yogavasishtha1

8/19/2019 yogavAsiShTha1

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[File: Yoga Vasishtha--transl Mitra--P2-3--Vol 1 and 2-C.txt]

[Jan. 2010][In this re ision ol. 2!1 "#irst $art o# ol. 2%! has gone thro&gh $roo#reading ro&nd "P3%! and #&rther thro&gh so'e o# the ($ost $ro)essing(*[++] )o''ents ha e ,eenre'o ed edited. Itali)s are 'ar ed in this se)tion as /itali)s/.]

Yoga VasishthaMahara'a anaVol&'e 1! and ol&'e 2 "$art 1 and 2%.

his text as do nloaded #ro' Pro e)t 4&ten,erg 5istri,&ed Proo#readers "5P% at .$gd$.net! and 'ade a aila,le as a $re ie here. 6nl slight )hanges ha e ,een 'ade.

7o'e hyperlinks ha e ,een inserted in this ersion! to #a)ilitate na igation. "In 8ord: Ctrl9le#t-

)li) to #ollo lin ;lt9


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do'ain e-text. "It is li el to ,e 'ade ,oth as $lain text and ht'l%. ;s there are long ?&e&es at 5P!it 'a ta e a hile ,e#ore the or is #inished.

he [**notes] in ,ra) ets are $roo#readers= )o''ents a,o&t t $ogra$hi)al errors et). 7ingle stars

"*% are &sed to denote ario&s things #or later ro&nds! e.g. #ootnotes! (so#t hard h $hen do&,ts(!h $henation a)ross $ages! et). ;ll these ill ,e re'o ed in the #inal edition hen the $ost $ro)essor 'a es #inal de)isions.

hePreface and introductory chapters (Prolegomena) o# ol. 1 are in)l&ded here "tho&gh the#or' a se$arate $ro e)t at 5P%.

he .png #ile n&',ers re#er to $ages at 5P.


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his se)tion )ontains thepreface, introductory chapters and the table of contents of ol. ! !as $roo#reading ro&nd 2 "P2%.

In the introd&)tion there is '&)h 5e anagari text. his has te'$oraril ,een re$la)ed ,[++++]. "In the #irst #e instan)es in the Pre#a)e 5e anagari text is sho n%.

If anyone is able to and interested in inserting the Devanagari characters in the text, please letme know. "I 'a ,e a,le to hel$ o& ith tools et).%

-----File: 001.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

@A

Y64;-V;7I7@ @;M;@;B;M;Y; ;

6F

V;


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C6 A 76F

@A FIB7 V6


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;))o&nt o# ;rishtane'i 3-----File: 012.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

7AC I6 VI. P;4A.@istor o# B 'a K

C@;P AB II.Beason o# riting the B ' ana

7AC I6 IPersons entitled to its Per&sal

7AC I6 II.Grah' =s Gehest

7AC I6 III.In?&ir o# Gharad a 10

C@;P AB III.

V l'O i=s ;d'onition 127AC I6 I.6n r&e Dno ledge 13

7AC I6 II.Aarl @istor o# B 'a 13

7AC I6 III.B 'a=s Pilgri'age 1

C@;P AB IV.Ba'a=s Bet&rn #ro' Pilgri'age 1

C@;P AB V.6# B 'a=s 7el#-5e e)tion and its Ca&se 1


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C@;P AB VI.;d ent o# Vis 'itra to the Bo al Co&rt 21

7AC I6 II.;ddress o# Ding-5asaratha 2E-----File: 013.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

C@;P AB VII. P;4A.Vis 'itra=a Be?&est #or B 'a 2K

C@;P AB VIII.5asaratha=s Be$l to Vis 'itra 2C@;P AB I>.Vis 'itra=s 8rath and his Anraged 7$ee)h 33

C@;P AB >.Melan)hol o# B 'a 3K

C@;P AB >I.Consolation o# B 'a E1

C@;P AB >II.B 'a=s Be$l E

C@;P AB >III.Vit&$eration o# Bi)hes E

C@;P AB >IV.5e$re)iation o# @&'an V.6,lo?& o# Agois' 3

C@;P AB >VI.

he Hngo erna,leness o# the Mind K


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C@;P AB >VII.6n C&$idit

C@;P AB >VIII.6,lo?& o# the God KE-----File: 01E.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

C@;P AB >I>.Gle'ishes o# Go hood 0

C@;P AB >>.Vit&$eration o# o&th 3

C@;P AB >>I.Vit&$eration o# 8o'en

C@;P AB >>II.6,lo?& o# 6ld ;ge 1

C@;P AB >>III.Vi)issit&des o# i'es

C@;P AB >>IV.Ba ages o# i'e 0

C@;P AB >>V.

7$orts o# 5eath 1C@;P AB >>VI.

he ;)ts o# 5estin

C@; AB >>VII.Vanit o# the 8orld 100

C@;P AB >>VIII.


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M&ta,ilit o# the 8orld 10

C@;P AB >>I>.Hnrelia,leness o# 8orldl hings 10

C@;P AB >>>.7el#-5is$arage'ent 112-----File: 01 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

C@;P AB >>>I. P;4A.

Q&eries o# B 'a 11C@;P AB >>>II.

Praises o# B 'a=s 7$ee)h 11

C@;P AB >>>III.

;sso)iation o# ;erial and Aarthl Geings 121

G66D II.

MHMHD7@H D@; 5;.

C@;P AB I.


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6n the Be$eated Creations o# the 8orld 13

C@;P AB IV.

Praise 6# ;)ts and Axertions 13

C@;P AB V.

e)essit o# ;)ti it 1E2

C@;P AB VI.

Be#&tation o# Fatalis' 1E

C@;P AB VII.

6n the e)essit o# ;)ti it 1 0

C@;P AB VIII.

In alidation o# 5estin-----File: 01K.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

C@;P AB I>. P;4A.

In estigation o# ;)ts 1

C@;P AB >.5es)ension o# Dno ledge 1K1

C@;P AB >I.

6n the ?&ali#i)ations o# the In?&irer and II.


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4reatness o# r&e Dno ledge 1 3

C@;P AB >III.

6n Pea)e and ran?&ilit o# 'ind 1 K

C@;P AB >IV.

6n the ;s)ertain'ent o# an arg&'ent 1 E

C@;P AB >V.6n Content'ent 1

C@;P AB >VI.

6n 4ood Cond&)t 1 1

C@;P AB >VII.6n the Contents o# the 8or 1

C@;P AB >VIII.

;s)ertain'ent o# the Axa'$le or Ma or Pro$osition 201

C@;P AB >I>.;s)ertain'ent o# r&e A iden)e 20

C@;P AB >>.

6n 4ood Cond&)t 212-----File: 01 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------


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G66D III.

H P; I D@; 5;.

AV6


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7AC I6 I.5es)ri$tion o# the ight-Fall 23E-----File: 01 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

7AC I6 II. P;4A.

at&re o# the Mind 23

7AC I6 III.

Dai al a or Mental ;,stra)tion 23C@;P AB V.

6n the 6riginal Ca&se 2E3

C@;P AB VI.

;d'onition #or atte'$t o# .

5es)ri$tion o# the Chaoti) 7tate 2KK


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C@;P AB >I.

7$irit&al Vie o# Creation 2 3

C@;P AB >II.

he Idealisti) heo-Cos'ogon o# Ved nta 2

C@;B AB >III.

6n the Prod&)tion o# the 7el#-Gorn 2 1C@;P AB >IV.

Asta,lish'ent o# Grah'a 2

C@;P AB >V.

7tor o# the e'$le and its Prin)e 2-----File: 01 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

C@;P AB >VI. P;4A.Jo and 4rie# o# the Prin)ess 303

C@;P AB >VII.7tor o# the 5o&,t#&l Beal' or Be erie o# VIII.Ax$os&re o# the Arrors o# this 8orld 31

C@;P AB >I>.

7tor o# a For'er Vasishtha and his 8i#e 31


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C@;P AB >>.he Moral o# the ale o# >IIIhe ;erial Jo&rne o# 7$irit&al Godies 3E0

C@;P AB >>IV.he ;erial Jo&rne ")ontin&ed% 3E2

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7AC I6 II. P;4A.

5es)ri$tion o# the @ea ens 3E3

C@;P AB >>V.

5es)ri$tion o# the Aarth 3E

C@;P AB >>VI.


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Meeting the 7iddhas 3 3

C@;P AB >>VII.

Past li es o# >VIII.

7AC I6 I.

Ax$osition o# >I>.

;))o&nt o# the Pre io&s >.

5es)ri$tion o# the M&ndane Agg 3

C@;P AB >>>I.

7AC I6 I.

;lighting o# the >>II.


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6nset o# the 8ar 3 K

C@;P AB >>>III.

Co''ingled Fighting 3-----File: 021.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

C@;P AB >>>IV.5es)ri$tion o# the Gattle 3 2

C@;P AB >>>V.5es)ri$tion o# the Gattle#ield 3C@;P AB >>>VI.

7AC I6 I.Collision o# A?&al ;r's and ;r'igerents E01

7AC I6 II.

Catalog&e[++Catalog] o# the For)es E03C@;P AB >>>VII.Catalog&e[++Catalog] o# the For)es "Contin&ed% E0

C@;P AB >>>VIII.Cessation o# the 8ar E1E

C@;P AB >>>I>.5es)ri$tion o# he Gattle-Field In#ested , o))&rnal[++ o)t&rnal] Fiends E20

C@;P AB >


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C@;P AB >.5es)ri$tion o# other inds o# 8ea$ons E 3

C@;P AB


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PBAF;CA.

In this age o# the )&lti ation o# &ni ersal learningand its in estigation into the dee$ re)esses o# thedead lang&ages o# anti?&it ! hen the literati o# ,oth)ontinents are so sed&lo&sl e'$lo ed in ex$loringthe ri)h and al'ost inexha&sti,le 'ines o# the an)ientliterat&re o# this )o&ntr ! it has gi en an i'$et&s tothe $hilanthro$ o# o&r ise and ,enign 4o ern'entto the instit&tion o# a sear)hing en?&ir into the sa)redlang&age o# this land. ;nd hen the restorationo# the long lost or s o# its enera,le sages anda&thors thro&gh the instr&'entalit o# the greatest ,i,lio'ania) sa ants and ling&ists in the se eral Presiden)ies![+]has led the literar ;siati) 7o)ieties o# theAast and 8est to the $&,li)ation o# the rarest and

'ost al&a,le 7ans rit Man&s)ri$ts! it )annot ,edee'ed $re$ostero&s in 'e to $res&'e! to la ,e#orethe P&,li) a or o# no less 'erit and san)tit thanan hitherto $&,lished.

he Yoga Vasishtha is the earliest or on Yogaor 7$e)&lati e and ;,str&se $hiloso$h deli ered ,the enera,le Vedi) sage Vasishtha to his ro al

$&$il B 'a the i)tor o# B ana! and hero o# the+ 5r. Ba endra


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#irst A$i) B ' ana! and ritten in the lang&age o# V l'i i! the $ri'e ,ard in $&re 7ans rit! the a&thor o# that $o$&lar A$i)! and @o'er o# India. It e',odiesin itsel# the


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their #ore#athers! #ro' the $er erted )o&rse no gaininggro&nd a'ong the' &nder the in#l&en)e o# 8esternre#ine'ent. 6&t ard $ea)e " % ith internal tran?&ilit" ! " % is the tea)hing o# o&r 7astras!and these &nited ith )ontent'ent " % and indi##eren)eto orldl $leas&res " # $%! ere ,elie eda))ording to the tenets o# Yoga do)trines! to #or'the $er#e)t 'an!--a )hara)ter hi)h the ;r ans ha ein aria,l $reser ed a'idst the re ol&tions o# ages ande'$ires. It is the degenera) o# the rising generation!ho e er! o ing to their ado$tion o# #oreign ha,its and'anners #ro' an &tter ignoran)e o# their o n 'oral)ode! hi)h the $&,li)ation o# the $resent or isintended to o, iate.

Fro' the des)ri$tion o# the @ind& 'ind gi en ,Max M&ller[++MTller] in his @istor o# the ;n)ient


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he $hiloso$her alone! ho , training or ins$irationis ena,led to t&rn his #a)e #ro' these isions! and)onte'$late ith his 'ind! that )an see at-on)e the&n)hangea,le realit a'idst these transient shado s.

he #irst re)ord that e ha e o# Vasishtha is! thathe as the a&thor o# the th Mandala o# the BigVeda ";shta a . 1 -11 %. @e is next 'entioned asP&rohita or oint 'inister ith Vis 'itra to ing7&d sa! and to ha e a iolent )ontest ith his ri al#or the "[++++]% or 'inisterial o##i)e "M&ll.[++MTll.] @ist. 7.


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that these Vasishthas )ontin&ed as hereditar 4&r&sand $&rohitas to the ings o# the solar ra)e #ro'generation to generation &nder the sa'e title. heVasishthas ere al a s the Grah'anas or @igh $riests in e er )ere'on ! hi)h )o&ld not ,e held ,other Gr h'anas a))ording to the 7 ta $atha Gr h'ana"M&ll.[++MTll.] Id. $age 2% and $arti)&larl the Indra )ere'onhad al a s to ,e $er#or'ed , a Vasishtha! ,e)a&se it

as re ealed to their an)estor the sage Vasishtha onl"8e,. Ind.


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on ;strono' "8e,. Id. $. 2 % and the Vasishtha7'riti on


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ha e #i e ,raids! the Ghrig&s are ,ald! and all othersha e a single )rest!( "M&ller[++MTller] Id. $. 3%. he Dar'a $radO$a sa s! (the Vasishthas ex)l&de 'eat #ro' their sa)ri#i)e [++++] "M&ller[++MTller] ;.7.


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Vasishtha! no n as the isest o# sages! li e7olo'on the isest o# 'en! and ;&reli&s the isesto# e'$erors! $&ts #orth in the #irst $art and in the'o&th o# B 'a the great ?&estion o# the anit o# the orld! hi)h is sho n s ntheti)all to a greatlength #ro' the state o# all li ing existen)es! theinstin)t! in)linations! and $assions o# 'en! the nat&reo# their ai's and o, e)ts! ith so'e dis)&ssions a,o&tdestin ! ne)essit ! a)ti it and the state o# the so&land s$irit. he se)ond $art e',ra)es ario&s dire)tions#or the &nion o# the indi id&al ith the &ni ersal;,stra)t Axisten)e--the 7&$re'e 7$irit--the s&, e)ti eand the o, e)ti e tr&th--and the )o''on to$i)so# all s$e)&lati e $hiloso$h .

h&s sa s Milton [++:] ( he end o# learning is to no4od([++.]

7o the Persian adage! (; hiral il' ,&ad il'i Dhod .(

7&)h also the 7ans rit! (7 id tan 'atir a .(

;nd the sr&ti sa s! (Yad n t n $aran n na'.(

i. e. (It is that hi)h ,eing no n! there is nothingelse re?&ired to ,e no n.(-----File: 011.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

[++ $ages )o'$ared to $rinted ,oo ]


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-----File: 023.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

@A Y64; P@I


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no n as Jn na Yoga and in)l&des in itsel# the t o $ro)esses o# s nthesis and anal sis ali e! in its )o',ination"Yoga% o# things together! and dis)ri'ination "Vi e a% o# one#ro' the other! in its in?&ir into the nat&re o# things "Vast&-+ i)h ra%!and in estigation o# their a,stra)t essen)e )alled7at n&sandh nn . It &ses ,oth the a $riori "$Rr a atX and a $osteriori "$ara at% arg&'ents to $ro e the existen)e o# the

orld #ro' its Ma er! and the i)e ersa! as indi)ated in thet o a$horis's o# ind&)tion and ded&)tion Yato i'ani andJan'ad asa atah ). It ie s ,oth s&, e)ti el and o, e)ti elthe one sel# in 'an and the 'an in one &nto hi)h all-----File: 02 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------is to ret&rn! , the t o ' sterio&s #or'&las o# 7o ha' andtat t a' ).

It is the re&nion o# deta)hed so&ls ith the 7&$re'e thatis the )hie# o, e)t o# the Yoga $hiloso$h to e##e)t , thea#oresaid $ro)esses and other 'eans! hi)h e $ro$ose #&ll toel&)idate in the #ollo ing $ages and there is no so&l e thin

so er re$ro,ate! that ill #eel disin)lined to ta e a dee$ interestin the'! inorder[++in order] to e##e)t its re&nion ith the 'ain so&r)e o# its ,eing and the onl #o&ntain o# all ,lessings. 6n the )ontrar

e are led to ,elie e #ro' the re i al o# the oga-)&lt ith thes$irit&alists and theoso$hists o# the $resent da &nder thetea)hings o# Mada'e Gla ats and the le)t&res o# Col. 6l)ott!that the Indian $&,li) are ,eginning to a$$re)iate the e##i)a)o# Yoga 'editation! and its $ra)ti)e gaining gro&nd a'ong the

$io&s and ed&)ated 'en in this )o&ntr . ot ithstanding the ario&s signi#i)ations o# Yoga and thedi##erent lights in hi)h it is ie ed , se eral s)hools! as eshall see a#ter ards! it is 'ost )o''onl &nderstood in thesense o# the esoteri) #aith o# the @ind&s! and the o))&lt adorationo# 4od , s$irit&al 'editation. his is )onsidered on all handsas the onl 'eans o# one=s &lti'ate li,eration #ro' the general

doo' o# ,irth and death and the 'iseries o# this orld! and the


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s&rest a to ards the #inal a,sor$tion o# one=s-sel# in the7&$re'e!--the highest state o# $er#e)tion and the 7&''&' ,on&'o# the @ind&. he s&, e)t o# Yoga Vasishtha is no other thanthe e##e)ting o# that &nion o# the h&'an ith the 5i ine 7o&l!a'idst all the trials and tri,&lations o# li#e.

III. @A Y64; 6F A 4


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hol )o''&nion o# the one ith the other thro&gh inter'ediategrades! here, the li'ited so&l 'a ,e led to a$$roa)h its&nli'ited #o&ntain and lose itsel# in the sa'e.

IV. Y64;-C@;B;C ABI7 IC 6F @A @I 5H7.

Max M&ller[++MTller] )hara)terises the @ind& as nat&rall dis$osed toYoga or a )onte'$lati e t&rn o# his 'ind #or his #inal ,eatit&dein the next li#e! a'idst all his )ares! )on)erns and )allings inthis orld! hi)h he loo s &$on ith indi##eren)e as the transientshado s o# $assing )lo&ds! that ser e ,&t to di' #or a 'o'ent ,&t ne er sh&t o&t #ro' his ie the #&ll ,laSe o# his l&'ino&s#&t&rit . his des)ri$tion is so exa)tl gra$hi) o# the @ind&'ind! that e )an not ith-hold gi ing it entire as a 'irror o# the @ind& 'ind to o&r readers on a))o&nt o# the s)ar)it o# the

or in this )o&ntr .

( he @ind&( sa s he (enters the orld as a stranger all his

tho&ghts are dire)ted to another orld! he ta es no $art e enhere he is dri en to a)t! and e en hen he sa)ri#i)es his li#e! itis ,&t to ,e deli ered #ro' it.( ;gain ( he sh&t their e es tothis orld o# o&t ard see'ing a)ti it ! to o$en the' #&ll on the

orld o# tho&ght and rest. heir li#e as a arning[++ earning] #oreternittheir a)ti it as a str&ggle to ret&rn to that di ine essen)e #ro'

hi)h this li#e see'ed to ha e se ered the'. Gelie ing as the

-----File: 02 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------did in a reall existing and eternal Geing to ontos-onton the )o&ldnot ,elie e in the existen)e o# this $assing orld([++.]

(I# the one existed! the other )o&ld onl see' to existi# the li ed in the one the )o&ld not li e in the other. heir existen)e on earth as to the' a $ro,le'! their eternal li#ea )ertaint . he highest o, e)t o# their religion as to

restore that ,ond , hi)h their o n sel# " t'an% as lin ed


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to the eternal sel# "$ara' t'an% to re)o er that &nit hi)hhad ,een )lo&ded and o,s)&red , the 'agi)al ill&sions o# realit ! , the so-)alled M o# )reation.(

(It s)ar)el entered their 'ind to do&,t or to a##ir' thei''ortalit o# the so&l "$ret a-,h a%. ot onl their religionand literat&re! ,&t their er lang&age re'inded the' dail o# that relation ,et een the real and see'ing orld.( "@ist ;. 7.


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-----File: 02 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------o&r 'ista ing an one o# these senses #or the s$e)ial signi#i)ation

hi)h the ter' is 'ade to ,ear in o&r s ste' o# Yoga 'editation.

he ord Yoga #ro' the root ( &ng( "


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In this sense all se)tarian )&lts are a))o&nted as so 'an indso# Yogas , their res$e)ti e otaries. 3. ;))ording to so'eG&ddhists it is the see ing o# one=s o, e)t o# desire [++++]-+[++++]E. ;nd ith others! it is a sear)ha#ter e er desira,le o, e)t. . In Bhetori) it 'eans the &niono# lo ers [++++]-----File: 02 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

In Medi)ine it 'eans the )o'$o&nding o# dr&gs &nder hi)hhead there are 'an or s that are at #irst sight 'ista en #or Yoga $hiloso$h . ;gain there are 'an )o'$o&nd ords ith Yoga

hi)h 'ean onl (a treatise( on those s&, e)ts! s&)h as! or son isdo'! on ;)ts! on Faith ).! are )alled [++++]! [++++]![++++]

Moreo er the ords Yoga and Vi oga are &sed to ex$ress thet o $ro)esses o# s nthesis and anal sis ,oth in the a,stra)t and $ra)ti)al s)ien)es #or the )o',ination and dis oining o# ideas andthings.

VI. @A 5IFFABA 7 ;4A7 6F Y64;.

he )onstit&ent $arts and $rogressi e ste$s o# Yoga! are )o'$osedo# a series o# ,odil ! 'ental and s$irit&al $ra)ti)es! the $ro$er exer)ise o# hi)h )ond&)es to the 'a ing o# a $er#e)t'an! as a 'oral! intelle)t&al and s$irit&al ,eing! to ,e &nited

to his Ma er in the $resent and #&t&re orlds. hese are )alledthe eight stages o# Yoga "[++++]%! o# hi)h so'e are external"[++++]% and others internal "[++++]%. he external onesare [++:]

1st. Ya'a "[++++]% For,earan)e or restraint o# $assions!#eelings ).! in)l&ding the ,est 'oral r&les in all religions.

2nd. i a'a "[++++]% Parti)&lar r&les and o s #or the


36/1702

o,ser an)e o# the Yogi.

3rd. ;sana "[++++]% sedate $osition o# the ,od to hel$dee$ 'editation.

Eth. Pr n 'a "[++++]% 7&$$ression and s&s$ensiono# ,reath.

th. Prat h ra "[++++]%! Bestraint or )ontrol o# sensesand organs.

;'ong the internal $ra)ti)es are re) oned the #ollo ing iS [++.]Kth. 5h na "[++++]% In ard )onte'$lation and 'editation[++.]

th. 5h ran "[++++]% 7teadiness 6# the 'ind in st&d .

th. 7a' dhi "[++++]%! ran)e[++!] the last stage o# Yoga.

hese again )o'$rise so'e other a)ts &nder ea)h o# the'!s&)h as [++:]-----File: 030.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

I. Ya'a "[++++]% Bestraint in)l&des #i e a)ts &nder it

1st. ;hins [++;hi's ] "[++++]% Hni ersal inno)en)e or h&rting noani'al )reat&re.

2nd. ;ste a' "[++++]% ; oidan)e o# the#t or stealth.

3rd. 7at a' "[++++]% 6,ser an)e o# tr&th.

Eth. Grah'a)har a' "[++++]% )onsisting in $&rit and)hastit .

th. ;$arigraha "[++++]% 5isinterestedness.


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II. i a'a "[++++]% Moral r&les )onsisting o# #i e-+#olda)ts. ViS. [++:]

1st. 7a&)ha' "[++++]% Personal )leanliness.

2nd. 7antosha "[++++]% )ontent'ent.

3rd. a$as "[++++]% 5e otion in)l&ding sel# denial and sel# 'orti#i)ation.

Eth. 7 dh a "[++++]% no ledge o# all nat&re.th. Pranidh na "[++++]% ;doration o# 4od.

III. ;sana "[++++]% 5i##erent 'odes o# $ost&res! tran?&il $ost&re "[++++]% ).

IV. Pr n 'a "[++++]% B&les o# Bes$iration! three

sorts! iS. [++:]1st. Be)ha a "[++++]% Ax$iration or Axhalation.

2nd. PRra a "[++++]% Ins$iration or Inhalation.

3rd. D&',ha a "[++++]% 7&$$ression o# ,reathing!eight a s.

V. Prat h ra "[++++]% Bestraining thesenses #ro' their grati#i)ations in 'an a s.

VI. 5h na "[++++]% ;,stra)t )onte'$lation!a$art #ro' the testi'onies o# [:]--

1. Prat axa "[++++]% Per)e$tions.


38/1702

2. Pra' na "[++++]% ;$$rehensions.

3. ;n&' na "[++++]% In#eren)e.

E. 7a,da "[++++]% Ver,al testi'on .

VII. 5h ran "[++++]% Betenti eness.

VIII. 7a' dhi "[++++]%: ;,sor$tion in 'editation! in t oa s

-----File: 031.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

1. 7a i al$a "[++++]% 8ith retention o# sel# olition.

2. ir i al$a "[++++]% 8ith loss o# olition.

he H$ as "[++++]% 6r the 'eans s$o en o# ,e#ore are [++:]

1. H$oshana "[++++]% ;,stinen)e.

2. Mit sana "[++++]% e'$eran)e.

3. Nsra'a "[++++]% 7heltered a,odes.

E. Visr 'a "[++++]% Best and re$ose #ro' la,or.

. ; arodha "[++++]% 7el# )on#ine'ent in )losets.

K. ;sana' "[++++]% 7&,sisten)e on light #ood.

Geside these there are 'an i)es )alled ;$ as or dZshas"[++++]% hi)h are o,sta)les to 'editation! and hi)h eo'it on a))o&nt o# their $rolixit .

VII. ; HBA 6F @A 76H


39/1702

o as the end and ai' o# Yoga is the e'an)i$ation o# the7o&l! it is ne)essar to gi e so'e a))o&nt o# the nat&re o# theso&l " t'atat a% as #ar as it as no n to the sages o# India!and #or'ed the $ri'ar s&, e)t o# in?&ir ith the ise 'en o# e er )o&ntr a))ording to the sa ings [++:] (4nothe sea&ton!(

( os)e tei$s&'!( (Dno th sel#([++!(] (Dhodra ,edan!( and ;ra,i)( aala' a#sa a!( [++++] ).

( he ord ;t'an!( sa s Max M&ller[++MTller]! ( hi)h in the Vedao))&rs as o#ten as (t an!( 'eant li#e! $arti)&larl ani'al li#e"Vide Big Veda I. K3! .%[++%.] ;t' in the sense o# sel# o))&rs also inthe Big Veda "I. 1K2. 20%! in the $assage [++++][++++]![++.] It is also #o&nd to ,e &sed in the higher sense o# so&l in the erse [++++] ( he s&n is the so&l o# all that 'o es and rests "B. VI. 11 . 1%. he highest so&lis )alled $ara' t'an "[++++]% o# hi)h all other so&ls $arta e!#ro' hi)h all realit in this )reated orld e'anates! and into

hi)h e er thing ill ret&rn.(;t'an originall 'eant air as the 4ree at'os! 4othi) ah'a!\end t' na'! 7ans)rit [++++] and [++++]! C&ni#or' ada'! Persianda'! hen)e e deri e 7ans [++++] @indi [++++] Hria and Pra rit[++++] and Gengali [++++]! [++++] ). he 4ree and


40/1702

to that o# the 7&$re'e. h&s sa s Max M&ller[++MTller] on the s&, e)t!(; @ind& s$ea ing o# hi'sel# [++++] s$o e also! tho&gh &n)ons)io&slo# the so&l o# the &ni erse [++++]! and to nohi'sel#! as to hi' to no ,oth his o n sel# and the Hni ersalso&l! or to no hi'sel# in the 5i ine sel#.(

8e gi e ,elo the di##erent lights in hi)h the 5i ine so&las ie ed , the di##erent s)hools o# @ind& $hiloso$h ! and

ado$ted a))ordingl in their res$e)ti e 'odes o# Yoga 'editation.he H$anishads )alled it Grah'a o# eternal and in#inite isdo'

[++++]

he Vedantists --; Geing #&ll o# intelligen)e and ,liss#&lness[++++]

he 7 n aras --; )ontin&ed )ons)io&sness o# one sel#. [++++][++++] he do)trine o# 5es)artes and Male,ran)he.

he Materialists--)on ert the so&l to all 'aterial #or's

[++++]he


41/1702

he 5iga',aras--sa ! the )o'$lete h&'an ,od is the so&l[++++]

he M dh a'i as--ta e the a)&&' #or their so&l [++++]-+[++++]

he Yog )h ris--&nderstand the so&l to ,e a transient #lasho# no ledge in the s$irit in 'editation. [++++]

he 7a&tr ntas--)all it a short in#erior no ledge. [++++]-+[++++]

he Vai,h shi as--ta e it to ,e a 'o'entar $er)e$tion [++++][++++]

he Jainas--ta e their $re)e$tor to ,e their so&l [++++]

he


42/1702

o# the so&l.

he ;t' dis--s$irit&alists! )onsider the existen)e o# the ,od as &nne)essar to the existen)e o# the so&l.-----File: 03E.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

VIII. FI ;< AM; CIP; I6 6B GA; I H5A.

he o, e)t o# Yoga! as alread said! ,eing the e'an)i$ation o# the so&l #ro' the 'iseries o# the orld! and its attain'ent toa state o# highest #eli)it ! it is to ,e seen hat this state o# #eli)itis! hi)h it is the )on)ern o# e er 'an to no ! and hi)h theYogi ta es so '&)h $ains to a)?&ire. he Vedanti) Yogi! as itis ell no n! ai's at nothing less than in his a,sor$tion in the7&$re'e 7$irit and loosing hi'sel# in in#inite ,liss. G&t it is notso ith others! ho are a erse to loose the sense o# their $ersonalidentit ! and loo #or ard to a state o# sel# existen)e either inthis li#e or next! in hi)h the shall ,e $er#e)tl ha$$ . he

Yogis o# India ha e ario&s states o# this ,liss hi)h the ai'at a))ording to the #aith to hi)h the ,elong! as e shall sho ,elo .

he Vedanti) Yogi has t o states o# ,liss in ie iS theone in#erior hi)h is attained in this li#e , 'eans o# no ledge[++++]! and the other s&$erior!o,taina,le a#ter 'an ,irths o# grad&al ad an)e'ent to $er#e)tion

[++++]he Ch r as sa ! that it is either inde$enden)e or death

that is ,liss.

he M dh a'i as sa [++!] it is extin)tion o# sel# that is )alledli,eration [++++]

he Vi n ni $hiloso$hers--ha e it to ,e )lear and ele ated


43/1702

&nderstanding [++++]

he ;rhatas ha e it in deli eran)e #ro' all eil and )o ering[++++]

he M dis sa ! that it is re'o al o# the error o# one=sse$arate existen)e as a $arti)le o# the 7&$re'e s$irit [++++]

he B ' n& as )alled it to ,e the no ledge o# V s&de a as)a&se o# all! [++++]

he M dh a'i as ha e it #or the $er#e)t ,liss en o ed ,Vishn& [++++]

he Galla,his ex$e)t it in s$orting ith Drishna in hea en[++++]-----File: 03 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

he P s&$atas and M hes aras $la)e it in the $ossession o#

all dignit [++++]he D $ li as $la)e it in the #ond e',ra)es o# @ara and

5&rga [++++]

he Prat a,hi n nis )all it to ,e the $er#e)tion o# the so&l.[++++]

he Bases ara V dis ha e it in the health o# ,od $rod&)ed , 'er)&r [++++]

he Vaisesi as see it in the extin)tion o# all inds o# $ain[++++]

he Mi' nsa as ie their ha$$iness in hea enl ,liss [++++]

he 7ar a nas sa that! it is the )ontin&ed #eeling o# highest


44/1702

#eli)it [++++]

he P nini $hilologers #ind it in the $o ers o# s$ee)h [++++]

he 7 n h as #ind it in the &nion o# #or)e ith 'atter [++++]

he Hd sOna ;theists ha e it as )onsisting in the ignoring o# sel# identit [++++]

he P tan alas ie it in the &n)onne)ted &nit o# the so&l[++++]

he Persian 7is )all it S digi or &natta)h'ent o# the so&lto an orldl o, e)t.

I>. 6BI4I 6F Y64; I @A VA5;7.

[7idenote: ot in the Vedi)

Period]he origin o# oga 'editation is $la)ed at a $eriod )o'$arati el

less an)ient than the earliest 7anhita or h n'i) $eriod o# edi) histor ! hen the Bishis #ollo edthe ele'entar orshi$ o# the $h si)al#or)es! or the Grah'ani) age hen the ere e'$lo ed in the)ere'onial o,ser an)es.

7o'e tra)es o# it.

here are ho e er so'e tra)es o# a,stra)t )onte'$lation(dh na oga( to ,e o))asionall 'et ithin the earl Vedas! here the Bishis are 'entionedto ha e ind&lged the'sel es in s&)h! re eries. h&s in-----File: 03K.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

the Big Veda--12 . E. [++++]


45/1702

( he $oets dis)o ered in their heart thro&gh 'editation! the ,ond o# the existing in the non-existing.( M. M&ller[++MTller]. ;. 7.


46/1702

heir di##erent'odes o# oga.

Geside the a,o e! e #ind 'ention o# oga and the ario&s'odes o# )ond&)ting it in so'e other H$anishads!as gi en ,elo , the sa'e a&thor andanal st. he Datho$anishad or Datha allOo# the ;thar a Veda! treats o# the #irst $rin)i$les o# 5eisti)Yoga. I,id. $. 1 .

he 4ar,ho$anishad s$ea s o# the 7 n h a and P tan ala[++P tan ali]oga s ste's as the 'eans o# no ing r ana. "I,id. $. 1K0 ".[++%.]-----File: 03 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

he Grah'o$onishad[++Grah'o$anishad]! sa s 8e,er! ,elongs 'ore $ro$erl to the

oga H$anishads s$o en o# ,e#ore. "I,id. $. 1K1%.

he ir la',o$anishad exhi,its essentiall the oga stand

$oint a))ording to 5r. Ba endra


47/1702

"I,id. $. 13 %.

Yoga Y na al a.

;long ith or $rior to P tan ala[++P tan ali] )o'es the Yoga 7 stra o# Yogi Y na al a! the leading a&thorit o# the 7 ta$atha Gr h'ana! ho is also regardedas a 'ain originator o# the oga do)trine in his later ritings."I,id. $. 23 %. Y na al a s$ea s o# his o,taining the Yoga7 stra #ro' the s&n! [++++]

(@e ho ishes to attain oga '&st no the Nran a ahi)h I ha e re)ei ed #ro' the s&n! and the Yoga s stra hi)hI ha e ta&ght.[++(]

>. BI7A 6F @A @ABI IC;


48/1702

a,sor$tion or &tter annihilation! a))ording to the di##eren)e intheir res$e)ti e ie s. 6r to ex$lain it 'ore )learl the sathat! ( he state o# h&'anit in its $resent! $ast and #&t&reli es! is the ne)essar res&lt o# its o n a)ts (Dar'a( in $re io&s ,irths.(

he eal or oeo# 'an ind.

hat 'iser or ha$$iness in this li#e is the &na oida,le se?&en)eo# )ond&)t in #or'er states o# existen)e! andthat o&r $resent a)tions ill deter'ine o&r states to )o'e that is! their eal or oe de$endingsolel on the 'erit or de'erit o# a)ts. It is! there#ore!one=s )essation #ro' a)tion , )on#ining hi'sel# to hol 'editation!that se)&res to hi' his #inal a,sor$tion in the s&$re'ea))ording to the one and , his nes)ien)e o# hi'sel# that ens&reshis &tter extin)tion a))ording to the other.

he P&r ni) oga.In the P&r ni) $eriod e get a'$le a))o&nts o# oga and ogis.

he D&r'a $&rana gi es a string o# na'es o# oga tea)hers. he $ra)ti)e o# oga is #re?&entl

all&ded to in the Vana $ar a o# Mah ,h rata. he o,ser an)eso# oga are detailed at )onsidera,le length and stren&o&slen oined in the Hd oga $ar a o# the said e$i). Gesides in 'odern

ti'es e ha e a))o&nts o# ogis in the 7a &ntala o# D lid sa"VII. 1 % and in the M dha a M lati o# Gha a-,hRti "a)t .%[++.]he B 'a ana gi es an a))o&nt o# a 7Rdra ogi! and the

Gh ga at gOta treats also o# oga as ne)essar to ,e $ar)ti)ed[++$ra)ti)ed]")ha$. VI.V.13%.

he ntri a oga

he antras or )a,alisti) or s o# 'odern ti'es are all and


49/1702

e er one o# the' no other than oga sastras!)ontaining dire)tions and #or'&las #or the adorationo# inn&'era,le deities #or the $&r$ose o# their otaries=attain'ent o# )ons&''ation (Yoga 7iddhi( thro&gh the'. Itis the ntri a oga hi)h is )hie#l )&rrent in Gengal! tho&ghthe old #or's 'a ,e in &se in other $arts o# the )o&ntr . It isre) oned ith the heriti)al[++hereti)al] s ste's! ,e)a&se the $ro)essesand $ra)ti)es o# its oga are 'ostl at arian)e ith the s$irit&al

oga o# old. It has in ented 'an 'Rdras or 'asoni) signs!'onogra's and ' sterio&s s ',ols! hi)h are holl &nintelligi-+-----File: 03 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------+,le to the ogis o# the old s)hool! and has the )arnal rites o# the $an)ha-'a ra #or i''ediate )ons&''ation hi)h a s$irit&alist

ill #eel asha'ed to learn "7ee 8ilson. @. Beligion%.

he @atha Yoga.

his s ste'! hi)h as its na'e i'$lies )onsists o# the #or)ed

)ontortions o# the ,od inorder[++ in order] to s&,d&e thehard ,oors to ?&ies)en)e! is rather a training o# the ,od s[++,od ] than a 'ental or s$irit&al dis)i$line o# a 'oral andintelligent ,eing #or the ,ene#it o# the rational so&l. he otarieso# this s ste' are 'ostl o# a agrant and 'endi)ant order! ands&, e)t to the slander o# #oreigners! tho&gh the )o''and

eneration o er the ignorant '&ltit&de.

he 7e)tarianogas.

he 'odern se)tarians in &$$er @ind&stan! na'el the #ollo erso# B ' n& a! 4ora hn th! na ! Da,ir and others! $ossess their res$e)ti e 'odes o#

oga! ritten in the diale)ts o# @indi! #or their $ra)ti)e in the 'aths or 'onasteries $e)&liar to their di##erent

orders.


50/1702

Yoga an indigeneo# India.


51/1702

4ree)e.

he 5iale)ti) a in the o$inion o# 7ir 8illia' Jonesex$ressed in his 5is)o&rse on @ind& $hiloso$h !as ta en &$ , the #ollo ers o# ;lexander and)o''&ni)ated , the' to ;ristottle[++;ristotle]: and thatP thagaras[++P thagoras] deri ed his do)trine o# Mete'$s )hosis #ro'the@ind& oga in his tra els thro&gh India. @is $hiloso$h as o# a)onte'$lati e )ast #ro' the sensi,le to the i''aterial intelligi,les.(

he 4nosti) oga.8e,er sa s [++:] ( he 'ost #lo&rishing e$o)h o# the 7 n h a- oga! ,elongs 'ost $ro,a,l to the #irst )ent&ries o# o&r eras! the in#l&en)e it exer)ised &$on thede elo$'ent o# gnosti)is' in ;sia Minor ,eing &n'ista a,le

hile #&rther ,oth thro&gh that )hannel and a#ter ards dire)tlalso! it had an i'$ortant in#l&en)e &$on the gro th o# 7o$hi-$hiloso$h (

"7ee


52/1702

he 4nosti) do)trines deri ed es$e)iall #ro' G&ddhisti) 'issionsthro&gh Persia and P&n a,! ere s$reado er A&ro$e! and e',ra)ed and )&lti ated $arti)&larl , Gasiledes! Valentinian! and Gardesanesa, ell as Manes.

Mane)hian 5o)trines.

It is! ho e er! a ?&estion as to the a'o&nt o# in#l&en)e to ,eas)ri,ed to Indian $hiloso$h generall ! in sha$ingthese gnosti) do)trines o# Manes in $arti)&lar!

as a 'ost i'$ortant one! as has ,een-----File: 0E1.$ng---------------------------------------------------------sho n ,


53/1702

( hose! ho rest in )ere'onial o,ser an)es! #ind it all satis# ingthose! ho den the e##i)a) o# or s and 'a e #aith the onething need#&l! need not ander #ro' its $ale those! ho delightin 'editating on the nat&re o# 4od and 'an! the relation o# 'atter and s$irit! the ' ster o# se$arate existen)e and theorigin o# e il! 'a here ind&lge their lo e o# s$e)&lation.( "Introd&)tionto Indian 8isdo' $. xx ii.%

8e shall treat o# these seriati'! , a o# notes to or inter$retationo# the a,o e! as a$$l ing to the di##erent 'odes o# oga $ra)tised , these se eral orders o# se)tarians.1. 7$irit&al oga.[++++]

hat the earliest #or' o# oga as $&rel s$irit&al! is e ident#ro' the H$anishads! the Ved nta do)trines o# V sa and all or s on the no ledge o# the

so&l "adh t'a Vid %. (;ll the earl H$anishads(!sa s 8e,er! (tea)h the do)trine o# at' -s$irit! and thelater ones deal ith oga 'editation to attain )o'$lete &nion ith

t' or the 7&$re'e 7$irit.( 8e,. Ind.


54/1702

,eings! this &ni erse! all is 5i ine 7$irit!( I,id. he 'eaningo# the last $assage is e identl that! the s$irit o# 4od $er adesthe hole! and not that these are 4od #or that o&ld ,e $antheis'and 'aterialis' hereas the 7r&ti sa s that! (4od is to ,e orshi$$ed in s$irit and not in an 'aterial o, e)t.( [++++]

2. he Materialisti)oga

he 'aterialisti) side o# the oga! or hat is )alled thePr riti a oga! as $ro$o&nded at #irst in the7 n h a oga s ste'! and then)e ta en &$ inthe P&r nas and antras! hi)h set &$ a $ri'e al'atter as the ,asis o# the &ni erse! andthe $&r&sha or ani'al so&l as e ol ed o&t o# it! and s&,sisting in'atter. 8e,er=s Ind.


55/1702

). he ere a#ter ards ie ed inthe #i e ele'ents $an)ha,hRta! hi)h #or'ed the ele'ental or-+-----File: 0E3.$ng---------------------------------------------------------+shi$ o# the an)ients! either singl or )on ointl as in the $an)ha-+,h &ti&$ san ! des)ri,ed in the 7ar a darsana sangraha.

at&re o# orshi$ ineight #or's.

he 'aterialisti) or nat&re orshi$ as at last di ersi#ied intoeight #or's )alled ashta 'Rrti! )onsisting o# earth! ater! #ire! air! s ! s&n! 'oon! and thesa)ri#i)ial $riest! hi)h ere ,elie ed to ,e so'an #or's o# 4od ^sa! and #or'ing the o, e)ts o# his 'editationalso. he eight #or's are s&''ed &$ in the lines [++:] [++++][++++] or as it is 'ore )o''onl read in Gengal! [++++]

hat the ere #or's o# ^sa is th&s ex$ressed , D lid sa in theBagh&- ansa [++++]and that the ere 'editated &$on , hi' as ex$ressed

, the sa'e in his D&' ra 7a',ha a [++:][++++]

he $rolog&e to the 7a &ntal ill at on)e $ro e this great $oetto ha e ,een a 'aterialist o# this ind th&s [++:]

[++++]

(8ater the #irst or o# the )reator! and Fire hi)h re)ei esthe o,lations ordained , la ). ). Ma ^sa! the 4od o# at&re! a$$arent in these #or's! ,less and s&stain o&.(

Gesides all this the 7i ites o# the $resent da ! are #o&nd to ,eotaries o# this 'aterialisti) #aith in their dail adoration o# the

eight #or's o# 7i a in the #ollo ing #or'&la o# their rit&al [++:]


56/1702

[++++]

Goth the 7 n h a and 7ai a 'aterialis' are de$ri)ated[++de$re)ated] inorthodox or s as atheisti) and heriti)al[++hereti)al]! li e the i'$io&sdo)trineso# the 'odern $ositi ists and 'aterialists o# A&ro$e! on a))o&nt o# -----File: 0EE.$ng---------------------------------------------------------their dis,elie# in the existen)e o# a $ersonal and s$irit&al 4od.

h&s sa s! D&' rila [++:] [++++][++++] "Max M&ller=s[++MTller=s] ;. 7.


57/1702

he Ghaga adgit sa s to the sa'e e##e)t! [++++]he oga V sishtha in)&l)ates the sa'e do)trine

in )on#or'it ith the 7r&ti hi)h sa s [++:] [++++]

. he 7&, e)ti eor @ansa oga.

he hansa or $ara'ahansa oga is the s&, e)ti e #or'! hi)h)onsists in the $er)e$tion o# one=s identit iththat o# the s&$re'e ,eing! here, 'en areele ated a,o e li#e and death. "8e,er=s Ind.


58/1702

#or' is #o&nd a'ong the Grah'a dis and V dinis! ho $ra)tise the $&re )onte'$lati e oga o# Ved nta itho&t aninter'ixt&re o# se)tarian #or's. It )orres$onds ith the $hiloso$hi)al' sti)is' o# saint Gernard! and the ' sti) de otion o# the 7is o# Persia. "7ee 7ir 8'. Jones. 6n the M sti)Poetr o# the @ind&s! Persians and 4ree s.%

. he I'$&re or Ghanda oga.

he i'$&re oga in ,oth its signi#i)ations o# &nholiness andinter'ixt&re! is no largel in og&e ith the#ollo ers o# the tantras! the orshi$$ers o# 7i a and 7a ti! the 'odern 4osa is o# 5e))an!the G&lla,h )h ris o# Grinda,&n! the 4osains! Ghaira is andVaishna a se)ts in India! the ;ghoris o# @ind&stan! and theDart ,ha s and er -neris o# Gengal.

. he Pantheisti)

or Vis t' oga.his is ell no n #ro' the $antheisti) do)trines o# Ved nta!

to )onsist in the 'editation o# e er thing in4od and 4od in e er thing (7ar a' hal ida'Graha'a( [++++]and that s&)h )onte'$lation alone leads to i''ortalit . [++++][++++] It )orres$onds

ith the $antheis' o# Persian 7is and those o# 7$inoSa andindal in the est. A en 7adi sa s [++:] (@a' n nestand &n)hehasti t&i!( there is nothing else ,&t th sel#. 7o in Hrd&! Jo

&)h hai ohi hai nahin a&r &)hh.

10. he Monotheisti)or ;d aita Grah'a

oga.


59/1702

It )onsists in the 'editation o# the )reed [++++]o# the Grah'ans! li e the (8ahed @o( o# Mosle's! and that 4od is one o# &nitarian[++Hnitarian])hristians[++Christians]. he 'onotheisti) oga is e',odied-----File: 0EK.$ng---------------------------------------------------------in the 7 et s atara and other H$anishads "8e,er $. 2 2 a%. ;s#or se ere 'onotheis' the Mosai) and Mosle' religions are&n$aralleled! hose tenet it is (la shari laho( one itho&t a $artner and! ( ho& shalt ha e no other 4od ,&t Me.(

11. he 5&alisti)or 5 aita oga.

he d&alisti) oga originated ith Patan ali! s&,stit&ting hisIs ara #or the P&r&sha o# 7 n h a! and ta ingthe Pra riti as his asso)iate. (Fro' these!(sa s 8e,er! (the do)trine see's to rest s&,stantiall&$on a d&alis' o# the P&r&sha 'ale and a a ta or Pra riti--the #e'ale.( his has also gi en ,irth to the d&alisti)

#aith o# the androg ne di init -[++--]the Protogon&s o# the 4ree ' tholog ! the ardhan ris ara o# Man&! the &ndi ided;da' o# the s)ri$t&res! the @ara-4a&ri and H' 'ahes ara[++H' -Mahes ara] o# the @ind& 7 tas. G&t there is another d&alis' o# t o 'aled&ties oined in one $erson o# @ari-hara or @ara-hari hose

orshi$$ers are )alled d aita- dis! and a'ong ho' the #a'o&sgra''arian Vo$ade a ran s the #ore'ost.

12. he rialisti)or raita- oga.

he do)trines o# the @ind& trinit o# Grah'a! Vishn& and7i a! and that o# the Platoni) triad and )hristian[++Christian]@ol rinit are ell no n to in)&l)ate the

orshi$ and 'editation o# the three $ersons in

one! so that in adoring one o# the'! a 'an &n no ingl orshi$s


60/1702

all the three together.

13. he Pol theisti)oga or 7ar a5e o$ sana.

his )onsists o# the adoration o# a $l&ralit o# deities in the' tholog , e er @ind&! tho&gh e er onehas a s$e)ial di init o# ho' he is the otar#or his $arti)&lar 'editation. he later &$anishadsha e $ro'&lgated the orshi$ o# se eral #or's o# Vishn&and 7i a "8e,. I.


61/1702

Yoga 7 dhana.

( he oga s ste'!( sa s 8e,er! (de elo$ed itsel# in )o&rse o# ti'e in o&t ard $ra)ti)es o# $enan)e and 'orti#i)ations!here, a,sor$tion in the 7&$re'eGeing as so&ght to ,e o,tained. 8e dis)o er its earl tra)es in the A$i)s and s$e)iall in the ;thar a &$anishads.("Ind.


62/1702

his )o''en)ed ith the se)ond )lass or 'ide al[++'edie al]&$anishads!

hi)h ga e the 'eans and stages! here,'en 'a e en in this orld attain )o'$lete&nion ith the Nt'a "8e,. I.


63/1702

he other to$i)s o# Pro##.[++Pro#.] Monier 8illia's ,eing irrele ant too&r s&, e)t! are le#t o&t #ro' ,eing treated in the $resentdessertation[++dissertation].

>III. @A C6 7HMM; I6 6F Y64; "7I55@I%.[++ 'o ed =.=]

22. G assi'ilationto the o, e)t.

he Yogi , )ontin&all 'editating on the $er#e)tions o# the;ll Per#e)t Geing! ,e)o'es e ent&all a $er#e)t ,eing hi'sel#! &st as a 'an that de otes his sole attentionto the a)?&isition a $arti)&lar s)ien)e!attains in ti'e not onl to a $er#e)tion in it! ,&t ,e)o'es as it ere identi#ied ith that s)ien)e. 6r to &se a nat&ral $heno'enon in the 'eta'or$hoses o# inse)ts! the trans#or'ationo# the )o) roa)h to the )on)h#l ! , its )onstant dread o# the latter

hen )a&ght , it! and the )a'eleon=s )hanging its )olo&r #or those o# the o, e)ts a,o&t it! ser e ell to el&)idate the Grah'a-hood[++++] o# the )onte'$lati e ogi.

G&t to ill&strate this $oint 'ore )learl e ill )ite the arg&'ento# Plotin&s o# the eo-Platoni) s)hool! to $ro e the ele-+-----File: 0E .$ng---------------------------------------------------------+ ation o# the 'editati e ogi to the $er#e)tion o# the Geing

he 'editates &$on. @e sa s! (Man is a #inite ,eing! ho )anhe )o'$rehend the In#initeU G&t as soon as he )o'$rehends theIn#inite! he is in#inite hi'sel#: that is to sa [++:] he is no longer hi'sel#! no longer that #inite ,eing ha ing a )ons)io&sness o# his o n se$arate existen)e ,&t is lost in and ,e)o'es one iththe In#inite.(

G identi#i)ation

ith the o, e)t.


64/1702

@ere sa s Mr.


65/1702

their #a o&rs.(-----File: 0 0.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

Hlti'ate )ons&''ation

(;#ter ards a trans$ort exalts the' ,e ond the 'ere $er)e$tiono# #or's! to a degree hi)h ex)eeds all ex$ression!and )on)erning hi)h one )annot s$ea

itho&t e'$lo ing a lang&age that o&ld so&nd ,las$he'o&s. In #a)t so'e ha e gone so #ar as to i'agine the'sel esa'alga'ated ith 4od! others identi#ied ith @i'! andothers to ,e asso)iated ith @i'.( hese states are )alled[++++] ).. in @ind& oga as e shall $resentlsee.

>IV. @A 5IFFABA 5A4BAA7 6F PABFAC I6 .

he Aight $er#e)tions

[++++]( he s&$ernat&ral #a)&lties( sa s 8ilson! (are a)?&ired in

ario&s degrees a))ording to the greater or lesser $er#e)tiono# the ade$t.( @. Bel. $. 131. hese $er#e)tionsare )o''onl en&'erated as eight inn&',er "[++++]%! and are said to ,e a)?&ired , the $arti)&lar 'ode in hi)h the de otee )on)entrates hi'sel#

in the 5i ine s$irit or )onte'$lates it ithin hi'sel#.1. Mi)ro)os' or ;ni' .

he s$e)i#i) $ro$ert o# the 'in&teness o# the so&l or &ni ersals$irit! that it is 'in&ter than the 'in&test"[++++]%. G thin ing hi'sel# as s&)h!

the ogi , a single ex$iration o# air! 'a es his


66/1702

hole ,od ass&'e a lan and lean a$$earan)e! and $enetrateshis so&l into all ,odies.

2. Ma)ro)os' or Mahi'

his also is a s$e)ial ?&alit o# the so&l that it #ills the ,od !and extends thro&gh all s$a)e and en)loses it

ithin itsel# "[++++]% , thin ing so!the ogi , a 'ere res$iration o# air 'a es his ,od ro&nd and t&rgid as a #rog! and )o'$rehends the &ni ersein hi'sel#.3.


67/1702

his is the o,taining o# desired o, e)ts and s&$ernat&ral $o ersas , ins$iration #ro' a,o e. he ogi in astate o# tran)e a)?&ires the $o er o# $redi)ting#&t&re e ents! o# &nderstanding &n no nlang&ages! o# )&ring di ers diseases! o# hearing distant so&nds! o# di ining &nex$ressed tho&ghts o# others! o# seeing distant o, e)ts!or s'elling ' sti)al #ragrant odo&rs! and o# &nderstanding thelang&age o# ,easts and ,irds. @en)e the $ro$hets all di ed into#&t&rit ! the ora)les de)lared #&t&re e ents! Jina &nderstood $as&,h shand Christ healed diseases and in#ir'ities. 7o also7an a a sa the ,attles aged at D&r& shetra #ro' the $ala)eo# ing 5hritar shtra.

K. 6 ergain-[++--]Pra-D ' a[++Pra ' a]

Pra ' a is o,taining 'ore than one=s ex$e)tations! and )onsistsin the $o er o# )asting the old s in and'aintaining a o&th-li e a$$earan)e #or an

&n&s&al $eriod o# ti'e! as it is re)orded o# ingYa ti "Ja$het or J $ati% and o# ;l)i,iades ho 'aintained an&n#ading o&th to his last. G so'e riters it is de#ined to ,ethe $ro$ert o# entering into the s ste' o# another $erson as itis related o# 7an ar )h r a=s entering the dead ,od o# $rin)e;'ar& in the 7an ara Vi a a.

. 7&, e)tion

Vasit a'his is the $o er o# ta'ing li ing )reat&res and ,ringing the'

&nder )ontrol. It is de#ined also to ,e therestraint o# $assions and e'otions as [+++++][+++++]! and li e ise the ,ringing o# 'en and

o'en &nder s&, e)tion. his 'ade 6r$he&s ta'e the ildani'als and sto$ the )o&rse o# ri ers , the '&si) o# his l re and

ga e P thagoras " ho deri ed it #ro' India% the $o er o# s&,d&ing


68/1702

a #&rio&s ,ear , the in#l&en)e o# his ill or ord! as also o# $re enting an ox #ro' eating his ,eans! and sto$$ing an eagle-----File: 0 2.$ng---------------------------------------------------------in its #light. It as , this that Pros$ero s&,d&ed the ele'entsand aerial s$irits ith his 'agi) and! and 5ra&$adi andMaho'ed[++Moha''ed]o,tained the $o ers o# sto$$ing the )o&rses o# the s&n and 'oon.

he Magis o# Persia are said to ha e deri ed their 'agi)al $o ers#ro' the M is o# India ho #irst )&lti ated the 'agi)al art.

. 5o'inion or Ishit a'.It is the o,taining o# &ni ersal do'inion either in this li#e or next , 'eans o# oga! as it is re)orded o# B ana! M ndh t and others in the traditions.It is also said to ,e the attain'ent o# di ine $o ers! hen the ogi #inds hi'sel# in a ,laSe o# light.

C@;P AB >V.

he state o# a Per#e)t ogi.

;&thorit o# @[++.]@. 8ilson

8hen the ' sti) &nion is e##e)ted! he "the ogi% )an 'a ehi'sel# lighter than the lightest s&,stan)e!and hea ier than the hea iest )an ,e)o'e as

ast or as 'in&te as he $leases )an tra erseall s$a)e! )an ani'ate an dead ,od , trans#erring his s$iritinto it #ro' his o n #ra'e. @e )an render hi'sel# in isi,le! )anattain all o, e)ts! ,e)o'e e?&all a)?&ainted ith the $resent! $ast and #&t&re! and is #inall &nited ith 7i a! and )onse?&entl

exe'$ted #ro' ,eing ,orn again &$on earth. "7ee 8ilson=s


69/1702

@ind& Beligion $. 131%.

5itto o# Plato.

8e #ind the sa'e do)trine in Plato=s Phaedr&s here 7o)ratesdeli ers a highl $oeti)al e##&sion res$e)tingthe $artial inter)o&rse or the h&'an so&l itheternal intelle)t&al Bealia. @e sa s 'oreo er that! all o, e)ts

hi)h are in isi,le )an ,e a$$rehended onl , )ogitation " oga%and that none ,&t $hiloso$hers " ogis%! and a #e o# the' )anattain s&)h 'ental energ d&ring this li#e "[++++]% nor e enthe #&ll and $er#e)tl in the $resent state. G&t the ill attainit #&ll a#ter death i# their li es ha e ,een $assed in so,er $hiloso$hi)altraining "[++++]%. ;nd that all so&ls en o ed it ,e#ore ,irth! ,e#ore &n)tion ith the ,od ! hi)h are #orgotten d&ring)hildhood! ,&t re)alled in the a o# re'inis)en)e , asso)iation.

he re i al o# the di ine ele'ents is an ins$iration o# the nat&reo# 'adness "tran)e or e)sta) o# the oga%. he so&l ,e)o'ing-----File: 0 3.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

insensi,le to ordinar $&rs&its! )ontra)ts a $assionate tenden)to the &ni ersal. "Gaine on Bealis'! $$. K and %.

;&thorit o# Plotin&s.

(It is e)sta) the #a)&lt , hi)h the so&l di ests itsel# o# its $ersonalit . In this state the so&l ,e)o'es

loosened #ro' its 'aterial $rison! se$arated#ro' indi id&al )ons)io&sness! and ,e)o'esa,sor,ed in the In#inite Intelligen)e #ro' hi)h it e'anated. Inthis e)sta) it )onte'$lates real existen)e and identi#ies itsel#

ith that hi)h it )onte'$lates.( "VI.


70/1702

Criti)is' on oga Pra)ti)e.

5is,elie# in oga.

ot ithstanding all that e ha e said and the a&thoritiese ha e )ited in the $re)eding arti)le on the

e##i)a) o# oga! e #ind so'e s)holars in A&ro$eand 'an ed&)ated 'en in this )o&ntr ! are dis$osed to dis)reditthe e##i)ien) o# oga to e##e)t s&$ernat&ral res&lts or to ,e good#or an thing. 8e shall state so'e o# these o, e)tions hi)h

ill ,e #o&nd to ,ear their o n re#&tation on the gro&nds o# their 'isre$resentation and sel#-)ontradi)tion.

Its $ain#&l $ra)ti)es.

Pro#essor Monier 8illia's sa s that! ( oga s ste' a$$ears!in #a)t! to ,e a 'ere )ontri an)e o# gettingrid o# all tho&ght! or at least o# )on)entrating

the 'ind ith the &t'ost intensit &$on nothingin $arti)&lar. It is a strange )o'$o&nd o# 'ental and ,odil exer)ises )onsisting o# &nnat&ral restraint! #or)ed and $ain#&l $ost&res! t istings and )ontortions o# the li',s! s&$$ressiono# ,reath and &tter a,sen)e o# 'ind[++(]. "Indian isdo' $. 103% "so also 8ilson=s @ind& Beligion $. 132%.

Its ?&estiona,le

Feat&res.@e then starts the ?&estion! (@o is it that #aith in a #alses ste' )an o$erate ith s#i)ient #or)e &$onthe @ind&! to i'$el hi' to s&,'it ol&ntarilto al'ost in)redi,le restraints! 'orti#i)ationso# the #lesh and $h si)al tort&resU @o is it that ana'o&nt o# $h si)al end&ran)e 'a ,e exhi,ited , an a$$arentl

ea l and e'a)iated ;siati)! hi)h o&ld ,e i'$ossi,le


71/1702

-----File: 0 E.$ng---------------------------------------------------------to a A&ro$ean! the )li'ate and diet in one )ase tending to de,ilitateand in the other to in igorateU( "I,id $. 10E%.

heir Illegiti'a) .

Pro#essor Monier=s state'ent o# the existen)e o# the a#ore-+saidsel# 'orti#i)ations and ol&ntar )ontortionso# the li',s o# the ogis #or t o tho&sand

ears or sin)e the in ention o# oga $hiloso$h ! is o$en tore#&tation on the gro&nd o# there ,eing no 'ention o# the'in the old s ste's o# oga in)&l)ated either in the Ved nta or Patan ali=s $hiloso$h ! or e en in the oga V sishtha[++Yoga Vasishtha]!as it is e ident#ro' the $ra)ti)es and $ro)esses o# oga e ha e alreadgi en ,e#ore. hose $ro)esses are seen to ,e si'$l 'oral restraints!and no $h si)al tort&re o# an ind! and s&)h 'oral restraints'&st ,e a) no ledged on all hands! to ,e indis$ensi,le[++indis$ensa,le]to

the )on)entration o# the 'ind on an s&, e)t o# #ar less i'$ortan)ethan the )onte'$lation o# the ins)r&ta,le nat&re o# the 5i init .

;,&ses o# @athaoga.

he a,&ses he s$ea s o# '&st ,e those o# the ard&o&s $ra)ti)eso# the @atha oga! hi)h ha e ,een in

og&e ith $se&do ogis o# the later ti'es!#ro' their s&$erstitio&s ,elie# in ,odil tort&resas their ,est $enan)e and onl 'eans! "as the a&thor hi'sel# a o s%! (o# their #an)ied attain'ent o# extraordinarsan)tit and s&$ernat&ral $o ers.( "I,id%. G&t s&)h $ra)ti)esas ha e degenerated to de)e$ti e tri) s in this )o&ntr ! andare )arried on , the )heating and )heated #ools &nder the #alsena'e o# oga! $resent their )o&nter$arts also in the tri) eries

o# the #anati)s and #a irs &nder e er #or' o# #aith on earth!


72/1702

itho&t a##e)ting the tr&e religion or )reating an 'is)on)e$tiono# the oga do)trine.

7a)ri#i)e o# thes$irit.

In indi)ation o# o&r s$irit&al oga e ha e to sa thatit is no exoteri) religion! and re?&ires no ,odil'orti#i)ation or sa)ri#i)e in an sha$e hate er!as it is the &s&al $ra)ti)e o# all #or's o# religiona'ong 'an ind. he oga is the s$e)&lati e trainingo# the h&'an so&l! and )on)erns the )astigation o# the s$irit andnot the 'orti#i)ation o# #lesh. It has nothing to do ith the ,od hi)h is o# this earth! and hi)h e ha e to lea e here ,ehind &s.-----File: 0 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

7a)ri#i)e o# theGod .

he &ni ersal doo' o# death $rono&n)ed on the originalg&ilt o# 'an! is not to ,e a erted , $h si)aldeath or an deadl tort&re o# the ,od !as it is )o''onl ,elie ed , the ,&l o# 'an ind! to )onsist in ,odil 'orti#i)ations and sa)ri#i)es ,&t in the)ontrition and $eniten)e o# the s$irit! and sa)ri#i)e o# the so&l as theonl sin-o##ering #or the atone'ent o# o&r original and a)t&al

transgressions.he P&r&sha 'edha sa)ri#i)e o# the Veda hi)h is 'is&nderstood#or the o##ering o# a 'ale-,eing! a 'an! a horse! a ,&llor a he-goat or 'ale o# an ani'al! 'eant originall the sa)ri#i)eo# the h&'an so&l! or sel#-i''olation o# the $&r&sha or e',odiedintelligen)e to the 7&$re'e 7$irit! , 'eans o# its )on)entrationinto the sa'e thro&gh the instr&'entalit o# oga a,stra)tion. 5r.D. M. Ganer ia=s inter$retation o# the P&r&sha 'edha as t $i)al


73/1702

o# the )r&)i#ixion o# Christ! is 'ore )on#or'a,le ith his)hristian[++Christian]

ie o# the ' sti)is'! than the s$irit&al sense o# sel#-sa)ri#i)e!in hi)h it is generall &nderstood , the s$e)&lati e Yogi andthe $hiloso$hi)al Vedantist.-----File: 0 K.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

@A 6M ; 7; .

1. Prea',le o# 6' tat sat.

;#ter )onsideration o# Yoga the title o# o&r or ! and all its)o'$onent $arts tending to the exer)ise o# 'editation! together

ith an in estigation into the nat&re o# Nt'an or so&l! as the agent o# the a)t o# 'editatingand $ro)&ring its sal ation! e are led , a nat&ral and )oherent train o# tho&ght to an in?&ir intothe nat&re o# that grand o, e)t o# o&r hol and $ro#o&nd 'editation!

hi)h is the onl 'eans o# o&r e'an)i$ation! and hi)h is $resented at on)e to o&r ie in the exordi&' o# the or in the' sti)al )hara)ters o# 6' at 7at 6n Id Ast.

2. ;',ig&it o# the ord 6'.

he ord 6' #or'ing the initial o# the said e$igra$h standing

$ro'inent at the to$ o# the o$ening $age o# the or ! and ,eing 'ore than a '&ltin 'o&ster' and a',ig&o&s in its a))e$tations! re?&iresto ,e treated at so'e length! in order to dis)o er the hidden'eaning l ing ,&ried &nder that ' sti) e',le' o# the grandar)an&' o# Grah'ani)al and Hni ersal religion! #ro' a'idst a

ariet o# signi#i)ations hi)h are hea$ed &$on it in the sa)redritings and hol s$e)&lations o# the earl sages o# India.


74/1702

@A 7BH I 7;Y7:--

3. In the ,eginningas the ord6'.

[++++] 7o saith the @ol s)ri$t&re:--

(In the ,eginning as the ord! the ord as ith 4od!and the ord as 4od. ;ll this as 'ade , hi'! and itho&thi' as not an thing 'ade! that as 'ade and( 7t. John 1.1-3.6'! the lighto# the orld.

;nd again sa s the 7r&ti [++++]-----File: 0 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

( hat 6' shone #orth as light! ,&t the re)ei ed it not!and hid it in dar ness.( 7o the 7)ri$t&re:--

( hat as the light o# the orld! and the light shone &$onthe orld! ,&t the orld ne it not ).( 7t. John! Ch 1!V. . . 10.

. Its Be elation

to 'an ind.;gain sa s the 7)ri$t&re!--(4od sent one to ,ear itness o# the light! that all 'en thro&gh hi' 'ight ,elie e.( Id 1. . 7o Grah' the god re ealedits 'eaning to his #irst ,egotten son ;thar an!and a[++;]thar an! the Pra $ati! ga e instr&)tion on the s&, e)t toPi$$al da! 7anat &' ra and ;ngira( "8e,er ;. 7.


75/1702

#ro' Gharad a 7at a ha! and the latter again #ro' Nngira!the $&$il o# ;thar an! to ho' it as re ealed , Grah'hi'sel# "8e,er ;. 7.


76/1702

1. he letter [++++]

6n ra! that is! the nasal 6n in )o',ination ith the ad &n)tra "signi# ing a so&nd% and 'eaning the letter 6n. For all so&nds hether o)al "[++++]% or sonant "[++++]%! nasal "[++++]% or not-nasal "[++++]%!arti)&late "[++++]% or ono'ato$oeia "[++++]%! are deno'inatedletters as the letters a ). "[++++]% are )alled o els!the letters Da ). "[++++]% )onsonants so the nasals Nn! in"[++++]% )! as also the inarti)&late ones "[++++]% ).! are allletters ,&t the 6n ra is the root o# all th&s [++++]Man& )alls it a letter in the $assage:--( his one letter is the e',le' o# the Most @igh.II. 3. Vide 5r. Mitra=s Ch=h nd H$! $. E.

2. ; )on &n)t . in Anglish and others.( "Ch 1. 7e).1. $. E%. 7o is l ' li# in Persian ). he 7ans rit )on &n)t

sha "[++++]% is )onsidered a single )onsonant! hen the sa ![++++]

3. he 7 lla,le6' [++++]


77/1702

It is also li e e er other single or )on oint letter o# theal$ha,et "[++++]% ter'ed an a shara"[++++]% or s lla,le! hi)h #or's either a ord , itsel# hen standing alone! or $art o# aord #ollo ed , an ad &n)t as [++++]! [++++] ). herethe #irst is a ord o# one s lla,le or 'onos lla,i) ter' [++++]!and the others as diss lla,i) and tris lla,i) ords "[++++]! [++++][++++]%! a))ording as the are &ttered , the hel$ o# one or 'orearti)&lations o# the oi)e. 6' a s ara a$art #ro' its other signi#i)ation o# the I'$erisha,le and the li e! and its s ',olis'o# the 7&$re'e 7$irit! is also &sed in the sense o# a s lla,le-----File: 0 .$ng---------------------------------------------------------in the original ritings and their translations. h&s sa s theDatho$anishad [++:] [++++]

Man& sa s:--( hat hi)h $asseth not a a is de)lared to ,e the s lla,le o'! then)e )alled a shara.( @e )alls it also atriliteral 'onos lla,le. II. E. 7o sa s Mon. 8'.[++:] (6' isa 'ost sa)red 'onos lla,le signi#i)ant o# the 7&$re'e Geing.(

"Indian 8isdo' $. 103 note 1%.E. he )hara)ter 6' [++++]

6n ra[++6' ra] li e ise indi)ates the ritten )hara)ter 6'! ,e)a&sethe s#ix D ra li e N ra is &sed to signi#its ritten #or' or sign "[++++]%! and in

this sense the Gengali [++++]! )orres$onds ith4ree )hara)ter [++[4ree : _]] o'ega the in erted [++++]! or the6'i ron Anglish 6! ana 6ao Persian! and li ens to the 7ans rit ,ind& 6!

hi)h is ,&t another na'e o# 6' "[++++]%. G&t the[++++] is #or'ed , the &nion o# t o dots or ) $hers "6 ,ind&% li e4ree 6'ega o# t o o'i)rons and the Anglish o# t o &=s. 7osa s the 4 atrO antra! [++++]

;nd again: [++++].


78/1702

It is the &nion o# t o )ir)lets! one ,eing the s ',ol o# one=s o n di init and the other that o# Grah'a.( his )hara)ter , itsel# is regarded ith high eneration as an e',le' o# theIn#inite! inde$endent o# its 'eaning or &tteran)e! and is 'ar edon the #orehead o# e er de otee in the #or' o# a s$ot or )res)ent.

. he 7 ',ol[++++]

he s ',oli)al 6' is re$resented , #o&r ) $hers as $la)edo er one another [++++]! and ea)hdesignated , a di##erent na'e in the a#oresaidantra! and s&$$osed to #or' the )a ities o# theheart and 'o&th o# Grah'! [++++]

hese ,ind&s or ) $hers are di##erentl na'ed in theVed nta! as e shall shortl )o'e to see &nder the deno'inationso# on ra[++o' ra]. " o. IV%.-----File: 0K0.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

K. 7 ',oliSed asJagann tha.

he ,est re$resentation o# 6' is the i'age o# the godJagann tha! hi)h is said to ,e an in)arnationo# the ' sti) s lla,le [++++]! or 'ade in the #or' o# 6'! and not in that o# G&ddha! as so'e o# o&r anti?&arians ha e erroneo&sl s&$$osed

it to ,e. here is a learned dissertation on the s&, e)t o# Jagann tha=s re$resentation o# 6n ra to ,e #o&nd in one o# the earl arti)les o# the ;siati) 7o)iet =s Besear)hes! here thereader ill get '&)h 'ore light on this ' sterio&s s&, e)t.

. Co'$arison o# o' and on.

It ill #&rther ,e #o&nd on )o'$arison that [++++] ,ears not


79/1702

onl a great rese',lan)e to the 4ree onritten as [++++] ith the nasal a,o e the 6! ,&t

their $er#e)t agree'ent ith ea)h other insense ill lea e no gro&nd o# s&s$e)ting their identit ithone another! as it ill ,e #&ll treated o# a#ter ards.

III. @A 6B @A6PY 6B ; ;


80/1702

-----File: 0K1.$ng---------------------------------------------------------ti'e and ith the $rogress o# lang&age it as #o&nd o&tto ,e a )o'$o&nd letter "[++++]%! #or'ed , the &nion o# a 9& o "[++++] 9 [++++] [++++]%! and t o o=s in [++[4ree : _]] o'ega oto[++t o] &=s in . "7ee. 7.4r. Gaine=s grs%. hen the $er#e)t #ig&re o# the great )ir)le as)onsidered to ,e )o'$osed o# t o se'i)ir)les hi)h the [4ree : _] [++++] as'ade to re$resent. his ga e rise to the )on)e$tion o# a d&alitin the di ine $erson! and hen)e gre the theor o# the 'ale and#e'ale [++++] in the original androg ne o# the 7an h aand @ara 4a&ri "[++++]% o# the antra.@en)e it is said [++:] [++++]

( he s lla,le o [++[4ree : on]] on is a ord #or Grah'a "4od%! and theother ) $her re$resents nat&re "the orld%. here is no Grah'a! ,&t o [++[4ree : on]] [++++] or [++++] he d&alis' o# 7an h a oga istoo ell

no n to re?&ire an ex$lanation.

3. 6' a riad.

;t a later $eriod and $osterior to the d&alisti) do)trines o# the a#oresaid antra and P tan ala oga s ste's!the 6' ,ran)hed o&t into a riad , the&nion o# the nasal letter ' or n ith the [++++] or [++[4ree : _]]! and#or'ing the

)on oined )hara)ter [++++] and n[++[4ree : _n]] in 7ans rit and 4ree .@en)e#or ard6n ra is regarded as a triliteral ord )o'$osed o# a9&9'to re$resent a tri$li)ate deit . h&s sa s Monier 8illia'[++8illia's]:--

(6' is s&$$osed to ,e )o'$osed o# three letters ;! H! M!hi)h #or' a 'ost sa)red 'onos lla,le "[++++]%! signi#i)ant o#

the 7&$re'e Geing as de elo$ing hi'sel# in the riad o# gods!

Grah' ! Vishn& and 7i a( "Indian 8isdo' $. 103 note I%. 7o


81/1702

e ha e in Man& II. 3 and E:--

[++++][++++]

7o also the Ghaga ad 4it . VIII. 13.

@ere the t o hal es o# the )ir)le [++++] )o'$rise Vishn& and7i a as oined in the ,i$artite ,od o# @ari @ara alias @ara@ari! adored , the d&alists )alled [++++]! or 'ore #&ll as-----File: 0K2.$ng---------------------------------------------------------[++++][++the =:= ,elongs to the 7ans rit] and Grah' the god o# Man&! is $la)ed in the)ir)let a,o e the great )ir)le o# his )reated orld. 8e need ,&thint to o&r readers in this $la)e! to o,ser e ho the original

ord 6' or 6 [++[4ree : 6n]] and 6ne de elo$ed itsel# into the existing#aitho# trinit . he ntri)a 7i ites ho e er $la)e their god 7i ain the &$$er se'i)ir)let #or'ed , [++++] ' the initial o# Mahes ara

"[++++]%! and sa :--[++++][++++]

his is 'ore reasona,le to ,elie e #ro' ,oth the letter '=sand its god 7i a=s a'alga'ation ith the earl ;r an d&alitto #or' the $resent #aith o# trialit at a '&)h later $eriod.

E. 6' the etrad.

8e next see a #&rther $rogress o# 6' in its de elo$'ent#ro' the triliteral to a ?&adriliteral #or'! ,its ass&'$tion o# a )res)ent or hal# )ir)let"[++++]% a))ording to the antra! or a hal# M tr "[++++]%o# the Ved nta. he antra sa s [++++][++++][++++][++.]

he MaitrO H$anishad 'entions onl o# the three M tr s o# 6'


82/1702

"Ch i 7e). 3%.

(G&t the M&nda H$anishad( sa s 8e,er! (re#ers to the hal# M tr "'ora%! to hi)h the ord 6' here a$$earing in its #&llglor ! is entitled in addition to its three M tr s "'orae% a. &. '.

his is e identl a later addition , so'e one ho did notli e to 'iss the 'ention o# the s&, e)t in the ;thar anaH$anishad in hi)h it o))&rs.( $. 1K0. ;gain sa s he--( heM nd& a H$anishad hi)h treats o# the three and hal# M tr so# the ord o'! is to ,e loo ed &$on as the real M nd& a! allthe rest is the or o# the 4a&da$ da! hose $&$il 4o inda asthe tea)her o# 7an ar )h r a a,o&t the se enth )ent&r ;. 5.(

. 6' the Pentad.

8e #ind next a ?&in?&iliteral #ig&re o# 6' in its )o'$onent $arts o# the three ' tr s! '! and the ,ind&or [++++] [++++] the #i#th.

K. 6' the @exad;nd then again ith a sext&$le or @exaliteral 6' )o'$osedo# the sixth 'e',er o# da "[++++]% o er anda,o e the a#oresaid #i e $arts.-----File: 0K3.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

. 6' the @e$tad.

he se$t&$le 6' is des)ri,ed in the Ba'at $ani a &$anishadas )onsisting o# [++++]and [++++] 8e,er=s ;. 7.


83/1702

the n&',er! e,er[++8e,er]. Id. $. 31 .

IV. @A 5IFFABA 5A 6MI ; I6 7 6F 6M.

1. he Initial o# the Veda

he o' is deno'inated the heading o# the Veda "[++++]%as the 4 atri h 'n is ter'ed to ,e its $arent"[++++]%. It stands at the to$ "[++++]%o# e er ,oo "[++++]%! )ha$ter "[++++]%! andh 'n "[++++]% o# e er Veda either alone , itsel# or t o or threeo's $&t together! as [++++] on igne' aiede o# the Big eda! [++++]6n trise$te' ). o# the ;thar an again [++++]on I sal&te thee 6 Big eda ).

It is hen)e &sed at the head "[++++]% o# e er ,oo on an ,ran)h o# no ledge "[++++]% hi)h is a $aron ' o# and deri ed

#ro' the sa'e root "[++++] Video% ith Veda "[++++]%. heantra )alls it as the heading o# the 4 atrO hi)h ,egins iththe s lla,le

[++++][++++]

2. he sa)red

7 lla,le.[++++]

It is )alled the sa)red s lla,le ,e)a&se it is &sed in sa)redritings and in the sa)red Vedi) and 7ans rit

lang&ages onl ! and ne er in the $o$&lar erna)&lar tong&es! hi)h are no n as &nsa)red

and i'$&re "[++++]%. Moreo er it is &sed in sa)erdotal

#&n)tions o# the sa)erdotal )lass "[++++]% or regenerate


84/1702

)lasses o# 'en! and ne er , the i'$&re [=7]Rdra on $ain o# da'nation "[++++]%! &nless he issa)ri#ied , in estit&re o# the sa)red or sa)ri#i)ial thread!"[++++]%. h&s sa s the [=7] stra [++++]

he sa)redness o# the ord 6'! as the ex$ression #or the-----File: 0KE.$ng---------------------------------------------------------eternal $osition o# things! is s$e)iall e'$hasised in the DathaH$anishad "8e,er! $. 1 %.

E. he @ol s lla,le[++++]It is held as the 'ost hol s lla,le ,eing an a$$ellation o# the Most @igh! and '&st not ,e &ttered in&nholiness e en , the hol orders o# 'en:so sa s the Datha H$ [++:]--( his is the 'ost hols lla,le! this the s&$re'e s lla,le! hosoe er no eth this s lla,legetteth hate er he desireth.( "Co ell=s MaitrO H$anishad. Ch.

VI. 7. E% note.E. he M sti)7 lla,le[++++]

his is st led the ' sti) s lla,le ,e)a&se the 'ost re)onditeand a,str&se do)trines o# Grah'ani)al theis'

are hidden &nder its s ',oli)al gar,! and #or'the #o&ndation o# those onder#&l str&)t&res o# the ' sti) $oetr and $hiloso$h o# nations! hi)h ha e ,een ,ea&ti#&ll ill&strated , 7ir 8. Jones in his (M sti) Poetr o# the @ind&s! Persians! and 4ree s.( It as this ' sti)is' hi)hin ited a P thagoras o# old to India. Man& sa s [++:]--(@e no sthe Veda! ho distin)tl no s the ' sti) sense o# this ord.(Cha$ >I. 2KK.


85/1702

hese senses are re)o''ended to ,e dee$l st&died , theH$anishads the'sel es! sa ing --( he o' is a s&, e)t o# dee$st&d ( "8e,. $. 1K3%! and #or's o# itsel# (as another tri$leVeda.( "Man& >I. 2K %. It is en oined to ,e )are#&ll e$t inse)re) , the antras and 7'ritis.

[++++][++++]

. he M sterio&ss lla,le [++++]

6' again as a s ',ol o# the eternal $osition o# things[++++]! $resents to &s a ' sterio&sro&nd o# the ' sti) dan)e o# ' riadso# s$heres! e'itting an ina&di,le so&nd rea)hing ,e ond its &t'ost li'it to the &n no n 6ne ho sittetha,o e the )ir)&'#eren)e o# its isi,le horiSon or as the sa)red

riter ex$resses it [++:] (@e that sitteth on the )ir)le o# the earth.(

Isaiah. Cha$. >. 1. he antra s$ea s o# its en)o'$assingthe orld [++++]-----File: 0K .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

K. he s$here o# so&nd [++++]

hat o' )ontains ithin it the hole s$here o# so&nds "[++++]%

is ,ea&ti#&ll ill&strated in t ent slo as or stanSas in an H$anishad o# that na'e the[++++] "8e,er! $. 1K %. It sho sho the eternal so&nd o' e'itted , Grah' $er aded thro&gh-+o&tthe Hni erse! and the 'anner in hi)h all other so&nds are $ro$elled , )ontin&al i,rations o# air li e )&r es &$on thes&r#a)e o# ater "[++++]% to the a&ditor o# the other.

he Vind& is a M&dr in antra [++++]

Co'$are the P thagorean '&si) o# the s$heres.


86/1702

. he Fo)&s o# light [++++]

he e o ind& H$anishad des)ri,es 6' as the so&r)e and#o)&s o# light in #o&rteen slo as! and the e'$ reana,o e it as the a,ode o# $&re ine##a,lelight "[++++]% o# 4od that ill&'ines theother s$heres. "8e,. $. 1K %. his light is ie ed in the or,o# the s&n and in #ire , their orshi$$ers. Co'$are Milton=sh 'n to light (@ail hol light( ).

. he s$ot o# i''ortalit[++++]

;gain 6' is ter'ed the reser oir o# i''ortalit or endlessli#e in the ;'rita ind& H$anishad hi)h des)ri,esit in thirt stanSas! to ,e the eternal#o&ntain o# the in#init o# li es that #ills all

ani'ated nat&re! and is dra n ,a) to it.Its )ir)&'#eren)e extends to the regions o# light and li#e! and ,e ond it is the region o# death and dar ness. (In this ordthere is light and li#e( "John 1% [++++]see 8e,er=s ;. 7.


87/1702

10. he Positiono# Grah'a [++++]

;nd lastl 6' is st led the re)e$ta)le o# the great 4od! hoseessen)e #ills! $er ades! and en)o'$asses thehole or,it o# the Hni erse! as it is des)ri,ed

in t ent t o slo as o# the Grah'a Vind&-+-----File: 0KK.$ng---------------------------------------------------------H$anishad. It is )alled Grah'a M&dr in the antra. "8e,er! $. $. ! 1 ! 1K %.

V. A YM6


88/1702

sear)hed into #or a thoro&gh 'aster o# these ' sti)is's.

3. Its deri ation[++++]

6' is deno'inated a ord "[++++]% in the Veda and other sa)reds)ri$t&res! and ex$lained as a no&n also "[++++]%in the ir& ta and other lexi)ons. It isderi ed in the Doshas #ro' the root a,a or a ato $rote)t! or sa e "[++++]% ith the Hnadi s#ix [++++] an ano'alo&s#or'ation into o' to denote ($rote)tion.( 5r. Mitra tooderi es it #ro' the radi)al [++++] (to $reser e( ith the s#ix[++++] to denote the Most @igh a))ording to Man& and 4Ot ." ranslation o# Ch=h ndog a H$. $. E%.

E. Its Pri'arsense [++++]

;$art #ro' the s ',oli)al signi#i)ations o# 6' "o# hi)h

there are se eral as e shall )o'e to noti)ea#ter ards%! its $ri'ar and literal sense o&ld'a e &s gi e di##erent inter$retations o# ita))ording to the deri ation o# the ter' ,oth in its er,al andno'inal (#or's. [++++] as a/ er, in the i'$erati e 'ood 'eans(sa e( as [++++] ). in the M&gdha,odha! )orres$onding

ith the ex$ressions! ; e Maria! sal e sal ator! sal e5e&s! sa e 6 4od ).

-----File: 0K .$ng---------------------------------------------------------. Its o'inal

sense [++++]

G&t a,a to $rote)t or $reser e gi es &s the no'inal "[++++]%#or's o# a,a! ,a! ,&! and ,& a "[++++]%!'eaning a #ather or $reser er

in the Pr rit 7$ee)h o# 7ans rit dra'as! and


89/1702

these are #o&nd to agree in ,oth res$e)ts o# so&nd and senseith the ords ,! , ! ,&! ,& a! a,i as ,& a ). in

@e,re ! Chaldee! 7 ria) and ;ra,i) lang&ages. his gi es &sthe original 'eaning o# [++++] o# hi)h [++++] is a deri ati e #or'! andsho s the )lose a##init hi)h the ;r an root ,ears to the 7e'iti)! ,oth in its so&nd and signi#i)ation o# (Father( "[++++] and [++++]%a$$lied to the 4reat 4od.

K. he ord 6'[++++]

G&t o&r ?&estion ,eing 6' and not the root [++++]! e o&ghtto no to hat $art o# s$ee)h it ,elongs andhat sense e are to gi e o# it here. It is

said to ,e a ord indi)ati e o# a&s$i)io&snesshen &sed at the ,eginning "[++++]%.

G&t hether as a er, or no&n or an other $art o# s$ee)h! e no nothing o#! and e are &tterl at aloss hat ord to s&,stit&te #or it in its translation. his is the

reason h the ord 6'! is &sed , itsel# in the translations o# 7ans rit or s , A&ro$ians[++A&ro$eans] and o&r )o&ntr 'en also #orant

o# a $ro$er ter'! as it is seen in the Anglish ersions o# Vedasand H$anishads.

. ;n a$tot no&n[++++]

6' is enlisted as an inde)lina,le ord in gra''ar ha ing noin#le)tion o# its o n in gender! n&',er! )aseor $erson! and agreeing ith all ords inits &n)hanged state! as in the exa'$les:--[++++] ).It is in)l&ded in the "[++++]% as an a$tot no&n! and ithinde)lina,le $arti)les "[++++]%! as an ad er,! )on &n)tion and

inter e)tion also ith ario&s signi#i)ations.


90/1702

. he initial 6'[++++]

he ano'alo&s and '&ltin 'o&s $arti)le 6' as #irst dis)o ered , Ba' Moh&n Bo to ,e no other than the $arti)i$al no&n on ,eing hi)h asMax MTller sa s is to on ontos the Geingo# Geings ;. 7.


91/1702

lexi)ons #or the in#or'ation o# the 'a orit !ith ho' the e iden)e o# the histor o#

$hilolog is o# little eight and al&e. ran th=s 7ans ritdi)tionar "[++++]% $resents &s ith #ollo ing ad er,ial'eanings o# the ord.

1. ;n In)e$ti eParti)le.[++++]

he Medini osha sa s he! ex$o&nds it as an in)hoati e $arti)le"[++++]% to 'ean the ,eginning o# a thing "[++++]%! and e #ind it a))ordingl&sed in the #or' o# a $roe'ial 'onogra' atthe exordi&' o# a ,oo or Vedi) h 'n! sa)redrite or le)t&re! in the 7anhitas! Gr h'anas and H$anishadsa))ording to the $assage ?&oted , r n tha in his di)tionar[++++] It ans ers the [++++] o# the P&r na and the

ords no and then in Anglish as in the $assage o# the Datha alli

[++++]It is s non 'o&s ith ,eginning "[++++]% in the Ch=h ndog aH$anishad! here&$on the $oet has ell said.[++:] [++++]-----File: 0K .$ng---------------------------------------------------------

3. Ill&strations o# 5itto

Drishna "&nder the )on)e$tion o# the identit o# his so&lith that o# the 5i ine%! s$ea s o# hi'sel#

in the Gh ga adgOt that! he as the letter a o# the al$ha,et! and the 6' o# ords"[++++]%. his is sho nin the latest Anglish translation o# the or to ,e a do)trinederi ed #ro' Christianit and )orres$onds ith the $assage

(I a' ;l$ha ).( in the ,oo o# Be elations "Ch. I. V. %. here


92/1702

is a si'ilar $assage in the Doran hi)h sa s (@e "4od% is the#irst @o al a l )orres$onding ith the 4ree ( @o esten ar)heand this $assage and so'eti'es its enitial[++initial] =6 "4r.% and o&r[++++]!is &sed , Mosle's at the to$ and )o''en)e'ent o# their ,oo sand other ritings. ;gain li e ;l$ha o# the hol 7)ri$t&re

e #ind the &se o# ;li# &$on the head o# all ritingsin Hrd&! Persian! ;ra,i) and @e,re in dail $ra)ti)e.@en)e it is hard to sa ho is the ,orro er! tho&gh e er one

ill ,oast itsel# to ,e the lender. "Vide 8e,er=s $a$er on theB ' a$ H$. $$. 2 K! and 3K0%.

3. ;n InitiatorParti)le[++++]

he Dosha adds the sense o# a&s$i)io&sness and $ros$erit"[++++]% the a,o e! and this as e ha ealread o,ser ed #or's li e the na'es o# gods!

the initiator o)a,le o# 'eritorio&s &nderta ings"[++++]%. (6'(sa s the Ch=h ndog ! (is also $ros$erit ( "I! .% o this thes)holiast [=7]an ara sa s [++:] (the letter 6' is )alled $ros$erit ! ,e)a&se it is $ossessed o# the $ro$ert and attri,&te o# $ros$erit .

he $ros$ero&s alone )an $ass the ord 6'( "Chh. &$. Ch. 1! $. %.

Its &se is not )on#ined to the sa)red and anti?&ated lang&ageo# Vedi) riting and the lit&rg ! ,&t is to ,e 'et ith in the)lassi) 7ans rit o# an)ient ,ards and 'odern $oets. h&s

e ha e in the B ' ana o# o&r a&thor "[++++]%.In this sense e dis)o er a )&rio&sa##init o# the ;r an 6' ith the 7e'iti) N'an ;' n and;i'an! as in the Persian $hrase ;i'an ,& d )orres$onding ith[++++] or [++++]

-----File: 0 0.$ng---------------------------------------------------------


93/1702

E. 4rat&lator !Parti)le[++++]

he ord has ,een rendered in o&r translation , the sal&tatorter' (@ail(! #ro' a s&$$osed si'ilarit o# its 'eaning ith that o# na'o [++++] hi)his &sed , o'en and [=7]Rdras in lie& o# thesa)red 6' in their sal&tations to gods ands&$erior ,eings! o ing to the den&n)iation $rono&n)ed &$ontheir &tteran)e o# the sa)red s lla,le "[++++]%.8e #ind its &se in the sa'e sense in 5r. Boer=s ranslationo# the ;itare a H$anishad! here it is rendered , (sal&tationto the 7&$re'e 7o&l( and , (adoration( in Co ell=s ersiono# the MaitrO H$anishad. 8e are ho e er at a loss o# a&thoritto arrant o&r ado$tion o# na'o as a s non ' o# 6'. 8e'eet ith instan)es o# the &se o# 6' and na'o together to 'eansal&tation! as! [++++] and [++++] in the M&gdha,odha!

here na'o! ex$resses o,e san)e[++o,eisan)e] and go erns [++++]in the dati e! and not 6' hi)h has no go erning $o er.

. In o)ator $arti)le[++++]

6' in the sense o# in o)ation is an a,sol&te 'ono$tot li e[++++] )! itho&t the $o er

o# go erning the #ollo ing ord! as [++++]!and its do&,le &se as [++++] in the ;itare aH$anishad[1] so [++++]! [++++] in the M&gdha,odha ,&t[++++] and its s non 's [++++]! [++++]! [++++]! [++++] go ern thedati e as [++++]! [++++]! [++++] ). he in o)ator6' is s non 'o&s ith the inter e)tions 6! [++++]! [++++] andall other single o els hether nasal or not "[++++]%!all o# hi)h are &ngo erning $arti)les in this

sense.


94/1702

K. ;


95/1702

in &n)tion! order! and hate er is en oined!and &lti'atel the letter 6'.( "Ch=h ndog aH$anishad%. he s)holi&' "[++++]% ex$lainsit , sa ing that! (8hate er is en oined , the learned or ealth regarding learning and ealth! it is done , sa ing(6'.( "I,id I. . $ .%

. ; Parti)le o# assent [++++]

It ,ears also the sense o# assent and )onsent "[++++]%'eaning (a ( (a e( ( ea( and( es(! and in Gengali and Verna)&lars [++++]and [++++]. 7o sa s 7an ar )h r a:--(8hate er is assented to , the learned and ealth ! it is done ,sa ing (6'(. h&s in the Vedi) tradition Y na al aha ing ,een as ed , 7 al a as to ho 'an gods there ere!said [++:] ( hirt -three.( 7 al a assented , sa ing (6'.(;'ong 'odern ritings! the 7 hit a 5ar$ana )ites the #ollo ing

instan)e o# 6' ,eing &sed in this sense:--[++++]It is &sed as the inter e)tional $arti)le [++++] ex$ressi e o# -----File: 0 2.$ng---------------------------------------------------------

. ; Parti)le o# Be$&lse.[++++]

re$elling or dri ing o## another #ro' one li e (; a&nt(in Anglish. 8e 'eet ith an instan)eo# its &se in this sense in the Vet laPan)ha insati o#


96/1702

It o))&rs in the sense o# )on#ir'ation at the end o# h 'nsand $ra ers in the Vedi) ritings! and )orres$onds

ith the ords (;'en( and (;'in(at the )on)l&sion o# Christian and Mosle'ser'ons and $ra ers as e ha e said long ,e#ore. 8e ha e a

erse o# @a#iS to this e##e)t! here he sa s ,ishno 6 N'in ,ogoi. e. (@ear and sa a'en.( here are 'an instan)es o# it inthe H$anishads! s&)h as [++++]! andso in the 4 atrO h 'n hi)h ,egins and ends ith 6'! agreea,lto the $re)e$t hi)h sa s [++:] [++++]

VII. @A 6MI ;< MA; I 47 6F 6'.

1. o'inal Meaningso# 6'.[++++]

Gesides the 'eanings alread

yogavasishtha1

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