áfu« bjhlnth« - · pdf file áfu« bjhlnth«...

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s.comáfu« bjhLnth«

ïa‰ãaš

òâa

11-M« tF¥ò

Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°

br‹id.

2018-M« M©L¡fhd òâa nj®î¤â£l¤â‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

2017-18 M©L¡fhd (bjhFâ I k‰W« II) ghlüšfË‹ 2 & 3

kâ¥bg© Édh-ÉilfŸ, ghlthÇahf¤ ju¥g£LŸsd.

x›bthU ghl¤â‰F« K¡»a Édh ÉilfŸ.

2018 bghJ¤nj®î¡F ga‹jU« tifÆš jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

áw¥g«r§fŸ

lh®bf£

kâ¥bg©

Édh-Éil2 & 3

This material only for sample

[email protected] Ph:9600175757/8124201001

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2017-18 gâ¥ò

© btËp£lhs®fŸ

ISBN : 978-93-81650-78-3 F¿p£L v© : SG190

jiyik mYtyf«:

1620, `n#’ ãsh¡,

16-MtJ ãujhd rhiy,

m©zh ef®, br‹id-600 040. : 044-26162173, 26161099. : 81242 01000/ 81243 01000

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RuhÉ‹ jÄœ ciuüš

Sura’s English Guide

Sura’s Mathematics (EM / TM)

Sura’s Physics (EM / TM)

Sura’s Chemistry (EM / TM)

Sura’s Biology (EM / TM)

Sura’s Computer Sciene (EM / TM)

Sura’s Economics (EM)

Sura’s Commerce (EM)

Sura’s Accountancy (EM)

Sura’s Business Maths (EM)

Sura’s Sigaram Thoduvom (EM/TM) for all subjects

Also available for Std. - XII Guides and Previous Year Question Banks





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bghUsl¡f«

bjhFâ I

1. ïašcyf¤â‹j‹ikí«mså£oaY« ......1 - 10

2. ïa¡fÉaš ................................................................. 11 - 18

3. RHš ïa¡f ÉirÆaš ..........................................19 - 24

4. <®¥ãaY«É©btËm¿ÉaY«.......................25 - 36

5. âl,ghŒk¥bghUŸfË‹ïaªâuÉaš .......... 37 - 44

bjhFâ II

6. miyîfŸ .................................................................. 45 - 63

7. miyïa¡f« .......................................................... 64 - 79

8. bt¥gK«bt¥gïa¡fÉaY« ............................80 - 95

9. fâ®xËÆaš ...........................................................96 - 109

10. fhªjÉaš ...............................................................110 - 124





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ïa‰ãaš

11M« tF¥ò

1. ïaš cyf¤â‹ j‹ikí« mså£oaY«

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. bjhÊšE£g¤âšïa‰ãaÈ‹g§FahJ?

� ï a ‰ ã a š n f h £ g h L f i s , e i l K i w Æ š

ga‹gL¤JtJ bjhÊš E£g« vd¥gL«.

� ÚuhÉ vªâu¤â‹ f©Lão¥ò mQ¡fËš ïUªJ

M‰wiy bgw Koí«.

� ínuÅa¤ij Ãô£uhid¡ bfh©L ãs¡f Koí«.

� M‰wÈ‹ kh‰W _y§fis¡ f©l¿jš

� ïa‰ãaÈ‹ k‰bwhU ga‹ghL bjhF¥ò¢R‰W. ïªj

IC-¡fË‹ ts®¢á fÂÂ bjhÊiy ts®¢áaila¢

brŒJŸsJ.

2. mo¥gilmyFfisí«tÊmyFfisí«ntWgL¤Jf.

mo¥gil myFfŸ tÊ myFfŸ

m o ¥ g i l m s î f i s

m s ª j ¿ í « m y F f Ÿ

m o ¥ g i l m y F f Ÿ

vd¥gL«.k‰w vªj ïa‰ãaš

myFfshY« F¿¥ãl¥gl

Koahj myFfŸ mo¥gil

myFfŸ vd¥gL«.

vfh:- Ús«, Ãiw, fhy«,

bt¥gÃiy.

tÊ msîfis msªj¿í«

m y F f Ÿ t Ê m y F f Ÿ

vd¥gL«.

m o ¥ g i l m y F f s h š

F¿¥ãl¡ Toa myFfis

tÊ myFfŸ vdyh«.

vfh : - gu¥ò , fd msî,

ml®¤â.

[1]





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RuhÉ‹ ïa‰ãaš 11 - M« tF¥ò áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£ 3

j‹ kâ¥ÕL-fz¡FfŸ

1. 1Û£lÇšv¤jidthÅašmyFfŸcŸsd?

1.496 × 1011 Û£l® = 1 thÅaš myF

1 Û£l® = 1

1.496 × 1011 = 10-11

1.496

= 6.683 × 10-12 thÅaš myF

∴1 Û£lÇš 6.683 × 10-12 thÅaš myFfŸ cŸsd.

2. vy¡£uh‹x‹¿‹Ãiw9.11 × 10–31 kgvÅšv¤jid

vy¡£uh‹fË‹bkh¤jÃiw1 kgMfïU¡F«?

9.11 × 10-31 kg = 1 vy¡£uh‹ Ãiw

1 kg = 1

9.11 × 10-31 = 1031

9.11 = 1.097 × 1030

∴1.097 × 1030 vy¡£uh‹fË‹ bkh¤j Ãiw 1 kg Mf

ïU¡F«.

3. Ñœ¡fh©gdt‰¿‹K¡»av©QU¡fŸahit?

(i) 600900 - 4

(ii) 5212.0 - 5

(iii) 6.320 - 4

(iv) 0.0631 - 3

(v) 2.64 × 1024 - 3

4. π = 3.14vÅšπ2 kâ¥igK¡»av©QUÉ‰Frkkhf¡

fz¡»Lf.

π = 3.14 ; = π2 = 3.14 × 3.14 = 9.858

π -‹ K¡»a v©QU = 3

π2 -‹ kâ¥ò = 9.86

vdnt π2 -‹ kâ¥ò K¡»a v©QUÉ‰F¢ 9.86 rk«.





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TLjš Édh¡fŸ

ïu©L kâ¥bg© Édh¡fŸ :

1. Éirv‹whšv‹d?

b g h U Ë ‹ X Œ î Ã i y i a n a h m š y J ï a ¡ f Ãiyianah kh‰w mj‹ ÛJ brašgL¤j¥gL« òw¡fhuÂ ÉirahF«.

2. Ús«v‹whšv‹d?

ïU òŸËfS¡F ïil¥g£l bjhiyî Ús« vd

tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. Ús¤â‹ SI myF Û£l® MF«.

3. Ãiwv‹whšv‹d?

bghUŸ x‹W bg‰WŸs gU¥bghUË‹ msî Ãiw

MF«. ÃiwÆ‹ SI myF »nyh»uh«.

4. M«ãa®-tiuaW.

bt‰¿l¤âš, xU Û£l® ïilbtËÆš it¡f¥g£l òw¡fÂ¡f¤j¡f FW¡F¥ gu¥ò cila, ïU KoÉšyh Ús§fŸ cila ïiz¡ fl¤âfŸ tÊna xU Û£l® Ús¤âš ghí« Óuhd Ä‹ndh£l«, m›ÉU

fl¤âfS¡»ilna 2×10–7 N Éiria V‰gL¤âdhš, m«Ä‹ndh£l« xU M«ãa® MF«.

5. bfšÉ‹-tiuaW

bfšÉ‹ v‹gJ ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸËÆš bt¥g ïa¡fÉaÈ‹

bt¥gÃiyÆš 1

273.16 ã‹d¥gFâ MF«.

6. SI myFKiwv‹whšv‹d?

� xU Óuhd xG§FKiwia ã‹g‰Wtj‰fhf 1960«

M©oš eilbg‰w vilfŸ k‰W« msåLfŸ

kheh£oš , SI myF Kiw cUth¡f¥g£L

midtuhY« V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥g£lJ.

� ï«KiwahdJ áy kh‰w§fSl‹ Toa mks KiwahF«.

� mjhtJ Ãahakhd mksA v‹gJ SI KiwahF«.





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6 RuhÉ‹ ïa‰ãaš 11 - M« tF¥ò áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£

7. m¿ÉašKiwfŸv‹whšv‹d?

Kiwahd c‰W neh¡f§fŸ, fhuz« m¿jš, khâÇfŸ

k‰W«, fU¤âaš És¡f« jUÉ¤jš ngh‹wt‰iw

cŸsl¡»anj m¿Éaš KiwfŸ vd¥gL«.

8. ïa‰ãašv‹whšv‹d?

ïa‰ãaÈ‹ bghUŸ ïa‰if v‹gjhF«.

Äfî« mo¥gil m¿Éayhd ïa‰ãaš, ïa‰if k‰W«

ïa‰if Ãfœîfis És¡F»wJ. ms¤j¿a¥gL«

mo¥gil m¿Éaš ïa‰ãaš vd¥gL»wJ.

9. ïaªâuÉašv‹whšv‹d?

JfŸfŸ mšyJ bghUŸfË‹ XŒî Ãiy mšyJ

ïa¡f Ãiy g‰¿ TWtJ ïaªâuÉaš MF«.

10. mQk‰W«mQ¡fUïa‰ãašv‹whšv‹d?

gU¥bghUË‹ f£lik¥ãidí« cŸËU¥gd t‰iwí«,

mQ¡fS«, mQ¡fU¡fS« v›thW vy¡£uh‹,

ngh£lh‹ ngh‹w mo¥gil¤ JfŸfSl‹ ïilÉil

òÇ»‹wd v‹gijí« mQ k‰W« mQ¡fU ïa‰ãaš

vd¥gL«.

11. nf©oyh-tiuaW.

xË _y« x‹W cÄG« 540×1012Hz mâ®bt© cila

x‰iw Ãw¡ fâ®å¢á‹ br¿î, xU F¿¥ã£l âirÆš

xU °onuoaD¡F 1

683th£ vÅš m¤âirÆš

xË¢br¿î xU nf©oyh MF«.

12. nkhš-tiuaW.

0.012 »nyh »uhÄš cŸs fh®g‹-12 mQ¡fŸ ngh‹w

gy mo¥gil¤ JfŸfis cŸsl¡»a bghUË‹ msî

nkhš MF«.

13. ÚÇ‹K¥òŸËv‹whšv‹d?

bjÉ£L ÚuhÉ, Jha Ú® k‰W« cUF« gÅ¡f£o M»a

_‹W« rkÃiyÆš cŸs nghJ ïU¡F« bt¥gÃiy

ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË vd¥gL«. ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË bt¥gÃiy

273.16 K.





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2. ïa¡fÉaš

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. »H¡Fneh¡»4 km elªJãwFtl¡Fneh¡»elªJ

3 km elªJbršY«khzt®xUt®(i)fl¡F«bjhiyî

k‰W«(ii) V‰gL¤J«ïl¥bga®¢áia¡fz¡»Lf.

(i) fl¡F« bjhiyî = AB+BC = 4+3 = 7 km(ii) ïl¥bga®¢á = AC = AB BC2 2+

42 32 16 9 25+ += = = 5 km.

2. Äât©o X£Lgt® xUKG¢R‰W R‰¿ tU«nghJ

(i) flªj bjhiyîk‰W« (ii) V‰g£lïl¥bga®¢á

v‹d?

(i) flªj bjhiyî = 2πr(ii) V‰g£l ïl¥bga®¢á = 0.

3. bghUË‹ntf«k‰W«âirntf¤ijntWgL¤Jf.

ntf« âirntf«

1. XuyF fhy¤âš

flªj bjhiyî

ntf« vd¥gL«.

ï l ¥ b g a ® ¢ á k h W « å j «

âirntf« vd¥gL«. F¿¥ã£l

âirÆš JfË‹ ntf« vdî«

ïij tiuaW¡fyh«.

2. ïJ xU °nfyh®

msî MF«.

ïJ xU bt¡l® msî. ïj‰F

v© kâ¥ò« âirí« c©L.

3. ïj‹ myF ms-1 ïj‹ myF ms-1. ïj‹ gÇkhz

thŒ¥ghL LT-1

4. vâ®KL¡f«v‹gJv‹d?

� fhy¤ij rh®ªJ âirntf« Fiwªjhš KL¡f«

vâ®¡F¿ bgW«.

� vâ®¡F¿ cila KL¡f« vâ® KL¡f« vd¥gL«.





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5. âirntf«-fhy«tiugl¤â‹K¡»a¤Jt«ahJ?

� fhy¤â‹ rh®ghf JfË‹ âirntf¤ij¡ fh£LtJ âirntf« - fhy« tiuglkhF«.

� v–t tiugl¤â‹ Ñœ cŸs gu¥ò F¿¥ã£l fhy ïilbtËÆš V‰gL« JfË‹ ïl¥bga®¢á kh‰w¤ij¡ fh£L»wJ mšyJ JfŸ ef®ªj bjhiyit¡ fh£L»wJ.

6. ÉirÆ‹jh¡f¤ij-tiuaW.

� t fhy¤âš brašgL« F v‹w khwhj ÉirÆ‹

jh¡f« J v‹gJ Éir k‰W« fhy¤â‹ bgU¡f‰gy‹

v‹W tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.

� mjhtJ, ÉirÆ‹ jh¡f« = Éir × fhy«.

∴J = F × t. � ÉirÆ‹ jh¡f« xU bt¡l® msî mj‹ myF Ns.

7. ikaÉy¡Fvâ®¢brašv‹whšv‹d?

� Ãô£lÅ‹ _‹wh« ïa¡f Éâ¥go, x›bthU braY¡F« rkkhd k‰W« vâuhd vâ®¢braš x‹W c©L.

� ikaneh¡F Éir¡F¢ rkkhd k‰W« vâuhd, vâ®¢ braš ikaÉy¡F vâ®¢braš vd¥gL«.

� R‰¿ tU« bghUË‹ KL¡f¤â‹ fhuzkhf¢ brašgL« mšyJ brašgLtjhf Ãid¡f¡Toa xU kha« mšyJ njh‰w Éirna ika Éy¡F vâ®¢ brayhF«.

TLjš Édh¡fŸ

ïu©L kâ¥bg© Édh¡fŸ

1. ÃiyÆašv‹whšv‹d?

bghUŸfË‹ XŒîÃiyia¥ g‰¿aJ ÃiyÆaš MF«.

ï¥ãÇÉš ÉirfŸ rkÃiyÆš brašgl nt©oŸsJ.

2. ïa¡fÉirÆašv‹whšv‹d?

É i r f Ë š j h ¡ f ¤ â ‹ f h u z k h f b g h U Ÿ f Ÿ

ïa§Ftij¥ g‰¿ TWtJ ïa¡f ÉirÆaš MF«.

ïa¡fÉirÆaÈš ïa¡fÉaš k‰W« ÉirÆaš v‹w

ïU c£ãÇîfŸ cŸsd.





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3. ïa¡fÉašv‹whšv‹d?

ïa¡f¤ij V‰gL¤J« Éirfis¡ fUjhkš,

ïa¡f¤â‹ ïl¥bga®¢á, âirntf«, KL¡f« k‰W«

fhy« ngh‹wt‰¿‰»ilnaahd¤ bjhl®ig¥ g‰¿¡

TWtJ ïa¡fÉaš MF«.

4. ÉirÆašv‹whšv‹d?

bghUŸfË‹ ïa¡f¤â‰F« brašgL« ÉirfS¡F«

ïilÆyhd bjhl®ig¥ g‰¿ TWtJ ÉirÆaš MF«.

5. JfŸv‹whšv‹d?

gÇkhz§fŸ m‰w, Ãiy¥òŸË cila áWgFâ mšyJ

gU¥bghUË‹ msî JfŸ vd¥gL«.

6. XŒîÃiy,ïa¡fÃiyv‹whšv‹d?

bghUbsh‹W fhy¤ij¢ rh®ªJ jdJ Ãiyia kh‰¿¡

bfhŸshkš ïUªjhš mJ XŒî ÃiyÆš cŸsJ

vd¥gL«.

ïa¡f Ãiy : fhy¤ij¢ rh®ªJ, bghUË‹ Ãiy

kh¿dhš, mJ ïa¡f¤âš cŸsJ vd¥gL«.

7. xUgÇkhzïa¡f«v‹whšv‹d?

fhy¤ij¢ rh®ªJ bghUË‹ Ãiy khWtij xU

T¿id¡ bfh©L F¿¥ã£lhš mjid xU gÇkhz

ïa¡f« vdyh«.

v.fh. ne®nfh£oš vW«ò x‹W efUtJ, Xo¡

bfh©oU¡F« jlfs åu®.

8. xUgÇkhzïa¡f«(ne®¡nfh£oa¡f«)v‹whšv‹d?

ne®¡nfhL x‹¿š V‰gL« ïa¡f« ne®¡nfh£oa¡f«

MF«. ï›Éa¡f¤ij¥ g‰¿ m¿a Ãiy, ïl¥bga®¢á,

âirntf« KL¡f« ngh‹w K¡»akhd¥ g©gsîfŸ

njit¥gL»‹wd.

9. ïl¥bga®¢áv‹whšv‹d?

JfË‹ bjhl¡f Ãiy¡F« ïWâ Ãiy¡F« ïil¥g£l

FW»a bjhiyî ïl¥bga®¢á vd¥gL«.





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3. RHš ïa¡f ÉirÆaš

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. rkÃiyÆ‹tiffŸahit?

(i) cWâ¢ rkÃiy

(ii) cWâa‰w rkÃiy

(iii) eLÃiy rkÃiy.

2. nfhzcªjmÊÉ‹ikÉâia¡TWf.

bghUË‹ ÛJ òw¤âU¥ò Éir brašglhjnghJ, RHY«

â©k¥ bghUË‹ bkh¤j nfhz cªj« khwhkÈU¡F«.

ïJ, nfhz cªj mÊÉ‹ik Éâ vd¥gL«.

bghUË‹ bkh¤j nfhz cªj« = kh¿È.

3. óidÑnHÉG«nghJ,mj‹fhšfŸjiuÆšgâ»‹wd.

ïa‰ãaÈ‹vªjj¤Jt«ga‹gL»wJ?És¡Ff.

nfhz cªj mÊÉ‹ik Éâ :

óid ÑnH ÉG«nghJ jdJ cliy FW¡Ftj‹

Ãiyk¤ âU¥òâw‹ FiwªJ nfhz âirntf«

mâfÇ¡»wJ. óid jiuia bjhL»‹w nghJ, jdJ

fhšfis Ú£Ltjhš, Ãiyk¤ âU¥òâw‹ mâfÇ¤J

nfhz¤ âirntf« Fiw»wJ. óid jdJ rhjhuz¤

âirntf¤Jl‹ fhšfis jiuÆš gâ¡»‹wd.


1. 10kg k‰W« 20kg ÃiwfSilaïU nfhs§fŸ 5m ïilbtËÆšcŸsd.ÃiwfS¡»ilnaahd<®¥ãaš

ft®¢áÉiria¡fz¡»Lf?

Kjš nfhs¤â‹ Ãiw m1 = 15kgïu©lh« nfhs¤â‹ Ãiw m2 = 45kgïU nfhs§fS¡F ïilna cŸs Jhu« r =5mbghJ <®¥ò kh¿È G = 66.7 × 1011Nm2kg–2





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<®¥ãaš ft®¢á Éir F = Gm m

r1 2

2

= 6.67×10 ×10× 20

5= 6.67× 200×10

2511

2

11

= 53.36 ×1011N~ <®¥ãaš ft®¢á Éir = 53.36 × 1011N

2. òÉÆ‹Mu«6400Km vÅš500Km F¤Jau¤âš<®¥ã‹

KL¡f«v‹d?

òÉÆ‹ Mu« R = 6400KmF¤Jau« n = 500KmòÉ <®¥ò KL¡f« g = 9.8ms–2

F¤Jau¤ij¢ rh®ªjJ

òÉ<®¥ò KL¡f« gn = g 1 2hR

-

= 9.8× 1 2×5006400

-

= 9.8× 1 532

-

= 9.8× 27

32

= 8.269ms–2

~500Km F¤Jau¤âš òÉ<®¥ò KL¡f« =8.269ms–2

3. òÉ¥gu¥ã‰FmU»šÉ©btË¡f¥gšx‹WòÉia

t£l¥ghijÆšR‰¿tUkhWbrY¤j¥gL»wJ.<®¥ãaš

ÉirÆÅ‹W ÉLgl mªj É©btË¡ f¥gY¡F

m¢R‰W¥ ghijÆš bfhL¡f¥gl nt©oa TLjš

âirntf«v‹d?(R=6400Km, g=9.8mls2)É © b t Ë ¡ f ¥ g š R ‰ ¿ t U « g h i j Æ š M u «

R = 6400Km = 64 × 105m





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∴ 6400 Km Þ 6400000m Þ 64 × 105mòÉ<®¥ò KL¡f« g = 9.8ms–2

É©btË¡f¥gÈ‹ ÉLgL ntf«, V = gRe

= 9.8× 64×10 = 98× 64×105 4

= 49× 2× 64×104

= 7×8×1.414×10= 5600×10414= 7918m / s= 7.918Km / s

2

òÉÆ‹ ÉLgL âirntf« = 11.2km/s bfhL¡f nt©oa TLjš âirntf« = 11.2–7.918 = 3.282km/s~bfhL¡f¥gl nt©oa TLjš âirntf« = 3.282km/s

TLjš Édh¡fŸ


1. ÃiwÆ‹ika«v‹whšv‹d?

mik¥ãš, bghUbsh‹¿‹ x£L bkh¤j Ãiwí«

br¿ªâU¡F« òŸË bghUË‹ ÃiwÆ‹ ika«

vd¥gL«.

2. cWârkÃiyv‹whšv‹d?

mik¥ã‹ ÛJ brašgL« ÉirfŸ, Ãiyah‰wš

áWkkhf ïU¡F« bjhl¡f Ãiy¡F tUkhW brŒjhš,

mJ cWâ¢ rkÃiy vd¥gL«.

3. cWâa‰wrkÃiyv‹whšv‹d?

mik¥ã‹ ÛJ brašgL« ÉirfŸ, Ãiyah‰wš

bgUkkhf ïU¡F« ÃiyÆÈUªJ efu¢ brŒjhš, mJ

cWâa‰w rkÃiy vd¥gL«.





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4. eLÃiyrkÃiyv‹whšv‹d?

mik¥ã‹ ÛJ brašgL« ÉirfŸ Ãiyah‰wš

khwhâU¡FkhW, v¥go nt©LkhdhY« efu¢ brŒjhš,

mJ eLÃiy rkÃiyahF«.

5. rkÃiyiavt‰iwbfh©Ltif¥gL¤jyh«?

áWk«, bgUk« mšyJ khwhj Ãiyah‰wš bfh©L,

cWâ, cWâa‰w mšyJ eLÃiy vd rkÃiyia¡

F¿¥ãlyh«.

6. RH‰áÆ‹Mu«vj‰FrkkhF«?

bghUË‹ RH‰áÆ‹ m¢áÈUªJ JfŸfË‹ ïUko

_y¢ ruhrÇ ïUko¤ bjhiyÉ‰F (rms) RH‰áÆ‹

Mu« rkkhF«.

K = r r r rn

n12

22 2

32+ + +.....

7. RH‰á-Mu«tiuaW.

bghUË‹ x£Lbkh¤j vilí« br¿ªJŸs òŸË¡F«

RH‰á m¢R¡F« ïil¥g£l br§F¤J¤ bjhiyî vdî«

RH‰á Mu« tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.

K = I

M8. ïu£ilv‹whšv‹d?

brašgh£o‹ nfhLfŸ x‹Wl‹ x‹W bghUªjhkš,

brašgl¡Toa ïU rkkhd vâbuâ® ÉirfŸ ïu£il

vd¥gL«.

9. nfhzcªj«-tiuaW.

JfË‹ ne®¡nfh£L cªj¤â‹ âU¥ò âw‹, mj‹

nfhz cªj« vd¥gL«.

→L =

→r ×

→p .





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4. <®¥ãaY« É©btË m¿ÉaY«

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. rhjhuzkhf,eh«ga‹gL¤J«ïUbghUŸfS¡»ilna

<®¥ãašft®¢áÉiriaczuKotâšiy.V‹?

� òÉÆ‹ nk‰gu¥ãYŸs ïU bghUŸfS«, òÉÆ‹

ika¤âÈUªJ rkbjhiyÉš ïU¥gjhš, rk

<®¥ãaš Éir brašgL»wJ.

(mšyJ)

� òÉÆ‹ ika¤âÈUªJ, ïUbghU£fŸ bt›ntW

bjhiyÉš ïU¥gjhš, bghU£fS¡F«, òÉ¡F«

ïilnaahd <®¥ãaš Éir khW»wJ.

(mšyJ)

� ïU rhjhuz bghU£fS¡»ilnaíŸs <®¥ò Éir,

mâf Ãiwbfh©l bghU£fS¡»ilnaŸs <®¥ò

Éiria Él Fiwthf ïU¥gâdhY« <®¥ãaš

Éiria czuKotâšiy.

2. bghJ<®¥ãašÉâiaTWf.

m©l¤âš cŸs gU¥bghUË‹ x›bthU JfS«

k‰bwhU Jfis, mt‰¿‹ ÃiwfË‹ bgU¡f‰gyD¡F

ne®¤jfÉY« mt‰¿‰»ilnaahd bjhiyÉ‹

ïUko¡F vâ®jfÉY« ïU¡F« Éiríl‹ ftU»‹wd.

ï¡T‰W bghJ <®¥ãaš Éâ vd¥gL«.

3. <®¥ãaš kh¿ÈiatiuaW¤J. mj‹my»idí«

gÇkhzthŒ¥gh£ilí«TWf.

x›bthU 1 kg Ãiwíila ïU bghUŸfS¡»ilna

1m bjhiyî ïU¡F«nghJ, mt‰¿‰»ilnaahd,

<®¥ãaš ft®¢á Éir <®¥ãaš kh¿È ‘G’ vd

tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. G-‹ kâ¥ò 6.67 ×10-11 N m2 kg-2. mj‹ gÇkhz thŒ¥ghL [M–1 L3 T-2].

4. g-kâ¥ãid¥ghâ¡F«fhuÂfŸahit?

(i) F¤Jau«

(ii) MH«





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(iii) FW¡F¡nfhL

(iv) òÉ¥gu¥ã‰F nkš, cau« mâfÇ¡F«nghJ <®¥ã‹

KL¡f« Fiw»wJ.

(v) ÃyeL¡nfh£L¥ gFâÆš g-‹ kâ¥ò áWk«.

(vi) ÃyeL¡nfh£L¥ gFâÆÈUªJ JUt§fS¡F

bršY«nghJ g-‹ kâ¥ò mâfÇ¡F«.

5. <®¥ò¥òy¢br¿ÉidtiuaW.

xU òŸËÆš it¡f¥g£l xuyF ÃiwÆ‹ ÛJ

brašgL« Éir, m¥òŸËÆš <®¥ò¥ òy¢ br¿î mšyJ

tÈik vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. ïj‹ myF Nkg–1.6. <®¥òmG¤j¤ijtiuaW.

<®¥ò¥ òy¤â‰F vâuhf, xU òŸËÆÈUªJ <¿šyh¤

bjhiyÉ‰F, XuyF Ãiwia ef®¤J«nghJ

brŒa¥gL« ntiyÆ‹ msî, m¥òŸËÆš <®¥ò

mG¤j« vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. ïj‹ myF Nmkg–1.7. ÃyÉštËk©ly«ïšiy,V‹?

ÃyÉš cŸs nyrhd thí¡fË‹ âirntf§fŸ,

ÃyÉ‹ ÉLgL ntf¤â‰F Vw¤jhH rkkhf ïU¥gjhš,

ÃyÉš ïUªJ mit ÉLg£L¢ br‹WÉL«, ÃyÉš

<®¥ò¥ òy« tÈik F‹¿ajhf cŸsjhš, ÃyÉš

ï›thí¡fŸ bjhl®ªJ ïU¡f KoahJ. mjdhš ÃyÉš

tËk©ly« ïšiy.

8. òÉ-Ãiy¤Jiz¡nfhŸfŸv‹gitahit?

� ÃyeL¡nfh£L¥ gFâ¡F nkš, xU F¿¥ã£l

cau¤âš Ãiyahd ïl§fËš ïU¥gJ ngh‹W

njh‹W« bjhiy¤bjhl®ò¤ Jiz¡nfhŸfŸ,

x ¤ â U ¡ F « J i z ¡ n f h Ÿ f Ÿ m š y J ò É -

Ãiy¤Jiz¡ nfhŸfŸ vd¥gL»‹wd.

� Jiz¡nfhshdJ, òÉ¡F nkny xU F¿¥ã£l

ïl¤âš Ãiyahf ïU¥gJ nghš njh‹w

nt©LbkÅš, mjDila R‰W¡fhyK«, òÉÆ‹

j‹Å¢ir¥ g‰¿a RH‰á¡ fhyK« rkkhf ïU¡f

nt©L«.





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9. fâut-ika¡bfhŸifia¡TWf.

fâut ika¡ bfhŸifgo mid¤J¡nfhŸfS«

XŒî ÃiyÆš ïU¡F« NÇaid t£l¥ghijfËš

R‰¿tU»‹wd.

10. òÉika¡bfhŸifiaTWf.

òÉ-ika¡ bfhŸifgo m©l¤â‹ ika¤âš òÉí«,

òÉia ikakhf¡ bfh©L mid¤J nfhŸfS«,

ÃyîfS« É©Û‹fS«, bt›ntW R‰W¥ ghijfËš

R‰¿ tU»‹wd.

11. NÇa¡FL«g«v‹gJahJ?

mik¥ã‹ ika¤âš NÇa‹ ïU¡f, mik¥ãš cŸs

nfhŸfŸ, ÃyîfŸ, áWnfhŸfŸ, thšÛ‹fŸ ngh‹w

mid¤J th‹ bghUŸfisí« NÇa‹ j‹Dl‹

ãiz¤J it¤âU¡F«, m©l¤â‹ xU gFâia

NÇa¡FL«g« v‹»nwh«.

12. áWnfhŸfŸv‹gitahit?

b r › t h Œ k ‰ W « É a h H ‹ n f h Ÿ f Ë ‹ R ‰ W ¥

ghijfS¡»ilna NÇaid¢ R‰¿ tU« á¿a th‹

bghUŸfŸ áW nfhŸfŸ vd¥gL«. ÉahH‹ nfhË‹

<®¥ò fhuzkhf, cilªJ nghd Äf¥bgÇa nfhË‹

cilªJ nghd áW J©LfŸ áWnfhŸfshF«.

13. totÉ©Û‹FG¡fŸv‹gitahit?

bgU«ghyhd É©Û‹fŸ, thd¤âš FG¡fshf

x‹W nr®ªJ Éy§FfŸ mšyJ kÅj®fŸ tot¤âš

mikªJŸsd. ïªj FG¡fis tot É©Û‹ FG¡fŸ

vdyh«.


1. cUisahdFHhŒfË‹budhšL v© Vw¤jho 200 MF«. FHhÆ‹ É£l« 2br.Û v‹whš, mâš ghí«

ÚÇ‹âirntf¤ij¡fz¡»Lf.ÚÇ‹gh»ašv©n = 10–3Nsm–2

budhšL v© NR = 2000FHhÆ‹ É£l« D = 2cm = 2 × 10–2





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ÚÇ‹ gh»aš v© N = 10–3Nsm–2

ÚÇ‹ ml®¤â P = 10–3kg/m3

ghí« ÚÇ‹ âirntf« Vc = nNP

RD = ×

× ×

-

-10 2000

10 2 10

3

3 2

= 10–1

= 0.1m/s~ghí« ÚÇ‹ âirntf« = 0.1m/s

2. 0.02m Mu« bfh©l t£lkhd j£blh‹w ÚÇ‹

nk‰gu¥ãÈUªJmf‰Wt¤wF¤njit¥gL«Éiria¡

fz¡»Lf.ÚÇ‹gu¥òïGÉir0.07mNm–1vd¡bfhŸf.

t£l¤j£o‹ Mu« r = 0.02mÚÇ‹ gu¥ò ïGÉir T = 0.07Nm–1

njitahd Éir F = T × 2pr = 0.07 × 2 × 3.14×0.02 = 12.56 × 7 × 10–4

= 8.792 × 10–3N~ njit¥gL« Éir = 8.8 × 10–3N

TLjš Édh¡fŸ


1. <u¥ãašÉâÆ‹áw¥ò¤j‹ikfŸahit?

� ïU bghUŸfS¡»ilnaahd <®¥ãaš ÉirahdJ,

xU braš - vâ®¢braš nrhoahF«.

� nyrhd bghUŸfS¡»ilna, <®¥ãaš Éir Äf¡

Fiwthf ïU¡F«. fdkhd bghUŸfS¡F Éir

mâfkhf ïU¡F«. NÇaD¡F« òÉ¡F« ïilna

cŸs <®¥ãaš Éir Äf mâf«.

2. <®¥ãašKL¡f«v‹whšv‹d?

<®¥ã‹ ÉirÆdhš bghUËš V‰gL« KL¡f« <®¥ã‹

KL¡f« vd¥gL«.





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5. âl, ghŒk¥ bghUŸfË‹ ïaªâuÉaš

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. tiuaW.

(i) Û£á¤ j‹ikíŸs bghUŸ :

j‹ÛJ brašgL¤j¥g£l cU¡FiyÉ¡F« ÉirfŸ Ú¡f¥g£lîl‹ jdJ bjhl¡f Ãiyia Û©L« bgW« bghUË‹ j‹ik bghUË‹ Û£á¥ g©ò vd¥gL»wJ. ï¥g©gig bg‰¿U¡F« bghUŸfŸ Û£á¤ j‹ikíŸs bghUŸfŸ vd¥gL»‹wd.

(ii) Û£á¤ j‹ika‰w bghUŸ :

Û£á¥ g©ò ïšyhj bghUŸfŸ Û£á¡ j‹ika‰w

bghUŸ vd¥gL«. v.fh: ãsh°o¡.

(iii) jifî :

cU¡Fiyªj bghUË‹ XuyF gu¥ãš bra‰gL«

ÛŸÉir, jifî vd¥gL«.

jifî = ÛŸÉir

gu¥ò

ïj‹ myF N m-2 ïj‹ gÇkhz thŒ¥ghL

ML-1T-2 MF«.

(iv) âÇò :

xU bghUËš V‰g£l gÇkhz kh‰w¤â‰F« mj‹ bjhl¡f Ãiy¥ gÇkhz¤â‰F« ïilnaahd jfî

âÇò vd¥gL»wJ.

âÇò = gÇkhz¤âš kh‰w«

bjhl¡f Ãiy¥ gÇkhz«

(v) Û£á všiy :

Ãuªju cU¡Fiyî V‰gL« všiy, Û£á všiy vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

(vi) ÛŸ Éir :

cU¡Fiy É¡F« ÉirfŸ Ú¡f¥g£lhš,

bghUshdJ jdJ bjhl¡f Ãiyia miltj‰F

m¥bghUËš njh‹W« Éir fhuzkh»wJ. ïªj

Éir ÛŸÉir v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.





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TLjš Édh¡fŸ


1. gU¥bghUË‹x›bthUÃiy¡F«áyâd¥g©òfŸc©L,khWg£lg©òfS¡fhdfhuÂfŸahit?

(i) mQÉil mšyJ _y¡TW Éir k‰W«

(ii) bt¥g¤âdhš ÃfG« _y¡TWfË‹ Óu‰w ïa¡f« mšyJ »s®ªbjGjš ngh‹witahF«.

2. mQÉilÉirv‹whšv‹d?

Ãiy Ä‹}£lÉaš ïilÉidfË‹ fhuzkhf

mQ¡fË‹ Ä‹}£l‡fË¡»ilna bra‰gL« Éir

mQÉil Éir vd¥gL«.

3. ghŒk§fŸv‹whšv‹d?

òwÉir x‹¿‹ bra‰gh£odhš, gha¡Toa bghUŸfŸ

ghŒk§fshF«.

(v.fh) Ú®k«, tËk«.

4. ghFÃiyv‹whšv‹d?

� mL¤jL¤JŸs Ú®k VLfshš V‰gL« cuhŒî

Éiria ghFÃiy Éir v‹W« ï¤j‹ikÆid

ghFÃiy v‹W« miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

� j‹ bt›ntW VLfË‹ rh®ò ïa¡f¤ij vâ®¡F«

Ú®k¤â‹ j‹ikna ghFÃiy MF«.

5. gh»ašv©v‹whšv‹d?

XuyF¥ gu¥òŸs, br§F¤jhf XuyF¤ âirntf¢

rÇit¡ bfh©l ïu©L Ú®k VLfS¡»ilna

bjhLnfh£o‹ âirÆš bra‰gL« ghFÃiy ÉirÆ‹

v© kâ¥ng gh»aš v© MF«.

6. tÇ¢Ó®X£l«v‹whšv‹d?

Ú®k¤â‹ x›bthU JfS« mj‰F K‹ bršY«

JfË‹ ghijÆnyí«, x›bthU òŸËÆY« fl¡F«

JfË‹ âirntf« mj‰F K‹ bršY« JfË‹

âirntf¤ânyí« bršY« Óuhd X£l« tÇ¢Ó® X£l«

vd¥gL«.





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6. miyîfŸ

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. jÅ¢ÓÇir ïa¡f¤ij tiuaW¤J, ïa¡f¤â‰fhd

Ãgªjidfis¡TWf.(VnjD«_‹W)

JfË‹ KL¡fkhdJ, Ãiyahd òŸËÆÈUªJ mJ

milªj ïl¥bga®¢á¡F ne®¤jfÉY«, m¥òŸËia

neh¡»na ïa¡f« ïU¥ãD«, m¤JfŸ jÅ¢ ÓÇir

ïa¡f¤â‰F c£gL»wJ vdyh«.

mik¥bgh‹¿š miyîfŸ V‰gl, Û£á¥g©ò k‰W«

Ãiyk« M»a ïU mo¥gil¥ g©òfŸ fhuzkhf

cŸsd. bghUbsh‹W ika¥òŸËÆÈUªJ ïl«

bgau¢ brŒa¥g£LŸsjhf¡ fUjî«. ÛŸ ÉirahdJ

m¥bghUis Û©L« ika¥òŸË¡F¡ bfh©LtU«.

(i) mâ®É‹ bgUk¥òŸËÆš ïl¥bga®¢á bgUk«;

âirntf« RÊ; KL¡f« bgUk«; bghUshdJ

ika¥òŸËia neh¡» tU«.

(ii) Û Ÿ É i r Æ ‹ f h u z k h f , b g h U Ÿ Û © L «

ika¥òŸËia tªjilí«. m§F irntfkhdJ

vâ®¥bgUkkhf ïU¥gjhš, bghUŸ ika¥òŸËia¡

flªJbršY«.

(iii) mâ®É‹ vâ®¥ bgUk¥òŸËÆš ïl¥ga®¢á

vâ®¥ bgUk«; âirntf« RÊ; KL¡f« ne®¥

bgUk«. vdnt, bghUshJ ika¥òŸËia neh¡»

efU»wJ. Û©L« ika¥òŸËÆš ïl¥bga®¢á

RÊahF« nghJ âirntf« ne®¥bgUkkh»wJ.

(iv) bghUË‹ Ãiyk« fhuzkhf ika¥òŸËia¡

flªJ brš»wJ. ïJngh‹w Ãfœî Û©L«

V‰gLtjhš mik¥ò miyîW»wJ.





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2. ÓÇirïa¡f§fŸmid¤J«miyîWïa¡f§fshF«.

miyîWïa¡f§fŸmid¤J«ÓÇirïa¡f§fŸMfhJ

V‹?vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹És¡F.

Óuhd ïa¡f§fŸ, Óuiyî ïa¡fK« mšyJ miyîW

ïa¡f§fshF«. VbdÅš ÓÇir ïa¡f¤â‰F

c£g£l xU JfË‹ KL¡fkhdJ ÛŸ ÉirÆ‹

ïl¥bga®¢á¡F ne®¤jfÉY«, m¥òŸËia neh¡»na

ïU¡F«. vL¤J¡fh£lhf xÈ miyfŸ v‹gJ

mG¤j khWgh£lhš V‰gL« ÛŸ Éirahš Clf¤âš

mâ®îW»wJ. Mdhš óÄ, NÇaid¢ R‰WtJ Óuhd

fhy ïilbtËÆš Û©L« Û©L« R‰¿ tU»wJ.

Mdš ÛŸÉir brašgLtâšiy. khwhf òÉ <®¥g:

ÉirahdJ t£l ïa¡f¤â‰fhd ika neh¡F Éiria

mË¡»wJ. ïâš ÛŸÉir ïšyhjjhš (Restore force)

jÅ¢ ÓÇir ïa¡f« MfhJ.

3. Óuhd t£l ïa¡f¤â‹ É£l¤â‹ Ûjhd åœ¢á

jÅ¢ÓÇir ïa¡f¤â‰F c£gLtij bkŒ¥ã¡fî«.

Óuhd t£l ïa¡f¤â‹ É£l¤â‹ Ûjhd åœ¢á

jÅ¢ÓÇir ïa¡f« :

Óuhd t£l ïa¡f¤â‹ åœ¢á

O v ‹ w i k a K « a v ‹ w M u K « c i l a

t £ l ¤ â ‹ g Ç â t Ê n a J f b s h ‹ W v v‹w Óuhd ntf¤Jl‹ ïlŠRÊ¤ âirÆš

ïa§Ftjhf¡ fUjî«. XX' k‰W« YY' v‹gd ïU

br§F¤J É£l§fshF«.





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t fhy¤â‰F¥ ãwF JfŸ P-Æš ïU¥gjhf¡ fUjî«.

wv‹gJ nfhz¤âirntf« vÅš, t fhy¤âš V‰g£l

nfhz ïl¥bga®¢á q =wt MF«. P-ÆÈUªJ YY’-¡F PN v‹w br§F¤J¡nfhL tiuaî«. JfshdJ X-ÈUªJ

Y-¡F efU« nghJ, br§F¤J¡nfh£o‹ mo¥òŸË

N-MdJ. O-ÉÈUªJ Y-¡F efU»wJ. nkY«, JfshdJ

Y-ÆÈUªJ X'-¡F« ãwFY'-¡F« Û©L« X-¡F«

ef®ªjhš, åœ¢á N-MdJ Y-ÆÈUªJ O-É‰F« ãwF

Y'-¡F« Û©L« O-É‰F« efU«. JfshdJ gÇâÆ‹

tÊna xU KG¢ R‰¿a¡f¤ij nk‰bfh©lhš, N v‹w

òŸË O v‹w eLÃiyia¥ bghU¤J xU miyÉ‰F

c£gL»wJ.YY' É£l¤â‹ Ûjhd òŸË N-‹ ïa¡f«

jÅ¢ ÓÇir ïa¡fkhF«.

vdnt, Óuhd t£l ïa¡f¤â‹ É£l¤â‹ Ûjhd åœ¢á

xU jÅ¢ÓÇir ïa¡fkhF«.

4. jÅ¢ÓÇirïa¡f¤â‰Fc£gL«JfË‹,ïl¥bga®¢á,

âirntf«, KL¡f« M»ait fhy¤ij¢ rh®ªJ

khWgLtijtiugl¤âšfh£Lf.

fhy¤ij¢ rh®ªJ khWgL« ïl¥ bga®¢á, âirntf«

k‰W« KL¡f« M»ait gl¤âš cŸs tiugl§fËš

F¿¥ãl¥g£LŸsd.

(i) ïl¥bga®¢á tiugl« xU ir‹ (sine) tisnfhlhF«.

JfË‹ bgUk ïl¥bga®¢á y = ±a.(ii) mâ®tilí« JfË‹ âirntf« eLÃiy¥ òŸËÆš

bgUkkhF«. mjhtJ, v = ±aw mâ®É‹ bgUk¥

òŸËÆš mj‹ kâ¥ò RÊ MF«.

T4

3T4

T2

aO

–a

T

ïl

¥b

ga

®¢á

(iii) m â ® t i l í « J f Ë ‹ K L ¡ f «

eLeLÃiy¥ òŸËÆš RÊahfî« mâ®É‹

bgUk¥òŸËÆš bgUkkhfî«mjhtJ, aw2 Mf

ïU¡F«.





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T4

3T4

T2O

âi

rnt

f«

(iv) ï l ¥ b g a ® ¢ á i a É l â i r n t f « p2

f £ l K «

âirntf¤ij Él KL¡f« p2

f£lK« ïl¥bga®¢áia

Él KL¡f« pf£lK« K‹ndh¡» cŸsd. mjhtJ,

ïl¥bga®¢áÆ‹ ne®¡F¿ bgUkkhf ïU¥ã‹,

KL¡f¤â‹ vâ®¡F¿ bgUkkhf ïU¡F«.

T4

3T4

T2

O

KL

¡f

«

5. mâ®tilí« JfË‹ ( i ) âirntf¤â‰F«

K L ¡ f ¤ â ‰ F « ( i i ) K L ¡ f ¤ â ‰ F « , ï l ¥

bga®¢á¡F« ïilÆyhd f£l ntWghL v‹d?

(i) âirntf¤ij Él KL¡f« p2

f£l« K‹ndh¡»

cŸsJ.

(ii) KL¡f« ïl¥bga®¢áiaÉl p f£l« K‹ndh¡»

cŸsJ. mjhtJ, ïl¥bga®¢á ne®¡F¿ bgUkkhf

ïU¥ã‹, KL¡f« vâ®¡F¿ bgUkkhf ïU¡F«.

6. tiuaW ( i ) miyî¡f hy« ( i i ) mâ ®bt©

(iii)nfhzmâ®bt©.

(i) miyî¡fhy« : Jfbsh‹W xU KG miyÉ‰F

vL¤J¡bfhŸS« fhy«, miyî¡ fhy« (T)MF«.

wp

=2T

mšyJ T =2pw





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3. 250Nm–1 RUŸkh¿Èíilax¤jRUŸÉšfŸïu©L

ikamik¥ãš gl¤âš fh£oaJ ngh‹W 5kg Ãiw

bjh§fÉl¥g£LŸsJ.mik¥ã‹miyî¡fhy«v‹d?

Ãiw m=5kgmiyî¡ fhy« T= 2 m

2kp

= 2×3.14 5

2× 250

= 6.28 5500

= 6.28

1100

= 6.2810

T = 0.628s

4. ÓuhdFW¡f¥gu¥òila,br§F¤jhfU tot¡FHhÆš

0.3m cau¤â‰FÚ®cŸsJ.Ú®k£l«ÓÇirïa¡f¤â‰F

c£gL«nghJmiyî¡fhy¤ij¡fz¡»Lf?

U tot¡ FHhÆš Ú®¤j«g cau« (l) =0.3mU’ tot¡ FHhÆš Ú®milªj miyî¡ fhy«

(T) = 2wp

= 2 12g

p l : Ús«

= 2×3.14 0.32×9.8

g : òÉ<®¥ò KL¡f« = 9.8ms–2

= 6.28 0.319.6

.

= 6.28 3

196 = 0.7769 = 0.78smiyî fhy« = 0.78s





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TLjš Édh¡fŸ


1. Óuiyîïa¡f«v‹whšv‹d?vL¤J¡fh£LjUf.

Óuhd fhy ïilbtËfËš Û©L« Û©L« ÃfG« vªjbthU

ïa¡fK« Óuiyî ïa¡f« (Periodic motion) v‹gL«.

(v.fh) NÇaid¢ R‰¿ tU« nfhŸfË‹ ïa¡f«,

fofhu« x‹¿‹ KšÈ‹ ïa¡f«, if¡fofhu¤âš

rk‹ brŒa¥g£l r¡fu¤â‹ ïa¡f«, òÉÆ‹ ÛâUªJ

fhz¡Toa 76 M©LfS¡F xU Kiw NÇaid¢

R‰¿tU« nAÈÆ‹ th‹Û‹.

2. miyîWïa¡f« v‹whš v‹d?ïU vL¤J¡fh£L

jUf.

bghUbsh‹W ika¥ òŸËia¥ bghU¤J Û©L« Û©L«

K‹D« ã‹Dldhd ïa¡f¤ij nk‰bfhŸSkhdhš

mJ miyîW ïa¡f« vd¥gL«.

(v.fh) »£lh® f«ãfË‹ mâ®îfŸ, bjhiyngá

k‰W« xÈbgU¡»Æš cŸs bkšny£o‹ mâ®îfŸ.

3. ïa¡f¤â‰fhd fhuz«ahJ? jÅ¢ÓÇirïa¡¤â‰F

vL¤J¡fh£LfŸjUf.

ïa¡f¤â‰fhd fhuz« Éir (ne®¡nfh£L ÓÇir ïa¡f«) mšyJ âU¥òÉirahf (nfhz¢ÓÇir ïa¡f«) ïU¡fyh«.

jÅ¢ÓÇir ïa¡f¤â‹ vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ:(i) gS V‰w¥g£l RUŸÉšÈ‹ »il¤js k‰W«

br§F¤J miyîfŸ

(ii) U-tot¡ FHhÆš ÚÇ‹ br§F¤J miyîfŸ

(iii) Äj¡F« cUisÆ‹ miyîfŸ

(iv) jÅ CrÈ‹ miyîfŸ

(v) ïir¡ fitbah‹¿‹ mâ®îfŸ.

4. âU¥òÉirkh¿Èv‹whšv‹d?ïj‹myFahJ?

XuyF nfhz ïl¥bga®¢áÆid V‰gL¤â¤ njitahd ïu£ilÆ‹ âU¥ò¤ âwid âU¥òÉir kh¿È vdyh«.

τ = –Cqïâš ‘C’ v‹gJ âU¥òÉir kh¿ÈahF«. myF Nm rad–1.





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7. miy ïa¡f«

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. miyÆa¡f«tiuaW.miyguî«Clf¤â‹g©òfŸ

ahit?

� Clf¤â‹ JfŸfŸ, mt‰¿‹ ika¥ òŸËfis¥

bghU¤J Óuiyî ïa¡f¤â‰F c£gLtjhš,

Clf¤âš V‰gL« xU tif khWghL miyÆa¡f«

vd¥gL«.

� Clf« Û£á¥g©igí«, Ãiyk g©igí«

bg‰¿U¡f nt©L«.

2. miyÆa¡f¤â‹K¡»a¥g©òfŸahit?

(i) Clf¤âš, Clf¤JfŸfË‹ Óuiyî ïa¡f«

fhuzkhf V‰g£L bršy¡Toa xU tif khWghL

miy ïa¡f« MF«.

(ii) Clf«, Û£á¥ g©igí« Ãiyk¥ g©igí«

bg‰¿U¡f nt©L«.

(iii) Clf¤ JfŸfŸ mid¤J« xnu neu¤âš

khWgh£il (disturbance) V‰gâšiy. x›bthU

JfS« mj‰F K‹ cŸs JfisÉl á¿J neu«

fÊ¤J mâ®tila¤ bjhl§F«.

(iv) miyÆ‹ âirntf« JfË‹ âirntf¤âÈUªJ

khWg£ljhF«. Clf« x‹¿š miyÆ‹ âirntf«

k h ¿ È a h F « . M d h š , J f Ë ‹ â i r n t f «

ika¥òŸËÆš bgUkkhfî« mâ®É‹ bgUk¥

òŸËÆš RÊahfî« kh¿¡ bfh©nl ïU¡F«.

(v) miy ïa¡f« guî« nghJ, Clf¤âš JfŸfŸ

kh‰w¥glhkš, xU JfËÈUªJ k‰bwhU JfS¡F

M‰wš k£Lnk kh‰w¥gL«.

(vi) vâbuhÈ¤jš, Éyfš, ÉË«ò Éisî k‰W«

FW¡Ñ£L Éisî ngh‹w g©òfS¡F miyfŸ

c£gL»‹wd.





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3. FWfiyfisí«,be£liyfisí«ntWgL¤Jf.

FW¡fiyfŸ be£liyfŸ

1. C l f ¤ â š c Ÿ s JfŸfŸ miy guî« âir¡F¢ br§F¤jhf mâU»‹wd.

Clf¤âYŸs JfŸfŸ miy guî«âir¡F ïizahf mâU»‹wd.

2. KfLfS« mfLfS« c©lh»‹wd.

ïW¡fK« js®¢áí« c©lh»‹wd.

3. â l ¥ b g h U Ë Y « , â u t ¤ â ‹ nk‰gu¥òfËY« guî«.

â l , â u t , t h í ¥ C l f § f Ÿ t Ê a h f ¥ guî«.

4. v â b u h Ë ¥ ò , É Ë « ò Éisî, js Éisit milí«.

js Éisit milahJ.

4. âl¥bghUŸfËšFW¡fiyí« be£liyí« guî«

Mdhšthí¡fËšFW¡fiyfŸgutKoahJ.V‹?

thí¡fËš x£Ljš g©ò ïšiy. Mifahš thí¡fË‹

tÊahf FWfiyfŸ guîtâšiy. FW¡fiyfŸ

gUîtj‰F ClfkhdJ x£Ljš g©ò k‰W« gUk

Û£á¥ g©ãid¥ bg‰¿U¤jš nt©L«.

5. kiHbgŒí«ehËšxÈntfkhfbrš»wJ.V‹?

fh‰¿‹ <u¥gj« mâfÇ¤jhš, ÚuhÉÆ‹ msî«

mâfÇ¡»wJ. vdnt, ml®¤â Fiw»wJ. VbdÅš,

ÚuhÉÆ‹ ml®¤â cy®ªj fh‰¿‹ ml®¤âiaÉl¡

Fiwî. xÈÆ‹ âirntf«, ml®¤âÆ‹ ïUko

_y¤â‰F vâ®¤jfÉš ïU¥gjhš, xÈahdJ cy®ªj

fh‰¿š brštijÉl <u¥gj« Ä¡f fh‰¿š ntfkhf¢

bršY«. ïj‹ fhuzkhfnt, kiH bgŒí« ehËš xÈ

ntfkhf¢ brš»wJ.

6. xÈÆ‹br¿ití«cu¥igí«ntWgL¤Jf.

(i) miy guî« âir¡F¢ br§F¤jhf, XuyF fhy¤âš

XuyF¥ gu¥ãš fl¡F« M‰wÈ‹ msÉid¢ br¿î

vd tiuaW¡fyh«. br¿É‹ myF Wm–2.

(ii) xÈÆ‹ cu¥ò (loudness), xÈÆ‹ br¿î k‰W«

brÉÆ‹ cz®âwidiaí« rh®ªjJ.





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7. blágšv‹gJg‰¿ÚÉ®m¿ªjJV‹?

xÈ¢ br¿É‹ msî blábgš (decibel) v‹wmyfhš

msÉl¥gL»wJ. btg® ~bg¡d® ÉâÆ‹go,

blágš msî (b) = 10 log10 II0

ïâš I0 v‹gJ nf£lÈ‹ ga‹ bjhl¡f« MF«.

(10-12 Wm-2) ïj‹ msî 0 dB MF«. I v‹gJ brÉ

jh§»¡ bfhŸs¡Toa bgUk¢ br¿thF«. 1Wm-2-¡F¢

rkkhd 120 dB MF«.

8. xÈÆ‹br¿îv¡fhuÂfis¢rh®ªjJ?

xÈÆ‹ br¿î :

(i) xÈ _y¤â‹ å¢R (I α a2)(ii) xÈ _y¤â‹ nk‰gu¥ò (I α A)(iii) Clf¤â‹ ml®¤â (I α r)(iv) mâ®bt© (I α n2) k‰W«

(v) xÈ _y¤âÈUªJ nf£Fe® ïU¡F« bjhiyî

I a 12r

ngh‹wt‰iw¢ rh®ªâU¡F«.

9. vâbuhÈv‹whšv‹d?á¿amiwx‹¿švâbuhÈ

V‰glhJV‹?

� nf£FeÇlÄUªJ, bjhiyÉš cŸs bghUË‹

gu¥ãš vâbuhÈ¤J tU« xÈ miyfŸ vâbuhÈ

vd¥gL«.

� xË _y¤âš ïUªJ 17m bjhiyÉ‰F« Fiwthf

vâbuhÈ¥ò bghUŸ ïU¥ã‹ vâbuhÈ V‰glhJ.

vdnt á¿a miw x‹¿š vâbuhÈ V‰glhJ.

10. bkJthf¥ngR«Tl«g‰¿¡F¿¥bgGJf.

� bgUik thŒªj bkJthf¥ ngR« Tl« òÅj ghš

fÔ£uÈš mikªJŸsJ. t£l toÉš cŸs

ïjDŸ, XÇl¤âš xUt® mk®ªJ bkšÈa FuÈš

ngádhY«, Û©L« Û©L« vâbuhÈ¤J tU« xÈ,

Tl¤âDŸ mk®ªâU¡F« midtÇ‹ brÉiaí«

milí«.

� Rt®fŸ tisî¥ gu¥ghf ïU¥gjhš, g‹Kf

vâbuhÈ¥ò V‰gL»wJ.





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11. nk‰bghUªJjšj¤Jt¤ij¡TWf.

x›bth‹W« jÅ¤jÅahd ïa¡fkhf¡ fUj¡Toa,

ïu©L mšyJ mj‰F« nk‰g£l miyfŸ xnu

neu¤âš XU Clf¤â‹ tÊna bršY«nghJ,

vªjbthU òŸËÆY« bjhFga‹ ïl¥bga®¢áahdJ.

m›tiyfË‹ jÅ¤jÅahd ïl¥bga®¢áfË‹ bt¡l®

TLjY¡F¢ rkkhF«.

12. É«kšfŸcUthf¤njitahdÃgªidfŸahit?

(i) rk mâ®bt©fŸ cila ïU miyfŸ ïU¡f

nt©L«.

(ii) ïU miyfS« xnu âirÆš bršY«nghJ x‹Wl‹

k‰bwh‹W nk‰bghUªj nt©L«.

13. É«kšfŸ v‹whš v‹d? xU behoÆš cUthF«

É«kšfË‹v©Â¡if,mâ®bt©fË‹ntWgh£L¡F¢

rk«vd¡fh£Lf.

r‰nww¡Fiwa rk mâ®bt©fŸ cila ïU xÈ

miyfŸ Clfbkh‹¿š xnu âirÆš bršY«nghJ

x‹Wl‹ k‰bwh‹W nk‰bghUªâdhš É«kšfŸ

cUth»‹wd. r‰nww¡Fiwa rk mâ®bt©fŸ cila

ïU xÈ miyfŸ FW¡»Ltjhš V‰gL« xÈ ts®¢á

k‰W« xÈ¤ njŒî Ãfœî É«kšfŸ vd¥gL«.

(v.fh) 252 Hz k‰W« 256 Hz mâ®bt© cila ïU

ïir¡fitfŸ nr®ªJ mâU«nghJ xU behoÆš njh‹W«

É«kšfË‹ v©Â¡if =256 – 252 = 4 É«kš/beho.

xU behoÆš njh‹W« É«kšfË‹ v©Â¡if =

mâ®î v©fË‹ ntWghL.

4 É«kšfŸ = (256 – 252) = 4 Hz.

14. nk‰Ru§fŸk‰W«ÓÇirfŸv‹gitahit?

� ïG¤J¡ f£l¥g£l f«ãÆš V‰gL« Äf¡Fiwªj

mâ®bt© mo¥gil mâ®bt© vd¥gL«. k‰w

mâ®bt©fŸ nk‰Ru§fŸ vd¥gL«.

� n k ‰ R u § f Ë ‹ m â ® b t © f Ÿ m o ¥ g i l

mâ®bt©Â‹ KG kl§FfshF«. ïitna ÓÇir

bjhl® vd¥gL»‹wd. mo¥gil mâ®bt©Q¡F





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m â f k h d m â ® b t © c Ÿ s i t Ó Ç i r f Ÿ

vd¥gL»‹wd.

� x›bthU ÓÇirí« nk‰RukhF«. Mdhš x›bthU

nk‰RuK« ÓÇirahfhJ.

15. òšyh§FHšbrŒtj‰FâwªjM®f‹FHhŒáwªjJV‹?

� òšyh§FHš brŒtj‰F âwªj M®f‹ FHhŒ

áwªjJ. VbdÅš _oa M®f‹ FHhia Él âwªj

M®f‹ FHhÆš ÓÇirfŸ mâf«. _oa M®f‹

FHhÆš ïu£il¥gil ÓÇirfŸ V‰gLtâšiy.

Mdhš âwªj M®f‹ FHhÆš x‰iw¥gil k‰W«

ïu£il¥gilíl‹ Toa všyh ïaš ÓÇirfS«

V‰gL»‹wd.

� âwªj M®f‹ FHhÆš mâfkhd ÓÇirfŸ

V‰gL»‹wd. ïjdhš xÈÆ‹ g©ò áwªJ

fhz¥gL«

16. Kid¤âU¤j«v‹whšv‹d?

vâ®¡fQthdJ JšÈakhf¡, FHhÆ‹ âwªj KidÆš

cUthfhkš, âwªj Kid¡F¢ r‰W bjhiyÉš

cUthF«. ï¤bjhiyî Kid¤âU¤j« vd¥gL«.

l1 + e = l4 k‰W« l2 + e =

34l

v‹gdt‰¿ÈUªJ

e = l l2 132-

r v‹gJ FHhÆ‹ Mu« vÅš e = 0 .61r , v‹W

Kid¤âU¤j¤â‹ kâ¥ò f©l¿a¥gL»wJ.


1. 0.6cm ÚsKŸsmiy,fh‰¿‹ 340ms–1 âirntf¤âš

guî»wJ.kÅj¢brÉmjidczUkh?

xÈÆ‹ âirntf«V = 340ms–1

miy Ús« l = 0.6cm = 6 × 10–3mmâ®bt© == n





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v = n : n = v

= 3406×10

= 56.666×10= 56.667Hz

-3

3

ll

= 56.666 × 106

= 56.667Hzk Å j ¢ b r É c z u ¡ T o a x È Æ ‹ m s î

(20Hz – 2000Hz)vdnt, kÅj¢ brÉ czu Koí«.

2. mâf¥gL¤j¥g£lbr¿É‹fhuÂ60 vÅšxÈÆ‹

msîv¤jidblágšmâfkhF«?

br¿É‹ fhuÂ = II0

= 60xÈÆ‹ msî = 10log I

I= 10log 60= 10×1.7782

100

10

= 17.782 blágš

TLjš Édh¡fŸ


1. miyïa¡f«v‹whšv‹d?

(i) miy ïa¡f« v‹gJ Clf¤â‹ tÊna M‰wš

guîjÈ‹ xU KiwahF«.

(ii) Clf¤â‹ JfŸfŸ, mt‰¿‹ ika¥ òŸËfis¥

bghU¤J Óuiyî ïa¡f¤â‰F c£gLtjhš,

Clf¤âš V‰gL« xU tif khWghL miyÆa¡f«

vd¥gL«.





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8. bt¥gK« bt¥g ïa¡fÉaY«

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. ïUbt›ntwhdthí¡fŸxnubt¥gÃiyÆšïU¥ã‹

mt‰¿‹_y¡TWfŸxnuRMS ntf§fis¥bg‰¿U¡Fkh?

thí x‹¿‹ ïUko _y¢ ruhrÇ ïUko¤ âirntf«

mj‹ bt¥gÃiyÆš ïUko_y¤â‰F ne®É»j¥

bghU¤jKilaJ. vdnt xnu bt¥gÃiyÆš cŸs

thí¡fË‹ _y¡TWfŸ rkkhd âirntf§fis

bg‰WŸsd.

2. cÇik¥gofŸv‹gitahit?

ïa§F« bjhFâ x‹¿‹ cÇik¥gofŸ v‹gJ

KGikahf m¤bjhFâÆ‹ ïa¡f¤ij És¡f¥

ga‹gL« jÅ¥g£l msitfË‹ bkh¤j v©Â¡if

MF«.

3. khwhmG¤j¤âšnkhyh®j‹bt¥gV‰ò¤âw‹v‹gij

tiuaW.

mG¤j« khwhJ ïU¡F«nghJ xU nkhš msîŸs

thíÉ‹ bt¥gÃiyia 1 bfšÉ‹ bt¥gÃiy¡F

ca®¤Jtj‰F¤ njitahd M‰wÈ‹ msî thíÉ‹

mG¤j«, khwh mG¤j¤âš nkhyh® j‹ bt¥g

V‰ò¤âw‹ vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.

4. xUthíïUj‹bt¥gV‰ò¤âw‹fisí«,âut«k‰W«

â©k¥bghUŸxnubahU j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤âwidí«

bfh©LŸsd.V‹?

btË¥òw Ãiyfis¡ f£L¥gL¤jhkš ïU¡F«nghJ

xU thíÉ‹ j‹ bt¥g V‰ò¤âwÅ‹ kâ¥ò + ∞ +Kjš

- ∞ tiu khWgL»wJ.+vdnt xU thíÉ‹ j‹bt¥g

V‰ò¤âwid¡ fh©gj‰F mjDila mG¤j« mšyJ

gUk‹ kh¿Èahf it¡f¥gl nt©oíŸsJ. Mfnt

thíÉ‰F ïU bt¥g V‰ò¤âw‹fŸ cŸsd. Mdhš

â©k, âut¥ bghUŸfS¡F ïªj khWghL V‰glhjjhš

mit xnubahU j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤ âwid¡ bfh©LŸsd.





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5. R£L¥gl¤â‹tiuaiwjUf.

xU bghUË‹ gUk‹ khWgh£il x m¢áY«, mG¤j

khWgh£il y m¢áY« fh£L« tiugl« R£L¥ gl«

mšyJ P - V tiugl« vd¥gL«.

6. bt¥g¤ijmË¡fhknyna thíÉ‹ bt¥gÃiyia

mâfÇ¡fïaYkh?És¡Ff.

bt¥g¤ij mË¡fhknyna thíÉ‹ bt¥gÃiyia

mâfÇ¡f ïaY«. VbdÅš thíÉ‹ mK¡f« k‰W«

ÉÇÉ‹nghJ bt¥g gÇkh‰w¤â‰F neu« ïšyhj

tifÆš âO® Ãfœîfshf ïU¡F«nghJ bt¥gÃiy

khWghL v¥nghJ« V‰gL»wJ.

7. °T£l® x‹¿id btFneu« X£oaã‹ mj‹

r¡fu¤âYŸsfh‰wG¤j«á¿JmâfÇ¥gj‰F¡fhuz«

v‹d?

°T£l® x‹¿id btFneu« X£oaã‹ mj‹ r¡fu¤âš

bt¥gÃiy mâfÇ¡»wJ. mjdhš r¡fu¤âYŸs

fh‰wG¤j« á¿J mâfÇ¡»wJ. ïnj Ãiy Úo¤jhš

r¡fu¤âYŸs u¥g® FHhŒ bto¤JÉl thŒ¥òfŸ

mâf«.

8. »sháa°T‰iw¡TWf.

òw cjÉÆ‹¿ jhnd ïa§F« ïaªâu¤â‹ _y«

Fiwªj bt¥gÃiyÆYŸs xU bghUËÈUªJ mâf

bt¥gÃiyÆYŸs k‰bwhU bghUS¡F bt¥g¤ij

kh‰w ïayhJ.

9. bt¥g ïa¡fÉaÈš ïu©lhtJ Éâ, bt¥g

ïa¡fÉaÈ‹KjšÉâÆÈUªJv›Éj«khWgL»‹wJ?

bt¥g ïa¡fÉaÈ‹ Kjš ÉâahdJ ntiy k‰W«

bt¥g« ït‰¿‰»ilna cŸs rkkhd Ãiyia

v L ¤ J i u ¡ » w J . b t ¥ g ï a ¡ f É a È ‹ K j š

ÉâÆ‹go V‰gL¤j¡Toa ÃfœîfŸ c©ikÆš

eilbgw ïaYkh mšyJ ïšiyah vd m¿a

bt¥gÉa¡fÉaÈ‹ ïu©lh« Éâ M‰wš khW¥gh£o‹

msî k‰W« âiria¥ g‰¿¡ TW»wJ.





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18. tiuaW-NÇakh¿È

NÇakh¿È v‹gJ tËk©ly« ïšyhjnghJ

òÉ¥gu¥ã‹ ÛJ NÇa¡ fâ®å¢á‹ âir¡F ne®¡F¤jhf

it¡f¥gLŸs KG¡fU«bghUŸ x‹W xU behoÆš

XuyF¥ gu¥ãdhš bgw¥gL« fâ®å¢R M‰wÈ‹

msthF«.

NÇakhwÈ, S = 1.388 × 103 Wm-2 .

19. M‰wšg§Ñ£LÉâia¡TWf.miwbt¥gÃiyÆš

<uQ thí x‹¿‰F, mj‹ ïU j‹ bg¥g V‰ò¤

âw‹fË‹jfî7/5vdÃWîf.

� bt¥g¢ rkÃyÆš, ïa§F« bjhFâbah‹¿‹

bkh¤j M‰wš bjhFâÆ‹ cÇik¥ gofS¡F«

rkkhf¥ g§»l¥gL»wJ. ïJ M‰wš rkg§Ñ£L

ÉâahF«.

� xU <uQ thí x‹W 5 cUik¥ gofis¥ bg‰WŸsd.

<uQ thíÉ‹ n nkhšfË‹ bkh¤j M‰wš

U =52

kT

N =

52

RT

vdnt C UT

R TT

RV = ∆∆

= ∆∆

=5 2 52

/

nka® Éâ¥go CP+ CV + R v‹gjhš = 52

72

R R R+ =

<uQ thíÉ‹ j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤âw‹fË‹ jfî

v CC

RR

P

V

= =( )( ) =7 25 2

72

//

MF«.

20. tiuaW:bt¥gÃiyth£l«.

ïU rk bt¥gÃiy Ãfœî gu¥òfËilna öu¤Jl‹

bt¥gÃy khW« åj« bt¥gÃiy th£l« mšyJ

b t ¥ g Ã i y ¢ r Ç î v d ¥ g L « . ï J ∆∆

Tx

v d ¡

F¿¥ãlgL»wJ.

21. bt¥g§fl¤J«ÃiyahdÃiyv‹gijtiuaW.

bt¥g¡ fl¤J v© (Coefficient of thermal conductivity) :





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Óuhd FW¡F¥ gu¥ò A bfh©l cnyhf¤ j©o‹

xU Kid bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gLtjhf¡ fUjî«. á¿J

neu« fÊ¤J¤ j©o‹ x›bthU gFâí« khwhj

bt¥gÃiyia¥ bgW«. Mdhš j©o‹ bt›ntW

gFâfŸ bt›ntwhd bt¥gÃiyia¥ bgW«. ïJnt

Ãiyahd Ãiy MF«. ïªÃiyÆš bt¥g« c£ft®jš

nkY« eilbgWtâšiy.

22. »®¢rh~¥ÉâÆ‹ga‹ghLfŸahit?

(i) bj®kh° FLitÆš gsgs¥ghd btŸË¥ó¢R

brŒa¥g£l Rt®fŸ ïU¥gjhš mJ bt¥g«

c£ft®jš k‰W« cÄœtâš Äf¡ Fiwªj

âwid¥ bg‰WŸsd. vdnt m¡FLitÆYŸs

gÅ¡f£o cldoahf cUFtâšiy. mâYŸs

Nlhd âut§fŸ ÉiuÉš FË®tâšiy.

(ii) nrhoa« MÉahdJ bt¥g¥gL¤j¥g£lhš ïU

bghÈthd kŠrŸ Ãw tÇfis btËÆL»‹wd.

mit nrhoa¤â‹ D1 k‰W« D

2 tÇfŸ vd¥gL«.

bjhl®Ãwkhiyia¤ jU« fh®g‹ Éš És¡»ÈUªJ

tU« btŸbshË Fiwªj bt¥gÃiyÆYŸs nrhoa

MÉÆ‹ tÊ brY¤j¥g£lhš bjhl®ÃwkhiyÆš

ïU miyÚs§fŸ D1 k‰W« D

2 c£ftu¥g£L fUik

tÇfshf¤ njh‹W«. ïªÃfœî »®¢rh~¥ ÉâÆ‹go

eilbgW»wJ.


1. 320N bt¥gÃiyÆYŸs <uQ thíÉ‹ _y¡TW

x‹¿‹ne®¡nfh£Lïa¡f¤â‰fhdïa¡fM‰wiy¡

fz¡»Lf?

_y¡T¿‹ j‹ik : <uQ thí _y¡TW

thí _y¡T¿‹ bt¥gÃiy (T) = 320K K = 1.38x10–23Jk–1

<uQ thí _y¡T¿‹ ne®¡nfh£L ïa¡f¤â‰fhd

ïa¡f M‰wš K.E = 32

KT





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( )

23

23

23

23

21

3 1.38 10 3202

3 1.38 10 160

4.14 160 10

662.4 10

6.624 10 J

−

−

−

−

−

= × × ×

= × × ×

= × ×

= ×

= ×

KT

2. NÇaÅ‹nk‰gu¥òbt¥gÃiyia¡fz¡»L.

l = 4753A°

bgUk M‰wY¡FÇa miyÚs« l = 4753A°

= 4753 × 10–10mÉa‹ ïl¥bga®¢á Éâ¥go

3 mT mT = 2.898×10−λ = λkh¿È

T = 2.898×10 3m

2.898×104753×10

= 2898×104753

6

10

4

- =-

-l

== 6096K

~NÇaÅ‹ nk‰gu¥ò bt¥gÃiy =6096K.

TLjš Édh¡fŸ


1. mtf£nuhv©-tiuaW.

mtf£nuh v© : xU nkhš msîŸs bghUËš cŸs

_y¡TWfË‹ v©Â¡if mtf£nuh v© vd¥gL«.

mid¤J¥ bghUŸfS¡F« khwhj v©zhd ïj‹

kâ¥ò 6.023 × 1023 MF«.

2. XuyFgUk‹bfh©lthíÉ‹ne®¡nfh£Lïa¡f¤â‹

ruhrÇïa¡fM‰wšv›tsî?

XuyF gUk‹ bfh©l thíÉ‹ neu¡nfh£L ïa¡f¤â‹

ruhrÇ ïa¡f M‰wš





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E C= 12

2r

PE

C

C= =

1312

23

2

2

r

r

∴ P = 13 rC2

~ P = 23 E

3. XuQ_y¡TWv¤jidcÇik¥gofis¡bfh©LŸsJ?

vL¤J¡fh£LjUf.

XuQ _y¡TW : XuQ _y¡TW x‹W òŸË Ãiw

bfh©l XuQit k£Lnk bfh©oU¥gjhš mJ

ne®¡nfh£L ïa¡f¤â‰fhd _‹W cÇik¥gofis

x, y, z âir¡TWfËš bfh©LŸsJ (gl«)

XuQ _y¡TW

vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ : ëÈa«. M®fh‹ ngh‹w kªj

thí¡fË‹ _y¡TWfŸ.

4. <uQ_y¡TWv¤jidcÇik¥gofis¡bfh©LŸsJ?

<uQ_y¡TWfS¡FvL¤J¡fh£LjUf.

<uQ _y¡TW : vªjbthU m¢ir¥ bghU¤J«

RHy¡Toa <uQ _y¡TW x‹W mj‹ m¢R¡F¢

br§F¤jhf mikªj m¢Rfis¥ bghU¤J RHyKoí«.

vdnt mJ RHš ïa¡f¤â‹ ïU cÇik¥gofisí«

ne®¡nfh£L ïa¡f¤â‹ _‹W cÇik¥gofisí«

bg‰WŸsJ. vdnt xU <uQ _y¡TW IªJ

cÇik¥gofis¥ bg‰WŸsJ (gl«).





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9. fâ® xËÆaš

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. xËvâbuhË¥òÉâfis¡TWf.

� gLfâ®, vâbuhË¥ò¡ fâ® k‰W« vâbuhË¥ò¤

js¤âF tiua¥g£l ne®¡F¤J¡nfhL M»ait

xnu js¤âš mikí«.

� gLnfhz«, vâbuhË¥ò¡ nfhz¤â‰F¢ rkkhf

ïU¡F«. mjhtJ i = r.2. by‹á‹âw‹v‹whšv‹d?xUilah¥g®v‹gJv‹d?

� FÉa¤ bjhiyÉ‹ jiyÑÊ by‹á‹ âw‹ vd

tiuaW¡fyh«. P = 1f

� âwÅ‹ myF xU ilah¥l® (D) MF«.

∴ 1D = 1m-1.

3. NÇa¡ f©zhofË‹gu¥òfŸtisthfïU¥ãD«

mt‰¿‹âw‹RÊahf¡TL«V‹?

NÇa¡ f©zhofË‹ gu¥òfŸ tisthf ïU¡F« nghJ

mt‰¿‹ FÉa¤öu§fŸ KoÉÈahf mik¡»‹wd.

nfhsf MoÆ‹ âw‹ v‹gJ FÉa¤öu¤â‹ jiyÑÊ

MF«.

P = 1f = 1

∞ = 0.

4. cŸçl‰wK¥g£lf«x‹¿DŸbtŸbshË¡ fh‰iw

Ãw¥ãÇifmilíkh?

milahJ. VbdÅš cŸçl‰w K¥g£lf« x‹¿DŸ

fh‰W ïU¡F«. vdnt cŸçl‰w K¥g£lf« x‹¿DŸ

fh‰¿ÈUªJ bršY« xË¡fâ® f©zho _y«

fh‰¿DŸ Éyfš milªJ, Û©L« f©zho tÊna

fh‰¿DŸ ÉL fâuhf btËnaW« nghJ gLfâU¡F

ïizahf btËnaW«. vdnt Ãw¥ãÇif milahJ.





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5. Mo q nfhz« RH‹whš vâbuhË¡f¥g£l fâ® 2q

nfhz«RHY«v‹gijbkŒ¥ã¡fî«.

MoÆ‹ RH‰áahš xËÆ‹ âirkh‰w« :

AO v‹w xË¡fâ® XY v‹w rkjs MoÆš O v‹w

òŸËÆš ÉGtjhf¡ bfhŸnth«. ï¡fâ® OBahf

vâbuhË¥ò mil»wJ. OA-íl‹ xË¡fâ® V‰gL¤J«

bjhLnfhz« a v‹f (gl«)

nkY« âirkh‰w¡ nfhz« COB = 2aMoia k£L« q nfhz« RH‰¿ v‹w Ãiyia

mila¢ brŒf. ïªj¥ gLfâ® AO j‰nghJ OPahf

vâbuhË¥ò mil»wJ. ï§F XY-íl‹ bjhLnfhz«

(a+q) MF«. vdnt òâa âirkh‰w¡ nfhz« COP = 2(a+q). ï›thwhf X® Mo q nfhz« RHY« nghJ

vâbuhË¡f¥g£l xËí« BOP v‹w nfhz« RHY»wJ.

BOP COP COB= -

BOP = 2(a+q) – 2a = 2qgLfâ® x‹¿‰F, Moia F¿¥ã£l nfhz¤â‰F

RH‰¿dhš, vâbuhË¡f¥g£l fâuhdJ m¡nfhz¤ij¥

nghš ïUkl§F nfhz« RHY«.

6. rkjsMofËšã«g«njh‹WtijÉs¡Ff.

rkjs MoÆš ã«g« : rkjs Mo¡F K‹ghf

bghUbsh‹W òŸË A -Æš it¡f¥g£LŸsjhf¡

fUjî«.

bghUËÈUªJ btËtU« AO v‹w xË¡fâ® MoÆš

g£L OB tÊahf vâbuhË¥ò mil»wJ. O òŸËÆš

rkjs Mo¡F ON v‹w F¤J¡nfhL tiuaî«.





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gLnfhz« AON = vâbuhË¥ò nfhz« BON.

AD v‹w k‰bwhU fâ® MoÆš òŸË D -Æš

ne®¡F¤jhf¥ g£L vâbuhË¡f¥g£L DAahf ÛŸ»wJ.

BO-k‰W« AD-ia ã‹òw« Ú£odhš mit I-Æš

rªâ¡F«. ï›thW Mo M-š vâbuhË¥ò milí«

fâ®fŸ Mo¡F¥ ã‹dhš I v‹w òŸËÆÈUªJ

btËtUtjhf¤ njh‹W«.

gl¤âÈUªJ,

AON DAO= v‹gd x‹WÉ£l nfhz§fŸ k‰W«

BON DIO= v‹gd x¤j nfhz§fŸ.

vdnt, DAO DIO=

K¡nfhz§fŸ ODA k‰W« ODI KGbjh¤jit.

∴ AD = ID bghUË‹ xU F¿¥ã£l Ãiy¡F A k‰W« D v‹gd

Ãiyahd òŸËfŸ MF«. AD = ID vd ïU¥gjhš

I-í« ÃiyahdJ. vdnt AO = OI. Mfnt rkjs

MoÆš, MoÆÈUªJ bghUŸ ïU¡F« mnj br§F¤J¤

bjhiyÉš Mo¡F¥ ã‹dhš ã«g« njh‹W«.

7. (i)rkjsMo(ii)FÊMo(iii)FÉMongh‹wt‰¿š

cUthF«khaã«g§fË‹ntWghLv‹d?

rkjs Mo FÊ Mo FÉ Mo

1. cUthF«

ã«g« ïlty

kh‰w«

cilaJ

ïlty kh‰w«

ïšyhjJ

ïlty kh‰w«

ïšyhjJ

2. bghUŸ, ã«g«

ït‰¿‹ msî

rk«

bghUisÉl

ã«g¤â‹

msî

bgÇajhf

ïU¡F«

bghUisÉl

ã«g¤â‹

msî á¿ajhf

ïU¡F«





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ïiz fâuhf cŸsJ. RD fâ® âU«gî« DE âirÆš

(f©zho¢ RtÇš) Éyfyil»wJ. ãwF fh‰¿š

QD fâuhf btËnaW»wJ. Mdhš EF fâ® RD

mšyJ PQ-¡F ïizahdJ. vdnt xU btŸis xË

cŸçl‰w g£lf¤â‹ _y« bršY«nghJ Ãw¥ãÇif

miltâšiy.

10. ÃwkhiykhÅia¡bfh©LK¥g£lfbkh‹¿‹áWk¤

âirkh‰w¡nfhz¤ijv›thWf©l¿aKoí«v‹gij

És¡Ff.

áWk¤ âir kh‰w¡ nfhz« (D) : ïizah¡»ÆÈUªJ tU« xËahdJ xU Éy¡F

Kf¤âDŸ br‹W ÉyfyilªJ, mL¤j Éy¡F Kf¤âš

bjhiyneh¡»Æš gh®¡f¡ ToathW K¥g£lf« K¥g£lf

nkirÆ‹ ÛJ it¡f¥gl nt©L«. âir kh‰w¡

nfhz« FiwíkhW K¥g£lf nkiria RH‰w nt©L«.

xU f£l¤âš (Stage) ã«g« fz neu¤â‰F Ã‹W

vâ®¤âirÆš efu¤ bjhl§F«. mjhtJ, âirkh‰w¡

nfhz« mâfÇ¡F«. ãsÉ‹ ã«g« Ã‹W, âU«ò«

ïl¤âš bjhiyneh¡»ia¥ bghU¤â, ã«gkhdJ

br§F¤J¡ f«ãíl‹ x‹¿ÆU¡FkhW¢ brŒa nt©L«.

ïªj Ãiy K¥g£lf¤â‹ áWk¤ âirkh‰w ÃiyahF«.

bt®Åa® msåLfŸ F¿¡f¥gl nt©L«. j‰nghJ,

K¥g£lf¤ij mf‰¿, bjhiyneh¡»ia¢ RH‰¿

ne®¡fâiu¡ fhz nt©L«. ne®¡ fâU« br§F¤J¡

f«ãí« x‹¿ÆU¡FkhW brŒJ, bt®Åa® msåLfis¡

F¿¡f nt©L«. ïU msåLfS¡F« ïilnaahd

ntWghL áWk¤ âirkh‰w¡ nfhzkhF« (D).


1. ik¡fšr‹rHyho¢nrhjidÆšv©KfMoÆšïU

ïl§fËšV‰gL«vâbuhË¥òfS¡»ilÆšxËfl¡F«

bjhiyî4.8km vÅšã«g«Û©L«cUthfv©Kf

MoÆ‹áWk¢RH‰ántf«v‹d?

RHyhoÆš Kf§fË‹ v©Â¡if N = 8 xË fl¡F« bjhiyî D = 4.8km = 4.8 × 10–3





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xËÆ‹ âirntf« C = NnD

RH‰á ntf« N = cND

= 3×108× 4.8×10

= 10128

= 781.2

= 7.8×10 r

8

3

6

3

pps

TLjš Édh¡fŸ


1. KGmfvâbuhË¥òv‹whšv‹d?

gLnfhz«, khWÃiy¡nfhz¤ij Él ( i >c ) m â f Ç ¡ f ¥ g £ l h š x Ë ¡ f â ® É y f y i l a h k š

KGtJkhf vâbuhË¡f¥g£L ml®ÄF Clf¤ânyna

bršY«. ïªÃfœî KGmf vâbuhË¥ò vd¥gL«.

X

A B

Y

ml®Fiw

ml®ÄF

O

i > c

2. itu¤â‹ xËÉyfš v© ahJ? mâš xË¡ fâ®

v›thWKGmfvâbuhË¥òmil»wJ?[mšyJ] itu«

b#hÈ¡f¡K¡»a¡fhuzkhdÃfœîahJ?És¡Ff

fh‰iw¢ rh®ªJ itu¤â‹ xËÉyfš v©.2.42 .

itu§fŸ ÄDÄD¡f K¡»a fhuz« KGmf

vâbuhË¥ò. itu¤â‹ khWÃiy¡nfhz« 24.41°.

itu¤â‹ vªjbthU g¡f¤â‹ tÊnaí« 24.41°¡F«

mâfkhd nfhz¤âš xË¡fâ® bršY« nghJ

KGmf vâbuhË¥ò mil»wJ. jFªj msÉ‰F g£il

Ô£Ltjhš g‰gy mf vâbuhË¥òfŸ V‰gL«.





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10. fhªjÉaš

j‹ kâ¥ÕL

2-3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. TY«vâ®¤jfîïUkoÉâia¡TWf.

ïU fhªj KidfS¡»ilnaíŸs ft®¢á mšyJ

Éy¡F ÉirahdJ Kid tÈikfË‹ bgU¡F¤

bjhif¡F ne®¤jfÉY« mt‰¿‰F ïilnaíŸs

bjhiyÉ‹ ïUko¡F vâ®¤jfÉY« ïU¡F«.

F a m md1 2

2

2. Óuhdfhªj¥òy¤âšfhªjCáÆ‹ÛJbra‰gL«âU¥ò

Éir¡fhd¤bjhl®ãid¥bgWf.

Óuhd fhªj¥ òy¤âYŸs r£l¡ fhªj¤â‹ Ûjhd

âU¥òÉir:

fhªj¤ ö©lš (M) bfh©l xU Óuhd fhªj¥ òy¤â‹

âir¡F q nfhz¤âš it¡f¥g£LŸs 2l ÚsK« ‘m’

Kid tÈikí« cŸs r£l¡fhªj« NS x‹iw¡

fUjî«.

fhªj¥òy« B-Mš tlKid ÛJ brašgL« Éir mB.

ïJ fhªj¥òy¤â‹ âirÆš brašgL»wJ. bj‹Kid

ÛJ brašgL« Éir mB. ïJ fhªj¥òy¤â‹ âir¡F

vâ®¤âirÆš brašgL»wJ.

ïªj ïu©L ÉirfS« rkkhfî«. vâ®¤âirfËY«

miktjhš ïit ïu£ilia cUth¡F»‹wd.

ïªj ïu£il¡fhd âU¥ò Éir,

τ xU ÉirÆ‹ kâ¥ò ÉirfS¡F ïil¥g£l

br§F¤J¤ bjhiyî





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τ = F × NA = mB × NA ... (1) = mB × 2l sinq∴ τ = MB sinq ... (2)τ= M B

→ →× v‹W bt¡l® F¿p£lhš F¿¡f¥gL«.

τ→

ï‹ âirahdJ, M→

k‰W« B→

ïitfis¡ bfh©l

js¤â‰F¢ br§F¤jhf mikªJŸsJ.

B = 1 vdî«, q = 90° vÅš, rk‹ghL (2)ÈUªJ ‚ τ = M.

vdnt fhªj¤ âU¥ò¤ âw‹ M v‹gJ XuyF fhªj¤

ö©lš bfh©l fhªj¥ òy¤âš mj‰F¢ br§F¤jhf

xU fhªj¤ij it¡f¤ njitahd âU¥ò Éir¡F¢

rk«.

3. nl‹AÃiyv‹gJahJ?ÉyFfhªjkhÅianl‹A

ÃiyÆšv›Éj«mik¥ghŒ?

r£l¡ fhªj¤â‹ m¢R¡nfh£oš cŸs xU òŸËÆš

fhªj¥òykhdJ, òÉ¡fhªj¥ òy¤â‹ »il¤js¡

TW¡F¢ br§F¤jhf mikí«. ÉyFfhªjkhÅí«

r£l¡ fhªjK« ïªj Ãgªjid¡F V‰g it¡f¥g£lhš

ïªÃiy nl‹ A Ãiy vd¥gL«.

nl‹ A ÃiyÆš it¥gj‰F ÉyFfhªjkhÅÆ‹

òa§fŸ »H¡F-nk‰F âirÆš mjhtJ fhªj¥òy¤

js¤â‰F br§F¤jhf it¡f¥gL»wJ. r£l¡ fhªjkhJ

»H¡F - nk‰FâirÆš ÉyFfhªjkhÅÆ‹ òa§fS¡F

ïizahf it¡f¥gL»wJ.

4. tiuaW:(i)fhªjc£òFâw‹(ii)fhªjkh¡F«br¿î

k‰W«(iii)fhªjV‰ò¤âw‹.

(i) fhªj c£òFâw‹ :

xU Clf¤â‹ fhªj c£òFâw‹ m vd¥gLtJ Clf¤âDŸns fhªj¤ö©lš B-¡F«, mnj Clf¤âYŸs fhªj¥òy¢br¿î H-¡F« cŸs É»j«

MF«.

∴ =m BH





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(ii) fhªjkh¡F« br¿î :

fhªjkh¡F« òy¤â‹ (H) _y« xU bghUŸ vªj msÉ‰F¡ fhªjkh¡f¥ gL»wnjh mjid, fhªjkh¡f¢ br¿î F¿¡»wJ.

xU fhªj¥ bghUË‹ fhªjkh¡f¢ br¿î v‹gJ XuyF gUkD¡fhd bghUË‹ fhªj¤ âU¥ò¤ âw‹ MF«.

I = MV ïj‹ myF Am–1 MF«.

(iii) fhªj V‰ò¤ âw‹ :

fhªj V‰ò¤ âw‹ v‹w g©ò xU bghUŸ v›tsî vËâš k‰W« v›tsî tYîl‹ fhªjkh¡f¥gL»wJ v‹gij¤ Ô®khÅ¡»wJ.

xU bghUË‹ fhªj V‰ò¤ âw‹ cm v‹gJ bghUËš

ö©l¥g£l fhªjkh¡f¢ br¿É‰F« (I) mJ it¡f¥g£LŸs fhªjkh¡F« òy¤â‹, fhªj òy¢brî¡F« (H) cŸs jfthF«.

cm = IH

I k‰W« H ïit xnu gÇkhz§fis¡ bfh©LsŸjhš

cm -¡F myF ïšiy. cm gÇkhzk‰wJ.

5. fhªj¤ja¡f¡f©Âg‰¿És¡Ff.

fhªj¤ja¡f«(Hysteresis):xU fhªjkh¡F« òy¢ br¿î H _y« bkJthf fhªjkilí« ïU«ò¤ j©L x‹iw¡ fUjî«. fhªjkh¡F« òy¢ br¿î H kh‰w¥gl¡ ToaJ. fhªjkh¡F« òy¢ br¿î H mâfÇ¡F«nghJ ïU«ò¤ j©oYŸs fhªj¤ ö©lš B mâfÇ¤J, ã‹d® xU bjÉ£L Ãiyia mil»wJ. ïJ ghij OP-‹ _y« fh£l¥gL»wJ. (gl«).





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fhªjkh¡F« òy« bkJthf Fiw¡f¥gL«nghJ fhªj¤

ö©lš Fiw»wJ. Mdhš fhªj ö©lš B, PO

tÊahf¤ âU«òtâšiy. khwhf H = 0 MF«nghJ B-‹

kâ¥ò RÊ Mfhkš kâ¥ò ·OQ-I¥ bgW»wJ. ïU«ò¤

j©oš fhªj¥ g©ò Ûj« ïU¥gij ïJ fh£L»wJ.

fhªjkh¡F« òy« RÊahf¡ Fiw¡f¥g£l ã‹ò« xU

bghUËYŸs fhªj¤ ö©lÈ‹ kâ¥ò mj‹ ÛJ

fhªj¤ ö©lš (residual magnetic induction) vd¥gL«.

gl¤âš ·OQ bghUË‹ Ûj¡ fhªj¥g©ig¡ fh£L»wJ.

ï¥nghJ fhªjkh¡F« òy¢ br¿Éid vâ®¤âirÆš

mË¡F«nghJ fhªj¤ ö©lš QR tÊna FiwªJ

R-š RÊ kâ¥ig milí«. ï›thW Ûj¡ fhªj¤âid

RÊah¡Ftj‰F fhªjkh¡F« òy¢ br¿î ·OR-I vâ®¤

âirÆš mË¡f nt©oíŸsJ.

xU fhªj¥ bghUËš cŸs Ûj¡ fhªj¤ ö©liy¡

Fiw¤J RÊah¡Ftj‰F mj‰F mË¡f¥gl nt©oa

vâ®¤âir fhªjkh¡F« òy¢br¿É‹ kâ¥ò fhªjÚ¡f¢

br¿î (Coercivity) vd¥gL«.

fhªjkh¡F« òy« H-I, vâ®¤ âirÆš nkY«

mâfÇ¡F«nghJ fhªj¤ ö©lš RS mâfÇ¤J òŸË

S-š bjÉ£L Ãiyia mil»wJ. (Pk‰W« S rk¢Ó®

òŸËfshF«). j‰nghJ, Û©L« fhªj¥òy¤â‹

âiria kh‰W«nghJ fhªj¤ ö©lš STUP v‹w ghij

tÊna brš»wJ. ïªj _oa tistiu¡nfhL PQRSTUP

fhªj¤ ja¡f¡ f©Â (hysteresis loop) vd¥gL«. ïJ

xU fhªjkh¡F¢ R‰¿id¡ F¿¡»wJ. fhªj¤ ja¡f«

v‹w brhš ã‹ j§Fjš v‹w bghUis¡ bfh©LŸsJ.

xU fhªjkh¡f¢ R‰¿‹nghJ fhªj¤ ö©lš B,

fhªjkh¡F« òy¢ br¿î H-¡F¥ ã‹j§»íŸsJ vd

m¿»nwh«. fhªjkh¡F« òy¤â‰F, fhªj¤ ö©lš

ã‹ j§F« Ãfœî fhªj¤ ja¡f« vd¥gL«.





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1. 72g Ãiwí«7200kgm–3 ml®¤âí«cŸsïU«ò¤j©o‹

fhªjkh¡f¢br¿î0.72Am–1 vÅšmj‹fhªj¤âU¥ò¤

âw‹kâ¥ãid¡fz¡»Lf?

ïU«ò¤ j©o‹ Ãiw m = 72g = 72 × 10–3kgïU«ò¤ j©o‹ fhªjkh¡f¢ br¿î I = 0.72ïU«ò¤ j©o‹ ml®¤â d = 7200kgm–3

d = mv

(mšyJ) gUk‹ V = md

( )

= 72×107200

= 1×10 m M = v×1

= 0.72×1×10

3

5 3

5

-

-

-

~fhªj¤ âU¥ò¤âw‹ m = 7.2 × 10–6Am2.2. 25cm3 gUkDŸs fhªj¤â‹ fhªj¤ âU¥ò¤ âw‹

12.5×10–4 Am2 vÅšfhªjkh¡f¢br¿É‹kâ¥ãid¡

fz¡»Lf?

fhªj¤â‹ gUk‹ V =25Cm3

fhªj¤ âU¥ò¤âw‹ M =12.5 × 10–4Am2

fhªjkh¡f¢ br¿î I = MV

= 12.5×1025×10

= 125025

= 50Am

4

6

1

-

-

-

~fhªjkh¡f¢ br¿î = 50Am–1





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TLjš Édh¡fŸ

ïu©L kâ¥bg© Édh¡fŸ :

1. òÉfhªj¡TWfŸv‹whšv‹d?

òÉÆ‹ ÛJŸs xU òŸËÆš òÉ¡fhªj¥òy¤âid

KGtJ« tiuaW¡f¥ga‹gL« ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ

òÉ¡fhªj¡ TWfŸ vd¥gL»‹wd. mit,

(i) fhªj xJ¡f« (q)(ii) fhªj¢ rÇî (d)(iii) òÉ¡fhªj¥ òy¤â‹ »il¤js¡ TW (Bh)

2. »ôÇbt¥gÃiyv‹whšv‹d?vL¤J¡fh£LjUf.

fhªj V‰ò¤âw‹ bfšÉ‹ bt¥gÃiy¡F vâ®¤fÉy

mikí«. cma 1T

bt¥gÃiy caU«nghJ fhªj

V‰ò¤âw‹ Fiw»wJ. xU F¿¥ã£l bt¥g ÃiyÆš

~bg®nuh fhªj¥ bghUŸfŸ ghuh fhªj¥ bghUŸfshf

khW»‹wd. ïªj bga®î bt¥gÃiy¡F »ôÇ (curie)bt¥gÃiy v‹W bga®.

(v.fh) ïU«ò¡fhd »ôÇ bt¥gÃiy Rkhuhf 1000K

3. òÉ¡fhªj¥g©ã‰fhdfhuÂfŸahit?

(i) òÉÆ‹ fhªj¥ g©ò Ãiwªj¥ gFâfŸ

(ii) òÉÆš cŸs Ä‹ndh£l§fŸ

(iii) òÉÆ‹ tËk©ly¤â‹ nk‰gFâÆš fhz¥gL«

Ä‹ndh£l«.

(iv) NÇaÅÈUªJ tU« fâ® å¢RfŸ.

(v) ÃyÉ‹ brašghL.





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_‹W kâ¥bg© Édh¡fŸ :

1. fhªj§fË‹mo¥gil¥g©òfŸahit?(VnjD«_‹W)

fhªj§fË‹ mo¥gil¥ g©òfŸ :

(i) fhªj¤âid ïU«ò¤ JUtšfËš mÄœ¤â

vL¡F« nghJ mit fhªj¤â‹ KidfËš x£o¡

bfhŸ»‹wd. fhªj¤â‹ ïU KidfËY« ft®¢á

bgUkkhF«. ïªj KidfŸ fhªj KidfŸ vd

miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.

(ii) xU fhªj« jilÆ‹¿ bjh§fÉl¥gL«nghJ,

v¥nghJ« tl¡Fbj‰F¤ âirÆš Ã‰F«. òÉÆaš

tlJUt¤ij neh¡» Ã‰F« fhªj¤â‹ Kid fhªj

tlKid N vdî« òÉÆaš bj‹ JUt¤ij neh¡»

Ã‰F« fhªj¤â‹ Kid fhªj bj‹Kid (S) vdî«

miH¡f¥gL«.

(iii) fhªj KidfŸ v¥nghJ« nrhofshf k£Lnk

ïU¡F«. mjhtJ jÅik¥gL¤j¥g£l fhªjKid

ïU¥gâšiy.

(iv) fhªj¤â‹ Ús« v¥nghJ« mj‹ toÉaš Ús¤âid

(geometric length) Él¡ Fiwthf ïU¡F«. VbdÅš

fhªj§fË‹ ïašò KidfËÈUªJ (free ends) r‰W c£òwkhfnt fhªj KidfŸ mikªJŸsd.

(Mdhš fz¡Ñ£L neh¡f§fËš toÉaš

Úsnk v¥nghJ« fhªj¤â‹ Úskhf vL¤J¡

bfhŸs¥gL»wJ).

(v) x¤j KidfŸ x‹iwbah‹W Éy¡F»‹wd.

nt¿d KidfŸ x‹iwbah‹W ftU»‹wd.

xU fhªj¤â‹ tlKidia k‰bwhU fhªj¤â‹

tlKid¡fU»š bfh©L tªjhš Éy¡F

Éiria¡ fhzyh«. Mdhš, xU fhªj¤â‹ tl

Kidia k‰bwhU fhªj¤â‹ bj‹Kid¡fU»š

bfh©L tªjhš ft®¢á Éiria¡ fhzyh«.





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(vi) ïU fhªj KidfS¡»ilna cŸs ft®¢á mšyJ

Éy¡F Éir TY« vâ®¤jfî ïUko Éâ _y«

bgw¥gL»wJ.

2. fhªjÉir¡nfhLg‰¿Úm¿tJahJ?mt‰¿‹g©òfŸ

ahit?(VnjD«_‹W)

xU jÅ¤j tlKid fhªj¥ òy¤âš it¡f¥gL«nghJ

mJ efU« ghijia¡ F¿¡F« nfhL fhªjÉir¡

nfhL vd¥gL«.

(i) fhªj Éir¡nfhLfŸ, fhªj¥ bghUË‹ tÊahf

bršY« _oa bjhl®¢áahd tis nfhLfŸ MF«.

(ii) fhªj¤â‰F btËna fhªjÉir¡ nfhLfË‹

âir tlKidÆÈUªJ bj‹Kidia neh¡»í«,

f h ª j ¤ â ‰ F c Ÿ n s b j ‹ K i d Æ È U ª J

tlKidia neh¡»í« mikí«.

(iii) fhªj Éir¡ nfh£o‹ ÛJŸs vªj òŸËÆÈUªJ«,

m¡nfh£o‰F tiua¥g£l bjhLnfhL, m¥òŸËÆš

cŸs fhªj¥ òy¤â‹ âiria¡ F¿¡F«. (mjhtJ)

m¥òŸËÆš fhªj¤ ö©lÈ‹ âiria mJ

jU»wJ.

(iv) mit x‹iw x‹W bt£o¡bfhŸtâšiy.

(v) m i t f h ª j ¥ ò y t È i k Ä F ª j ï l ¤ â š

beU¡fkhfî« tÈik F‹¿a ïl¤âš gutyhfî«

mikí«.

3. TY«vâ®¤jfî«ïUkoÉâiavGâbkŒ¥ã¡fî«.

TY« vâ®¤jfî« ïUko Éâ:

TY« vâ®¤ jfî ïUko ÉâÆ‹go, ïU fhªj

KidfS¡»ilnaíŸs ft®¢á mšyJ Éy¡F

ÉirahdJ Kid tÈikfË‹ bgU¡F¤ bjhif¡F

ne®¤jfÉY«, mt‰¿‰F ïilnaíŸs bjhiyÉ‹

ïUko¡F vâ®¤jfÉY« ïU¡F«.

xU Clf¤âš m1, m2 v‹w KidtÈikíila fhªj

KidfË‹ ïil¤bjhiyî d vÅš,





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F a m1 m2 k‰W« F a1

2d

∴F m md

a 1 22

F k m md

= 1 22

ï§F k v‹gJ É»jkh¿È. k‰W« k = mp4

ïâš m v‹gJ Clf¤â‹ c£òFâw‹.

Mdhš m= m0× mr

∴ =m mmr

0

mr - Clf¤â‹ x¥òik c£òFâw‹

m0-bt‰¿l¤â‹ c£òFâw‹

m1= m2 = 1 nkY« d = 1m vÅš,

k 0=mp4

bt‰¿l¤âš m0=4p×10–7Hm–1

∴ =× ×-

F 10 71 2

2

m md

F = × ×-10 1 11

7

2 Þ F = 10–7N





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