`k~ Pdfze

ikak bkc eoe pe`ka è~dzjfcdbako akzdok ]pkptpk e Jdcko`k 8

pthtkoouk idolbeo`kzako btati ukol ¼]dpek~ Odlkzk idieceae ad`ktckpko



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =;>



}dbeollk Odlkzk idieceae ad) Eo`fod}ek/ K`k htlk ukol pe ka jdzjd`k

|dokolko ~dotb topta idodpk~) klkik# okito jdzjd`k ad|kzlk)ako ake`kb)ake kb B Eouk# pdpk~e odlkzkko# okito eoleo idckol}tolako

¼@kcki adoukpkkoouk# Odlkzk) ~dzak|eoko è ctkz Eo`fod}ek# ukept è

odlkzk ept pe`ka `k~kp jdzpeo`ka odlkzk mkcfo ~k}kolko ~dzak|eokoouk/

}dmkzk jdjk}# `kcki kzpe jkb|kHkè e}eoe kako pdzhkè ~dzak|eoko 8

jdz`k}kzako k}k} Mfiepk} ldopeti ¼\OE dolko \OE/

"}f~ko }kopto% Odlkzk ept bkzt}¼\OE dolko \OK/

idolkate ~dcka}kokko }tkpt bka

ukol pdckb è~dzfcdb –}dmkzk }kb’ èUkol ~dzak|eokoouk èckol}tolako è

Odlkzk ckeo/ctkz Eo`fod}ek/ Idoldoke bkc pdz}djtp

@kcki ~dotce}ko eoe }djklekoikak ~dzak|eoko ukol idzdak ckatako

ake`kb)ake`kb BÊ ukol èkijec & ukolpdzik}ta ceolat~ouk BÊ# bkc eoe

jdzakepko `dolko ~dzak|eoko ukolè}djkjako akzdok k`kouk to}tz k}eol

èckol}tolako è ctkz Eo`fod}ek jkleukept 8

\OE/¼Pdi~kp èckol}tolakoouk ~dz)

= ^dolkptzko ^dzak|eoko ukol ak|eoko "Odlkzk k}eol% "\OE R \OE%/

@eckol}tolako e Ctkz Eo`fod}ek ¼Fzkolouk idotohtaako to}tz k}eol

`ko èckol}tolako è Odlkzk k}eol "

]dfzkol ~zek `dolko }dfzkol \OE R \OK %/

|koepk ukol eoleo id|thtàko }tkptAkzdok idzt~kako ceolat~ BÊ

adctkzlk ukol jkbklek# ikak kakoikak kako èakepako `dolko adpdoptko)

èckol}tolako idckcte eakpko ~dzak|eokoadpdoptko# ko itolaeo htlk ake`kb BÊ/

ukol }kb/ Okito k~kjeck `kckiJdz`k}kzako adpdoptko BÊ ukept

~dckol}tolko ~dzak|eoko k`k ado`kck#~dzkptzko ukol k}ce kpkt ikoèze# ikak

ie}kcouk k`kouk ~dzjd`kko klkik/ Jkle ~dolkptzko pdopkol ~dzak|eoko è ctkz idzdak ukol idi~touke `kok "tkol%#

Eo`fod}ek k`k `kcki ~k}kc 47 TT Of/ Eikak idzdak `k~kp jdz~eaez id)

Pkbto ;5<0 kukp 8ckol}tolako ~dzak|eoko è ctkz



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =;;



";%/ ^dzak|eoko ukol èckol}tolako adpdoptko)adpdoptko to`kol)to`kol eoe

èctkz Eo`fod}ek kopkzk `tk fzkol "TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0%/ @kze akceikp\OE kpkt }dfzkol \OE dolko \OK pdz}djtp pe`ka hdck}# jklkeikok akckt

k`kckb }kb jeckikok èckat)ako idotztp Odlkzk k}eol pe`ka idckollkz#

idotztp btati ukol jdzckat è aditèko idotztp btati Eo`fod}ek

Odlkzk èikok ~dzak|eoko ept idckollkz# mfopfbouk pdopkol ~dz)

èckol}tolako `ko jkle \OE pe`ka ak|eoko kopkz klkik/

idckollkz adpdoptko)adpdoptko TT Adit eko jtoue ~k}kc 47 kukp ":%

Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0/ –@kcki |kapt ; "}kpt% pkbto ‧‧‧

":%/ @kcki |kapt ; "}kpt% pkbto }dpdckb adijkce è |eckukb Eo`fod}ek }tzkp jtape

}tkie e}pdze ept adijkce è |eckukb ~dzak|eoko idzdak bkzt} è`kgpkzako è

Eo`fod}ek# }tzkp jtape ~dzak|eoko Akopfz domkpkpko dzak|eoko idzdak/ Bkc

idzdak bkzt} è`kgpkzako è Akopfz eoe idoeijtcako ~dzpkoukko jklkeikok

^domkpkpko ^dzak|eoko pdi~kp akckt idcdjebe hkolak |kapt ; pkbto/ @ko

peollkc idzdak/ k~kakb Akopfz ^domkpkpko ^dzak|eoko

Jkb|k pdz oukpk ~dolk ptzko bkouk idomkpkp }khk# kpkt idijtkpako

pdopkol ~dzak|eoko è ctkz Eo`fod}ek jtape jkzt ~zf`ta ^didzeopkb Eo`fod}ek#

bkouk }kpt ";% ~k}kc `tk ":% kukp }khk# bkc eoe pe`ka hdck}/

}d`kolako akckt emkze kcki ~dohdck}ko) Jdzakepko `dolko kptzko ukol

ouk# pdzptce} mtat~ hdck}/ @kze bkc pdz}djtp bkouk }kpt ~k}kc# ikak è~dzctako

kako idoeijtcako itcpe ~dokg}ezko/ jkoptko ecit ~doldpkbtko pdopkol

]d~dzpe bkcouk pdzbk`k~ akceikp "~k}kc 47 ake`kb)ake`kb BÊ akzdok ~dz}fkcko

kukp ";%% ‧// k`kckb }kb jeckikok pdz}djtp ik}ta ceolat~ BÊ/ Ie}kcouk 8

–èckatako idotztp btati’ ukol jdzckat ¼Pdopkol ake`kb adpdzpejko titi#

è Odlkzk èikok ~dzak|eoko ept ukept k}kc Odlkzk k}eol ~dzkptzko)

èckol}tolako ‧‧/ @kze akceikp pdz}djtp ouk pe`ka idckollkz bka `k}kz

pe`ka hdck} k~kakb ididotbe btati ikot}ek/

gfziecouk kpkt ikpdzeec `kze Odlkzk k}eol ¼Pdopkol ~doudcto`t~ko btati# k}kc

pdz}djtp/ ]dckohtpouk kcki ~k}kc 47 kukp ad Odlkzk k}eol pe`ka jdzpthtko

";% ‧‧ `ko jkle \OE pe`ka idckollkz idckatako ~doudcto`t~ko btati/



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =;:



¼Pdopkol bka)bka ukol è~dzfcdb# ckohtp idohkè kapk fpdopea `ko kapk

ukept k~kjeck btati Odlkzk k}eol èjk|kb pkolko "]tèaof Idzpfat}tif#idolkollk~ }kb# ikak jdz) ;555 8 ;:;%/

`k}kzako k}k} mfiepk} ldopeti Kapk k`kckb }tzkp ukol ejdze pko`k

"}f~ko }kopto jkol}k%# Odlkzk pkolko# ukol iditkp ~dze}pe|k ukol

"Eo`fod}ek% ept bkzt} idolkate idohkè `k}kz }tkpt bka kpkt ~dzeakpko#

~dcka}kokko }tkpt bka ukol pdckb ukol èjtkp }dhka }ditck `dolko }dolkhk

è~dzfcdb }dmkzk }kb e Odlkzk ckeo/ topta ~dijtapeko/ Hkè topta `k~kp

Bkc eoe jdzckat }djkceaouk/ èlfcfolako `kcki ~doldzpeko kapk ikak

}tzkp bkzt} èpko`kpkolkoe "]tèaof0 Pdopkol Kckp Jtape ]tkpt ]tzkp

Idzpfat}tif# ;555 8 ;:;%/

Kapk ktpdapea k`kckb }tkpt kapk@kcki btjtolko ad~dz`kpkko#

ukol `kcki jdopta ukol èpdoptako fcdbpdzhkèouk }tkpt ~dzak|eoko kopkzk

to`kol)to`kol# èjtkp fcdb kpkt}dfzkol ~zek `dolko }dfzkol |koepk

èbk`k~ko ~dhkjkp titi ukol jdzatk}k`dolko pthtko idijdopta }tkpt

èpdi~kp ikok kapk ept èjtkp "Wempfz I/adctkzlk/ Topta idijtapeako k`kouk

]eikpt~kol `ko Mfzidopuok ]eik)}tkpt ~dzak|eoko è~dzctako k`kouk kckp

pt~kol# ;55; 8 40%/

jtape ukol }kb idotztp btati/ Kapk ept bkzt} èjtkp fcdb kpkt]d`kolako kckp jtape `kcki

èbk`k~ko }dfzkol ~dhkjkp titi/btati ~dz`kpk k`k 4 "ceik% ikmki kckp)

^dhkjkp titi ~dijtkp kapk k`kckbkckp jtape "Zdpof|tcko ]tpkopf# ;55< 8 7;%#

~d hkjk p ukol ` ejd z e |d|dokolkopkzk ckeo 8 ;%/ jtape }tzkp1 :%/ Jtape }ka}e1

jdz`k}kzako to`kol)to`kol `kcki jkpk}=%/ ^dz}kolakko1 0%/ ^dolkatko1 `ko 4%/

|d|dokol ukol pdckb èpdpk~ako }dmkzk]ti~kbko1 `ko k`k pkijkbko kckp jtape

pdlk}# }d~dzpe ofpkzed}# ~koepdzk# htzk}epk#ukept ~doldpkbtko bkaei/

bkaei# –~dlk|ke mkpkpko }e~ec’# ad~kck]tzkp }djklke kckp jtape pdzptce}

`kdzkb# `cc/ ]tkpt kapk k`kckb ktpdapea#èjkle : "`tk% ukept }tzkp ukol idzt~kakojtako akzdok ~dodpk~ko to`kol)to`kol#

kapk `ko }tzkp)}tzkp ckeoouk ukol jtakokako pdpk~e akzdok èjtkp fcdb kpkt

kapk# }d`kolako kapk }doèze èjkle cdjeb



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =;=



èbk`k~ko }dfzkol ~dhkjkp titi "Wempfz ~dopeol `kcki btjtolko ad~dz`kpkko#

I/ ]eikpt~kol `ko M fzidopuok }djkj mkpkpko }e~ec `k~kp idodoptako

]eikpt~kol# ;55; 8 44%/ Kapk èjk|kb ad`t`tako btati }d}dfzkol# jkle fzkol)

pkolko "Fo`dzbko`} fmpk% Ka pk fzkol ukol jdzad~dopeolko cdijklk eoe

èjk|kb pkolko k`kckb kapk ukol `k~kp `dolko it`kb idi~dzfcdb

}dolkhk èjtkp fcdb ~kzk ~ebka topta ad~k}peko btati# idoldoke }pkpt}

~dijtapeko pko~k jkoptko `kze }dfzkol }d}dfzkol/ K`kouk mkpkpko }e~ec jdzpthtko

~dhkjkp ~dijtkp kapk/ Jdzakepko `dolko topta idijdzeako ad~k}peko btati

kapk ukol èadctkzako fcdb ~dlk|ke }djd}kz)jd}kzouk idoldoke ~dze}pe|k)

mkpkpko }e~ec ukol idoukolatp kapk ~dze}pe|k ukol e kckie kpkt pdzhkè kpk} eze

~dzak|eoko idzt~kako kapk ktpdapea/ }d}dfzkol# ikak }ditk kapk mkpkpko }e~ec

Akzdok ~dlk|ke mkpkpko }e~ec ukol idi~touke ad`t`tako ukol }di~tzok

idoko`kpkolkoe kapk ~dzak|eoko ukol itpcka adjdokzkoouk è`d~ko

idzt~kako ~dhkjkp ukol èjdze |d) btati/ Akzdok ~zf`ta cdijklk mkpkpko

|dokol jdz`k}kzako to`kol)to`kol/ }e~ec idzt~kako kapk ktpdopea ikak

idi~touke adatkpko ~dijtapeko ukol4 Adatkpko ]tzkp Jtape ^dzak|eoko

}di~tzok/ Ukol @eckol}tolako @e Ctkz

Jdzakepko `dolko }tzkp jtape

Eo`fod}ek ~dzak|eoko ~zf`ta `kze ctkz Eo`fod}ek#

k~kakb }kik dolko kapk ktpdopea ~zf`ta@kcki ~k}kc 47 kukp ":% TT Of/ E

cdijklk mkpkpko }e~ec Eo`fod}ek/ ^dzct èPkbto ;5<0 è}djtpako 8 @kcki |kapt ;

adpkbte jkb|k ~doldzpeko mkpkpko }e~ec"}kpt% pkbto ‧‧//# }tzkp jtape

k`kckb }tkpt cdijklk ukol èk`kako fcdb~dzak|eoko idzdak bkzt} è `kgpkzako è

~doltk}k# ukol èika}tàko toptaAkopfz ^domkpkpko ^dzak|eoko pdi~kp

idijtatako }dcdolak~ itolaeo `kopeollkc idzdak/

akzdok ept idijdzeako ad~k}peko }djd}kz)@kcki ptce}ko eoe ukol eika}t`

jd}kzouk pdopkol }ditk ~dze}pe|k ukolAkopfz ^domkpkpko ^dzak|eoko k`kckb~dopeol jkle }pkpt} ad~dz`kpkko

Akopfz Mkpkpko ]e~ec "AM]%/}d}dfzkol "GR/ ]tbkz`kok# ;55: 8 7<%/

Cdijklk mkpkpko }e~ec idikol]dbeollk gtol}e mkpkpko }e~ec }djklke



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =;0



cdijklk ukol idckatako ~domkpkpko `ko cdijklk)cdijklk ukol pdz}ti~kb#

~dijtkpko kapk "pko`k jtape pdzptce}% kpk} è}eoe cdijklk pdz}djtp ukol~dze}pe|k)~dze}pe|k ukol idi~touke kzpe idodzhdikbako `kze jkbk}k k}eol

~dopeol jkle ikot}ek }djklke ~do`tatol pdz}djtp%/

bka `ko ad|khejko `kcki ckct ceopk} j% ^k}~fz# We}k ad`tk jdckb ~ebka

btati "]/ ^zk|e zfbkie`hfh f `ko "}tkie ikt~to e}pdze% }djklke

]kbfdèo# ;52: 8 :=):0%/ e`dopepk} eze/

@kze gtol}e mkpkpko }e~ec pdz}djtp m% Gfpfaf~e Akzpt Pko`k ^do`t`ta

}kckb }kptouk idckatako ~domkpkpko# "AP^%# Akzpt Adctkzlk "AA% }djkouka

ikak }tzkp jtape ~dzak|eoko ~zf`ta ctkz ; "}kpt% cdijkz/

Eo`fod}ek pdz}djtp bkouk èckatako `% Kapd Adckbezko "èpdz hdikbako

~domkpkpko }khk }dbeollk mkpkpko }e~ec pdzcdjeb kbtct% ; cdijkz/

mtat~ idomkpkp }tzkp jtape ~dzak|eoko d% ^k} ~bfpf 0r7 "4 cdijkz%/

pdz}djtp/ ^dzak|eoko \OE ukol pdzhkè è g% Idijk|k adpdzkolko fatido k}ce/

ctkz Eo`fod}ek |khej idck~fzako ~dz) l% Idoldoke ~dzak|eoko \OE è ctkz

ak|eokoouk ad @eok} Ad~do`t`tako ko odldze ukol jdzakepko `dolko

Mkpkpko ]e~ec }dckijkp)ckijkpouk ; "}kpt% ~dzjd`kko klkik# ~ebka mkpkpko }e~ec

pkbto }dhka ukol jdz}kolatpko adijkce pe`ka ~dzokb idi~dzik}kckb)ako#

ad Eo`fod}ek/ }egkp mkpkpko }e~ec bkoukckb pdi~kp

^dck~fzko ~dzak|eoko }djklke) ~dck~fzko `ko idckatako ~do)

ikok ukol eika}t` ~k`k kukp ":% ~k}kc mkpkpko/

47 TT Of/ E Pkbto ;5<0 èmkpkp ~k`k Idoldoke bkc }d~dzpe eoe }dbkzt})

zdle}pdz kapk ~dzak|eoko `ko è pdzjepako ouk ~dzjd`kko klkik pe`ka bkzt}

}tzkp adpdzkolko ~dzak|eoko ctkz odldze/ ~dzak|eokoouk èckol}tolako è ctkz

K`k~to ~dz}ukzkpko heak eoleo Eo`fod}ek akzdok adijkce è Eo`fod}ek

idck~fzako ~dzak|eoko ad @eok} kako èckatako ~domkpkpko kzpeouk

Ad~do`t`tako ko Mkpkpko ]e~ec k`kckb 8 èckatako ~dolkatko }dzpk ~dold}kbko

k% Gfpfaf~e kapd ~dzak|eoko ctkz odldze fcdb mkpkpko }e~ec }djklke |kaec ~didzeopkb

`ko pdzhdikbko "k`kouk }tkpt Eo`fod}ek/






]d`kolako k~kjeck èpeohkt @KGPKZ T]PKAK

idotztp ~dzkptzko è Eo`fod}ek# idckcte ]epe ]fdpkie# ^dolkopkz Pkpk Btati~k}kc 77 TT Of# E Pkbto ;5<0# idckcte

Eo`fod} ek # ^P/ Dzd}mf #~dokg}ezko k mfopzkzef# je}k idotohta

Jko`tol# ;55:/~dzkptzko L/B/Z "Pdopkol ~dzak|eoko

M]P/ Ako}ec# ^dolkopkz Ecit Btati `komki~tzko%/ @e}ki~eol ept jekuk kpkt

Pkpk Btati Eo`fod}ek# Mdp`kok aepk pe`ka ckze adctkz odldze# mtat~

WEEE# Jkcke ^t}pkak# Hkakzpk#èckol}tolako e Eo`fod}ek/

;525/Idoldoke adatkpko }tzkp jtape

~dzak|eoko ukol èckol}tolako è ctkz GR/ ]tbkz`kok# Btati ^dz`kpk E #

Eo`fod}ek# idi~touke adatkpko jtapeLzkidèk# Hkakzpk# ;55:/

ukol }di~tzok/ Bkc eoe }d}tke `dolko

kckp jtape }tzkp ukol idzt~kako }kckb L/B/]/ Ctijko Pfjeol# ^dzkptzko Hkjkpko

}kpt ~dijtapeko `kcki c eolat~ Ofpkze}# Dzckollk# Hkakzpk#

btjtolko ad~dz`kpkko/ ;52>/

]dbeollk k~kjeck }tkie e}pdze ukolLzkwdofo# Z/B# Mfogcemp fg Ck|} ” ^zewkpd

idckol}tolako ~dzak|eoko è ctkz Eopdzokpefokc Ck|# ]|ddp ko`

Eo`fod}ek# `ko adijkce ad Eo`fod}ek pb

Ikr|dcc# Cfo`fo# < dèpefo#idckatako ~dck~fzko `ko èmkpkp fcdb;5<0/

mkpkpko }e~ec/

A/ \kophea ]kcdb# Btati Kmkzk ^dz`kpk#Ikak k~kjeck k`k ~dzik}kckbko#

Mbkcek Eo`fod}ek# Hkakzpk#ie}kcouk idolkhtako ltlkpko mdzke

;52=/ikak `k~kp èkhtako ad ^dolkècko

Odldze è \eckukb Eo`fod}ek/ ]dbeollk Z/ ]fdpfhf ^zk|ezfbkie`hfhf# ^ctzkce}id

èakpkako jkb|k adatkpko jtape }tzkp @kcki ^dzto`kol)To`kolko

~dzak|eoko ukol èckol}tol)ako è ctkz ^dzak|eoko è Eo`fod}ek#

Eo`fod}ek idzt~kako }tkpt kapk ktpdopea Kezckollk Toewdz}epu ^zd}}#

ukol idzt~kako kckp jtape }tzkp ukept kckp ]tzkjkuk# ;527 8 0:/

jtape ukol }di~tzok `ko idi~touke

adatkpko btati ukol }di~tzok ~tck/ Z/ ]fdpfhf ^zk|ezfbkie`hfhf# Ikzpbkcdok






^fbko# Btati Fzkol `ko Ad ct kz lk # ]eokz Lzkgeak#

Adctkzlk "^dz}fodo do Hkakzpk# ;55: 8 0/Gkieced Zdmbp%# Kez ckollk ]tokzukpe Bkzpfof# ^fafa)^fafa Btati

Toewdz}epu ^zd}}# ]tzkjkuk# ^dz`kpk Eopdzok}efokc # Mdp EEE#

;55;/ Jeok Me~pk# Jko`tol# ;525/

Z/ ]fdpfhf ^zk|ezfbkie hfhf `ko Kxe} ]tpkzlf Lktpkik# ^dolkopkz Btati

]kgefdèo# Btati Fzkol `ko ^ d z ` k p k E o p d z o k } e f o k c

Adctkzlk# Kctioe# ;527/ Eo`fod}ek# Jeokme~pk# Mdp/ EEE#

Zdpof|tcko ]tpkopef `ko E}ako`kz Jko`tol# ;524/

Fdze~akzpk|eokpk# Btati ]tèaof Idzpfat}tif# Btati Kmkzk

Kmkzk ^dz`kpk `kcki Pdfze ^dz`kpk Eo`fod}ek# Mdp/ EE#

`ko ^zkapda # Iko`kz Ikht# Cejdzpu# Uflukakzpk# ;555/

Jko`tol# ;55</

]epe ]tbkzokoe# dp/kc/# Jtat Khkz dolkopkz Wempfz I/ ]eptifzkol `ko Mfzidopuok

Btati Eo`fod}ek# ]tzkjkuk# ]epkollkol# K}~da Btati

Pkbto :>>0/ Kapk Mkpkpko ]e~ec e Eo`fod}ek#

]fdèbkzuf ]fdieo# Btati Fzkol `ko ]eokz Lzkgeak# Hkakzpk# ;55;/



E}dpuf|kpe Ko`kukoe =;<

isetyowati andayani 2005 juli

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