kuliah dr tan

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ggWhat cant heteacher doto carry out that role?State objectivesGuide student behaviour with cues arrange reinforcing consequencest immediatelyfollow student s behaviour What is the student s primary responsibilities?Respond to cues Behavioural Perspective What is learning?Achange in the probability of a behaviour occuringWhat is the learning process?Antecedent behaviour consequence What is the teacher s Arrange external contingencies COMPARISONS:THEORETICALPERSPECTIVESOFLEARNINGPrimary role?ggWhat cant he teacher do to carry out that role?State objectives guide student behaviour with cues arrange reinforcing consequence stoimmediately follow student s behaviour What is the student s primary responsibilities?Respondtocues

Cognitiv ist Perspective What is learning?A change in knowledge stored in memory What is the learning process?Attention encoding retrieval of information from memory What is the teacher sil?Arrange conditions to support memory COMPARISONS:

THE OR ETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF LEARNINGPrimary role?Processes What can the teacher do to carry out that role?

Organise new information link new information to existing knowledgeUse avariety of attention,encoding and retrieval aids What is the student s primary responsibilities?ActivelysynthesizeinformationCognitivistPerspectiveWhatislearning?AchangeinknowledgestoredinmemoryWhatisthelearningprocess?Attention EncodingretrievalofinformationfrommemoryWhatistheteacher sil?ArrangeconditionstosupportmemoryCOMPARISONS:THEORETICALPERSPECTIVESOFLEARNINGDr.CKTan,

UMS7primaryrole?processesWhatcantheteacherdotocarryoutthatrole? organisenewinformation linknewinformationtoexistingknowledge useavarietyofattention,encodingandretrievalaidsWhatisthestudent sprimaryresponsibilities?Activelysynthesizeinformation

ConstructivistPerspectiveWhatislearning?AchangeinmeaningconstructedfromexperienceWhatisthelearningprocess?RepeatedgroupdialogueandcollaborativeproblemsolvingWhatistheteacher sprimaryrole?ModelandguideCOMPARISONS:THEORETICALPERSPECTIVESOFLEARNINGDr.CKTan,UMS8


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pyWhatcantheteacherdotocarryoutthatrole? provideopportunitiestosolverealisticandmeaningfulproblems providegrouplearningactivities modelandguidetheprocessofconstructingknowledgewithinthecontextofmutualproblemsolvingWhatisthestudent sprimaryresponsibilities?ExplorelikeascientistConstructivistPerspectiveWhatislearning?AchangeinmeaningconstructedfromexperienceWhatisthelearningprocess?RepeatedgroupdialogueandcollaborativeproblemsolvingWhatistheteacher sprimaryrole?ModelandguideCOMPARISONS:THEORETICALPERSPECTIVESOFLEARNINGDr.CKTan,UMS8pyWhatcantheteacherdotocarryoutthatrole? provideopportunitiestosolverealisticandmeaningfulproblems providegrouplearningactivities modelandguidetheprocessofconstructingknowledgewithinthecontextofmutualproblemsolvingWhatisthestudent sprimaryresponsibilities?Explorelikeascientist

INSTRUCTIONALMETHODSCooperativelearningCooperativelearningCooperativelearningCooperativelearningDiscoveryDiscoveryDiscoveryDiscoveryProblemsolvingProblemsolvingProblemsolvingProblemsolvingInstructionalgamesInstructionalgamesInstructionalgamesInstructionalgamesSimulationSimulationSimulationSimulationDiscussionDiscussionDiscussionDiscussionDrillandpracticeDrillandpracticeDrillandpracticeDrillandpracticeTutorialTutorialTutorialTutorialDemonstrationDemonstrationDemonstrationDemonstrationPresentationPresentationPresentationPresentationDr.CKTan,

UMS9

CCCoooooopppeeer

rraaatttiiivvveeeLLLeeeaaar


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oonnnssstttrrruuuccctttiiivvviiisssttt

TG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan

10

Examplesoncooperativelearning:

Inascienceproject,onestudentisassigned

tosearchtheinternet,anothergoesthelibraryforbackgroundresearchandothers

designandconductexperiments;thenmeettodiscuss

Implementation


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ofcooperativelearningcanalsobecomputer-based(infosharingviaonlineforums,e-mailing)

11TG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan

DDDiiissscccooovvveeerrryyyLLLe

eeaaarrrnnniiinnngggMMMeeettthhhoood

dd

Discoverylearningtakesplaceinproblemsolving


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situationswherethelearnerdrawsonhisorherownpastexperienceandexisting

knowledgetodiscoverfactsandrelationshipsandnew

truthstobe learned.Models that are based upon discovery learningmodelinclude:guideddiscovery,problem-basedlearning,simulation-based

learning,case-basedlearning,incidentallearningandetc.

Discoverylearningisinquiry-

basedandwascreatedbyBruner,JS(1967)


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J.S.(1967)AAApppppprrroooaaaccchhh:::CCCooonnnssstttrrruuucccttti

iivvviiisssttt

TG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan

12

PPPrrrooobbbllleeemmmSSSo

oolllvvviiinnngggMMMeeettth


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hhoooddd

Problemsolvingisamentalprocessandispartofthelargerproblemprocessthatincludesproblemfindingandproblem

shaping.Problem-BasedLearningisawaytoimprovemotivation,thinking,adnlearning.Thereare

severalproblemsolvingtechniquesincluding;introspection,behaviorism,simulationandcomputermodeling,andexperiment.

(Source:Wikipedia)

Approach:Approach:CognitivistCognitivist


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TG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan

13

IIInnnssstttrrruuuccctttiiiooonnnaaalllG

GGaaammmeeesssMMMeeettthhhoooddd

Instructionalgamesarelearningactivitiesthatencouragestudentsto

performormastertargetedconcepts/skills/strategiesinaparticularlearningtask.


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Examplesofinstructionalgamesincludecheckers,cards,dice,spinnersandgameboards(includinggamesusingcomputer).Instructionalgamescanbeimplementedin

individualizedlearningsituations,smallgrouplearningsituationsandwholeclasslearningsituations.Keyword:

learningisfun

Approach:Approach:BehaviouristBehaviouristTG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan

14

SSSiiimmmuuullla


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aatttiiiooonnnMMMeeettthhhoooddd

Simulationmethodis:

Theactofimitatingthebehaviour

ofsomesituationorsomeprocessbymeansofsomethingsuitablyanalogous

AnICTtechniqueofrepresentingtherealworldbyacomputerprogram

Model:representationofsomething(sometimesonasmallerscale)


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needstobedoneitshouldnotbemorethan12members.Smallgroupdiscussionismorefavourableorthebuzzgroupmethodwhere

discussionstartsoffwithpairsandlatermergedintolargergroupsforfurther

discussion(comparisonofideas)

Approach:Approach:ConstructivistConstructivistTG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan

16

DDDrrriiil


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lllllaaannndddPPPrrraaaccctttiiiccceeeMMMeeettthhhoooddd

DrillandPracticemethodisoneofthemosteffectiveinstructionaltechniquesin

learning.Ithelpstoimprovethelearner sskillsandreadinesslevels,adjustingboth

practicerepetitionsandnewcontentintroductionintheprocess.For


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example,thecorrectivefeedbackparadigmsetsaneffectivepatternfortherehearsaloffailedproblems

(Source:Allen,M.W.(2006)

)

Approach:Approach:BehaviouristBehaviouristTG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan

17

TTTuuutttooorrriiiaaalllMMMe

eettthhhoooddd

Thetutorialmethodis


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asequentialsmallgroupdiscussionthatderivesfromthemainlecturegroup.Studentsareencouragedtoparticipateintutorialdiscussiononlecturetopicsto

motivateandreinforceunderstandingofconceptsthatarebeinglectured.Itismore

orlesssimilartoquestioning(bystudents)andanswering(bycourse

lecturer/tutors)sessions.

Approach:Approach:ConstructivistConstructivistTG20503,Dr.C.K.Tan


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18

DDDeeemmmooonnnssstttrrraaatttiiiooonnnMMMeeettth

hhoooddd

Thedemonstrationmethodisaninstructionalmethodinwhich

aninstructorshowsandexplainstoenrichandincreasethelearner'sunderstanding.The

effectivedemonstrationinvolvestelling,showing,questioning,andapplication.Whenskill


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developmentisthedesiredoutcome,practicemustbeincludedasamajorcomponentofthe

method.Thismethodisalsoknownas

imitationlearningor

teachingbyshowing.Itisquitesimilar

tosimulationbutusuallydonebyhumanorcanbedonewiththe

helpofmodels(robots)orrecordedvideosTG20503,Dr.


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C.K.Tan19Approach:Approach:BehaviouristBehaviourist(robots)orrecordedvideos.

PPPrrreeessseeennntttaaatttiiiooon

nnMMMeeettthhhoooddd

Presentationmethodis:

Theactofpresenting,orsomethingpresented

A

lectureorspeechgiveninfrontofanaudience(


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Source:Wikipedia)Presentationusingcomputerslidesisknownaselectronicpresentationanditisusuallya1-waytrafficandsomeminimalinteractionswith

theaudienceareusuallyallowedafterthepresentation

AAApppp

pprrroooaaaccchhh:::BBBeeehhhaaavvvi

iiooouuurrriiisssttt

TG20503,


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Dr.C.K.Tan

20

INSTRUCTIONALTECHNIQUESFocusingquestionsFocusingquestionsFocusingquestionsFocusingquestionsHighlightingHighlightingHighlightingHighlightingAnalogiesAnalogiesAnalogiesAnalogiesMnemonicsMnemonicsMnemonicsMnemonicsImageryImageryImageryImagerygygygygyConceptmapsConceptmapsConceptmapsConceptmapsEmbeddedquestionsEmbeddedquestionsEmbeddedquestionsEmbeddedquestionsFeedbackFeedbackFeedbackFeedbackCasestudiesCasestudiesCasestudiesCasestudiesRoleplayingRoleplayingRoleplayingRoleplayingDr.CKTan,UMS21

Sub-topikpengajaran:

LATIHANKaedah:

Contoh-contohaktiviti:

Teknik:

PADAMTEKS

Dr.CKTan,UMS

22

TYPESOFMEDIAwithATTRIBUTESInstructionalMediaKeyAttributesRealobjectsandmodelsActualitemor3-DrepresentationTextWrittenwordsVideoMovingpicturesAudioSoundGraphics(visuals,slides,overheadtransparencies)


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Pictures,linedrawings,mapsMultimediaCombinationofvariousmediaformsDr.CKTan,UMS23

Acomputer-basedprocessthatWHATISMULTIMEDIA?combinestext,graphics,sound,animation,

andvideotocreateanapplicationthatcanbeusedtoinform,entertain,

educate,ormotivate.

JamesEShuman(2000)

24Dr.CK

Tan,UMS

CAIandIMIComputer-AssistedInstruction(


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CAI)isdefinedasthecomputerstorageofinstructionalmaterials,thepresentationofapartofthemtothelearnerandtheevaluationof

thelearner sresponses

Kropp,1970

IMIisdefined

asaninstructionalprogramintentionallydesignedinsegments,coherentandinteractivewithresponses.

Itmustbeinteractivewithresponsesandguidancefromit


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Schwier&Misanchuk,1993

Dr.CKTan,UMS

25

MULTIMEDIARESEARCHAresearchbyComputerTechnologyResearch(CTR)in1993showedthatanindividualcanunderstandandlearn:

20%ofwhattheysee

30%ofwhat

theyhear

50%ofwhattheyseeandhear

80%

ofwhattheysee,hearanddoFindingsindicatedthat


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averagelearningtimehasbeenreducedsignificantlyandachievementlevelsincreasedwhenmultimediaisusedforlearning

Prof.JamesKulik,1985,1986,

1991,1994

Dr.CKTan,UMS

26

MULTIMEDIA RESEARCHDr. CK Tan, UMS 27Sumber: Brent dan Felder (1997) dalamhttp://courses.science.fau.edu/~rjordan/active_learning.htm

THELEARNINGPIRAMIDThelearningpiramid(

Source:inHofstetter,F.T.,2001)

Dr.CK


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Tan,UMS

28

Apakahkebaikandankeburukanmultimedia?KEBAIKANKEBURUKANPADAMTEKS

Dr.CKTan,UMS

29

ADVANTAGESOFMULTIMEDIATheadvantagesofmultimediaareasfollow:learningwillbemoreeffectivewiththeintegrationofvariousmultimediaelements

willcapturethe

interestandmotivationofthelearner

learnercanlearnathis/herown

freetime/will/pace(self-paced,self-directed,self-access)

noteachingmanpower


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isneeded(roleasfacilitatoronly).Inaddition,itsavescostandtime.

lotsoflearningmaterialsandsourcesareincorporated

inamultimediapresentation30Dr.CKTan,UMS

TYPESOFMULTIMEDIASOFTWARETYPESOFMULTIMEDIASOFTWAREThereare9typesofmultimediasoftware:

1.Image

editingandpainting2.Drawingapplications3.3-Dand


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animation4.4.SoundeditingSoundediting

5.Videoediting6.Presentationsoftware7.Multimediaauthoring8.Specialeffects/utilitiesprograms9.Internet

programs31Dr.CKTan,UMS

IMAGEEDITINGSOFTWAREExamplesofimageeditingandpaintingsoftware:1.Adobe

Photoshop2.MicrosoftPaint3.PaintShopPro4.AdobePageMakerDr.CKTan,

UMS32

DRAWINGAPPLICATIONSExamplesofdrawingapplications:1.Freehand


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(Macromedia)2.MicrosoftPaint3.Illustrator(Adobe)4.CorelDraw5.MacromediaFlashDr.CKTan,UMS33

3-DANIMATIONSOFTWAREExamplesof3-Danimationsoftware:1.Asymetrix3D-FX2.Autodesk3DStudio3.3DStudioMax

4.Lightwave3DDr.CKTan,UMS34

SOUNDEDITINGSOFTWAREExamplesofsoundeditingsoftware:1.SoundEdit2.NeroWaveEdit3.GoldWave4.SoundForge


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Dr.CKTan,UMS35

VIDEOEDITINGSOFTWAREExamplesofvideoeditingsoftware:1.UleadVideoSystem2.IfilmEdit3.MGIVideoSystem4.QuickTime

VRDr.CKTan,UMS36

PRESENTATIONSOFTWAREExamplesofpresentationsoftware:1.

PowerPoint2.MacromediaFlash3.Astound4.Action!Dr.CKTan,UMS

37

MULTIMEDIAAUTHORINGTOOLSExamplesofmultimediaauthoringtools:1.AsymetrixToolbook


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Assistant2.AsymetrixToolbookInstructor3.MacromediaDirector4.MacromediaAuthorware5.HyperStudioDr.CKTan,UMS38

SPECIALEFFECTS/UTILIESSOFTWAREExamplesofspecialeffects/utilitiessoftware:

1.Kai sPowerTools2.FlyingFonts3.AdobeAfterEffect4.GifConstruction

SetDr.CKTan,UMS39

INTERNETTOOLSExamplesofinternettools:INTERNETTOOLSExamplesofinternettools:

1.MicrosoftFrontPage2.MacromediaDreamweaver3MMacromediaShockwavedi


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Shk3.4.RealCoolections-RealPresenter-RealProducer-RealSlideShowDr.CKTan,UMS40

KlasifikasiMultimedia

dalamPengajarandanPembelajaran(Sumber:IsmailZain, 2002)

Dr.CKTan,UMS

41

MULTIMEDIA COMPONENTSGraphicsAudioCdsDr. CK Tan, UMS 42AnimationVideo

T EX TT e xtisan


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e f f e ct i vewaytoco m m u n i ca tei d e asa ndp ro vi dei n st ru ct i o ns

tou se rsTEXTTextisaneffectivewaytocommunicateideas

andprovideinstructionstousersFontClassificationClassificationoffont:

Serif

Sansserif

Squareserif

Script

Decorative


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/Alternative43Dr.CKTan,UMS

FontClassification

SERIFDr.CKTan,UMS44

FontClassification

SANS-SERIFDr.CKTan,UMS

45

FontClassificationSQUARE-SERIFFontClassificationSQUARE-SERIFDr.CKTan,

UMS

46

FontClassification


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SCRIPTDr.CKTan,UMS47

FontClassificationDECORATIVE&ALTERNATIVEDr.CKTan,UMS48FontClassificationDECORATIVE&ALTERNATIVE

Dr.CKTan,UMS48

NeverhavethisschemeinyourpresentationClashscheme

Dr.

CKTan,UMS

49

GRAPHICSAgraphicissaid

tobeworthathousandwordsifitisshown


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whenitisneeded

Basically,thereare2kindsofgraphics:

Basically,thereare2kindsofgraphics:

bitmaps(basedonpixels)

vectorimages(basedonmathematicalequations)

Dr.CKTan,UMS

50

Graphicimages

Adigitaldisplay isdividedintodiscrete, individuallyaddressablepoints


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calledpixels

Imagesareproducedbyassigningacolorandintensitytoeach pixel51Dr.CKTan,UMS

Vector

Graphics

Itisstoredasasetofinstructionwhich

describethedimensionandshapeofevery componentofthedrawing

Todisplay

avectorgraphic,each

Todisplayavectorgraphic,


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eachinstruction isreadand convertedtotheshapesand colorsthatcomprisetheimage

Created by DRAW programs(CorelDraw,MacDraw,etc.)52Dr.CKTan,UMS

VectorGraphics

Advantages:

Objectorientation:

objectsinagraphiccanbemanipulatedseparately

Goodforlineart

andcharts

Goodforlineartandcharts


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Disadvantages:

Thelargerthegraphic,thelongerittakestorendertheimage53Dr.CKTan,UMS

Bit

Maps

Itisstoredasasetofbitsin

computermemorythatdefinethecolorand intensityofeachpixelinanimage

Created by digitizingimages

Created by digitizingimages(photo,artwork)


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orusing PAINTprograms(PCPaintbrush,PaintShopPro, etc.)

Alsocalledrasterorpixelmaps54Dr.CKTan,UMS

BitMaps

Advantages:

Candisplayfasterthanvectorgraphics

Goodforreproducingimageswithcomplexvariationsincolor,shadinganddetail

Disadvantages:

Requiremorediskspace

Fixedresolution


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canleadtoscalabilityproblems55Dr.CKTan,UMS

ImageDepth

Imagedepthreferstothe

maximalnumberofcolorsusedinbitmap

Eachpixelcanhave1

ormorebitsofcolorinformationattachedtoitBitsColorsUses1

2Text,linedrawing416Simpledrawings,graphics8


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256Naturalimages2416.7MPhotographicrealismDr.CKTan,UMS

56

ImageFileSize

Size

(inbytes)=(HeightxWidthxColorDepth)/8

Samplefilesizefordifferentimagessizeandcolordepths:

Monocrome:

(640x480x1bit)/8(


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)/=38KB

256colors:(640x480x8bits)/8=307KB

16Mcolors:

(640x480x24bits)/8=922KB57

Dr.CKTan,UMS

Images:Issues

Highqualityimages

Bigfilesize

High


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resolutions

Imagerequirementwillaffecthardwareandsoftwareselectionsincludingauthoringandgraphicsoftware,videographicsadapter,diskspaceanddatatransferrate

58Dr.CKTan,UMS

Techniques

Techniquesforreducingimagesize:

Reducesizeofheightand/orwidthof

image

Reducethenumberofcolors(ex:image


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depth)

Imagedatacompression59Dr.CKTan,UMS

ImageCompression

Datacompressionreducesfilesize

byeliminatingredundancy

Compressioninvolvestwoparts:compressionanddecompressioncalled

codecsTwotypesofdatacompression:

Lossless

outputisexactly

thesamecompression(usedforprogramsanddata)(


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donebyPKZIP,stacker)60Dr.CKTan,UMS

ImageCompression

Secondtypeofdatacompression:

Lossyasetofdatawillundergoalossofaccuracyafter

compression.Typicallyusedonimageorgraphics,animation,gp,,g

audioandvideo

Eliminatesinfothatis


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difficultforoureyestodetect(Ex:eyeislesssensitivetochangeincolorthanitistochangeinintensityDr.

CKTan,UMS

61

Somegraphicimageformats

Bitmap(.bmp)

InternalformatusedbyWindows

GraphicsInterchangeFormat(.gif).Usedtotransmit


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andexchangeimagesbetweenplatformsJointpg

PhotographicExpertGroup(.jpg/.jpeg)

Offersthegreatestcompression(10:

1withoutvisibleloss)62Dr.CKTan,UMS

Animationistheuseofacomputertocreatemovementonthescreen

ANIMATIONFrameanimation(makesframed-objectsmoveon


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thescreen)

Morphing(transitionfromoneshapeintoanother)

Dr.CKTan,UMS

63

The

conceptofanimationisto:

Bringtolife

Creating

motionBreathelifeinto

Inspirit

inspire64Dr.CKTan,

UMS

2-Danimationsoftware:


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AnimatorPro

RioAnimator

Animator

Toons65Dr.CKTan,UMS

3-Danimation

software:

3-DStudio

Topas

Playmotion

PlaymotionFlyingfonts

Lightwave

3D-FX66Dr.CKTan,

UMS

AUDIOAudiocanbeanyform


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ofrecordedvoiceormusicorbothAUDIOAudiocanbeanyformofrecordedvoiceormusicorbothWhyisaudioused?

Conveymeaning

provideextrachannelofinfotoaudiencechannelofinfotoaudience

Differentlearner,differentlearningstrategies(liveweblecture)

Addsense

ofrealism,sensation

Directingattentiontoimportantevents


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FacilitatecommunicationDr.CKTan,UMS

67

Voice

68

Voiceisanaloguewaves

Voiceis

audionarration(whispers,cries, shouts,etc)

Expressedindecibels(db)

Expressedindecibels(db)dBWattsExamples19525-40mSaturnrocket

170100,000Jetengine700.00001Voice300.000000001Whispers


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Dr.CKTan,UMS

Termsrelatedtoaudio

Volumeispeakofthewavelength

Frequency is

thedistancebetween theaudio waves

If1000 wavesarerepeatedinasecond

1000 Hzor1 KHz

Sampling istheprocessofdigitizinganaloguesignals69Dr.

CKTan,UMS

Termsrelatedto


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audio

Thereare3 mainsamplingrateforaudio

11, 22.05and44.1 KHz

Samplesizeiseither8 or16plbit

Channeliseitherstereoormono70Dr.CKTan,UMS

Comparison

CommentSamplingrateSample

sizeBytesCDQuality44KHz16bit10MB


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ClosetoCD22KHz16bit5MBVoicequality11KHz16bit2.5MBDr.CKTan,UMS

71

AudioFileCalculation

Formula Filesize

=samplingrateXrecordingdurationinsecondX(Samplesizein

bits/8)Xnumberofchannels Example:10seconds


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ofrecordingat22.05kHz,8bitresolutionandmonochannel =22050x10x(8/8)x1 =

220500bytes72Dr.CKTan,UMS

VIDEOVideoprovides

arichandlivelyresourceformultimedia

AccordingtoAgnew&Kellerman

(1997),videois:

videois:


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adigitalmediathatshowsasequenceofstillpictureswhichproducesillusionduetomovementsofthepictures

Dr.CKTan,

UMS73

Analogvideo:

continuousvaluesets

thatusesmicrowavestoproducemovingimageslikewhatiswatchonTV

watchonTV

itcannotbeplayedon


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acomputer

whenenlarged,itdoesnotinfluencethevideoquality74Dr.CKTan,UMS

Digitalvideo:

consistsdiscretevaluesbetween0and1

itisplayedon

acomputerandpixel-based

whenenlarged,videoqualitydrops75Dr.

CKTan,UMS

Importanceofvideo


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ineducation:

explainsabstractconcepts

showsmotion/animation

showsthe

realsituation

showstherealsituation

provides

interactionsandresponses(interactivevideos)

givesaffectiveteaching76Dr.CK

Tan,UMS

Somecommonvideofileformats:

.avi

.mpg

mov

.mov


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.gif(animatedgif)Dr.CKTan,UMS77

WebAuthoring78WebAuthoring78

CreatingaWebsite

DesignHomepage

Useweb-authoringprogramsDr.CKTan,UMS

Create

WebSite

Awebsiteisavirtualsitehosted

andadministeredbyaWebServer

Youcancan


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applyforafreewebsiteat:http://geocitiesyahoocom

http://geocities.yahoo.com

After

submittingthee-form,youwillbegivenausernameandpassword.Please

writedownyourwebsite sURL(address)79Dr.CKTan,UMS

CreateWebSite


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Dr.CKTan,UMS

80

Exampleofahomepage

Ahomepageisthemainpage

thathostsyourseriesofwebpages.Itusuallyconsistsofamenu

withhyperlinkstovariousdestination

Dr.CKTan,UMS

81

WebAuthoringPrograms


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AlsoknownasWebpageeditorsorHTMLeditors

HyperTextMarkupLanguage(HTML)isataggedlanguageusedbywebbrowsersto

displaywebpages

ExamplesofWebpageeditors:-MSFrontpage

-MacromediaDreamweaver82Dr.CKTan,UMS

Web

AuthoringReminder

Homepageandwebpagesmust


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beconfinedtoafolder

Allgraphicalobjects/pictures,audioandvideofilesmustfirstbecopiedintothesamefolderbefore

theyarehyperlinked83Dr.CKTan,UMS

Upload

ToWebSite

Allfilesinthefoldermustbe

uploadedtoyourregisteredwebsite

Filesaretransported


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towebsiteusingFileTransferProtocol(FTP)programs()pg

ExamplesofFTPprograms:-WSFTP

Pro-built-inFTPinFrontpageDr.CKTan,UMS84

WSFTPPro

Dr.CKTan,

UMS85

WWWWWhhhhha


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aaaatttttttttthhhhheeeeeeeeeexxxxxpppppeeeeerrrrrtttttssssssssssaaaaayyyyyaaaaabbbbbooooouuuuuttttteeeeeddddduuuuuccccca

aaaatttttiiiiiooooonnnnnaaaaalllllsssssoooooffffftttttwwwwwaaaaar

rrrreeeee

TheprinciplechallengesinInteractiveMultimedia(IMM)are

thoseof

()pedagogyanddesign


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Hooper,1988

Dr.CKTan,UMS

86

PRESENTINFORMATIONPretestARCSStrategyDr.CKTan,UMS87Interaction

MediaTimeKeller sMotivationalModelKeller sMotivationalModelKeller sMotivationalModelKeller sMotivationalModel

Attention

l

RRelevance

ConfidenceSatisfaction88Dr.CKTan,UMS

An

idealmultimediateamforInteractiveMultimediasoftwareproduction:


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instructionaldesigner

hidi

graphicdesigner

animator

audio-videoexperts

programmer

contentexpertsDr.CKTan,UMS

89

InstructionalDesignisthescienceofcreatingdetailed

specificationsforthedevelopment,implementation,evaluationandmaintenanceofsituationsthatfacilitatethe

learningofbothlargeand

llitfbjt


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tttllll

smallunitsofsubjectmatteratalllevelsofcomplexity

Adaptedfrom

TrainingandInstructionalDesign,Applied

ResearchLaboratory,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity

Dr.CKTan,UMS90

MasteryLearningModel

SpecifylearningobjectivesTeaching

andLearningDiagnosticevaluationUnit1DiagnosticevaluationAchievedobjectives


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?Unit2EnrichmentActivitiesRemedialActivitiesDr.CKTan,UMS

91

Dr.CKTan,UMS

92

Dr.CKTan,UMS

93

Typicalmultimediascreenlayoutshouldhavefixedlocationsforcontentarea,navigationalbuttons

andpossiblymenu.Wemustplanthelayoutsothat


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thecontentispresentedwithgoodbalance.Dividethescreenintoregions(Dolayoutanalysis).

Dr.CKTan,UMS

94

Someimportantscreendesignprinciples:

Font:

mustbereadableeasily;withproportionalspacingbetweencharacters

Choosesuitablebackground

colourtoproduceagoodcontrastofyourtext(


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foreground).Usedropshadowstextfor

(foreground).Usedropshadowstextforphotographicbackground

Textandpicturesmustbe

arrangedinsuchawaysothattheylookneat

Alwaysadopt

acommonlookespeciallycolouroftextandbuttons

95Dr.CK

Tan,UMS

Someimportantscreendesign


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principles:

Usemetaphorsforpopularinterfaceslikenext,previousorhomebuttons

Example:

HomePreviousNext

Dr.CKTan,UMS

96

Someimportantscreen

designprinciples:

Interfacesmustbeuser-friendly,functionalandeasy-to-

rememberandconsistentintermoflocation

Certaininterfaces


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canprovidefeedbackafterbeingclickedsothatuserknowthe

afterbeingclickedsothatuserknowtheprogressofcertain

actionExample:Savebutton

Locationofnavigationalbuttonsareusuallyfixed

atonelocationthroughoutthepresentation

97Dr.CKTan,UMS

Interactivity

Interactivityisthe


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mostimportantaspectinlearning

Researchesoninteractivemultimediashowedthatinteractivityisvitalforshowedthatinteractivityisvitalforteachingand

learningeffectiveness

Interactivemultimediacanhelplearnerstogainunderstandingand

problemsolving98Dr.CKTan,UMS

Interactivityis

Allowingacontinuoustwo-waytransfer


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ofinformationbetweenacomputerandthepersonusingit

Phillips(1997)

Theprocessofempowering theusertocontrolpowng t

prtheenvironmentcreatedby thecomputer

Barker(1994)

A

necessaryandfundamentalmechanismforknowledgeacquisitionand thedevelopmentofbothcognitiveand

physicalskills99Dr.CKTan,UMS


78/135

TypesofInteractivity

Sims(1996)describes10typesofinteractivity

Objectinteractivity

Objectsareactivatedthroughmouse

clicksorinputdevices

Linearinteractivity

Forwardandbackwardmovementsof

electronicpages

Hierarchicalinteractivity

Freedomofmovementstoselectedmodulesvia

amenu100Dr.CKTan,UMS


79/135

TypesofInteractivity(cont

)

Supportinginteractivity

Usersareprovidedwithhelpandmessages(simpleto

complex)Updatinginteractivity

Problemsolvingwithprovidedgpdialogueboxes(

discussion)

Constructiveinteractivity

Thesystemcreatesasituationwhereobjects

manipulationcantakeplacetoachievecertainobjectives101Dr.


80/135

CKTan,UMS

TypesofInteractivity(cont )

Reflectiveinteractivity

Usersareprovidedwithanswersfromotherusersforcomparisonpurpose

andself-evaluation

Hyperlinkinteractivity

Usersareprovidedwithvastelectronic

resourcesindatabasestosolveproblemsdynamicallyDr.CKTan,UMS102

TypesofInteractivity(cont )103TypesofInteractivity(cont )103

Non-


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immersivecontextualinteractivity

Virtualrealitytypeofinteractionsusingalltheabovetypesofinteractivity

Immersivevirtualinteractivity

Virtualrealitytype

ofdynamicinteractionsusingalltheabovetypesofinteractivityinacomputer

generatedVRenvironmentDr.CKTan,UMS

ComputerSystems

andComponents

p

104Dr.CK


82/135

Tan,UMS

MicrocomputerHardware

SystemUnit

I/ODevices

SecondaryStorageDr.CKTan,UMS

105

TheMotherboardISAPCIDr.CKTan,UMS106The

MotherboardISAPCIDr.CKTan,UMS106

Memory

RAM(RandomAccessMemory)

holdsprogramsanddata temporary


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volatilememory

ROM(ReadOnlyMemory)yy)(

fixedstart-upinstructions

CMOS(Complementarymetal-oxide

semiconductor)flexiblestart-upinstructionsDr.CKTan,UMS107

RAM(VolatileMemory)

Dr.CKTan,UMS108

MemoryMeasure

U


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UUUUUUUUnnnnnnnnniiiiiiiiitttttttttCCCCCCCCCaaaaaaaaapppppppppaaaaaaaaaccccccccciiiiiiiiitttttttttyyyyyyyyyKilobyte

(KB)1,024bytesMbt(MB)Megabyte(MB)1024

KB1024KBGigabyte(GB)1024MBTerabyte(TB)1024GB

109Dr.CKTan,UMS

Input


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Devices

Mouse

Trackball

Touch-surface

Touchscreen

Lightpen

Joystick110Dr.CKTan,UMS

OutputDevices

CRTs(Cathode-RayTubes)

Flat-PanelorLCD(LiquidCrystalDisplay)-passive-matrixand

active-

matrix(TFT)

Dataprojectors


86/135

(LCDProjectors)111Dr.CKTan,UMS

Printers

Ink-jetPrinter-usesspraytechnology

LaserPrinter-useslaserbeamtoproduceimages

ThermalPrinter-

usesheatelementstoproduceimages

112Dr.CKTan,UMS

Printers

113

Dot


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matrix-usesaseriesofsmallpins(printhead)

Chainprinter-connectedtoseveralcomputers

Plotters-special-purpose

printersDr.CKTan,UMS

HardDisks

Alsoknownasfixeddisk

Metallicdiskswithmultipleplatters

Fastinformation(speedrangesfrom3600

7200rpm)


88/135

Read-writewriteheadsheads

Read

Capacity:rangesfrom500GBto1TBDr.CKTan,UMS

114

Humanhairdustparticlefingerprint smokeparticlediskheadpdisksurface

MMMaaattteeerrriiiaaalllsssttthhhaaat

ttcccaaannncccaaauuussseeeaaah


89/135

hheeeaaadddcccrrraaassshhh

Dr.CKTan,UMS

115

OpticalDisks

Itusesalaserbeamtoreadlightreflectionfromflatareas(

lands1s)andbumpyareas(pits

0s).Itis

usedforpermanentstorage

2types:

CD-


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ROM(Compactdisc-read-onlymemory)

DVD-ROM116Dr.CKTan,UMS

Scanners(usefulfor

scanningprintedgraphics)

Digitalcameras(forcapturingimages)

Digitalvideo

cameras(forcapturingfullmotiondigitalvideoforvideoclipsproduction)

Webcams-videoconferencing/capturemotionvideo/stillimages

Graphics


91/135

acceleratorImportantHardwareforMultimedia117Dr.CKTan,UMS

Software

Aprogramconsistsofthestep-by-stepinstructions

thattellthecomputerhowtodoitswork

Convertdata(

unprocessedfacts)intoinformation(processedfacts)

Twomajorkinds

System

software

ApplicationsoftwareDr.CKTan,UMS118


92/135

SystemsSoftware

Behindthescenesactivities

Designedtohandle

Technicaldetails

Whereprogramsstored

Howcommandsexecuted

Wherefilessaved

Howoutputhandled119

Dr.CKTan,UMS

CategoriesofOS

Hundredsofoperatingsystems

Threebasiccategoriesg


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Embedded

hand-held

NetworkOS

linkedcomputers

Stand-aloneOS

desktop120Dr.CKTan,UMS

MajorOS

Windows

80%ofmarket

MacOS

powerfulandeasytouse

UNIX

network;

originallydesignedfor

UNIX

network;originallydesignedfor


94/135

Web

LINUX

nonproprietary;freeoffWeb(potentialforout-sourcingofsoftware)Dr.CKTan,UMS121

Utilities

Harddiskcrashes

Antivirusprograms

Computerfreeze-ups

Decreaseoperationslow

downs

122Dr.

CKTan,UMS

Devicedrivers


95/135

Specializedprograms

Loadedintomemoryeachtimey

Whenyouaddanewdevice,youmustinstallthedevice

driver123Dr.CKTan,UMS

Languagetranslators

programminglanguageintocomputerlanguage

Translatorsandcompilers124Dr.

CKTan,UMS

ApplicationSoftware


96/135

Usedbymanypeople

Basicapplications

CommontasksExamplesofapplicationsoftware:

Examplesofapplicationsoftware:

word

processor(MSWord)

presentation(MSPowerPoint)

spreadsheet(MS

Excel)database(MSAccess)

webauthoringtool(MSFrontPage)

Dr.CKTan,UMS125


97/135

SoftwareSuites

Convenientandeffectivedatasharing

LessexpensiveMi

Moreexpensive

MostWidelyUsed

Microsoft

OfficeCorelWordPerfectSuite

LotusSmartSuiteDr.CKTan,UMS126

ProgramDevelopment

Programdevelopmentconsistsof

aseriesofstepsprogrammersusetobuildcomputerprograms


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OneofthemostpopularprogramdevelopmentmethodisProgramDevelopmentLifeCycle127Dr.CKTan,UMS

ProgramDevelopment

128

Dr.CKTan,UMS

Internet

Itisusedforglobalcommunication,

movingideasandinformation.

Cyberspaceconcepts(virtualenvironment)


99/135

StartedwithARPANET(AdvancedResearchProjectNetwork)byUSAin1969

KnownasWWW,WorldWideWebin1992

atCERN(CenterforEuropeanNuclearResearch)inSwitzerlandDr.CKTan,

UMS129

WiredConnections

TelephonelinesCoaxial

cableFiber-

opticcableDr.CKTan,


100/135

UMS130

fiber-optic-26,000coaxial-80NumberofConnectionsDr.CKTan,UMS131twisted-pair-1fiber-

optic-26,000coaxial-80NumberofConnectionsDr.CKTan,UMS131twisted-pair

-1

Wireless Connections MicrowaveDr. CK Tan, UMS 132

SatelliteWi-Fi

Howto

beconnectedtointernet

Internetserviceproviders


101/135

(ISP)

National(Streamyx,Jaring)Wili

Wirelessserviceproviders

DIGI,Celcom,MaxisDr.CKTan,UMS

id133

Howmodemswork?

Dr.CK

Tan,UMS134

NetworkTypes

LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)-networkswithcomputersand


102/135

peripheraldeviceswithinthesamebuilding

MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN)-anetworksofLANs

WideAreaNetwork(WAN)

-integrationofLANsandWANs-countrywide/worldwidenetworks135Dr.CK

Tan,UMS

InternetApplications

Communicating

Shopping

ResearchingEntertainment

EducationDr.


103/135

CKTan,UMS136

Usesofinternetforeducation

E-learning

Lecturenotes,discussionboard,

onlineexam

Educationportal

LMS,Cikgu.net((chats,discussion,online

kgtuitions)

Informationshowcase

Personalwebsites/homepage

Educationalshareware

Ex:hot-potatoes(forbuildingonline


104/135

quiz)Dr.CKTan,UMS137

Web2.0

Theconceptof"Web2.0"beganwithaconferencebrainstorming

sessionbetweenO'ReillyandMediaLiveInternationalWeb1.0Web2.0

DoubleClick-->GoogleAdSenseOfoto-->FlickrAkamai-->BitTorrent

mp3.com-->NapsterBritannicaOnline-->Wikipedia


105/135

ppersonalwebsites-->bloggingevite-->upcoming.organdEVDBdomainnamespeculation-->searchengineoptimizationpageviews-->

costperclickscreenscraping-->webservicespublishing-->participation

contentmanagement-->wikissystemsdirectories(taxonomy)-->tagging("folksonomy")

Stickiness-->syndication

Dr.CKTan,UMS


106/135

138

AdvantagesofSocialNetworking

Democratizationofmedia

Relationshipsand conversation

Creativityandre-mix culture

Embrace

yourpassionandidentity

Community,sharing,andconnecting

Increasetransparencyin

governmentandorganizationsDisadvantages

Too muchcontentstillgetsoverlooked(lacks

quality,whatistrue?)

Anonymity cancreatehateculture


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Teenagersover-engagedinsocialnetworking(socialsickness,etc)

Can leadtodangerwhen meetingstrangers139Dr.CKTan,UMS

WHATISABLOG?

Aweblogorblogisa

personaldiaryoracollectionoflinkstoyou.Insimpleterms,a

blblogiisawebsite,whereyouwritestuffon


108/135

iiff

bh

anongoingbasis.Newstuffshowsupatthetopforvisitorscomments.(Susana&Sergio

2007)

Dr.CKTan,UMS140

WHATISFACEBOOK?

TheFacebookplatformallowsdeveloperstocreateWebapplications

thatintegratewithFacebook ssocialnetworkandaredeliveredvia


109/135

theFacebookWebsite.Facebookuserscanbrowseavailableapplicationsandenabletheonestheywishtouse,grantingthempermissiontoaccessa

subsetoftheiraccountdata(PennState2007).

141Dr.CK

Tan,UMS

WHATISGLOGSTER?

AGlogis

aninteractivevisualplatforminwhichuserscreatea


110/135

posterorwebpagecontainingmultimediaelementsincluding:text,audio,video,images,graphics,drawings,anddata(http://edu.glogster.com/what-is-glogsteredu/).GlogsterEDUis

theleadingglobaleducationplatformforthecreativeexpressionofknowledgeandskills

intheclassroomandbeyond.

142Dr.CKTan,UMS

http://cktanums.edu.glogster.com/drcktan/

Dr.CKTan,


111/135


112/135

onashareddigitalwall.Studentscantypeamaximumof160charactersperelectronicstickynotethatcanincorporateanimage,audioor

videousingtheappropriatewebaddresslink(SharonTonner,2011)

Dr.CKTan,UMS

144

Dr.CKTan,

UMS

145

WHATISYOUTUBE


113/135

YouTubeisapopularvideosharingwebsitewhereuserscanupload,view,andsharevideoclips.YouTubeallowsuserstopost

andtagvideos,watchthosepostedbyothersand

tagvideos,

watchthosepostedbyothersand

postcomments.YouTubeties

intoseveralbloggingapplications,givingusersaquickwayto


114/135

blogaboutaparticularvideoandincludealinktoit.

Dr.CKTan,UMS

146

Other

Web2.0tools

blogspot.com(blog)

wikispaces.com(

sharing)googledocs(sharing)

ning(socialnetwork)

jing(video)

slideshare(sharing)

skype(


115/135

video)

twitter(socialnetwork)Dr.CKTan,UMS147

Breachofprivacyandsecurity

Isemailsecure?

snoopware,spyware,phishing

Stealingconfidentialinfo(HP

numbers,etc)

Browserrecordspagesvisited

Cookiesrecord

Timesand

pagesvisited

OtherprivateinformationDr.CKTan,UMS


116/135

148

PrivacyLaws

FreedomofInformationAct(1970)

PrivacyAct(1974)

ComputerFraud

andAbuseAct(1986)(1986)

ComputerAbuseAmendmentsAct

(1994)

outlawstransmissionofvirus

SoftwareCopyrightAct(1980)

149Dr.CKTan,UMS

Computer


117/135

Threats

Thefts(organisedcrime)

Hardware,data,computertime

Softwarepiracy

Hackers(forfunandchallenge)

andcrackers(formaliciouspurposes)

NaturaldisastersDr.CKTan,

UMS150

ComputerSecurity

Viruses

Damagetocomputers,programsorfiles

3types:


118/135

Virus(damage/deletesystemfiles)

Worm(self-multiplyingandspreads)

Trojan(canbevirusorworm)151Dr.CK

Tan,UMS

SecurityMeasures

Protecting

InformationEncryptingmessages

Restrictingaccess(passwordandfirewall)

Dr.CKTan,UMS152(passwordandfirewall)


119/135

Anticipatingdisasters(disasterrecoveryplan) Backingupdata Antivirus

Ergonomics

Ergonomics

studyofhumanfactors

relatedtothingspeopleuse

PhysicalHealth

PhysicalHealth

Avoiding

eyestrainandheadache

Avoidingbackandneckpain

Avoidingeffectsof

electromagneticfields153Dr.CKTan,UMS


120/135


121/135

1

KeselamatandanAncaman ICT

Langkahyang bolehdiambil

memohonhakciptauntukperisian

ibakk peii

operasimembanterascetak

rompak perisian

pasangfirewall/anti-virus

pasangkatalaluan

pasangperkakasankomputerditempatyangbebasdaripadabencanaalam

mengupah pengawalkeselamatan

Dr.CKTan,UMS156

ISU


122/135

2

PemisahanDigital(Digitaldivide)

Pemisahandigitalmerujukkepadaperbezaantahapkemahiranmenggunakomputerdikalanganpendudukdalamzon-zon

geografiyangberbeza.DiMalaysia,dianggarkanbahawahanya59.0%penduduksahajamempunyaiakses

internet(LaporanMCMC2008)

Contoh-contohpemisahandigital

bilangan

penggunainternetyangbesardibandarberbandingdenganluarbandar


123/135

bilanganpenggunamemilikikomputeryangbesardibandarberbandingdenganluarbandar

bilangansekolahmempunyaimakmalkomputeryanglengkapdibandarberbanding

denganluarbandar157Dr.CKTan,UMS

ISU

2PemisahanDigital(Digitaldivide)

Sebab-sebabpemisahan digital

penduduk dibandarmempunyaipendapatanyanglebihtinggiberbandingdengan


124/135

luarbandar

penduduk dibandarmempunyaikemudahan infrastrukturyang lebih(contohtaliantelefon)berbandingdengan luarbandar

tarafpendidikanpenduduk dibandaryanglebihtinggi(

lebihterdedahkepadateknologikomputer)berbandingdenganluarbandar(lebihsukabertani)

kurikulumsekolah158Dr.CKTan,UMS

ISU

2

PemisahanDigital(Digitaldivide)


125/135

Langkah-langkahyangbolehdiambil

kerajaanmemasanglebihbanyakkemudahan infrastrukturtelekomunikasidiluarbandarsepertitelefon,kemudahaninternettanpawayar,mobileinternet

kiosk,etc

KementerianPendidikantingkatkanprogramliterasikomputerdikalanganpelajarsekolah-

sekolahluarbandar

tingkatkanpromosipemilikankomputerjenisjenamamurah untuk pendudukdiluar

bandarmelaluiskemamudahbayar,etc

ubahsuaikurikulum


126/135

sekolahuntukmewajibkanpendidikanuntukmeningkatkanliterasikomputerpelajarDr.CKTan,UMS159

ISU3

TraditionalLearningversus

E-Learning

Scenario

Traditionallearningmerangkumiproses

penyampaianmaklumat/isikandungansecarabersemukadibilikdarjah/dewan kuliah

E-learning

atauonline/mobilelearningmerupakanprosespenyampaianmaklumat/isikandungan


127/135

melaluiinternet.Iajugalebihdikenalisebagaipembelajarantanpasempadan

Seringdidebatkanbahawatraditionallearninglebihpopulardan efektifmanakalae-learningpulalebih

menjimatkankosdan kuasapenyebaranmaklumatyangmeliputikawasangeografiyanglebihluas

Dr.CKTan,UMS160

ISU3

TraditionalLearningversusE-Learning

Perbandingan

TradisionalLearning


128/135

E-LearningKekuranganruangapabilapelajarmeningkatBolehmenerimaramaipelajarserentakmengikutkapasitiPelayanKomputer

Merupakanpembelajaransynchronous

Isikandungan

pembelajarankurangmenarik

Pembelajaranasynchronous(nota+forumatastalian)dan

synchronous(chat/videoconferencing)

Isikandunganpembelajaranmenariksepertimultimedia

Dr.CKTan,UMS161


129/135

ISU3

TraditionalLearningversusE-Learning

Perbandingan

TradisionalLearning

E-Learning

Satukaedahpembelajaran

Kaedah

pembelajaraniaitukuliahataupengajaran

dipiliholehpelajar;forum,

iaitu

kuliahataupengajarangurukepadapelajarsahajadipiliholehpelajar;forum,kaedahlatih

tubi,multimediaIsikandunganstatikIsikandunganberanimasiBilangangraduan


130/135

dihasilkankurangBilangangraduandihasilkanramai

162Dr.CKTan,UMS

ISU4

Penggunaankomputermerosakkankesihatan

Jenis-jenisancamankepadakesihatan

Bekerjaberjam-jamlamadihadapan

komputerakan:

merosakkanmata(extensiverayemittedfrommonitor)

menyakitkan

tulangleher/belakangjikakerusikurangsesuaidipakai163Dr.


131/135

CKTan,UMS

ISU4

Penggunaankomputermerosakkankesihatan

Jenis-jenisancamankepadakesihatan

kepenatan

tangandanjarikeranamenaipjikapapankekuncitidakselesadigunakanpapankekunci

tidakselesadigunakan

mengalami

bahu bongkokjikaketinggianmejakomputer

tidaksesuaiBidangpenggajianyang cuba mengatasimasalahkesihatanakibatpenggunaankomputer


132/135

dinamakanergonomics

164Dr.CKTan,UMS

ISU5

Masalahkecapaianinternetsecarabroadband

Antara

masalahyangdihadapiialah:

broadbandpenetrationrateyang rendah(

kuliah dr tan

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