തലതിരിഞ്ഞ തലക്കെട്ടുകളും...
DESCRIPTION
Article on common mistakes and wrong usages in Malayalam, published in the 2015 Onam Special issue of the magazine 'Secretariat Abhimukham'. മലയാളത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും സാധാരണമായ ചില തെറ്റുകളെയും പ്രയോഗവൈകല്യങ്ങളെയും പറ്റി 'സെക്രട്ടേറിയറ്റ് അഭിമുഖം' മാസികയുടെ 2015ലെ ഓണപ്പതിപ്പിൽ എഴുതിയ ലേഖനം.TRANSCRIPT
44skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJw l HmW-∏-Xn∏v
teJ\wat\mPv sI. ]pXnbhnf
XeXncn™Xes°´pIfpwaebmfØns‚
Xehn[nbpwtkmZmlcW]`mjWw Fs∂ms° tI´n´nt√?
AXpt]msemcp ]pXnb Dcp∏SnbmWp tkmZmlcWteJ\w.]pXnbImesØ Km^nIv t\mh¬ t]msems° Hcp ]co£Ww.
cq]Iev]\-A®SnhnZyIƒ km≤yXIƒ Xpd∂nSptºmƒ \Ωfmbns´¥n\pIpdbv°Ww? HmWkZybvs°mcp shssd‰nbmIs´.H∂p a\kph®m¬ \n߃°p KpWw In´p∂ Imcyam.
Cu coXnbn¬ ]dbptºmƒ thKw ]nSnIn´pw F∂p IcpXn.t_mdSnbpw HgnhmIpat√m.
...At∏mƒ, hmbn®p XpSßpIbt√?
45skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJwHmW-∏-Xn∏v l
h√Xpw a\knemtbm? ]q¿Æ
F∂p t]cp≈ Btcm K¿`n-Wn-bm-
tbm? ]ip Ipgnbn¬ F¥p sNøp-
I-bmWv? ]ip°pgnbn¬ ]q¿Æ-K¿-
`n-Wn hoWp F∂mtWm? F¶n¬
Bcp c£s∏´p F∂mWv? AtXm,
]ip Ipgnbn¬ InS°p∂Xp ]q¿-Æ-
K¿`nWn I≠v Ah¿ c£n-s®-t∂m?
...BsI h´mbn, As√?
C\n hm¿Ø hmbn°q.
]iphmWp ]q¿Æ-K¿`n-Wn-sb-
∂pw AXp Ipgnbn¬ hosW∂pw
^b¿-t^mgvkv AXns\ c£n-s®-
∂p-amWp hm¿Ø. Np°pap-fIpXn-
∏en Fs∂gpXnb alms‚ ]n∑pd-
°m-¿ Ct∏mgpw ]e\nebnepw hne-
kp-∂p F∂Xns‚ Zr„m¥-am-Wn-Xv.
H∏w, mj Fßs\-sb¶n-ep-sam-s°
FgpXn-bm¬ aXn, Imcyw a\-kn-
embm¬ t]mtc F∂p tNmZn - -
°p∂h¿°v Fßs\-sb-¶n-epw
FgpXnbm¬ Imcyw a\kn-em-hn√
F∂p a\kn-em-°m-\p≈ Hcp DZml-
cWhpamWnXv.
CXnse c≠mw hcn BZyw
t\m°pI. D≠ sIm]! AXn\v 5,500
cq]. At∏mƒ DÆmØ sIm]-
bvt°m F∂v Bsc¶nepw tNmZn-®m-
¬!? C\n, henb-£c-Ønse hmIyw
t\m°q. F¥ns‚-tbm Xmßphne
sIm]bmWp Iq´n -bXv F∂p
tXm∂pw. ]bv°p Zo¿L-an v AXn-
s\ Xmßp-hne-tbmSp tN¿Øv
sIm]m-Xmßphne F∂v H‰ hm°v
(kakvX]Zw) Bbn FgpXpI-bm-
Wp th≠Xv. As√-¶n¬ X Cc´n®p
F∂-XmWv. FØp∂Xp thsd cq]-
Øn-emsW¶n¬ Bib-hn\n-abw
icn-bmb√ \S∂Xv F∂p hy‡-am-
W-t√m. At∏mƒ C„-ap≈-t]mse
FgpXnbm¬ Bib-hn\n-abw
\S°n√.
kakvX]Z߃ ]ncn-s®gp-Xp-
tºmƒ A¿∞-hyXymkw hcp∂-Xn-
s‚ Nne DZmlcW߃ IqSn
ImWptºmƒ AXp t_m≤yamIpw.
k¿°m¿t°kpIƒ F∂Xv
Cß-s\ ]ncn®m¬ k¿°mcmWp
tIkpIƒ Xo¿∏mt°≠Xv F∂p
tXm-∂pw. F¶n¬, AXp amWn
Aßp sNbvXm¬ t]msc? ]db-
tWm? BtcmSmWp ]dbp∂Xv?
k¿-°m¿ tUmIv‰¿am¿°p aZy-k¿-°m¿ tUmIv‰¿am¿°p aZy-k¿-°m¿ tUmIv‰¿am¿°p aZy-k¿-°m¿ tUmIv‰¿am¿°p aZy-k¿-°m¿ tUmIv‰¿am¿°p aZy-
hncp-s∂m-cp°nhncp-s∂m-cp°nhncp-s∂m-cp°nhncp-s∂m-cp°nhncp-s∂m-cp°n Fs∂mcp Xe-
s°´pw apsºmcn°¬ I≠ncp∂p!
Ahn-sSbpw 'kvt]km'Wp hnó.
\Ωsfms° AWp_m[sb
t]Sn°pw. ]t£, AWp_m[bv°v
BscbmWp t]Sn!? AWp_m[
Bsc-tbm F¥ns\tbm t]Sn-°p-
∂p F∂t√ CXns‚ A¿∞w?
AWp-_m[t∏Snbn¬ Fs∂-gpXn-
bncp-s∂-¶n-tem?
GtXm Hcp hym]mcn kacw \n¿-
Øn-h®p Ft∂ Cu hmIy-Øn\v
A¿-∞-ap≈q. hym]mcnIfpsS
kacw F∂mWp th≠sX¶n¬ H‰-
hm-°m-°nbpw cn F∂Xp co F∂p
\o´n-bpw hym]mcokacw Fs∂gp-
XWw.
B\ ]pdØp Ibdn
F¶n¬ NΩ¥n BbXpXs∂!
B\-bpsS ]pdØp Ibdnb Imcy-
am-sW-¶n¬ Cßs\ FgpXWw:
sIm]-tbmSp tN¿Øp sIm]-Øm-ßp-hne F∂pw FgpXmw.
hfsc \n mcamb Hcp Imcy-
amWv ChnsSsb√mw Bib-°pg-∏w
kr„n°p∂Xv. Hcp sNdnb hnS-hv.
]q¿ÆK¿`nWn H‰hm°mWv. tN¿-
sØ--gpXWw. K¿`nWnbmb ]ip
F∂ A¿∞w In´Wsa¶n¬ K¿`n-
Wn∏ip F∂pthWw. B ]Z߃
tN¿°ptºmƒ ]iphns‚ ] Cc´n-
°pw. D≠ sIm] CXp-t]mse tN¿-
sØ-gptX≠XmWv.
F∂ph®v, Cßs\ tN¿Øm¬
aXntbm? At∏mgpw D≠-sIm]-b-
t√ Bbp≈q? D≠s°m] F∂-t√
\mw ]dbmdv? At∏mƒ I Cc´n-®v
° BIpIpIqSn thWw. Aß-s\
FgpXnbncps∂¶n¬ icn-bm-tb-
s\; Bibw hy‡hpw Btbs\.
]Xßfn¬ Cßs\sbms°
hcptºmƒ AXp e£°W°n\p
t]scbmWv Bib°pg∏Øn¬
B°p-∂-Xv. D≠ sIm] Aßs\
henb Bib°pg∏w D≠m°n-s√-
¶nepw B ]Xw hmbn°p∂ \nc-h-
[n-t]¿ ]n∂oSv B hm°v Fgp-tX-
≠n-hcptºmƒ ]XØn¬ I≠-Xm-
Wp icn F∂p IcpXn sX‰v Fgp-
Xn-ioen°m≥ CSbm°pw.
]pXnbImesØ Nne `mjm-
imkvX-⁄¿ A`n-]mb-s∏Sp∂Xv
`mj Bib-hn\na-b-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-
sW-∂pw B ZuXyw km[n-°p-∂p-
t≠m F∂p amXw t\m°nbm¬
aXnsb∂pamWv. CXns\ ]t£
]ecpw ImWp∂Xv 'Fßs\bpw
FgpXmw' F∂Xn\p≈ \oXn-aXv°-
c-W-ambmWv. Bib-hn\nabw
F∂Xv, FgpXpItbm ]dbpItbm
sNøp-∂ BfpsS a\knep≈Xv
hmbn°p∂, tIƒ°p∂ Bfns‚
a\-kn¬ Aßs\Xs∂ FØpI
46skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJw l HmW-∏-Xn∏v
B\∏pdØp Ibdn
hm°pIƒ°nSbnse Hcp sNdn-
b CSw hcpØnb A¿-∞hyXymkw!
AXpt]mseXs∂ ] Cc´n®v ∏F∂v FgpXpIbpw thWw.
CsXms° i≤n®ns√¶n¬
t\tc hn]coXamIpw A¿∞w.
Nnet∏mƒ henb A]IShpamIpw.
CXp t\m°q:
]m¿´n ]Xw _lnjv°cn®p /]m¿´n ]Xw _lnjv°cn®p /]m¿´n ]Xw _lnjv°cn®p /]m¿´n ]Xw _lnjv°cn®p /]m¿´n ]Xw _lnjv°cn®p /
]m¿´n∏Xw _lnjv°cn®p.]m¿´n∏Xw _lnjv°cn®p.]m¿´n∏Xw _lnjv°cn®p.]m¿´n∏Xw _lnjv°cn®p.]m¿´n∏Xw _lnjv°cn®p.
Cu IS∂epIƒ Fßs\
]Øm-bn? _m°nsb√mw NtØm!?...
Bthm! ]mhw ]Ømb-°S-∂-ep-Iƒ
Adnbp-∂p-t≠m Cu A]am\w!
\n¿ΩmWsØmgnemfn, hnNm-c-W-t°mSXn, Ipg¬°nW¿, Btcm-
Ky-∏®, hf¿®\nc°v XpSßn [mcm-
fw hm°pIfp≠v Cßs\ ]ecpw
sX‰mbn ]ncns®gpXp∂hbmbn.
Nne¿ ]ncn°n√, ]t£, Cc´n-∏p-≠m-
hn√: Ipg¬InW¿, BtcmKy]®F∂n-ßs\. amen\y°qºmcw Nne-
¿-°p amen\yIqºmcamWv. Huj[-kky-°rjnsbms° C°q´¿ aq∂p
IjWwhsc B°pw! F¥nt\sd,
aZy\bw F∂ \me£c∏Zw t]mepw
aZy \bw Ft∂ ]ecpw FgpXq!!
GXmkv]Xnbm acn®Xv? GXp
sI´nSØn¬\n∂mWmthm Bip-
]Xn hoWXv!? ]mhw Bkv]Xn!
Fs‚ hI A\ptimN\w. H∏w,
Bkv]-Xns°´nSw F∂v FgpXm≥
tXm∂m™ FUn‰dpsS Ahnth-
I-Øn\p ]Wma-hpw.
...F∂mepw an\n F¥n\m
Aßs\ sNbvXXv? an\nbmtWm
_kv HmSn®Xv?
CXm a‰p c≠p Xes°´pIƒ:
Ipcßv Cd®n hnev°m≥ ian®kw`hw: aq∂pt]¿ ]nSnbn¬]m¿´n ]XØn¬ ]kn≤o-Icn-®Xp]m¿´n ]XØn¬ ]kn≤o-Icn-®Xp]m¿´n ]XØn¬ ]kn≤o-Icn-®Xp]m¿´n ]XØn¬ ]kn≤o-Icn-®Xp]m¿´n ]XØn¬ ]kn≤o-Icn-®Xpa\∏q¿∆w: hn _n sNdnbm≥a\∏q¿∆w: hn _n sNdnbm≥a\∏q¿∆w: hn _n sNdnbm≥a\∏q¿∆w: hn _n sNdnbm≥a\∏q¿∆w: hn _n sNdnbm≥
Ipcßnd®nbpw ]m¿´n∏Xhpw
Bbncps∂¶n¬ Dt±in®Xp a\kn-
emtbs\.
A⁄mX hml\w CSn®pA⁄mX hml\w CSn®pA⁄mX hml\w CSn®pA⁄mX hml\w CSn®pA⁄mX hml\w CSn®p
acn®p.acn®p.acn®p.acn®p.acn®p. hml\w CSn®v Hcp A⁄m-
X acn®p F∂mWp tXm∂n-bXv.
hm¿-Ø hmbn®t∏mgmWp a\kn-
embXv, acn®Xv A⁄mXb√;
CSn® hml\amWv A⁄mXw
F∂v. A⁄mXhml\w CSn®pacn®p F∂v FgpXnbncps∂¶n¬
A¿∞i¶ C√msX Bib-hn\n-a-
bw \St∂s\.
th¿s]SpØense as‰mcp hn√-
\m-Wv \n∂v F∂ ]Xybw. AXp
\nch[nt]¿ AXn\p ap∂nse
]ZØn¬\n∂p th¿-s]SpØnbmWv
Fgp-Xmdv. AXpw A¿∞hyXymkw
D≠m-°pw. \n∂v F∂Xv ]Xybambn
D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ tN¿Øp-
Xs∂ FgpXWw
tai∏pdØp\n∂v FSpØ
t^mt´m / tai∏pdØp \n∂v FSp-
Ø t^mt´m (s]m°w Ipd™
Bfm-sW¶n¬ t^mt´m FSp°m≥
Nne-t∏mƒ tai∏pdØp \n¬-t°-
≠nhcpw.)
¢mkn¬\n∂p ]Tn®p / ¢mkn¬
\n∂p ]Tn®p. (Ft¥ \n∂Xv? Ccn-
°m-am-bncp∂nt√? _©v C√m-™n-
t´m N¥nbn¬ Ipcp D≠mbnt´m?)
Cc´n∏v FgpXm\p≈ aSnbmWv
CXp-ambn _‘s∏´ Hcp ][m\-
tcmKw. Xncp-h\-¥-]pc-Øp-ImcpsS
i≤-bn¬ ]tXyIw s]SptØ≠
Hcp ImcywIqSn ]dbmw.
]eXhW ]d™n´pw Ingt°-
t°m´ F∂p icnbmbn FgpXn√
F∂p hcp∂Xt√ Al¶mcw?
_kns‚ t_m¿sUgpØpImcmWv
Cu coXn ]Ncn∏n°p∂Xnse
][m\]XnIƒ.
A´ ]mSnA´ ]mSnA´ ]mSnA´ ]mSnA´ ]mSn F∂v CubnsS Hcp
‰nhn Nm\en¬ FgpXn-°mWn-°p-∂-
Xp I≠p. GXp ]m´m ]mSnbXv
F∂p Nm\ente°p hnfn®v At\z-
jn®-t∏mƒ Ah¿ AXv A´∏mSnF∂p XncpØn.
Ip´nIrjn! Fs¥mckw_‘w!
tijvT`mjm]Zhn In´nb
GIIWvTambmesØ s]m√m∏v!sFIyIWvtT\, sFIyIWvtTy\, sFIIWvtT\, GIIWvtT\F∂nßs\ \mep XcØn¬ sX‰mbn FgpXpsa¶nepwicnbmbn FgpXn√ F∂p ]e¿°pw hminbp≈ Hcp ]ZamWvsFIIWvtTy\.GIIWvTambn (H‰ i–Øn¬) F∂mWv Dt±in°p∂Xv.sFIIWvtTy\bmWp icn.CXn\v sFIyhpambn _‘sam∂pw C√. sFIyap∂WnIfnepwF√m Xocpam\hpw GIIWvTw BIWsa∂n√t√m. Ht∂m ct≠mI£nIfpsS hntbmPnt∏msS `qcn]£mSnÿm\Øn¬
Xocpam\߃ D≠mImdp≠v. Ah sFIytØmsSBsW¶nepw GIIWvTw A√.
sFIaXysØ sFIyaXyw F∂v FgpXp∂hcpwIpdh√.
47skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJwHmW-∏-Xn∏v l
]co£Iƒ°p\qdpta\n
Pbn°ptam?tNmZyw: \qdpta\n F∂Xv FXiXam\w?DØcw: 10000%. Hcp ]dhnØn´p \qdp ]dsImøp∂XmWp \qdpta\n.tNmZyw: At∏mƒ, \qdpiXam\sØ \qdpta\n F∂p]dbp∂Xv?DØcw: hnhctZmjw. \qdp Ip´nIƒ]co£ FgpXn F√mhcpw Pbn®m¬\qdp iXam\w hnPbta BIq, \qdp
ta\n BIn√. \qdpta\n BIm≥\qdp Ip´nIƒ FgpXn
]Xn\mbncw Ip´nIƒPbn°Ww!
Znhkw t]mepw `mjsb ]X߃
shdp-sX hn´n√! Hcp ]apJ]Xw
FgpXnbXv Cßs\:
km[mcWbmbn sX‰mbn Fgp-
Xn-°mWmdp≈ Nne hm°pIfpsS
Hcp ]´nIIqSn \¬In Cu ]ncn-°-
epw Cc´n°mbvIbpw X¬°mew
Ahkm\n∏n°mw.
BZyw sImSpØncn°p∂Xp icn-
bpw c≠matØXp icnb√m-Ø-Xpw
Xo°´˛XoI´; t]∏´n˛t]]´n;
Ipf-t°mgn˛IpftImgn; ]nSt°mgn˛]nStImgn; ]pI°pg¬ - ]pIIpg¬;
Xe°\w˛XeI\w; ae°dn˛aeIdn;hmcm¥∏Xn∏v˛hmcm¥]Xn∏v;
Ingt°t°m´˛Ingt°tIm´; Nn∂-°S -Nn∂IS; At\zjW-°Ωn-j≥ -
At\zjWIΩnj≥; ssl°-am≥Uv sslIam≥Uv; ssl°Ωn-
j≥˛sslIΩnj≥; sslt°mSXn -ssltImSXn; ...
CsXms° Hm¿°m≥ hymIcWw
]Tnt°t≠ F∂p Nne¿s°¶nepw
tXm∂n-tb°mw. th≠m. AtX∏‰n
hymIp-es∏tS≠m. ]dbp-∂Xp-
t]mse FgpXpI F∂XmWp ae-
bm-f-Øns‚ coXn. AXp amXw Hm¿-
Øm¬ aXn. ssIsXmgn¬, hmSn-Icn-™p, HmWN¥, a\pjyNße,
Ipkr-Xn-Ipdp∏v, A\pcmK-sIm´m-cw, sNm¬ImgvN... Chsbms°
Cß-s\ ]d™pt\m°ptºmƒ
Hcp Akzm`mhnIX tXm∂p∂nt√?
B tXm∂¬ aXn icnbmb Fgp-
Øv Fßs\ F∂dnbm≥. H∂p ]d-
™p-t\m°pI. hnSthm Cc´nt∏m
tXm∂p-s∂¶n¬ Ah ]tbmKn-
°pI; AXXs∂.
]pXnbImeØv tXm∂nb-
t]mse FgpXnbm¬ thsd-bp-ap≠p
Ipg∏w. CXv C-FgpØns‚ Ime-
amWt√m. kmaq-lnI-am≤ya-ß-fn-
tem tªmKntem Hs° \mw Fgp-
Xp∂ ]eXpw C‚¿s\‰n¬ hcpw.
C‚¿-s\‰v apJyambpw hnhc߃
tiJcn°m\p≈ D]m[nIqSn BW-
t√m. C∂p aebmfØn¬ ss‰∏p
sNbvXpw tk¿®p sNømw. At∏m-
ƒ, Hcp ]Zw icnbmbcq]Øn¬
ssS∏p sNbvXp tk¿®p sNbvXm-
te B ]Zap≈ ^e߃ In´q.
AXs√¶n¬, Bsc√mw B ]Zw
Fßs\-sb√mw FgpXpt∂m
AsX--√mw I≠p]nSn®v Aßs\-
bp≈-sX√mw Cu sXcbens‚ ^e-
Øn¬ Dƒs∏SpØWsa∂p \n¿t±-
in -°p∂ B¬sKmcnXw B
tkm v‰v-sh-bdn¬ Dƒs∏SpØWw.
I≈pjm∏v F∂ hm°v Xncp-hn-Xmw-
Iq¿-sIm®n Kk‰p-Ifn¬ 15 Xc-
Øn¬ FgpXnbn´p≈Xmbn Is≠-
Ønb kmlNcyØn¬, \Ωƒ
Hmtcm hm°pw FXsb√mw Xc-Øn-
¬ FgpXpsa∂v Fßs\ I≠p-]nSn-
°m-\mWv. hmsfSpØhsc√mw
shfn®∏mSmbn C„ap≈t]mse
Aßv FgpXpIbt√! iq\yÿew
Fs∂ms° ]d™p \mw X≈p∂
hnShp(kvt]kv)t]mepw Iºyq´dn\v
at‰Xp en]nsbbpw t]mse Hcp
UnPn‰¬ aqeyw amXamsW∂pIqSn
Hm¿°Ww. AXpsIm≠v IgnhXpw
icnbmb ]Zcq]ßfpw hmIy-LS\-
bpw ]men°m≥ \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw
i≤n°p∂XmWp \√Xv.
]Zw ]ncn°epw Cc´nt°≠h
Cc´n°mXncn°epw t]mse as‰mcp
Zpc¥amWv bv th≠nSØv AXp
tN¿°mbv-I.
Hcp aebmfw sh_vssk‰n¬
I≠XmWv. B¿s°¶nepw a\w ]pc-
´p-s∂¶n¬ Rm≥ DØc-hmZn-b√.
bqtdm]y≥ tamU¬ Npw_\w
BtWm Dt±in®Xv F∂p kwibw.
hmb \°v Ft∂m hm A\°v
Ft∂m amXta CXn¬\n∂v Bi-
bw In´q. hmb\bv°v F∂mWv Dt±-
in£Ww, ÿnXoIcWw, HutZymZnKw!in£Ww F∂m¬ ]Tn∏n°¬ F∂¿∞w.in£WØn¬ CSbvs°ms° in£D≠mImdps≠¶nepw in£bpw in£W-hpw c≠mWv. in£m\S]Sn F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ in£W-\S]Sn F∂v FgpXp∂XvtIheamb Adnhn√mbva amX-amWv. sX‰psNbvX Bsf icnbmb hgn ']Tn∏n-°m'-\p≈ \S]Sn Fs∂m-s°bp≈ apS¥≥-\ymbw Nne¿ ]dbp-ambn-¿-°pw. F∂m¬,Cw•njn¬ punishment F∂ hm°n\p]Ic-amWv Cu hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
F∂Xn\m¬ Cu hmZw \ne-\nev°n√. Hcp][m\]Xw Aßs\ FgpXmdp≠v.(AhcpsS ssieo-]pkvXI-Øn¬ Cß-s\-bmtWm sImSpØncn°p∂Xv F∂pwkwibw D≠v.) B ]XØns‚ kzm[o\wCu sX‰p hym]Iw B°p∂-Xn¬ henb]¶p hln®n´p≠v.
ÿnXoIcWw, ÿnXoIcn°pI Fs∂m-s° Nne¿ ]kwKn-°p-Ibpw s‰enhnj≥hm¿ØIfn¬ ]dbpIbpw sNøm-dp-≠v.CXp sX‰mWv. X A√, c BWp th≠Xv:
ÿncoIcWw, ÿncoIcn-°pI F∂nß-s\.
]kwK°mcpsS as‰mcp ÿncw hnItem-®mc-WamWv HutZym-ZnKw. ZnKw A√, KnIwBWv. HutZymKnIw. DtZymKhpambn _‘-s∏´Xv F∂¿∞w.
A`y¥cw sX‰v; B`y¥cw icn. AIa-W-hpw BIahpw sX‰v; BIaWw, AIawF∂nh icn. AIan°pI sX‰v.BIan°pI icn.
48skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJw l HmW-∏-Xn∏v
in-®-sX¶n¬ Aßs\Xs∂ Fgp-
tX-t≠?
CXmWp \ΩpsS thsdmcp
]iv\w. bImchntcm[w. bv th≠n-
S-Øv AXv FgpXn√.
hne°v! AXpw `qan°v! ...Bc-hn-
sS!!!
BcmWp `qansb hne°nb-
sX∂pw F¥n\mWp hne°nb-sX-
∂pw qan hne°p tNmZn®p-hmßnb-
Xm-tWm F∂pw CsXgpXnb ]Xw
hy‡am°Ww.
hS°≥tIcfØn¬ Nne¿
kwkm-c-- mjbn¬ bv D®cn°mdn√.
hnebv°v F∂Xn\p hne°v F∂m-
Wv Ah¿ ]dbp∂Xv.
kµ¿-`-Øn-\-\p-kcn®v
AXp a\kn-em-IpIbpw
sNøpw. F∂m-epw Fgp-
Xp-tºmƒ AXp t]mcm.
s]mXp-kaql--Øn-\mbn
A®Sn-°p∂ kma-Kn -
Ifn¬ ]mtZin-I`mj
Bhiy-ap≈ kµ¿- -ßfn-
e-√msX Hcp s]mXp-(am\-
I)- `mj D]tbm-Kn-°p∂-
XmWv Bib-hn\n-a -
bØn\p \√Xv.
F∂mepw Cß-s\tb
Nne¿ Fgp-Xq.
Ad°tem Adbv°-tem?
bv Hcp kw`ham. th≠nSØv
AXns√¶n¬ henb ]iv\am! Ch
t\m°q:
hne°v - hnebv°v; hnf°v -hnf-bv°v (Irjnhnf); Ac°v Acbv°v;
Ad°v Adbv°v; \S°¬ - \Sbv°-¬; ]Sn°¬˛]Snbv°¬;...
bv AX \n mc\√. Ch
ImWq:
ihw AS°pIbpw IXIv AS-
bv-°p-IbpamWv
hS°v lnamebamWv; hSbv°vFcnhn√
GWn Iømebn¬ DS°pw ;
tXß DSbv°pw
h√Xpw InSbv°ptam? Xdbn¬
InS°ptam?
\Kv\X adbv°mw; ad°mtam?
\mWw adbv°Ww; ad°tWm? amdp
adbv°Ww; ad°tWm? - Hmtcm-cp-
Ø-cpsS C„w!
CXm, ΩsS kz¥w skI-t -dn-b-
‰p-ambn _‘s∏´p h∂ Hcp NnX-
Øns‚ ASn°pdn∏v. agsb-ØpS-¿-
∂p ]pXpXmbn ]Wnbp∂ skI-t -dn-b‰v A\Ivkv t]mepw! agsb-
ØpS-¿∂mtWm A\Ivkp ]Wn-bp-
∂Xv!? Ct∏mgsØ sI´nSßfn¬
sIm≈m-sXh∂n´t√? ]pXpXmbn]Wn-bp∂ skIt´dnb‰v A\-
Ivkn-s‚ aXnent\mSp tN¿∂p agb-Øp XI¿∂phoW sI´nSw Ft∂m
at‰m ]d™m¬ kwKXn hy‡-am-
tb-s\.
hntijWw hnti-jn∏n-°-s∏-Sp-
∂ hm°ns‚ sXm´p ap∂n¬ hcWw
F∂XmWp aebmfØns‚ coXn.
\n∂pw - Hcp Zpc¥w!U¬lnbn¬\n∂pw ]im¥vcLphwiw F∂p tI´ptI´paebmfn°v AXp ioeambncn°p∂p.80 Ifnse IemIuapZn BsW∂ptXm∂p∂p Cu ]tbmKwkr„n®Xpw ]Ncn∏n®Xpw.
\n∂v F∂Xn\p ]Icw \n∂pw F∂p]tbmKn°p∂Xp sX‰mWv. Dw F∂]Xybw c≠p Imcyßsf Iq´nt®¿-°m≥ D≈XmWv. Xncph\¥-]pc-Øp-\n∂pw Imk¿tKm´p\n∂pw]pds∏´ PmYIƒ F∂p c≠pPmYIsf∏‰n ]dbptºmƒ \n∂pwtN¿°Ww. PmY Imk¿tKm´p\n∂pamXta Ds≈-¶n¬ \n∂v F∂p aXn;\n∂pw F∂p th≠m.
IeØn¬-\n∂v FSpØ sh≈w - icn;IeØn¬\n∂pw FSpØ sh≈w -sX‰v.
Nne ]tbmKsshIey߃GItZiw 467 Hmfw hcp∂...GItZiw 467 Hmfw hcp∂...GItZiw 467 Hmfw hcp∂...GItZiw 467 Hmfw hcp∂...GItZiw 467 Hmfw hcp∂...
467 F∂Xp IrXyw kwJybmsW¶n¬ F¥n\o GItZihpwHmfhpw hcp∂bpw? IrXyw kwJy AdnbmØt∏mgmWv GItZi-°W°p ]dbmdv. AhnsSbpw GItZiw, Hmfw, hcp∂ Chbn¬H∂p aXn. As√¶n¬, tK‰phmXnepw t]mÃpXqWpw Hs°-t∏mseBIpw.
Dt±ihpw Dt±iyhpwDt±ihpw Dt±iyhpwDt±ihpw Dt±iyhpwDt±ihpw Dt±iyhpwDt±ihpw Dt±iyhpwGItZiw F∂ A¿∞ap≈ hm°mWv Dt±iw. F∂m¬, Ahs\\∂m°pIbmWv Dt±iw F∂p ]d™m¬ sX‰mIpw. AhnsSDt±iyw BWp th≠Xv.
A[nIcn°mw; A[nIamIcpXvA[nIcn°mw; A[nIamIcpXvA[nIcn°mw; A[nIamIcpXvA[nIcn°mw; A[nIamIcpXvA[nIcn°mw; A[nIamIcpXv
A[nIw F∂ A¿∞Øn¬ A[nIcn®v F∂v D]tbmKn-°m-dp-≠v. A[nIcn®tXmXn¬ Fs∂ms° tIƒ°mw. A[nIcn®vF∂m¬ F¥ns\sb¶nepw B[mcam°n F∂mW¿∞w. DZm:
`mjsb A[nIcn®v. A[nIw F∂Xn\p h¿≤n®, IqSnbFs∂ms°Øs∂ t]mtc?
A\p[mh\wA\p[mh\wA\p[mh\wA\p[mh\wA\p[mh\w[mh\w = Hm´w. I≈s\ s]meokn\v A\p[mh\w sNømw.t\Xm°sfbpw D‰hscbpw A\p[mh\w sNtø≠ ÿnXnD≠mIcpXv. A\pKa\w aXn.
A`nhmZywA`nhmZywA`nhmZywA`nhmZywA`nhmZywA`nhmZ\w F∂v A¿∞an√. A`nhmZ\tbmKyw F∂v A¿∞w.At∏mƒ A`nhmZyw sNøepw A`nhmZyw A¿∏n°epsams°sX‰v. A`nhmZ\w A¿∏n°mw.
A≤y£w hln®p; B≤y£w hln®pA≤y£w hln®p; B≤y£w hln®pA≤y£w hln®p; B≤y£w hln®pA≤y£w hln®p; B≤y£w hln®pA≤y£w hln®p; B≤y£w hln®pc≠pw sX‰v. A≤y£\mbn / A≤y£bmbn t]msc. As√¶n¬A≤y£X hln°mw. \n¿∫‘amsW¶n¬ B≤y£yw hln®pF∂mWp th≠Xv.
49skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJwHmW-∏-Xn∏v l
AXv AhnsS\n∂p amdn thsd h√-
bnS-Øpw t]mbn InS°p-tºm-gmWv
Bib-°pg∏w D≠mIp∂Xv. XI¿-∂p-hoW-Xns‚ hntij-W-amWp
agsb-ØpS-¿∂v. AXv A\Ivkn-s‚ apºn¬ tN¿Øm¬...!?
s]meokns‚ klmbØm¬s]meokns‚ klmbØm¬s]meokns‚ klmbØm¬s]meokns‚ klmbØm¬s]meokns‚ klmbØm¬
K¿`nWnbmb kvXosb _µp-Znh-K¿`nWnbmb kvXosb _µp-Znh-K¿`nWnbmb kvXosb _µp-Znh-K¿`nWnbmb kvXosb _µp-Znh-K¿`nWnbmb kvXosb _µp-Znh-
kw Bip]Xnbn¬ FØn®p.kw Bip]Xnbn¬ FØn®p.kw Bip]Xnbn¬ FØn®p.kw Bip]Xnbn¬ FØn®p.kw Bip]Xnbn¬ FØn®p.
F¥p a\knembn? CXv Cß-
s\ BIptºmtgm? t\m°q:
K¿`n-Wnbmb kvXosb _µp-
Znh-kw s]meokns‚ klmb-Øm-¬ Bip]Xnbn¬ FØn®p.
Zqcm\zbtZmjw F∂mWv CØ-
cw ]niIn\p t]cv. icn°pw CX
t]msc: _µpZnhkw K¿`nWnsbs]meokv Bip]Xnbn¬ FØn®p.
C\nbpap≠v: A≤ym]I≥ ]Tn-A≤ym]I≥ ]Tn-A≤ym]I≥ ]Tn-A≤ym]I≥ ]Tn-A≤ym]I≥ ]Tn-
°m-ØXn\p Ip´nIsf in£n®p.°m-ØXn\p Ip´nIsf in£n®p.°m-ØXn\p Ip´nIsf in£n®p.°m-ØXn\p Ip´nIsf in£n®p.°m-ØXn\p Ip´nIsf in£n®p.
]t£, A≤ym]I≥ ]Tn°mØ-
Xn\v Ip´nIsf in£n°tWm?
A≤ym]Is\bt√ in£nt°≠Xv?
]Tn°mØXn\p Ip´nIsf A≤ym-]-I-≥ in£n®p F∂m-bm-¬ A≤ym-]-
I-s\ \ap-°p shdptX hnSmw.
Rm≥ Iodnb ]pkvX-Iw H´n®pRm≥ Iodnb ]pkvX-Iw H´n®pRm≥ Iodnb ]pkvX-Iw H´n®pRm≥ Iodnb ]pkvX-Iw H´n®pRm≥ Iodnb ]pkvX-Iw H´n®p
icn-bm°n.icn-bm°n.icn-bm°n.icn-bm°n.icn-bm°n. IodnbXp Rm\m-sW-
∂p a\kn-embn. H´n®Xv Bcm-Wm-
thm? Rm\mWv H´n®sX¶n¬,
]pkvX--Iw Btcm Fßs\-tbm
Iodn-bXm-sW-¶n-¬ Cßs\ ]db-
Ww: Iodnb ]pkvX-Iw Rm≥H´n®picnbm°n.
Hcp k¿°mcpZtymKÿbpsS
Ah[nbt]£bnse (Ip)]kn≤-
amb Hcp hmIyw ImWpI: AhnNm-AhnNm-AhnNm-AhnNm-AhnNm-
cnX-am-bp-≠mb Ip™n-s‚ Akp-cnX-am-bp-≠mb Ip™n-s‚ Akp-cnX-am-bp-≠mb Ip™n-s‚ Akp-cnX-am-bp-≠mb Ip™n-s‚ Akp-cnX-am-bp-≠mb Ip™n-s‚ Akp-
Jw ImcWw lmPcmIm≥ Ign-Jw ImcWw lmPcmIm≥ Ign-Jw ImcWw lmPcmIm≥ Ign-Jw ImcWw lmPcmIm≥ Ign-Jw ImcWw lmPcmIm≥ Ign-
™n-√.™n-√.™n-√.™n-√.™n-√.
AhnNmcnXambp≠mb Ip™v!
ths≠∂p hnNmcn®n´pw Adn-bm-
sX D≠mb Ip™msW∂p
tXm∂pw. AhnNmcnXamb AhnsS
\ns∂SpØp Ip™ns‚ apºn¬
C´v H∂pIqSn icnbm°nbm¬
Ip™n\v AhnNmcnXambn D≠mb
AkpJw F∂mIpw.
h≠nbnSn®p acn® tKm]mes‚aI≥ chn F∂v t^mt´mbv°v
ASn°pdns∏gpXnbm¬ acn®Xv
tKm]met\m chntbm? chnbm-sW-
¶n¬ Cßs\ thWw: tKm]mes‚aI≥ h≠nbnSn®pacn® chn. [\-
klm-bw A\phZn°m\p≈ Hcp
^b-en¬ A]ISØn¬ acn®A]ISØn¬ acn®A]ISØn¬ acn®A]ISØn¬ acn®A]ISØn¬ acn®
a¥nbpsS ssUhdpsS `mcy-bv-a¥nbpsS ssUhdpsS `mcy-bv-a¥nbpsS ssUhdpsS `mcy-bv-a¥nbpsS ssUhdpsS `mcy-bv-a¥nbpsS ssUhdpsS `mcy-bv-
°p [\klmbw A\p-hZn-°m-hp-°p [\klmbw A\p-hZn-°m-hp-°p [\klmbw A\p-hZn-°m-hp-°p [\klmbw A\p-hZn-°m-hp-°p [\klmbw A\p-hZn-°m-hp-
∂-XmWv∂-XmWv∂-XmWv∂-XmWv∂-XmWv Fs∂gpXnbm¬ HmUn‰-
¿-°p tXm∂nt√, a¥n acn®Xn\p
ssU-h-dpsS `mcybvs°¥n\m
[\k-lmbw F∂v? acn® ]mhw
a¥nbpsS kz`mhip≤nt]mepw
tNmZywsNøs∏Sp∂ FgpØmhnt√
AXv?
CØcw Nn√d°mcy߃ H∂p
i≤n-®m¬Øs∂ \ΩpsS skI-
t -dn-b-‰nse GXp ^bepw aebmf-
Øn¬ at\mlcambn FgpXmw.
]Zßfpw hmIyßfpw FgpXp-∂-
Xn¬ ASpØImeØp h¿≤n®p-
hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWp∂ c≠paq∂p
Xcw sX‰pIƒ amXta ChnsS
Nq≠n°m´nbn´p≈q. ]iv\߃
thsdbpap≠v. Ah C\nsbm-cn-
°¬. Ct∏mƒ ]d™ ]niIpIƒ
Xes°´pIfn¬t∏mepw A]IS-Ic-
amw-hn[w Bh¿-Øn°p∂p F∂Xv
DXv°WvTmP\IamWv. `mj hfcp-
∂Xns‚ e£Wambn CXns\
ImWm-\mhn√. `mj IqSpX¬t]¿
ssI-Imcyw sNøptºmƒ D≠m-
Ip∂ kzm`mhnIamb ]niIpIf√
Ch. Xes°´nS¬ t]mse \njv°-¿-
j-tbmsS sNøp∂ ]hr-Øn-bn¬-
t∏mepw CXp≠mIp∂p F∂Xv
Kuchw h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠m-Wp Xes°´pIƒ amXw DZm-l-
c-W-am-°n-bXpw Ah Aßs\-
Xs∂ ]I¿ØnbXpw.
k¿∆km[mcWambn sX‰mbn
Fgp-Xp∂ Nne A£cßfpw
hm°p-IfpwIqSn Nq≠n°m´n Cu
't_m[hXv°cWw' Ahkm-\n∏n-
t®-°mw.
]dbp∂Xn\pw Hcp BUw-_c-
sam-s° tht≠ F∂p Xes°´mƒ
hnNmcn®n´p≠mIpw. Aw`w`S-cm-
`Wm! F∂ a´n¬. AXp tIƒ-°p-
tºmƒ-Øs∂ cmhW≥ Ft¥m
`b¶c-kw`hw BsW∂p tIƒ-°p-
∂-h¿°p tXm∂pw. AXp-t]mse
Hcp Xmßv! BVw_cw! BUw-
_cw CΩnWn Al¶mchpw A\m-
hiyhpw Hs° BsW¶nepw BUw-_-cw aXn; Vw th≠m.
CuIcWw,hXv°cWw,...hXv°cn°¬ Fs¥¶nepwHt∂mSpIqSnbXv B°epwCuIcWw Fs¥¶nepw H∂vB°n am‰epamWv
sshZypXoIcWw
sshZypXnbm°nam‰¬ (P\td‰¿PeØns‚ KXntIm¿÷sØsshZypXoIcn°p∂p.) hoSns\sshZypXoIcn°m\mhn√;sshZypXnhXv°cn°mt\ Bhq.
sshZypXnhXv°cWw
sshZypXntbmSpIqSnbXm°¬
sshZypXn\nebw
sshZypXn D≠m°p∂ \nebw(sshZypX\nebw A√)
sshZyptXm]IcWw
sshZypXnbpambn _‘s∏´ /sshZypXnsIm≠p ]h¿Øn°p∂D]-IcWw
]chpw IchpwCIhpw Cubhpwcm„ob]cw th≠; cm„obw aXn.cm„]cw cm„obw
kmaqlnI]cw th≠; kmaqlnIwaXn. kaql]cw kmaqlnIw
BkzmZyIcw th≠; BkzmZyw aXn.BkzZn°mhp∂Xv BkzmZyw
kulm¿±]cwkulm¿±tØmSpIqSnbX√;kulm¿±sØ∏‰n D≈XmWv.kulm¿±]q¿∆w BWp kw`mjWwth≠Xv
imcocnIi‡n th≠; icoci‡naXn
kpJIcw BImw; ZpxJIcw BImw.\matØmSp tNcpw
50skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJw l HmW-∏-Xn∏v
apIfn¬∏d™Xpt]mseXs∂
]oU\w FX ISpØXmsW¶nepw
]oU\w aXn; ]oV\w th≠m.
F∂m¬, thsd Nne¿ Bhiy-
Øn-tesd kuaycmWv! Ah¿ V
th≠n-S-ØpIqSn Utb FgpXq!
CXm Cßs\:
ChnsS th≠Xp ]uVnbmWv.
A\m-h-iyamb as‰mcp ISp∏n-
°¬ ImWp-I:
_µnsbbmWp ]Xw _‘n
B°nbn-cn-°p∂Xv.
BZcmRvPenbn¬ RvPbv°p
]Icw ⁄ FgpXp∂Xpw CXp-
t]mse A£cw Ddbv°msX `mj-
]Tn® ]e¿°pw ]‰p∂ ]nghmWv.
ARvP-en F∂Xn\v A¿∞w Iq∏p-
ssI F∂v BbXn\m¬ B ]Z-
Øn¬-Øs∂ c≠p Iøpw h∂n´p-
≈-Xn-\m¬ Hcmƒ A¿∏n°p∂
Iq∏p-ssI°v ARvPen aXn;
ARvP-en-Iƒ th≠m F∂pIqSn
Hm¿°pI.
k¿°mcpZtymKÿcn¬ Nne¿
km[mcW sX‰mbn FgpXp∂ Hcp
]Zw CXm Hcp ]XkplrØpw
ZsØSpØncn°p∂p.
]h¿Øn Fs∂mcp hm°p
aebm-f-Øn-en√. \S°p∂Xp ]h¿-
Ø\w BsW¶nepw sNøp-∂-Xp
]hrØn BWv; ]h¿Øn A√.
CXp sX‰msW∂p Nq≠n-°m´p-
tºm-ƒ, acmaØp-tPmenIƒ°p
km¿∆XnIamb]niIpIƒ]≤XntbXchpw ]≤XnbnXchpwsX‰v; ]≤XoXcw icn
kaq¿Øw th≠; aq¿Øw aXn.cq]ap≈Xv aq¿Øw
kpkzmKXw th≠; kzmKXw aXn.kp BKXw BWp kzmKXw
]XnXzw `¿ØrXzamWv; ]mXnXywBWp ]Xn°s∏´ Ahÿ
]Xn` _p≤nbpambn_‘s∏´XmWv; ImbnI]Xn`icntbm?
tem]w BWp Ipdhv; tem`wsImXn-bm-Wv. \n¿t√m`a√,\n¿t√m]-amWp klIcWwtNmZnt°≠Xv. (t\m´o-kSn-°p∂kwLS\°m¿ i≤n°pI)
[rXw XSbs∏´ BWv; [rXKXn[rXn-bn-ep≈ KXn BIptam?
hnKWn°pI AhKWn°pIb√,KWn°pI Xs∂
kkq£vaw A√; kpkq£vawBWp IqSpX¬kq£vaXsbmsS
`uXnIicocw th≠; icocw aXn.icocw `uXnIamWv, acn®mepwAXn\p apºpw.
ihicocw thtWm; ihw t]msc?arXtZlw BImw
sX‰p∂ Nne ]Z߃sX‰pw icnbpw
A`n`mjI : A`n`mjnI
]cma¿i\w : ]cma¿iw
euIoIw, `uXoIw, B[p\oIw : euInIw, `uXnIw, B[p\nIw
HuZtymZnKw, HuZtymXnIw : HuZtymKnIw
tIcfmKhs◊‚v : tIcfKhs◊‚v
tIcfmapJya¥n : tIcfapJya¥n
tIcfmKh¿W¿ : tIcfKh¿W¿
BsWm? : BtWm?
As√? Cs√? : At√? Ct√?
AsXm CsXm : AtXm CtXm
kplrsØ, am\ysc, \m´pImsc : kplrtØ, am\ytc, \m´pImtc
(aebmfØn¬ kwt_m[\ \o´nbpw kwkv°rXØn¬ Ipdp°nbpamWv)
]h¿-Øn F∂p ]dbpw F∂p X¿-
°n®, Aßs\ sX‰mbn [cn®p-h®n-
´p-≈, Nne¿ t]mepw D≠v.
CsXms°t∏mse, Cw•njv
aebmfoIcn°ptºmƒ ]Xnhmbn
]‰p∂ Nne ]niIpIƒ D≠v. CXp
t\m°q:
Grand Kerala Shopping Festival-s\
Km‚v tIcf BbmWp Ipd®p\mƒ
apºphsc kwLmSI¿Xs∂ Fgp-
Xn-bn-cp∂Xv. R߃ Nne¿ ]e-X-h-
W CSs]´t∏mƒ AXh¿ Xncp-Øn.
F∂mepw Nnet∏msgms° ad∂p-
t]mIpw! CXp sX‰mbn FgpXp∂
]X-ßfpw D≠v. Km≥Uv F∂p-
Xs∂ FgpXWw. GrandDw GrantDw
Cw•ojn¬ D≠t√m. henb, al-Øm-
b Fs∂ms° A¿∞ap≈
Grand\p Km≥Uv F∂pXs∂ Fgp-
X-Ww. ]ecpw FgpXmdp≠v. ndbpw
nt bpw aebmfØn¬ bYmIaw ≥Uv
F∂pw ‚v F∂pw FgpXWw. F∂m-
¬ Nne XeXncn™h¿ XeXncnt®
FgpXq!
Mind s\ ssa≥Uv B°n!
51skIt -dnb‰vA`n-apJwHmW-∏-Xn∏v l 51
Warrant s\ hmd≥Upw B°n!
Ant Ddpºv (Fdpºv) BbXp-sIm≠v And F∂Xn\v B≥Uv F∂pw
FgpXWw. AXpt]mse Xs∂ tbv°p Sn Fs∂gpXp∂ coXn-bpw
amt‰≠nhcpw; ‰n F∂p-Xs∂ FgpXm≥ \mw \n¿∫≤cmtb°pw. Nd, nt
F∂nhbv°v ≠ F∂v Fgp-Xp-∂ coXnbpw ]pXnbImesØ temPn-°n\p
tN¿∂X√. As√¶n¬, Iºyq´¿Ø¿÷a, en]y¥cWw
(Sm≥kven‰tdj≥) F∂nh t]mep-≈ kmt¶XnIhnZyIƒ hym]Iambn
D]tbmKn°m≥t]mIp∂ ]pXnb-ImeØv AXv Hcp]mSp ]iv\߃
kr„n°pw.
em‚v Cw•njn¬ lant BWt√m. Lant
F∂ hm°ns‚ Hc¿∞w aqXw F∂mWv.
Land F∂m¬ Ic (`qanbnse Dd® ÿew)
F∂pw. CXn¬, Land F∂Xn\p aebmf-Øn-
¬ em‚v F∂v FgpXn°mWmdp≠v. em≥-
Uv bqkv t_m¿Uns‚bpw em≥Uv dh\yq
hIp∏ns‚bpw Hs°
t_m¿UpIfn¬Øs∂ em‚v bqkv
t_m¿Uv F∂pw em‚v dh\yq F∂pw
ImWptºmƒ ]et∏mgpw Nncn®p-t]mIpw,
Ah¿ F¥mWp bqkv sNøp∂Xv,
F¥n¬-\n∂m-Wp dh\yq D≠m°p∂Xv Ft∂m¿-Øv!
...AXpsIm≠p \ap°p a‰p-≈-hsc-s°m≠p Nncn∏n-°m-Xncn°mw.lllll
(sX‰n√msX FgpXm≥ ]tNmZ\taInb, Fs‚ A≤ym]I¿ IqSnbmb, s]m^: Fw.eoemhXn, ]∑\ cmaNµ≥ \mb¿, kn.hn. hmkptZh`´Xncn XpSßnbhtcmSp IS∏mSv)
Ø, Xzw - s‚XØzwØw, Xzw - Ch FhnsSms°hcpw F∂Xp ]e¿°pwkwibamWv.aebmf]ZßtfmSp tNcp∂XvØw; kwkv°rX]ZßtfmSptNcp∂Xv Xzw. DZm:
aebmf]Z߃: ASnaØw,apXemfnØw, BWØw,s]ÆØw, Ip´nØw,Im´mfØw, ap´mfØw,hmbmSnØw, tImamfnØwXpSßnbh.
kwkv°rX]Z߃: kvXoXzw,]pcpjXzw, arKXzw, a\pjyXzw,eLpXzw, KpcpXzw, arZpXzwXpSßnbh.
Nµ°ebpw DImc®n”hpwDImcØns‚ c≠p Nn”ßfmb Nµ°e(aoج)bpw Ip\n∏pw(Np\p∏pw) FhnsSsbms° CSWw F∂ ImcyØn¬]e¿°pw kwibamWv. hm°pIfpsS Ahkm\w hcp∂ DImcØns‚ ImcyØnemWp kwibw. CXp c≠p XcØnep≠pv:
hnhrtXmImcw: Xpd∂p®cn°p∂ DImcw. DZm: I≠p, \n∂p. kwhrtXmImcw: AS®p®cn°p∂ DImcw. DZm: ]≠v, F¥v.
hymIcWØns‚ k¶o¿ÆXbntes°m∂pw t]mI≠m. DImcw Xpd∂v D®cn°p∂Xpw AS®v D®cn°p∂Xpw FhnsSsbms°F∂p ]d™pt\m°n Xocpam\n°mw. ]dbens‚ Hgp°p t\m°nbm¬ aXn.
I, J, K, L, M XpSßnb hyRvP\߃°p ap∂n¬ DImcw Xpd∂mWp \mw D®cn°pI. Aßs\bp≈nSØv Ip\n∏v CSWw.A, B, C, Cu XpSßnb kzcm£c߃°p apºv DImcw AS®v D®cn°m\mWv Ffp∏w. AhnsS Nµ°e thWw.
DZm: sX‰p ]dbcpXv, sX‰v FgpXcpXv.
sX‰vsX‰vsX‰vsX‰vsX‰v icn icn icn icn icn
AXn\v th≠n : AXn\pth≠n (tN¿sØgpXWw)
A∂v hsc : A∂phsc (tN¿sØgpXWw)
hIp∏v a¥n : hIp∏pa¥n (tN¿sØgpXWw)
F¥v thWw : F¥p thWw (]ncns®gpXmw)
AXn\p D≈ : AXn\v D≈ (AXn\p≈)
Nhdp CScpXv : Nhdv CScpXv
AXp FSp°cpXv : AXv FSp°cpXv
]¥p Dcp´n : ]¥v Dcp´n
]´n D≠p, kq£n°pI : ]´n D≠v, kq£n°pI
(D≠p F∂m¬ DuWp Ign-®p)