konsep gastroenteritis

7/24/2019 KONSEP GASTROENTERITIS

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VCVD_

G\\-GX

BC\X_MDIXD_GXG\Hgsusui buic adadiukg tubcs actc `ungck @dpdrcwctci Hdwcsc

Hmsdi Vdibcapu:

Is. Ig`di \cegtrg H.@., \.@dp, A.\g.Adh.

Hgsusui mndk @dnmapm` 7 @dncs C.3.3:

• Cigsc Iur Crhgnnck !!"!"333#"3"#

• Cgiur Auktg Cskcrg !!"!"333#"3"$

• Cic \kmngkck !!"!"333#"3"%

• &g'rmk (m)kack *unnmk!!"!"333#"33+

• (cic (megeck !!"!"333#"33

• (gcitg Vutrg *scig !!"!"333#"3!!

JT_T\CI @DVD_CRCXCI EC@TNXC\ @DHM@XD_CI

TIGUD_\GXC\ HGVMIDBM_M

?634



BC\X_MDIXD_GXG\ (BD)

-cstrmditdrgtgs kgibbc scct gig acsgk sdcbcg scnck sctu pdi/dc utcac `dsc gtci

hci `dactgci kcapgr hg sdnuruk hcdrck bdmbrcegs hg huigc hci sdauc `dnmapm` usgc gsc

hgsdrcib mndk bcstrmditdrgtgs. Adiurut 6mrnh &dcntk rbcig'ctgmi ?6&< tckui !""78!"3"

bcstrmditdrgtgs adrihuhu`g imamr tgbc pdi/dc `dactgci pchc c4g cg` hg huigc acupui hg

Csgc *dibbcrc hdibci cib`c Vrmpmrtgmicn Amrtcngt/ (ctgm ?VA(< acsgib8acsgib sddscr 38

3%5.

C. Hdegigg

-cstdrmditdrgtgs ?-2< chcnck pdrchcibci /cib tdr;chg pchc adarci au`msc

scnurci bcstrmgitdstgicn /cib hcpct adi/dc`ci `dkgncibci )cgrci hci tdr;chgi/c

bcibbuci `dsdgacibci dnd`trmngt ?-kc'cng, !"3<.

-cstdrmditdrgtgs adrupc`ci suctu pdi/c`gt hgacic adarci au`msc pchc

pdrau`cci ncauib hci usus adibcncag giencacsg hdibci tcihc hgcrd cg` hgsdrtcg

auitck ctcupui tghc` ?ugs, !"3!<.

Adiurut 6mib ?!"3#< -cstdrmditdrgtgs chcnck suctu pdrchcibci /cib

hgsdc`ci mndk pctmbdi pcrcsgtg`, c tdrg ctcupui 4grus /cib adi/drcib cbgci

au`msc ncauib hci usus aciusgc.

-cstrmditdrgtgs chcnck suctu `dchcci cimracn hgacic erd`udisg ucib cgr

dscr tdr;chg ndgk hcrg # `cng pchc usgc hdwcsc hci `cng sdkcrg pchc c/g cru nckgr

cg` hgsdrtcg ndihgr ctcupui tghc`, hgtcihcg hdibci tdr;chgi/c pdigib`ctci 4mnuad hci

di)dri/c edsds ?&ghc/ct, !""$<

!. Vdi"d#$#

Adiurut Ibcstg/ck ?!""+< ec`tmr pdi/dc hgcrd hgcitcrci/c /cgtu:

c. c tmr 0ied`sg

Chc # kcn /cib hcpct adi/dc`ci tdr;chgi/c gied`sg /cgtu c`tdrg, 4grus,

hci pcrcsgt.

• 0ied`sg mndk c`tdrg: Ugorgm, D.lmng, \cnamidnnc, \kgbdnnc,

Lcapynmocltdr, Wdrsgigc, Cdrmamics, hci sdcbcgi/c.

• 0ied`sg mndk 4grus: Lmxscl`gd, DLKM, Vmngmaydngtgs, Chdim!gr"s,

#mtc!gr"s, hci ncgi8ncgi.



• 0ied`sg mndk pcrcsgt: >c)gib ? Cslcrgs, $rglk"rgs, Mxy"rgs,

\trmibynmghds<, prmtm'mc ? Ditcamdoc kgstmnytglc, %gcrhgc ncaongc,

$rglkmamics kmagigs< hci ;caur ?Lcihghc cnoglcis<.

. c`tmr Acncsmrpsg

Acncsmrpsg tdr;chg pchc 'ct8'ct ac`cici sdpdrtg `crmkghrct, ndac` hci

prmtdgi.

). c tmr Ac`cici

c`tmr ac`cici /cib hgac`suh chcnck cpcgnc ac`cici tdrsdut

drc)ui, suhck csg, ctcu pdihdrgtc adagng`g cndrbg hdibci ac`cici tdrsdut.

h. c`tmr Vsg`mnmbgs

c tmr gig ;ubc hcpct adi;chg pdi/dc hcrg tgauni/c pdi/c`gt gig,

agscni/c scct sdsdmrcib adrcsc tcùt hci )dacs.

%. X$i&$ &$i Bd'$$ B$*+did*gg

Aunc8aunc pcsgdi tcapc` bdngsck, suku tuuk adigib`ct. Icesu ac`ci

drùrcib ctcu tghc` chc, `dauhgci tgaun hgcrd. *gi;c )cgr hci auib`gi hgsdrtcg

ndihgr ctcu hcrck. 6cric tgi;c ac`gi ncac druck `dkg;cu8kg;cuci `crdic dr)capur

hdibci dapdhu. Cius hci hcdrck sd`gtcri/c tgaun nd)dt `crdic sdrgib hded`csg hci

tgi;c ac`gi ncac ac`gi csca sdcbcg c`gct ac`gi ci/c` csca nc`tct /cib drcscn

hcrg nc`tmsc /cib tghc` hgcsmrpsg mndk usus sdncac hgcrd.

-d;cnc auitck hcpct tgaun sddnua hci sdsuhck hgcrd hci hcpct hgsdc`ci

`crdic ncauib turut adrchcib ctcu c`gct bcibbuci `dsdgacibci csca csc hci

dnd`trmngt. 1gnc `ngdi tdnck ci/c` `dkgncibci )cgrci hci dnd`trmngt, bd;cnc hdkghrcsg

auncg icapc`, /cgtu drct chci adiurui, turbmr drùrcib, actc hci uui8uui

dscr adi;chg )dùib ?pchc c/g<, sdncput ndihgr ggr hci aunut sdrtc ùngt tcapc`

`drgib. 1drhcscr`ci ci/cì/c )cgrci /cib kgncib hcpct hgcbg adi;chg:

Hd,g&*$g *gi$i: @dkgncibci )cgrci ùrcib hcrg +5 drct chci

c. &cus, schcr, bdngsck, uui8uui imracn

. *H imracn, (( imracn hci ichg imracn, stctus aditcn imracn

). *urbmr imracn

h. Au`msc sdhg`gt drgib

d. 9rgi sdhg`gt adiburcib

Hd,g&*$g d&$i: @dkgncibci )cgrci citcrc +875 drct chci

c. &cus adigib`ct

. Ichg )dpct hci ndack, *H imracn, (( )dpct



). *urbmr adiurui

h. Adarci au`msc drgib

Hd,g&*$g #d*$: @dkgncibci )cgrci ndgk hcrg 3"5 drct chci

c. @dschcrci adiurui, ndacs, tc`g`crhg, d`stdragtcs hgibgi

. Ichg )dpct, *H adiurui

). &cus adigib`ct

h. @dnucrci urgi tghc` chc

d. 9ui8uui )dùib

H. V$+egg++g &$i V$,$"

-cstrmditdrgtgs gsc hgsdc`ci mndk kcn, /cgtu ec`tmr gied`sg ?c`tdrg, 4grus,

pcrcsgt<, ec`tmr acncsmrsg hci ec`tmr ac`cici hci ec`tmr egsgmnmbgs.

Hgcrd `crdic gied`sg sdpdrtg c`tdrg, drcwcn hcrg ac`cici=agiuaci /cib acsu`

`d hcnca tuuk aciusgc. 1c`tdrg tdrtdnci acsu` scapcg ncauib, `dauhgci c`tdrg

hguiuk mndk csca ncauib. Icaui ;uanck c`tdrg /cib tdrncnu ci/c`

adi/dc`ci c`tdrg nmnms scapcg humhdiua hci dr`dacib gc`. Hghcnca usus

tdrsdut c`tdrg c`ci adaprmhu`sg di'ga /cib c`ci adi)cgr`ci ncpgsci ndihgr /cib

adiutupg pdrau`cci usus, sdkgibbc c`tdrg adibdnucr`ci tm`sgi /cib adrcibscib

sd`rdsg )cgrci8)cgrci usus hci adibkcact csmrsg )cgrci. \dcbcg c`gct hcrg

`dchcci gig 4mnuad )cgrci hghcnca nuadi usus adigib`ct /cib adibc`gct`ci

hgihgib usus adibbdauib hci sdcbgci hgihgib usus c`ci `mitrc sg sdkgibbc

tdr;chg kgpdramtgngtcs uitu` adibcngr`ci )cgrci hg usus dscr. Cpcgnc ;uanck )cgrci

tdrsdut adndgkg `cpcsgtcs csmrsg usus ac`c c`ci tdr;chg hgcrd.

Hgcrd /cib hgsdc`ci `crdic acncsmrsg ac`cici c`ci adi/dc`ci ac`cici

ctcu 'ct /cib tghc` hcpct hgsdrcp c`ci adi/dc`ci td`cici msamtg) hcnca rmibbc

usus adigibbg sdkgibbc tdr;chg pdrbdsdrci cgr hci dnd`trmngt `dhcnca rmibbc usus. 0sg

rmibbc usus /cib drndgkci c`ci adrcibscib usus uitu` adibdnucr`cii/c,

sdkgibbc tgaun hgcrd.

Acsuì/c ac`cici /cib drc)ui ;ubc hcpct adi/dc`ci hgcrd `crdic c`ci

adibbcibbu amtgngtcs usus. 0rgtcsg au`msc usus adi/dc`ci kgpdrpdrgstcntg`

sdkgibbc adibc`gct`ci drùrcibi/c `dsdapctci usus uitu` adi/drcp ac`cici

sdkgibbc tgaun hgcrd. \dcng i/c ;g`c pdrgstcntg) adiurui c`ci adibc gct ci c`tdrg c`ci tuauk drndgkci, sdnci;uti/c tgaun hgcrd punc.



Chci/c grgtcsg au`msc usus hci pdigib`ctci 4mnuad )cgrci hgrmibbc usus

adi/dc`ci `ngdi adibdnuk pdrut adrcsc sc`gt. \dncgi `crdic ! kcn gtu, i/drg

pdrut=`rca tgaun `crdic c`tdrg hgsusus /cib adibkcsgn`ci bcs &! hci >! /cib

adigaun`ci `dauib hci enctgs drndgkci. gcsci/c pchc `dchcci gig `ngdi c`ci

adrcsc aucn ck`ci auitck hci icesu ac`ci adiurui, `crdic tdr;chg `dtghc`

sdgacibci csca csc hci dnd`trmngt.

@dkgncibci )cgrci hci dnd`trmngt /cib drndgkci c`ci adi/dc`ci `ngdi ;ctuk

pchc `dchcci hdkghrcsg. Fcib hgtcihcg hdibci drct chci adiurui, turbmr ùngt

drùrcib, actc hci uui8uui gsc adi;chg )dùib ?pchc c/g<, sdncput ndihgr ggr

hci aunut sdrtc ùngt tcapc` `drgib. 1gnc `dchcci gig tdrus drnci;ut hci `ngdi tghc`

acu ac`ci ac`c c`ci adigaun`ci bcibbuci iutrgsg sdkgibbc `ngdi ndacs.

Hdkghrcsg hci rdc`sg giencacsg pchc au`msc usus adi/dc`ci pdigib`ctci suku

tuuk `ngdi. *uuk /cib `dkgncibci )cgrci hci dnd`trmngt /cib drndgkci adauct

)cgrci d`strcsdnundr hci gitrcsdnundr adiurui. Hgacic sdncgi gtu cgr tuuk ;ubc

`dkgncibci Ic, @ hci gmi `crmkghrct. 1gnc `dchcci gig drnci;ut tdrus ac`ci 4mnuad

hcrck ;ubc drùrcib . *uuk adibcncag bcibbuci sgrùncsg, pdreusg ;crgibci

tdrbcibbu hci c`kgri/c hcpct adi/dc`ci s/m` kgpm4mndag` hdibci bd;cnc hdi/ut

;cituib adi;chg )dpct, ichg `d)gn hci )dpct, td`cici hcrck adiurui, `ngdi scibct

ndack `dschcrci adiurui.

\dncgi gtu, c`gct ncgi hcrg `dkgncibci )cgrci d`strcsdn /cib drndgkci, tuuk c`ci

adibcncag csghmsgs adtcmng` hgacic `ngdi c`ci tcapc` pu)ct hdibci pdricecsci

/cib )dpct hci hcnca.

c`tmr psg`mnmbgs ;ubc hcpct adi/dc`ci hgcrd. @crdic ec`tmr psg`mnmbgs ?strdss,

acrck, tcùt< hcpct adrcibscib `dndi;cr chrdicngi hgcwck pdibdihcngci sgstda

pdricecsci sgapctgs uitu` adrcibscib pdibdnucrci kmrami /cib `dr;ci/c adibctur

adtcmngsad tuuk. \dkgibbc gnc tdr;chg strdss ac`c adtcmngsad c`ci tdr;chg

pdigib`ctci, hcnca ditu` pdigib`ctci amrtcngtcs usus.



V$,$" B$*+did*gg

\uadr: Crge Auttcgi ?!"33<, \urgchg ?!"3"< O Amhg4g`csg



D. Vdi+#$$i B$*+did*gg

Hgcrd cùt hghdegigsg`ci sdcbcg pdigib`ctci sd)crc tgc8tgc erdùdisg hci pdruckci `misgstdisg edsds. Vdruckci tdrsdut sdrgib `cng hgsdsc`ci mndk cbdi

gied`sgus pchc scnurci pdi)dricci ?&m)`didrr/ O 6gnsmi, !""7, hcnca 9neck, dt cn,

!"3!<. -cstrmditdrgtgs cùt chcnck pdi/c`gt /cib tdr;chg c`gct chci/c pdrchcibci

pchc scnurci pdi)dricci /cib hgsdc`ci mndk gied`sg hdibci bd;cnci/c tdrutcac

chcnck auitck, hdkghrcsg hci hgcrd. -cstrmditgtgs cùt hgsdc`ci mndk 7"5 chci/c

gied`sg c`tdrg hci pdi/dc ncgii/c citcrc ncgi mct8mctci, ckci8ckci tm`sg ,

gs`dag hci sdcbcgi/c ?Imdrcsgh, 37%%, hcnca \ukcr/mim, dt cn, !""#<. Chc

`d)dihdruibci ckwc pdadrg )cgrci gitrc4dic ndgk sdrgib hgbuic`ci hgcihgib

)cgrci mrcn, wcncupui pdibuicci )cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn gtu ndgk caci, ndgk egsgmnmbgs,

tghc` i/drg, hci ndgk aurck hgcihgib pdibbuicci )cgrci gitrc4dic ?\tdgidr, dt cn,

!"", hcnca Vmdrwctg, !"3#<.

(dsg`m c`gct hgcrd hcpct hgùrcibg hdibci tdrcpg /cib tdpct. *drcpg pdrtcac

cbg pdihdrgtc hgcrd cùt tcipc hdkghrcsg, hci hdkghrcsg rgibci8sdhcib chcnck hdibci

pdadrgci >( ?)cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn<. Vdadrgci >( /cib tdpct hdibci ;uanck

/cib adachcg adrupc`ci amhcn /cib utcac adi)dbck hdkghrcsg. *drcpg ncgi /cib

hcpct hgdrg`ci chcnck chsmrdi ?cttcpunbgt hci pd`tgi<, hci citgdadtg`

?adtm nmprcagh, hmapdrghmi, hci mihcisditrmi<. Vdadrgci citggmtg kci/c

hggihg`csg`ci pchc `dchcci tdrtditu sdpdrtg hgcrd /cib tdrgihg`csg gied`sg pctmbdi

sdrtc hgcrd pchc c/g hci cic` hdibci `dchcci gaa"imlmaprmagsdh ?-uicwci, !""

hcnca \gswghgcscrg, dt cn, !"3<.

3. Vdi/i$$i M#$ Cig#g+g V$gdi _$$ Gi$

*drcpg citggmtg` hggihg`csg`ci uitu` bcstrmditdrgtgs /cib hgsdc`ci mndk

gied`sg c`tdrg. &cn gig hg`crdic`ci citggmtg`c adrupc`ci mct cihcnci uitu` tdrcpg

gied`sg c tdrg. Vgngkci utcac citgag rmc pchc bcstrmditdrgtgs tdrbcituib pchc

ag rmc pdi/dci/c. 0ied sg \kgbdnnc hcpct hgmctg hdibci `mtrgam`sc'mn,

enumrmùgimnmi hci capgsgngi. Ugorgm lkmndrc hdibci tdtrcsg`ngi hci `mtrgam`sc'mn.

Ditca"oc kgstmnytglc hdibci adtrmighc'mn. Lcapynmocltdr &d&"ig hdibci

drgtrmagsgi, enumrmùgimnmi, hci tdtrcsg ngi ?>c`rcwcrhg, 6ck/uhgi, O \cruhhgi,

!""7<.



Vchc tdrcpg hgcrd c`ut, bmnmibci citggmtg) /cib pcngib ci/c` hgbuic`ci

chcnck bmnmibci sdecnmspmrgi sdhcib`ci bmnmibci citggmtg /cib pcngib sdhg`gt

hgdrg`ci chcnck bmnmibci pdigsgngi. \decnmspmrgi chcnck citggmtg` /cib pcngib

ci/c` hgdrg`ci pchc pdidngtgci gig. \decnmspmrgi adrupc`ci citggmtg` dtcnc`tca

/cib adagng`g ad`cigsad adibkcact sgitdsgs hgihgib sdn ag`rmc ?0stgcitmrm hci

-ci, !""<. \decnmspmrgi adagng`g spd`trua c`tg4gtcs /cib nucs hgacic citggmtg`c

gig hcpct hgbuic`ci uitu` gied`sg /cib hgsdc`ci mndk \tcpkynmlmll"s,

\trdptmlmll"s, gied`sg Vid"amlmll"s /cib sdisgtge tdrkchcp pdigsgngi, hci /cib

pcngib sdrgib chcnck sdcbcg cntdrictge pchc pcsgdi /cib cndrbg tdrkchcp pdigsgngi

?cgrci`s, !"", hcnca \gswghgcscrg, !"3<.

Ldigs citggmtg` /cib pcngib sdhg gt hgdrg`ci chcnck citggmtg` bmnmibci

pdigsgngi. Vdigsgngi chcnck sdi/cwc c`tdrgsghc hdibci gihd`s tdrcpg ndcr /cib

d`dr;c adibkcact pdaditu`ci au`mpdptghc /cib hgpdrnu`ci uitu` sgitdtgs

hgihgib sdn ag`rmc ?\gswcihmim hci \md`crh;m, !""<. Vdibbuicci hcrg bmnmibci

pdigsgngi hgtdau`ci hcnca pdrsditcsd /cib `d)gn `dauib`gici `crdic ci/c`

c`tdrg /cib suhck rdsgstdi tdrkchcp bmnmibci pdigsgngi. \uctu kcsgn stuhg hgtdau`ci

ckwc !+5 c`tdrg piduamigc rdsgstdi tdrkchcp pdigsgngi ?*mhcr, !""%, hcnca

\gswghgcscrg, !"3<.

?. Vdi/i$$i M#$ I+i Cig#g+g V$gdi _$$ Gi$

$. Vdi$i$i$i Hd,g&*$g $&$ V$gdi Hg$*d

3) _gibdr Nc tct

(gibdr nc`tct adrupc`ci )cgrci bcrca egmnmbgs stdrgn /cib `cihuibci

csca csci/c adi/drupcg )cgrci pncsac hcrck. (gibdr nc`tct adibcihuib

bcrca Ic>n ?$b<, @>n ?",#b<, >c>n! ?",!b<, hci Ic c`tct ?#,3b< hcnca

sdtgcp 3 ngtdr ncrutci. >cgrci gig dreuibsg uitu` adibdacng`ci msamncrgtcs

hci dnd`trmngt tuuk sd)crc )dpct adncnug rdkghrcsg gitrc4dic. crutci rgibdr

nc`tct c`ci hg adtcmngsad mndk kctg adi;chg g`crmict /cib drbuic uitu`

adapdrcg g `dchcci sdpdrtg csghmsgs adtcmng`. (gibdr nc`tct gcsc

hgdrg`ci pchc pdihdrgtc hgcrd /cib adibcncag hdkghrcsg /cib drct ctcu

/cib drpmtdisg adi;chg drct sdkgibbc adadrnu`ci rdkghrcsg gitrc4dic

sd)crc )dpct.

*drcpg gitrc4dic rgibdr nc`tct pchc pdihdrgtc hgcrd, pchc c/g hgdrg`ci

sdci/c` #" ab=`b drct chci sdncac 3 ;ca pdrtcac, `dauhgci hcpct



hgnci;ut ci hdibci `misditrcsg " ab=`b drct chci uitu` + ;ca

drgùti/c. 9itu` cic`8cic` hci hdwcsc hgdrg`ci rgibdr nc`tct sd)crc

gitrc4dic hdibci hmsgs 3"" ab=`b drct chci. ct8mct ncgi sdrgib ;ubc

hg`magicsg`ci hdibci rgibdr nc`tct pchc hgcrd cùt citcrc ncgi tdtrcsg`ngi,

trgadtmprga, adtrmighc'mn ?&crgcitm, !""<. \dncgi gtu, rgibdr nc`tct tghc`

adibcihuib bnu`msc, sdkgibbc sdrgib`cng hcpct hgtcack`ci bnu`msc /cib

drbuic uitu` adi)dbck tdr;chgi/c `dtmsgs ?(uhg, !""$<.

?) Hd`strmsc

Hd strmsc adrupc`ci amimsc`crghc /cib dreuibsg sdcbcg suadr

didrbg cbg tuuk. Hd`strmsc hgsgapci hg hcnca tuuk sdcbcg ndac`, sdrtc hg

mtmt hci kctg sdcbcg bng`mbdi. Hd`strmsc hgadtcmngsad adi;chg

`crmihgm`sghc hci cgr /cib draciecct uitu` kghrcsg tuuk. \cnck sctu

pdi/dc hgcrd ctcu /cib adapdrpcrck `mihgsg hgcrd chcnck `dùrcibci

hd`strmsc. *gibbgi/c erdùdisg hded`csg pchc pdihdrgtc hgcrd cùt,

adi/dc`ci tdr;chgi/c pdibdnucrci )cgrci tuuk dsdrtc pdibmsmibci

ac`cici sd)crc )dpct hg usus. @mihgsg gig adibc`gct`ci pdihdrgtc hgcrd

adi;chg `dkgncibci )cgrci dnd trmngt hci hd`strmsc tuuk ?'mrnh

%cstrmditdrmnmby Mrbcig(ctgmi, !""%, hcnca Cbdily )mr Kdcntklcrd

#dsdcrlk cih *"cngty<.

Hd`strmsc hci )cgrci dnd`trmngt gcsci/c hgdrg`ci sd)crc drscacci hci

dreuibsg sdcbcg Dndltrmnytd rdpndigskdr. crutci hd`strmsc hci bcrca

dnd`trmngt hgbuic`ci uitu` adibbcitg`ci )cgrci /cib kgncib. Hd`strmsc gsc

hgdrg`ci sd)crc mrcn hci gitrc4dic. Vdadrgci hd`strmsc gsc hgdrg`ci pchc

sdauc uaur pcsgdi hcrg c/g scapcg hdwcsc. Vchc c/g /cib ùrcib hcrg huc

tckui hgdrg`ci sdci/c` + an=`b drct chci sdncac % ;ca pdrtcac, hci

hcpct hgpdrtckci`ci sdncac 3$ ;ca drgùti/c. Vchc cic` drusgc !83" tckui

hgdrg`ci +" an=`b drct chci uitu` 8$ ;ca pdrtcac, hci hcpct hgnci;ut`ci

adi;chg 3"" an=`b drct chci uitu` 3%8! ;ca drgùti/c. 9itu` cic` cic`

drusgc 3" tckui ndgk hci usgc hdwcsc hgdrg`ci sdci/c` 3"" an=`b drct

chci sdncac $ ;ca, `dauhgci hcpct hgnci;ut`ci hdibci 3+ an=`b drct

chci scapcg hgcrd drkditg ?&dcntk Hgbdst, !"3", hcnca \gswghgcscrg, !"3<.

Vdadrgci hd`strmsc adncnug girc4dic, sdrgib`cng hg`magicsg ci hdibci

rgibdr nc`tct hci citggmtg`. $rdctadit gitrc4dic gig hgdrg`ci pchc pcsgdi



hgcrd cùt pdhdrgtc hdkghrcsg drct ctcu drpmtdisg adi;chg drct ?6-,

!""%, hcnca Cbdily )mr Kdcntklcrd #dsdcrlk cih *"cngty<.

#. Vdi/i$$i %_M (%$g*$i _d,g&*$g M*$) $&$ V$gdi Hg$*d

Vchc tckui 37+, 6& hci +igtdh ctgmis Lkgnhrdi-s "ih ?9I0>2<

sdpc`ct uitu` adaprmamsg`ci )cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn /cib adibcihuib ictrgua

7" aamn= hci bnu`msc 333 aamn= hdibci tmtcn msamncrgtcs sddscr #33

asa=. @mapmsgsg gig hgpgngk sdcbcg suctu ncrutci tuibbcn /cib hgbuic`ci

uitu` tctcnc`scic hgcrd /cib hgsdc`ci mndk drcbcg cbdi gied`sgus hci

hgkuuib`ci hdibci drcbcg hdrc;ct `dkgncibci dnd`trmngt. \dcbcg )mitmk, hgcrd

`crdic rmtc4grus hgkuuib`ci hdibci `dkgncibci ictrgua hcnca tgi;c sd`gtcr #" 8

" a2=, pchc gied`sg ditdrmtm`sgbdig` D. lmng sd`gtcr +" 8 $" a2=, hci pchc

gied`sg `mndrc sd`gtcr 7" 8 3!" a2= ?6cspchc, !"3!<.

\d;c` tckui !"", 6& = 9I0>2 adrd`madihcsg`ci mrcngt hdibci

msamncrgtcs rdihck. 1drhcscr`ci pdidngtgci hdibci mrcngt msamncrgtcs rdihck

hgdrg ci `dpchc pdihdrgtc hgcrd hcpct adiburcibg 4mnuad tgi;c kgibbc !+,

adiburcibg aucn auitck kgibbc #", adiburcibg sd)crc dracìc pdadrgci

)cgrci adncnug gitrc4dic scapcg ##5 ?@dadi`ds (0, !"33, hcnca \gswghgcscrg,

!"3<. @dchcci bg'g /cib uru` c`ci adapdibcrukg ncaci/c hgcrd hci

`mapng csgi/c. Vdadrgci cgr susu gu tdru`tg adigib`ct ci hc/c tckci

tdrkchcp hgcrd ?&crgcitm, !""<.

>cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn tdnck tdru tg ded`tge hcnca pdi)dbckci hci

pdibmctci tdrkchcp hdkghrcsg /cib hgsdc`ci pdi/c`gt hgcrd ?1d'drc, dt cn,

377!<. >cgrci tdrsdut hcpct hgbuic`ci uitu` adicibcig bcstrmditdrgtgs cùt,

uitu` pdadngkcrcci rdkghrcsg, hci adi)dbck `mapng`csg ndgk nci;ut c`gct hgcrd.

>cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn tdrsdut tdru`tg hcpct adibctcsg hdkghrcsg rgibci kgibbc

sdhcib pchc c/g hci cic`8cic` sd)crc caci, ded`tge, rdnctge ndgk aurck, hci

auhck hgbuic`ci. ndk `crdic gtu, Cadrglci Clchday m) Vdhgctrgls ?CCV< hci

'mrnh Kdcntk Mrbcig(ctgmi ?6&< adrd`madihcsg`ci )cgrci tdrsdut sdcbcg

tgihc`ci pdrtcac uitu` adibctcsg hdkghrcsg rgibci ?chgis`/, dt cn, !""", hcnca

\gswghgcscrg, !"3<.

rcngt ctcu )cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn chcnck ncrutci uitu` adibctcsg hgcrd.

crutci gig sdrgib hgsdut rdkghrcsg mrcn. 1ckc/c utcac hgcrd chcnck `dactgci

/cib hgsdc`ci `crdic tuuk ci/c` `dkgncibci cgr hci bcrca /cib tdrncrut



/cib hgsdut hdkghrcsg. @dactgci ndgk auhck tdr;chg pchc cic` /cib drbg'g

uru`, `crdic bg'g /cib uru` adi/dc`ci pdihdrgtc tghc` adrcsc ncpcr hci

mrcib tuci/c tghc` sdbdrc adadrg ac`cici uitu` adibbcitg`ci )cgrci tuuk

/cib kgncib ?&crgcitm, !""<.

>cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn /cib hgpc`cg mndk acs/crc`ct chcnck cgr `dncpc, cgr

tc;gi, cgr susu gu, cgr tdk di)dr, sup wmrtdn, cgr pdrcsci uck hci ncrutci bunc

bcrca ?--<. Vdac`cgci )cgrci gig ndgk hgtgtg drct`ci pchc pdi)dbckci

tgauni/c hdkghrcsg. \dhcib`ci gnc tdr;chg hdkghrcsg sdhcib ctcu drct sdcgì/c

hgdrg agiuaci rcngt. rcngt /cib adiurut 6& adapui/cg `mapmsgsg

)capurci Ictrgua @nmrghc, @cngua @nmrghc, -nu`msc hci Ictrgua 1g`crmict

ctcu Ictrgua \gtrct ?&crgcitm, !""<.

*ctcnc scic pdihdrgtc hgcrd /cib tdpct hci ded tge adrupc`ci cbgci

pditgib hcnca pdadrcitcsci pdi/c`gt hgcrd `ksususi/c hcnca upc/c

adiurui`ci cib`c `dactgci hgcrd hci adiburcibg `mapng csg c`gct hgcrd.

\dncgi hcrgpchc gtu tctcnc`scic pdihdrgtc /cib drkcsgn c`ci punc adi;chg pgitu

acsu` prmamsg `dsdkctci ncgi hci `dbgctci `dsdkctci ngibùibci ncgi hcnca

rcib`c adiurui`ci cib`c `dsc`gtci hgcrd. 1ckc/c hgcrd tdrndtc` pchc hdkghrcsg

ac`c pdicibbuncibcii/c hdibci )crc adi)dbck tgauni/c hdkghrcsg hci

rdkghrcsg gitdisge gnc tdnck tdr;chg hdkghrcsg. (dkghrcsg chcnck upc/c

adibbcitg ci )cgrci tuuk /cib `dnucr drscac tgi;c hdibci )cgrci /cib

adachcg adncnug mrcn ctcu pcrditdrcn ?&crgcitm, !""<.

. Vdi/i$$i <gi $&$ V$gdi Hg$*d

>cgrci rdkghrcsg mrcn hgcibbcp tghc` sgbigeg`ci hcnca adiurui`ci hded`csg

hci hurcsg hgcrd. ndk `crdic gtu, 'mrnh Kdcntk Mrbcig(ctgmi ?6&< hci

9I0>2 ?!""< `dacng adrd`madihcsg`ci `dg;c`ci tdrcru adibdicg

pdictcnc`scicci hgcrd pchc cic`, /cgtu hdibci adicack`ci supndaditcsg 'gi`

?Di< pchc tdrcpg rdkghrcsg mrcn tdrsdut. Hcnca pdictcnc`scci pdibmctci hgcrd

cùt, 'gi` acapu adiburcibg hurcsg dpgsmhd hgcrd kgibbc sddscr !+5.

1ddrcpc pdidngtgci adiui;u``ci pdadrgci 'gi` acapu adiurui`ci 4mnuad

hci erdùdisg tgi;c rctc8rctc sddscr #"5. Dgi` ;ubc adiurui`ci hurcsg hci

`dpcrckci pchc hgcrd pdrsgstdi. 1gnc hgdrg`ci sd)crc rutgi pchc cic`8cic`, cg`

;cib`c pci;cib acupui ;cib`c pdihd`, 'gi` acapu adiui;u``ci ded`tg4gtcs



hcnca adi)dbck hgcrd cùt acupui pdrsgstdi hci acapu adadrg`ci aciecct

adiurui`ci prd4cndisg hgcrd /cib hgsdc`ci hgsditrg hci skgbdnnmsgs.

Vdadrgci 'gi` hgrd`madihcsg`ci uitu` pdibmctci hgcrd sdncac 3"83 kcrg

pchc pcsgdi cic` hgcrd hg cwck usgc + tckui, c/g usgc hg cwck $ unci hcpct

hgdrg`ci 'gi` 3" ab sdtgcp kcrg, hci cic` usgc $ unci kgibbc + tckui hgdrg`ci

hdibci hmsgs !" ab sdtgcp kcrg. (d`madihcsg pdadrgci 'gi` sdncac hci sdscct

sdtdnck hgcrd tdru`tg hcpct adiurui`ci tgib`ct `dpcrckci hci hurcsg hgcrd, sdrtc

adiurui`ci `dauib`gici aui)uni/c `dacng hgcrd pchc !8# unci sdtdncki/c

?0ihrgcig O Csrg, !""<.

@cgtci citcrc 'gi` hci hgcrd tdnck hgncpmr`ci adncnug kcsgn pdidngtgci

dpghdagmnmbgs acupui ncmrctmrgua. Dgi` adapui/cg ded` tdrkchcp ddrcpc

ditdrmsgt hci sdn gaui /cib drgitdrc sg hdibci cbdi gied`sgus pchc hgcrd. Dgi`

utcaci/c d`dr;c pchc ;crgibci hdibci `d)dpctci t"rim!dr /cib tgibbg sdpdrtg

kcni/c pchc scnurci )dric hci sgstda gaui hgacic 'gi` hgutuk`ci uitu` sgitdsc

HIC hci sgitdsc prmtdgi ?1g;nd4dnh, dt cn, 377 hcnca Cragi, !""+, hcnca 9neck,

dt cn, !"3!<.

Vdigib`ctci erdùdisg hded`csg hgsdrtcg 4mnuad tgi;c /cib ci/c` sdncac

hgcrd hgsdc`ci `crdic tdr;chgi/c pdigib`ctci `cihuibci cgr c gct

`dtghc`sdgacibci euibsg usus hcnca prmsds pdi/drcpci sustrct mrbcig` hci cgr.

Lg`c tdr;chg sd)crc tdrus adidrus, ac`c cic` hcpct adibcncag hdkghrcsg. ndk

`crdic gtu, hgcrd kcrus hgkditg`ci tghc` kci/c hdibci adibbcitg`ci )cgrci /cib

kgncib, c`ci tdtcpg hdibci adapdrcg`g `mihgsg usus. Vdadrgci )cgrci rdkghrcsg

mrcn sc;c tghc` )uùp sgbigeg`ci hcnca adiurui`ci erdùdisg hded`csg, sdkgibbc

pdrnu hgtcack`ci 'gi` sdcbcg rdbgadi tdrcpg ?u`c)g`, *kmacs, O Crcihc,

!""%<. *dr;chgi/c pdiuruici erdùdisg hded`csg hci pdiburcibci 4mnuad tgi;c

sd)crc mtmactgs ;ubc c`ci adapdrpdihd` hurcsg hgcrd ctcu adi)dbck

drnci;uti/c hgcrd.

Dgi` adrupc`ci `mapmidi /cib adagng`g ci/c` di'ga /cib adacgi`ci

pdrcici hcnca adtcmngsad csca iu`ndct hci sgitdsgs prmtdgi, sdrtc uitu`

pdrcg`ci stru`tur hci euibsg adarci. Hgcrd hcpct adi/dc`ci kgncibi/c 'gi`

hcnca tuuk. 1ddrcpc pdidngtgci supndaditcsg 'gi` hcnca ;uanck dscr tdnck

adiui;u``ci drùrcibi/c gisghdi hgcrd cùt hci pdrsgstdi pchc c/g hci cic`8

cic` sd)crc dracìc. Adigib`cti/c stctus 'gi` pchc pmpuncsg tdrsdut ;ubc



drkuuibci hdibci adigib`cti/c gaauim`mapdtdi hci `chcr c`tg4gtcs

?0rwcitm, (mkga, O \uhcram, !""!<.

&. Vdi/i$$i Cigd8dg $&$ V$gdi Hg$*d

Vdibbuicci mihcisditrmi sdcbcg citgdadtg` pchc pcsgdi hgcrd cùt cic`

adrupc`ci suctu pgngkci /cib suhck tdpct. Vchc aunci/c mhcisditrmi adrupc`ci

mct citgdadtg` uitu` adiburcibg ded` aucn hci auitck /cib hgtgaun`ci c`gct

rchgcsg hdibci ded` scapgib /cib pcngib rgibci. Icaui, pdidngtgci tdrcru

adiui;u``ci ckwc mihcisditrmi ;ubc hcpct adiurui`ci erdùdisg hgcrd hci

adiburcibg ded` aucn hci auitck pchc pcsgdi hgcrd. @gdsdwdttdr O (chdrdr

?!"3#< adncpmr`ci ckwc pdadrgci % ab mihcisditrmi pchc pdihdrgtc hgcrd

c`gct ded` scapgib pdibmctci tuamr idurmdihm`rgi, acapu adiurui`ci

gitdisgtcs hded`csg pcsgdi hcrg 3" `cng pdrkcrg adi;chg `cng pdrkcrg sdtdnck tdrcpg

mihcisditrmi sdncac kcrg. *drcpg mihcisditrmi ;ubc tdru`tg acapu adiburcibg

bd;cnc aucn hci auitck pchc pcsgdi hgcrd cùt cic` /cib hgsdrtcg aucn hci

auitck. >kdib ?!"33< adncpmr`ci ckwc pdadrgci mihcisditrmi pchc pcsgdi

hgcrd cùt cic` drusgc $ unci scapcg 3! unci acapu adiburcibg aucn hci

auitck /cib adi/drtcg hgcrd. Hmsgs /cib hgci;ur`ci pchc pcsgdi hgcrd cùt cic`

gig, /cgtu cic` hdibci drct chci % `b 8 3+ `b hgdrg`ci ! ab, drct chci 3+ `b

8#" `b hgdrg`ci `b, hci drct chci ndgk hcrg #" `b hgdrg`ci $ ab E % ab.

d. Vdi/i$$i Cigg*dg $&$ V$gdi Hg$*d

Vcrcsdtcamn tghc` kci/c dreuibsg sdcbcg citgpgrdtg`, icaui ;ubc dreuibsg

sdcbcg cicnbdsg`. Citgpgrdtg` adrupc`ci mct /cib hgbuic`ci uitu`

adiurui`ci hdaca /cib hgtcihcg mndk pdigib`ctci suku tuuk pcsgdi. -d;cnc

hdaca pchc pdihdrgtc hgcrd cùt cic` uaua tdr;chg hci gcsc hgsdc`ci mndk

c`tg4gtcs gi4csge pctmbdi. ndk `crdic gtu, pdadrgci citgpgrdtg` adrupc`ci kcn

tdpct hgncù`ci uitu` adiurui`ci bd;cnc hdaca pchc pdihdrgtc hgcrd cùt cic`.

e. Vdi/i$$i Ci$g&$ &$i ?!+d* $&$ V$gdi Hg$*d

3) Citcsghc

Citcsghc adrupc`ci mct /cib dreuibsg uitu` adidtrcn`ci csca

ncauib sdkgibbc drbuic uitu` adibkgncib`ci i/drg, agscni/c pchc

pdihdrgtc accb hci tu`c` pdptg`. Citcsghc tghc` adiburcibg 4mnuad &>



pdi/dcrci 4grus, adigib`ct`ci sdn /cib adisd`rdsg 0bC citgrmtc4grus,

adiurui`ci pdigib`ctci pdradcgngtcs usus ?/cib sd)crc imracn

drkuuibci hdibci gied`sg #mtc!gr"s< hci adiburcibg hurcsg hgcrd hci

ncac rcwct ruack sc`gt ?Vrctcac, !""7, hcnca \gswghgcscrg, !"3<.

?) \giogmtg`

@magicsg hcrg pdadrgci prmgmtg` hci prdgmtg` c`ci adibkcsgn`ci

pdibcruk sgidrbgs hcrg `dhuci/c /cib c`ci adigib`ct`ci ded`

adibuituib`ci cbg tuuk. @magicsg gig hg`dicn hdibci icac sgigmtg`.

\gigmtg` c`ci adigib`ct`ci `dacapuci kghup hcrg prmgmtg` scct tghc`

hgsgapci hcnca ndacrg ds hci ;ubc scct adndwctg ncauib /cib csca.

Vrdgmtg` chcnck `mapmidi ac`cici tdrtditu /cib tghc` gsc hg)dric

mndk sgstda pdi)dricci tuuk, /cib hgdrg`ci uitu` adac)u pdrtuaukci

ctcu c`tg4gtcs hcrg ag`rmmrbcigsad adibuituib`ci hg usus. Vrdgmtg` tghc`

drbuic ncibsuib uitu` aciusgc /cib adib`misuasgi/c, adncgi`ci uitu`

c`tdrg adibuituib`ci /cib adibkuig usus. Vchc c`kgri/c, c`tdrg8c`tdrg

gignck /cib c`ci adadrg`ci acieccti/c uitu` tuuk aciusgc. Vdidngtgci

adiui;u``ci ckwc prdgmtg` ?)capurci ddrcpc mngbmsc`crghc< hcpct

adibgihu`sg sgstda gaui pchc c/g sdkgibbc c/g tdrsdut ndgk tckci

tdrkchcp rdsg`m cndrbg.

>mitmk prdgmtg` nc`tunmsc, ddrcpc ;digs mngbmsc`crghc hci giungi.

Vdibbcuibci pdibbuicci prmgmtg` hci prdgmtg` ctcu /cib hg`dicn hdibci

gstgnck sgigmtg` c`ci adigib`ct`ci pdnucib `ddrkcsgnci c`tdrg prmgmtg`

uitu` scapcg hg usus hcnca `dchci !gcond hci acapu dr`dacibgc` hci

d`mnmigscsg sdrtc adapdrcg`g `mihgsg ag`rmenmrc usus. Hdibci hdag`gci

hcpct hgcsuasg`ci ckwc pdibbuicci sgigmtg` c`ci ndgk ded tge hcnca

pdibmctci tdrcpg hgcrd c`ut.

E. Vdi$$$$i$$i B$*+did*gg

3. Vd8#d*g$i %$g*$i

Vdadrgci )cgrci adiurut 6g;c/c O Vutrg ?!"3#<, adngputg ;digs )cgrci, )crc

pdadrgci, hci ;uanck:

$. %$g*$i d*+*$

3< Hdkghrcsg rgibci hci sdhcib: )cgrci /cib drgsg Ic>n, Ic&>#, @-, hci

bnu`msc



!< Hgcrd cùt hci `mndrc, uaur B $ unci: `chcr Ic 7" a2=

#< Hdkghrcsg rgibci ctcu sdhcib, uaur K $ unci: `chcr Ic a2= emraunc

ndib`cp sdrgib hgsdut mrcngt. >cgrci sdhdrkcic, kci/c adibcihuib bcrca

hci bunc ?Ic>n hci su`rmsc ctcu cgr tc;gi /cib hgdrg bcrca hci bunc<.

#. %$g*$i $*did*$

-crca /cib hgdrg`ci hgsdsucg`ci hdibci `dutukci pcsgdi, `chcib8`chcib

tdrbcituib `dpchc tdrsdhgci/c )cgrci sdtdapct. 9auai/c rgibdr nc`tct. >crc

adadrg`ci:

3< 1dnua chc hdkghrcsg

Vdrmrcn sdci/c` cic` acu agiua ?ch nggtgua< ctcu 3 bdncs tgcp hded`csg.

!< Hdkghrcsg rgibci

\ctu ;ca pdrtcac: !+ E +" an=`b11 pdrmrcn ?gitrcbcstrg`<.

\dnci;uti/c: 3!+ an=`b11= kcrg ch nggtgua.#< Hdkghrcsg sdhcib

\ctu ;ca pdrtcac: +" 8 3"" an=`b11 pdrmrcn = gitrcbcstrg` ?smihd<.

\dnci;uti/c: 3!+ an=`b11= kcrg ch nggtgua.

< Hdkghrcsg drct

c< Cic` 3 unci E ! tckui, 11 # E 3" b

3 ;ca pdrtcac: " an=`b11=;ca G 3" tdtds=`b11=g ?sdt gieus druùrci 3

an G 3+ tdtds< ctcu 3# tdtds=`b11=adigt.

;ca drg uti/c: 3! an=`b11=;ca G # tdtds= b11=adigt ctcu

tdtds=`b11=adigt.

3$ ;ca drgùti/c: 3!+ an= b11 mrcngt pdrmrcn=gitrcbcstrg . 1gnc cic`

tghc` acu agiua tdrus`ci hdibci gitrc4dic ! tdtds=`b11=adigt ctcu #

tdtds=`b11=adigt ?sdt gieus 3 an G !" tdtds<.

< Cic` ! E + tckui, 11 3" E 3+ `b

3 ;ca pdrtcac: #" an=`b11=;ca ctcu % tdtds=`b11=adigt ctcu 3"

tdtds=`b11=adigt.

;ca drgùti/c: 3" an=`b11=;ca ctcu # tdtds=`b11=adigt ctcu

tdtds=`b11=adigt.

3$ ;ca drgùti/c: 3!+ an= b11 mrcngt pdrmrcn=gitrcbcstrg . 1gnc cic`

tghc` acu agiua tdrus`ci hdibci gitrc4dic ! tdtds=`b11=adigt ?sdt gieus

3 an G !" tdtds<.

)< Cic` + E 3" tckui, 11 3+ E !+ b

3 ;ca pdrtcac: !" an=`b11=;ca ctcu + tdtds=`b11=adigt ctcu

tdtds=`b11=adigt.

;ca drgùti/c: 3" an= b11=;ca ctcu !,+ tdtds=`b11=adigt ctcu #

tdtds=`b11=adigt.

3$ ;ca drgùti/c: 3"+ an=`b11 mrcngt pdrmrcn. 1gnc cic` tghc` acu

agiua tdrus`ci H-cc gitrc4dic 3 tdtds=`b11=adigt ?sdt gieus 3 an G 3+

tdtds< ctcu 3,+ tdtds=`b11=adigt ?sdt gieus 3 an G !" tdtds<.



h< 1c/g cru nckgr ?Idmictus< 11 ! 8 # b

@dutukci )cgrci: 3!+ an J 3" an J !+ an G !+" aan=`b11=! ;ca.

Ldigs )cgrci: :3 ? cbgci bnu`msc +5 J 3 cbgci Ic&># 3,+5<.

@d)dpctci:

;ca pdrtcac, !+ an=`b11=;ca ctcu $ tdtds=`b11=g ?3 an G 3+ tdtds< ctcu

% tdtds=`b11C ?3 an G !" tdtds<.

!" ;ca drg`uti/c, 3+" an=`b11=!" ;ca ctcu ! tdtds=`b11=g ?3 an G 3+

tdtds< ctcu !,+ tdtds=`b11=g ?3 an G !" tdtds<.

d< 1c/g 11 rdihck K ! `b

@dutukci )cgrci: !+" aan=`b11=! ;ca.

Ldigs )cgrci: :3 ? cbgci bnu`msc 3"5 J 3 cbgci Ic&># 3,+5<.

@d)dpctci )cgrci G pchc c/g cru nckgr.

?. Vdi+#$$i Hgd$g (5$$i$i)

Adiurut 6g;c/c O Vutrg ?!"3#<, uitu` cic` K 3 tckui hci B 3 tckui hdibci

11 K `b ;digs ac`cicii/c chcnck:

c< \usu C\0 hci=ctcu susu emraunc /cib adibcihuib nc tmsc rdihck hci csca

ndac` tghc` ;diuk, sdpdrtg AA Cn agrmi.

< Ac`cici sdtdibck pchct ?uur< ctcu ac`cici pchct ?icsg tga< gnc cic` tghc`

acu agiua susu.

)< \usu kusus /cib hgsdsucg`ci hdibci dncgici /cib hgtdau`ci.

>crc pdadrgci:

&crg `d83, sdtdnck rdkghrcsg sdbdrc hgdrg`ci ac`cici pdrmrcn. 1gnc hgdrg C\0 = susu

emraunc tdtcpg hgcrd acsgk sdrgib, hgdrg`ci mrcngt sdncib sdngib hdibci C\0.

&crg `d8! scapcg , C\0 = susu emraunc rdihck nc`tmsc pdiuk.

&crg `d8+, gnc tc` chc `dncgici, `ngdi hgpuncib`ci. @dacng susu ctcu ac`ci.

2. M#$-+#$$i

Vrgisgp: adibbcitg )cgrci /cib kgncib adncnug tgi;c hdibci = tcipc auitck

hdibci )cgrci /cib adibcihuib dnd`trmngt hci bnu`msc = `crmkghrct ncgi ?bunc, cgr

tc;gi, tdpuib drcs, hnn< ?6g;c/c O Vutrg, !"3#<.

ct /cib hgdrg`ci chcnck:

c< ct citgsd rdsg

Csdtmscn. !+ ab=tckui hdibci hmsgs agigaua #" ab.

@nmrprmac'gi. Hmsgs ",+ E 3 ab=`b11=kcrg.

< ct spcsamngtg`

Vcpc4drgi, d`strc` dnchmi, mpgua nmpdrcagh tghc` hgbuic`ci pchc `ngdi hgcrd.

ct pdibdrcs tgi;c sdpdrtg `cmngi, pd`tgi, )kcr)mcn tcmicn tghc` draciecct

adibctcsg hgcrd sdkgibbc tghc` hgdrg`ci ncbg.

)< Citggmtg`



:. 5d8#/$i gi'$ #$g$ "$i #di$*

1ci/c` mrcib drcibbcpci ckwc tgi;c c/g gtu tghc` drckc/c. &cn gig

tghc` dicr `crdic tgi;c c/g hcpct punc adiuncr`ci pdi/c`gt pchc cic`8cic` hci

mrcib tuci/c. *gi;c c/g kcrus hgucib sd)crc dicr.

0. Vd8#d*g$i g8/ig$g $8$

Vdadrgci gauigscsg )capc` pchc c/g scibct pditgib uitu` adi)dbck cbcr

c/g tghc` tdr`dic pdi/c`gt )capc`. Cic` /cib sc`gt )capc` sdrgib hgsdrtcg hgcrd,

sdkgibbc pdadrgci gauigscsg )capc` ;ubc hcpct adi)dbck hgcrd. ndk `crdic gtu

drgnck gauigscsg )capc` sdbdrc sdtdnck c/g druaur 7 unci ?@dadi`ds (0, !"33<.

. Cd B$*+did*gg

Adiurut Hmiic . 6mib ?!""7< hci \mhg`gi ?!"33<, Hgcbimsc `dpdrcwctci

/cib auib`gi aui)un citcrc ncgi sdcbcg drgùt :

c. @dùrcibci 4mnuad )cgrci drkuuibci hdibci `dkgncibci )cgrci /cib drndgkci

hcrg trc`tus bcstrmgitdstgicn hcnca edsds ctcu auitckci ?dadsgs<.

. Vdruckci iutrgsg ùrcib hcrg `dutukci tuuk drkuuibci hdibci `dkgncibci

)cgrci c`gct hgcrd, hci csupci )cgrci /cib tghc` chdùct.

). (dsg`m adiuncr`ci gied`sg drkuuibci hdibci ag`rmmrbcigsad /cib adibgi4csg

trc`tus bcstrmditdstgicn.

h. @drusc`ci gitdbrgtcs ùngt drkuuibci hdibci grgtcsg `crdic hded`csg /cib sdrgib

hci edsds /cib )cgr.

d. Cisgdtcs ?tcùt< drkuuibci hdibci pdrpgsckci hdibci mrcib tuc, ngibùibci tghc`

`dicn, prmsdhur /cib adigaun`ci strdss.

!. 0itdr4disg hci rcsgmicn

Adiurut Hmiic . 6mib ?!""7< hci \mhg`gi ?!"33<, 0itdr4disg `dpdrcwctci hci

rcsgmicn /cib auib`gi aui)un pchc sdtgcp Hgcbimsc @dpdrcwctci citcrc ncgi sdcbcg

drgùt :



+< Vdrtckci`ci csupci hci `dnucrci )cgrci ?urgid, edsds hci )cgrci<.

(csgmicn : uitu` adibd4cnucsg `dded`tgeci gitdr4disg.

$< Vcitcu drct ;digs urgid sdtgcp % ;ca ctcu sdsucg gihg`csg.

(csgmicn : uitu` adigncg stctus kghrcsg.

< *gacib drct chci cic`

(csgmicn : uitu` adigncg `dchcci hdkghrcsg.

%< @c;g tcihc8tcihc 4gtcn ?**<, turbmr ùngt, adarci au`msc, hci stctus aditcn.

(csgmicn : uitu` adigncg stctus kghrcsg.

7< &gihcrg acsu`ci )cgrci sdpdrtg ;us uck, agiuaci dr`crmict, hci bdnctgi.

(csgmicn : @crdic )cgrci gig gcsci/c tgibbg `crmkghrct, rdihck dnd`trmngt hci

adapui/cg msamncngtcs tgibbg.

. Vdruckci iutrgsg ùrcib hcrg `dutukci tuuk drkuuibci hdibci `dkgncibci

)cgrci c`gct hgcrd, hci csupci )cgrci /cib tghc` chdùct.

1ctcsci `crc`tdrgstg` ac/mr chcnck csupci ac`cici tghc` chdùct, chci/c

pdiuruici drct chci. 9itu` ctcsci `crc`tdrgstg` agimr chcnck drct chci . 9itu`

ctcsci `crc`tdrgstg` agimr chcnck drct chci 3"5 scapcg !"5 ctcundgk hgcwck

drct chci ghdcn uitu` tgibbg hci `drcib`c tuuk, `dndackci mtmt hci i/drg td`ci.

1ctcsci `crc`tdrgstg` adiurut Icihc ?!"3"< chcnck `rca chmadi, i/drg

chmadi, drct chc !"5 ctcu ndgk hg cwck drct chc ghdcn, hgcrd, gsgib usus

kgpdrc`tge, ùrcib ac`cici, ùrcib giemracsg, hci ùrcib agict pchc ac`cici.

Gid*>dig &$i _$g+i$ 1

3< \dtdnck rdkghrcsg, gistru`sg ci gu adnci;ut`ci pdadrgci C\0.

(csgmicn : tgihc`ci gig )dihdruibc aidburcibg gitdisgtcs hci ncaci/c sc`gt.

!< &gihcrg pdadrgci hgdt pgscib, drcs, cpdn, hci rmtg pcibbcib ctcu tdk.



(csgmicn :@crdic hgdt gig adagng`g `cihuibci didrbg hci prmtdgi /cib rdihck,

`cihuibci kghrct crcib /cib tdrncapcug tgibbg.

#< Cactg hci )ctct rdspmi cic` tdrkchcp pdadrgci ac`cici.

(csgmicn : uitu` adigncg tmndrcisg cic` tdrkchcp ac`cici=susu emraunc /cib

hgdrg`ci.

< 1drg tcku `dnucrbc uitu` adidrcp`ci hgdt /cib tdpct.

(csgmicn : uitu` adibkcsgn`ci `dpctukci tdrkchcp prmbrca tdrcpdutg`.

+< Amigtmr drct chci pcsgdi sdsucg gihg`csg. ?Icihc, !""<

(csgmicn : uitu` adigncg `dchcci hdkghrcsg. ?. 6mib, !""7<

$< \dhgc`ci ac`cici /cib sdsucg hdibci `dsu`cci pcsgdi hci prmbrca hgdt.

?Icihc,!""<

(csgmicn : pdadrgci `dacng sd)crc hgig ac`cici /cib gcsc hg`misuasg c`ci

adacwc aciecct adiburcibg erd`udisg hded`csg hci adagigacn`ci pdiuruici

drct chci sdrtc adapdrpdihd` ncac sc`gt. ?. 6mib, !""7<

). (gsg`m adiuncr`ci gied`sg drkuuibci hdibci ag`rmmrbcigsad /cib adikgi4csg

trc`tus bcstrmgitdstgicn = -0.

1ctcsci @crc`tdrgtg` adiurut Idwegdnh ?!""<: @urcibi/c pdibdtckuci uitu`

adibkgihcrg pcpcrci pctmbdi, `drusc`ci ;crgibci hci pdigib`ctci pcpcrci

ngib`uibci, acniutrgsg, tghc` adachcg gauigtcs hci ctcsci `crc`tdrgstg` adiurut

>crpdigtm ?!""$< :

3. Vdruckci ctcu gisuegsgdisg ndu`msgt, gauimhdegsgdisg, hdaca, urgid `druk,

`dsungtci ac`ci, auitck, `dtghc`stcgnci suku, ndtcrbg.


3< 0apndaditcsg`ci `dwcspchcci stcihcr pdibdihcngci gied`sg ncgii/c hgruack sc`gt

/cib adngputg pdaucibci edsds sdrtc pdi/gsgkci crcib8crcib )u)gci /cib tdpcthci pdicapuibci spd)gadi /cib tdpct.



(csgmicn : uitu` adiburcibg rgsg`m pdi/dcrci gied`sg

!< Vdrtckci`ci dgcscci adi)u)g tcibci /cib )dract

(csgmicn : uitu` adiburcibg rgsg`m pdi/dcrci gied`sg.

#< Vcscib pmpm` hdibci tdpct hci rcpct

(csgmicn : uitu` adiburcibg `dauib`gici rdsg`m pdi/dcrci gied`sg.

< -uic`ci pmpm` hgspmsgdn /cib supdrcsmrdi.

(csgmicn : uitu` adickci edsds pchc tdapcti/c hci adiburcibg `dauib`gici

tdr;chgi/c hdractgtgs pmpm`.

+< 9pc/c`ci c/g hci cic` `d)gn tghc` adndtc``ci tcibcii/c hci dihc cpcpui pchc

hcdrck /cib tdr`mitcagicsg.

(csgmicn : uitu` adiburcibg rgsg`m pdi/dcrci gied`sg.

$< 1gnc auib gi c;cr`ci tgihc`ci prmtd`tge dpchc cic .

(csgmicn : uitu` adi)dbck pdi/dcrci gied`sg sdpdrtg adagcscì adi)u)g

tcibci sdtdnck adibbuic`ci tmgndt..

< Ci;ur`ci pcsgdi uitu` adagiua mct citggmtg` sdsucg prmbrca. ?Icihc, !""<

%< @mncmrcsg hdibci adhgs uitu` pdadrgci tdrcpg sdsucg gihg`csg hci pdadrg`scci

ncmrctmrgua. ?Icihc, !""<

h. @drusc`ci gitdbrgtcs ùngt drkuuibci hdibci grgtcsg `crdic hded`csg /cib sdrgib

hci edsds )cgr.

1ctcsci `crc`tdrgstg` ac/mr : bcibbuci dpghdrags hci hdrags. 9itu` ctcsci

`crc`tdrgstg` agimr : nd)dt, ;crgibci id rmtg` ?wcric, `misgstdisg, pdnd`ctci< hci

;uanck.


3< -citg pmpm` hdibci sdrgib

(csgmicn : uitu` adi;cbc cbcr ùngt tdtcp drsgk hci `drgib.



!< 1drsgk`ci cbgci m`mib sd)crg kctg8kctg hdibci scui nuic` imi cn`cngs hci cgr.

(csgmicn : `crdic edsds pcsgdi hgcrd drsgect scibct grgtcsg pchc ùngt.

#< nds`ci scndp sdpdrtg 'gi` m`sghc.

(csgmicn : uitu` adngihuibg ùngt tdrkchcp grgtcsg ?tgpd scndpi/c gsc drdhc cbg

sdtgcp cic` hci auib`gi adadrnu`ci wc`tu uitu` adi)mci/c hckunu <.

< 1gnc auib gi gcr`ci ùngtutuk /cib drwcric cbc` adrck tdr`dic uhcrc.

(csgmicn : uitu` adadpdr)dpct `dsdaukci.

+< &gihcrg pdac`cgci tgsu pdadrsgk `madrsgcn /cib adibcihuib cn`mkmn pchc ùngt

/cib adibcncag d`s`mrgcsg.

(csgmicn : `crdic pdibbuicci tgsu gig c`ci adigaun`ci rcsc pdrgk.

d. Cisgdtcs ?tcùt< drkuuibci hdibci `dtdrpgsckci cic` hcrg mrcib tuci/c,

ngibùibci tghc` gcsc, hci prmsdhur /cib adigaun`ci hgstrdss.

1ctcsci `crc`tdrgstg` adiurut Icihc I0> O I> ?!""< citcrc ncgi: bdngsck,

rdsck, `dtcùtci, `dsdhgkci /cib adihcnca, auhck tdrsgibbuib.

Gid*>dig &$i _$g+i$1

3< cù`ci pdrcwctci aunut hci drg`ci hmt `dpchc c/g

(csgmicn : uitu` adadrg`ci rcsc i/caci.

!< Ci;ur`ci ùi;uibci hci pcrtgsgpcsg `dnucrbc hcnca pdrcwctci cic` sdsucg

`dacapuci dnucrbc.

(csgmicn : uitu` adi)dbck strdss pchc cic` `crdic drpgsck hdibci `dnucrbc.

#< \dituk, pdnu`, hci g)crc hdibci cic` sdci/c` auib`gi

(csgmicn : uitu` adadrg`ci rcsc i/caci hci adiburcibg strdss.

< cù`ci stgaunus hci pdibcngkci sdismrg` /cib sdsucg hdibci tgib`ct hci `mihgsg

pdr`dacibci cic`

(csgmicn : uitu` adigib`ct`ci pdrtuaukci hci pdr`dacibci /cib mptgacn.



0stgcitmrm, F.&., O .&.\. -ci. ?!""<. Vdigsgngi, sd)cnmspmrgi, hci citgogmtg`c odtc nc`tca

ncgiiyc8 crac`mnmbg hci tdrcpg. ?2hgsg @ddapct<. 9ig4drsgtcs 0ihmidsgc, Lc`crtc

@dadi`ds (0. ?!"33<. 4"ndtgi 5dihdnc ?ctc. Vdibdihcngci hgcrd hg gihmidsgc, 4mn. !, trgwunci

!, kcn. 378!+

@gdsdwdttdr, 1., O (chdrdr, A. ?!"3#<. Dibn 5 /dh. ihcisdtrmi emr hgcrrkdc cssm)gctdh

wgtk idurmdihm)rgid tuamrs, 4mn. #$%, im. !", kcn. 37837%

u`c)g`, A., *kmacs, (.., O Crcihc, L.. ?!""%<. Vdhgctrgls. C adtc8cicn/sgs me tkd deed)ts

me mrcn 'gi) gi tkd trdctadit me c)utd cih pdrsgstdit hgcrrkmdc, 4mn. 3!3, im. !, kcn.

#!$8##$

Vmdrwctg, 2ihcib. ?!"3#<. 5"ricn 3dhm`tdrci 4rc2g&cyc. Hdtdragici ncac rcwct gicp pcsgdi

cngtc hdibci hgcrd, 4mn. !, im. , kcn. !38!

(uhg, A.A. ?!""$<. Vdibcr"k pdaodrgci lcgrci rgibdr nc`tct hg ocihgib`ci icln ;,7:

tdrkchcp `dsdgaocibci cscaocsc pchc pcsgdi sdltgm lcdscrgc hdibci cidstdsg

rdbgmicn. 9ig4drsgtcs Hgpmidbmrm, \dacrcib. Hgc`sds tcibbcn 3" Im4dadr !"3+

pchc kttp:==dprgits.uihgp.c).gh=3%#7=

\gswghgcscrg, Crgecig, Cstutg, @.6., O Fmwcig, \.>. ?!"3<. 5"ricn 3gagc. Vrmegn tdrcpg mct

pchc pcsgdi rcwct gicp hdibci hgcrd cùt pchc cic` hg ruack sc`gt uaua idbcrc,

4mn. %, im. !, kcn. 3%#837"

\gswcihmim, O \md`crh;m, 1. ?!""<. Vdrci `gagc adhgsgicn hcnca pdibdaocibci hci

pdida"ci moct ocr". 9ig4drsgtcs Cgrncibbc \urcc/c. Hgc`sds tcibbcn 3"

Im4dadr !"3+ pchc kttps:== chni.ng.uicgr.c).gh5!egnds

5!hgs`35!%3!5!bhnku8bhn8brd/8!"3+8sgswcihmim8"+8pb.37838

p.phe *gdhdr, L.\., (mdrtsmi, C., O -crrgsmi, A.A. ?!""7<. Vdhgctrgls. Vdhgctrg)s

kmspgtcn chkdrdi)d tm tkd stcihcrh me )crd emr c)utd bcstrmditdrgtgs, 4mn. 3!, im.$,

kcn. 3"%383"%

\ukcr/mim, 1mdhgcrsm, C., O &cngaui, 2.A. ?!""#<. %cstrmditdrmnmbg cic` prc`tgs. 2hgsg `d8

, kcn. +38$. Lc`crtc: cùntcs @dhm`tdrci 9ig4drsgtcs 0ihmidsgc

*gdhdr, L.\., (mdrtsmi, C., O -crrgsmi, A.A. ?!""7<. Vdhgctrgls. Vdhgctrg)s kmspgtcn

chkdrdi)d tm tkd stcihcrh me )crd emr c)utd bcstrmditdrgtgs, 4mn. 3!, im.$, kcn. 3"%38

3"%

9neck, Acrgc., (ustgic, Fdig., O 6cihc, Hdssgd. ?!"3!<. 5"ricn 3dpdrc2ctci 6ihmidsgc. Dgi`

ded`tge adibctcsg hgcrd cùt pchc cngtc, 4mn. 3+, im. !, kcn. 3#83!

6cspchc, 0 Achd 0ihrc. ?!"3!<. \"pndaditcsg prmogmtg` pchc tdrcpg stcihcr (gil hci lcgrci

rdkghrcsg mrcn pchc cic` "sgc 0>0 o"nci hdibci hgcrd c`"t. 9ig4drsgtcs 0ihmidsgc,

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