malaya sahithyam -2

8/19/2019 Malaya Sahithyam -2

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ae bmf kmloXyw þ 2 1

School of Distance Education

aebmf kmln X yw þ 2

Co mmon Course (Malayalam) For

BA /B.Sc.II SEMESTER

(2014 Admission)

CUCBCSS

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

5 0 9


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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA/B.Sc.

II SEMESTER

COMMON COURSE

Prepared by: - Dr. Saithalavi. C Asst. Professor

Thunchathezhuthachan Malayalam University Tirur.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE(c)

Reserved


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PAGES CONTENTS

MODULE - 1 5

MODULE - 2 15

MODULE - 3 &4 23


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samU yqÄ þ 1Nn´m hnjvSbmb koX

þ Ipamc\mim³1873þÂ \mcmb Wsâbpw Imfnb ½ bpsSbpw aI \mbn Imbn¡ cbnÂ Ipam c\m

im \m³ P\n¨p. {]ikvX ]WvUnX ·m cpsS IognÂ kwkvIrX ¯nepw ZÀi \§fnepw {]mhoWyw t\Sn. 1891 Â {io\mcb WKpcphns\ I-pap«n. 1902 apXÂ ]Xn\mdp hÀjw Fkv. F³. Un. ]n. tbmKm sk{I «dnbmbncp¶p. 1922Â shbnÂ cmP Ipamc³ ]«pw hfbpw \ÂIn BZ cn¨p. 1924 Â ]Ã \bm änse t_m« ] SI S¯nÂ acn¨p.hoW ]qhv, \fn\n, eoe, IcpW, {]tcm Z\w, NWvUme `n£pIn, Nn´m hnjvSbmbkoX XpS§nb h bmWv apJyIrXnIÄ.Ihn Xmkmcw

Ipi eh³am tcbpw Iq«n hmÂaoIn a lÀjn {iocmasâ Ai zta [ bmK¯nÂ]¦ptN cm³ t]mbn«v Znhk § fmbn. ISp¯ GIm ´X A\p`hn¡p¶ koX HcpsshIpt¶cw B{i a¯n\p kao ]s¯ ]qt´m ¸nÂ sN¶ncp¶v hnNmc \na á bmIp¶p. DS Pḿ hmSnbnÂ {]IrXn koX¡v Ccn¸nSsamcp¡nbncn¡p¶p. ]qhm I sIm¼pIÄ ]q] ´Â t]mse tim`n¨p lcn\o e ]pÃpIÄ ]«phncn¸mbn Na ªp.

Nn´ bnem- koX kqc y\kvX an¨tXm Npäpw \nemhv h¶p \nd ªtXm AdnªtX CÃ. Xa km\ZnbnÂ Hmf §Ä krjvSn¡p¶ IpfnÀamcpX³ kk yeXmZnIsfXgpIp¶p. CÀ¸ apff Ce I Ä \nemhv hoWv shf fnbnÂ hmÀ¯ Xpt]mse sh«nXnf§p¶p

h\apÃ bnÂ \n¶v DXnÀ¶p hogp¶ ]q¡Ä koX bpsS apSns¡ «nÂ an¶man\p§pIÄ h¶ncp¶p. ac §Ä¡nS bneqsS ImWp¶ \£ {X§Ä \ndª BImiwt]mse koX bpsS apSn tim`n¨p. DS bmSIÄ icocw ad¨v \o- ssIIÄ XpS taÂh¨v ]mXn\ndª I®pI tfmsS Ccn¡p¶ koX bpsS Nn´m `mcw A\phm NIÄ¡v A\p`hth Zyamw h®w Ihn Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p. Imänepeªv Af I§Ä I®nÂ]Xn ¡p t¼mgpw AS ªp X s¶ bn cn ¡p¶ I®p IÄ koX bpsS Nn´ bpsS Bgwhyàam ¡p¶p.

Ip\nª icocapffhsf¦nepw koX CS¡v \nhÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. \m\mhn[ NnÍsf {]Xntcm[n¡m\mhmsX ZoÀL\nizmkapXnÀ¡p¶p. DÅnÂ AebSn¡p¶ \m\mXcw Nn´ IÄ Ah fpsS IhnÄ XS § fnÂ ]e hn[ `mh §Ä {]Xn^ en¸n¡p¶p.a\kns\ \nb {ń¡m \mhmsX hnNmc ̀ mj bnÂ Xs¶¯ms\ Ft´m samgnbp¶p.

XpSÀ¶v koXbpsS Bß KX cq] ¯nemWv Imhyw hnI kn¡p¶ Xv. Imev]\nIXbpsS AgIpw XX zNn´ bpsS Kuchhpw \ndªhbmWv XpSÀ¶pff hcnIÄ

Hcp \nÝ anÃsbm¶n\pwhcptamtcm Zi h¶ t]mse t]mwhncbp¶ a\pj yt\Xnt\mXncnbm temIcl k yamÀ¡pta

PohnX¯nÂ H¶n\pw Hcpd ¸panÃ. Hmtcm AhØ IÄ h¶pw t]mbpw Ccn¡pw. CXn\nSbnÂ Fńs\¶ dnbmsX a\pjy³ Dgep¶p. temI clk ys¯ ¡pdn¨v BÀ¡pwH¶pw AdnbnÃ C{] Imcw a\pj yPohnX¯nsâ `n¶m h Ø I fnÂ \n¶mWv koX


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bpsS Nn´ IÄ Bim³ Ah Xcn¸n¡p¶ Xv.a\Êv ck_nµpt]mse HmSn¡ fn¡pIbpw s\·Wnt]mse s]mcnbpIbpw sN¿p

¶p. Nne t¸mÄ Xo{h ambpw Nnet¸mÄ eLphmbpw AXv DÂWvTmIpe amIp¶p. CuAhØ hnh cWw koX bpsS ]pÀÆ Ime kvayXn bnÂ \n¶p f hm Ip¶ am\knIkwLÀj ̄ nÂ sXfn bp¶ XX z i I e am Wv. Xm³ IS ¶pt]m¶ Poh X ̄ nseITn\]co £ W§ fpsS ]mX Ifpw Ah Øm hn] cyb § fpamWv koXsb CusbmcpNn´ bnte s¡ ¯n¡p¶ Xv.

kt´mjw \ndª ]qÀÆ Imew kvacn¡pt¼mÄ ZpÀhn[n ]p©ncnbpsS [mcmfn¯w sIm-v Ahsb ambvNpI f ª Xmbn koX HmÀ¡p¶p.

aÀ¯ yPohnXw kpJ Zp: J k ½n{i amsW t¶mÀ¯v koX Bi zkn¡m³ {ian¡p¶p. Ak zØ amb th\en\p ]ndtI Ft¸mgpw ag sb¯pw . Ce IÄ s]mgnªv ipjvI amb Xcp¡Ä XfnÀ¯ ]qhnSpw. ChnsS a\pjy Pohn¯nsâ AØnc XsbEXpt`Z§tfmSv Ihn kmays¸ Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. kk yP´pPm e§ fnepw AgÂ amdnamdn h¶p s]Spsa ¦nepw Bßm `nam\apff a\pj y\nÂ am\lm \naqe apff Zp:JwØnc ambn \nÂ¡pw.

C{] Imcw Nnń¨ncns¡ koX bpsS CS XptXmÄ H¶p XpSn¨p. CXv ipè £WamsW¦nepw koX AXns\ "]pgpt]mse' F¶v hntijn¸n¡p¶p. {]nbkamKas¯kqNn¸n¡p¶ Hcp \nan¯ amsW ¦nepw Xm³ AXns\ ]n³XpS cpI bnsÃ¶v koX Dd¸n¡p¶p. Ip«n \ng ens\ ]n³XpS cp¶ Xpt]mse Xm\n\n kpJ t`mK§ fnÂ {àn¨v DgepI bnsÃ¶v koX Xocpam \n¡p¶p.

]p{X³amÀ sNmÃnb cmamb W Imhyw tI«v {iocma³ Ahsc Xncn¨ dnªn«p-m h Ww. Ah tcmSv A\pXm ] apf f h \mbn XoÀ¶ncn¡ Ww. {incma t\m sSm¸wIgnª \Ã \mfpIÄ ad¶n«n¦nepw Ah Nn´bnÂ Du¶nSmsX bmbncn¡p¶p. AhtIÄhnbnÂ amsäment]msebmbn XoÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. Aev ]t\cs¯ hntbmKw t]mepwkln¡m³ Ignbm ¯ hn[w Xo{hambncp¶ {]Wbw Ct¸mÄ Dd §p¶ AW en¸m¼pI Ws¡ Df fnÂ Xe s]m¡m\mh sX bncn¡p¶p.

C{µnb§Ä¡v BËmZtlXphmIp¶ ̀ mh§Ä Hgnªpt]mb Xsâ a\kv {]mhpIÄ Dt] £n¨pt]mb IqSpt]mse Zb \o b ambn XoÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. Xsâ lrZ b Imim¯nÂ kZm hnf§n\n¶ sh¬N{µ\pw HmÀabmbn XoÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. Zm¼Xy¯nsâa[pc `mh § tfmSv koX¡v Ct¸mÄ {]Xn]¯n tXm¶p¶nÃ.

B{i a¯nse {hX Ncy X\n¡n¶p ioe ambncn¡p¶p. Bß hnZy Xs¶ im´bm¡n XoÀ¯n cn ¡p ¶p. hnthI iàn sIm-v FÃm Zp: J §fpw X¶nÂ\n¶pwHgnªp t]mbncn¡p¶p. F¶mÂ "A]am \ieyw' Xs¶ Ct¸mgpw Np«ps]m f fn¡p¶p. Xm³\njvI cpWw h\a ²yb ¯nÂ Dt] £n¡ s¸« Imcyw koX HmÀ¡p¶p.kzbw Poh³ shSnbm³ B{K ln¨ Xm³ KÀ`nWnbmb Xn\mÂ AXn\papXnÀ¶nÃ.Ct¸mÄ {]nb tN jvSIÄ sIm-v B D®nIÄ X\n¡v IuXpI ta Ip¶p. D®nI fpsSaµ kvanXcivanIÄ Xsâ thZ \b I äm³ t]m¶ Huj ambn XoÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. thZ \m\nÀ`camb PohX¯nÂ AÀÌÀ (a¡Ä) Huj[ambn Nabp¶psh¶v Bim³ HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶p.

Iqcncp«nepw sXfnªp{]Im in¡p¶ Nne \£ {X§Ä ImWmw. AXpt]mseISÂ ]c ¸nÂ sNdp Zzo]pIfpw ImWmw. GXp hn] ¯nepw Bi zmk ta Im³ Fs´


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¦nepw amÀKw CÃmXncn¡nÃ. a¡ fpsS km¶n² yhpw tNjvSI fpamWv koX¡v Bizmk ta Ip¶ Xv.

Hcp ssIsIm-v XÃp¶ \nbXn adpssI sIm-v Xtem SpIbpw sN¿psa¶v koX Bi zkn¡p¶p. \ngepw shfn¨ hpwt]mse Htc ̀ mh ¯nsâ c- h Ø I fmWv

kpJhpw Zp: J hpsa¶v koX Xncn¨ dnbp¶p. alm ßm ¡Ä Ch c-nepw AN © e cmIp¶Xv Cu kXyw a\Ênem ¡p¶Xv sIm-m sW¶v koX IcpXp¶p.

C\nbpw e`nt¨ ¡m hp¶ kpJm \p`h § tfmSv koX CuÀj ytbmsS Xncnªv \nÂ¡p¶p. Ahsb "hn\bmÀ¶ kpJ' ambn ImWp¶p. Xsâ Poh XnX̄ nseDÃmk \mfpIÄ thZ \bnepw A] am\¯nepam WtÃm HSp§nb Xv. Zp:Js¯ kzbwhcn¡m³ sNÃpt¼mÄ ZpÀhn[n AXnsâ CuÀj y`mhw ssIhnSpsa¶p Xs¶ bmWv koX bpsS {]Xo £. A] am\m\p`h t¯ tbmÀ¯v \odp¶ koX bpsS kwLÀj `cnXamb a\ÊnÂ \n¶mWv Cu hm¡pIÄ DXncp¶ Xv. Zp:Js¯ Gäphm§n icnbmba[pcn¨nSmw kzbw ]cnio ens¸mcp Ibv]pX \pta ''F¶ XoÀ¸nÂ koX Bi zmkwIs-¯p¶p.HcpJ WvUnbnÂ D¯ csa gpXpI.1. \ne sb ¶nsb tZhnbmÄ¡I AI¯e s¶mcp Nn´bmw ISÂ ]e `mh aW¨p sasÃ \nÀþ ½eamw Nmcp IhnÄX S§ fnÂ þ hymJ ym\n¡pI.2. ]pgpt]mse XpSn¡ bÃn lm ............................................................ ............................................................. bpgem t`mK anc¶p Rm\n\n...þ hni Zam¡pI.3. kv^pS Xmc§Ä Iqcncp«nepþ ........................................................... ............................................................ ¶nS bmtaXp alm hn] ¯nepw þ hym J ym\n¡pI.4. hn\bmÀ¶ kpJw sImXn¡ bnþ.............................................................................................................................................X\ntb ssIhnSp aoÀj yZpÀhn[n. þ hymJ ym\n¡pI.D] \ymk sa gpXpI1. Bß \nµ tbm f sa ¯p¶ koX bpsS hnNmct`Z §Ä hnIm tcm±o] I am¡nXoÀ¡p¶ XnÂ Bimsâ ]mShw hni I e\w sN¿pI.

2 . s]cp´ ¨³þ Pn. i¦ c¡pdp¸v

1901þÂ s\Ãn¡m ¸ ffn i¦ chmcycpsSbpw hS¡n\n e£van¡p«n A½ bpsSbpwaI\mbn ImeSn¡Sp¯pff \mb t¯mSv {KmānemWv i¦c¡pdp¸v P\n¨Xv. "kmlnXyIu XpI' amWv At±l ¯nsâ BZy IrXn. ]pPm ]pjv]w, sN¦ XncpIÄ, h\Km bI³, ap¯pIÄ, CX fpIÄ, A´ÀZm lw, HmS¡pgÂ, Poh \kw KoXw apXbmh bmWv


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{][m\ IrXnI Ä. "HmÀabpsS Hmf§ fnÂ ' F¶ t]cnÂ cNn¨ Bß IY A]qÀWamWv. BZ ys¯ Úm\]o T]pc kvImcw 1965þÂ PnbpsS HmS¡pgÂ F¶ IhnXmkamlmc¯n\mWv e`n¨Xv. 1968þÂ At±l¯n\v "]ß`qj³' e`n¨p. 1978þÂ At±lw\nc ymX\mbn.

"alm\mb ZmÀi \nI Ihn' F¶mWv tUm. Fw. eoem hXn At±ls¯ hntijn¸n¨ Xv. a\pjy Poh X¯nsâ FÃm aWvU e § fnte¡pw i¦ c¡pdn¸nsâ IhnXIS ¶psN Ãp¶p. {]] © ¯nÂ apgph³ hym ]n¨p \nÂ¡p¶ Znhy ssNX \ys¯km£m XvIcn¡m³ At±lw Xsâ anÌnIv IhnX I fneqsS {ian¨p. ZpÀ{Kl ambBi b §sf {]Xn cq ] §Äs¡m-v kv]jvShpw kpµ c hp am ¡m³ At± l ¯n\v km[n¨p.s]cp´ ¨³

hmÀ² I y¯nsâ Ah i XI fnÂ Iptd \mfmbn s]m¯n³ Npcp-p InS ¡p¶ Xpt]mse IgnbpI bmWv s]cp´¨³. hmXw ]nSnapdp¡nbn«pw Pohn¨ncn¡p¶psh ¶Xn\v sXfnh t]mse iz kn¡p¶p-v. Ah i Xbnepw ac§ sf ¡pdn¨pw Ipe s¯ gnens\¡pdn¨pamWv s]cp´ ¨sâ Nn´þ Dfnsh ¡pt¼mÄ I«ns¸m ¶pt]mse an¶p¶¹mhpw Ifnh ©nbp-m ¡m³ ]änb tX³amhpw B ao³Im e¯v Cd b¯v sN¶p\n¶v ImWm³ At±lw sImXn¡p¶p

kzbw ]d ¼nÂ Hcp hmg ¡p än t]m epansÃ ¦nepw ImWp¶ ac t¯m sSms¡X\n¡v C¼w tXm¶pw. A¼ e apä¯v hfhpw t]mSpw tISpanÃm¯ H¼ XmÄ ]nSn¨mepw ]nSnIqSm¯ X¼ I acap-v. AXpapdn¨mÂ Xsâ \m«nse FÃm apf tam´m b§fpw ac ap¯cam¡m\m Ipw. AsÃ¦nÂ Ducm Wa¡mÀ tamln¡p¶Xv t]mse AhcpsS amfnI IÄ¡v Noem ´nbp-m ¡mw. ]t£ ]pX en¨pt]mb Xsâ XSnsIm-v B ImX enÂ Dfn hogv¯m \mhnÃtÃm. "\m\n' bpsS \nhÀ¶ IS sª Sp¯ sa¿gIpw HmÀabmbncn¡p¶p. ]q¯ sN¼ I s¯ t¸m se bncp¶ AhÀ shSnsh ¨mÂt]mepw tIÄ¡m ̄ hn[w sNIn Sn bmbn Ip\n IqSn Ign bp ¶p. apdp ¡n Np h ̧n¨v ]q¯shf fnebpsS tim`tbmsS Xsâ AcnI¯h¶p \nÂ¡mdpff "\m\n' sb s]cp´ ¨³ HmÀ¡p¶p. Ct¸mÄ Icnsh äne¯p-pw sIm« Sbv¡bpw \qdn³ Xcnbpw ]pIbne sR«pw X¸n X¸n \S ¡p¶ \m\n s]cp´ ¨ \nÂ hÃmbva ]SÀ¯p¶p.

]WnsN ¿phm³ hs¿ ¦nepw \o§n\nc§n ]Wnim e bnÂ sN¶ncn¡m³ Ignªncp¶psh ¦nse¶v AbmÄ tamln¡p¶p. Zqsc Icnho «nbpsS ImXÂ IS ¯p-m ¡nb h³a cnI Ian gv¯n sh ̈ Xpt]mep ff BIm i ̄ n\p Iosg XsâsIIÄsIm-p XoÀ¯ s]cpw Xrt¡mhnensâ sN¼pXmgnI¡pSw ImWp¶p. AXn\pap¼nse DbÀ¶ sImSna c¯nÂ ]d ¡m³ NndIphnSÀ¯pt¼m gpff Ne\w t]mepwBhmln¡p¶ hn[w KcpUsâ at\mlc cq]w sIm¯nsbSp¯Xv Dfn]nSn¡m³ Xm³Xs¶ ]Tn¸n¨ Xsâ {]nb aI \mbncp¶tÃm F¶v AbmÄ thZ \tbmsS HmÀ¡p¶p.KcpUsâ NndpIpIÄ Ct¸mgpw Nen¡p¶ Xmbn tXm¶p¶Xv aIsâ Ic hncpXpsIm-m Wv. aIsâ Ic hncpXnÂ Xm³ Akqbm ephmbncp¶psh ¶t{X \m«pImÀ ]dªp] c¯nb Xv. GẌ \mWv aI \pe `n¡p¶ {]iwk DÄs¡m f fm\mhmXncn¡pI? Bbncw aWnbpsS \mh S¡mw, ]t£ Hcp a\pjysâ \m¡ S¡m\ BÀs¡ ¦nepwIgnbptam ?


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AÑ\pw aI\pw shtÆsd ]WnIgn¸n¨ c-p tKm]pc ¯nsâ X«nembn AjvSZnIv]meI cq]s¯ Xmc Xays¸ Sp¯n aItâXmWv IqSpXÂ Poh Êpä sX¶v \m«pImÀ ]d bm³ XpS §n. Fsâ I®nep®nbmb aI\v e`n¡p¶ {]ikvXn XtâXpIqSnbmWtÃm F¶mWv Xm³ At¸mÄ Nnń¨ Xv. aIs\ aäpf f hÀ ]pI gv¯pt¼mÄXsâ apJw a§p¶psh¶v BfpIÄ Ifnbm ¡n. Xm³ X¨ \msW ¦nepw A¨ \ÃmXm

hnÃtÃm F¶mWv At¸mSpw Nnń¨Xv. " IW¡pw tIm¸pw ap¯mimcn¡m sW¦nepwinev] KpWw aI \mWv' F¶ \m«pIm cpsS hne bncp¯epw Xm³ Ku\n¨nÃ. BebnÂ ASp¯ Sp¯ncp¶v ]WnsN ¿pt¼mgpw A¨\pw aI\pw an-p¶nsÃ ¶m bncp¶p]n¶oSv \m«pImcpsS Is- ¯Â. tIa \mb aI³ {Kln¨Xpw A`ykn¨Xpw CuAÑ \nÂ \n¶m WtÃm F¶v A`n am \n ¡p I I bm bn cp ¶pAt¸mÄ. Rmbdp adtª¡mw Xn¦ fmetÃ' F¶ aq¯ \mb cpsS tNmZyap\bpw Xm³ tI«nsÃ¶v \Sn¨p.

hgnt]m ¡À ]me ̄ nsâ \Sps¡¯pt¼mÄ A{] Xo£nX ambn apJ t¯¡v Xp¸p¶ b{´¸mhsb shdpw t\cw t]m¡n\pth-n D-m¡nbXmbncp¶psh¶v s]cp´ ¨³ HmÀ¡p¶p. Cu hnNn{X hnZy ImWm³ B Bän³ h¡nÂ BfpIÄ \nd bm³XpS§n. F¶mÂ \mep Zn\w Ignbp¶ Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Xp¸phm³ ̀ mhn¨v s]m§p¶Xsâ ]mh bpsS hm Xp¡pt¼m tg¡pw sNInS ¯ Sn¡p¶ asämcp ]mh ]me ¯nÂØm\w ]nSn¨p. aIsâ Ic hncpXn³ \n¶mWv B ]mhbp-m bXv F¶ dnª t¸mÄs]cp´ ¨\v ASntb äXpt]mse tXm¶n. AÑ³ Ak zØ \mbn \nÂs¡ "\m\n' bpsS I®oÀ hI sh bv¡msX BImi¯v Htc kabw c-p N{µ³amÀ¡v Øm\ansÃ¶ Xncn¨ dnhnÂ aI³ hoSp hn«pt]m bn. aI³ ]Snbnd §pt¼mÄ Dan\odpw t]mse a\kv \odnsb ¦nepw AÑ³ H¶pwDcnbmSnbnÃ. Xs¶ \nµn¡m \mbncp¶nÃ aI³ A¯ csamcp anSp¡v Im«nbsX¶v C¶v s]cp´ ¨³ Xncn¨ dn¡p¶p-v.

]n¶oSv tImhnenÂ ]pXnb B\¸ ´Â ]Wnbpt¼mÄ Xm³ aIs\ Xncn¨phnfn¨Xv Fń\m bncp¶psh¶v s]cp´ ¨³ Nnń¡p¶p.

aXnen\I¯v sN¶ t¸mÄ " aI t\m SmtemNn¨p `wKnbm¡Ww ]´Â ' F¶X¼pcmsâ hm¡v s]cp´ ¨s\ Gsd Ak zØ \m¡nbncp¶p. CXphsc asäm cmfpsSD] tZiw tXSm¯ Xt¶mSv A§s\ ]d ª t¸mÄ Xncn¨pt]m cm³ tXm¶nb XmWv.F¶n«pw £an¨Xv Xsâ aI WmtÃm F¶ Nn´ sIm -mWv. Xm³ AXnÂ Akqbm ephmbn F¶mbn ]n¶oSv \m«pIm cpsS Is- ¯Â. aI \pff am\w AÑ \pap-m bn¡qsS. acmimcn ac ÃtÃm hnImcclnX \mIm³.

DucmW ·¡mÀ IuXpI t¯msS t\m¡n \nÂs¡ ̀ wKnbpff ]´Â s]m§n.apI ¸nsâ sIm¯pth e IÄ _m¡nbp-v. AXv Xm³ sNbvX tXmfm F¶pw AÑ³tam´mbw Ib änt¡mfq F¶pw aI³ ]d ª t¸mÄ s]cp´ ¨\v Xsâ ta[m i àn¡v {]l cta äXpt]mse tXm¶n. "tam\\ph Zn¡tWm tam´mbw tamfnÂ tIäm³' F¶v s]cp´ ¨³ AaÀj t¯msS kzbw tNmZn¡p¶p. apI ¸nsâ sIm¯pth eIÄ Xs¶AXni bn¡m³ t]m¶ Ic hncpXv {]ISn¸n¡m³ aI\v Ah kcw \ÂIpsa¶v Hcpthf s]cp´ Ñ³ Nnń¨ncn¡mw. Nµ\¸eI bnÂ alme £ao tZhnbpsS tIfo]ßw sIm¯ns¡m-ncp¶ aIsâIgp¯nte¡v t\sc apIfnÂ tam´mb¯nsâ BWn NońsIm-ncp¶ s]cp´¨sâhoXpfn DuÀ¶pho gp¶p. "ssIb dnbmsX, bdnbmsXbmþWpfn' F¶v s]cp´ ¨³


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kzbw Bi zkn¡m³ {ian¡p¶p-v. aIsâ taÂ hogtÃ F¶v hoW \nanjw Xs¶Xm³ t\À¶ncp¶psh¶v s]cp´ ¨³ HmÀ¡p¶p. ]t£ I®pangn¡pt¼m tg¡pw]nSbp¶ Igp¯pambn InS ¡p¶ aI s\bmWv s]cp´ ¨³ I- Xv. Npäpw IqSnbBfpI fpsS t\m«w kqNn Xp¼pt]mse Xsâ t\sc \ofpt¼mÄ Imepd ¡msX XmsghoW Xm³ aI³ "ams¸'¶v ]d ªXv tI«nÃ. ac W th f bnÂ aI³ "am¸v' F¶v ]dªpsh¶v kzbw kam [m\n¡m³ s]cp´ ¨³ Iev]ns¨ Sp¯ Xmhmw. sXäp sNbvXh cmWtÃm am¸p ]d bpI. aI³ sXäp sNbvXn«mWv Xm\§s\ sNbvXpt]m bXv F¶v s]cp´ ¨³ kzbw t_m[n¸n ¡m³ {ian ¡p I bmWv F¶v A\p hm NIÀ¡v t_m[ys¸ Spw. cà ¯nÂ Ipfn¨p InS¶ inckä aIsâ cq]w s]cp´ ¨s\ th« bmSns¡m t-bncp¶p. \m\nbs Nncn¨p I-n«nÃ. ]n¶oSmcpw Pohn¨ncps¶¦nÂ hmÀ² I y¯nsâCu Ah i XI fnÂ X\n¡pw \m\n¡pw Ah³ Du¶phSnbm tbt\ F¶v s]cp´¨³ thZ \tbm sS Nnń¡p¶p. Hc Ñ\nXv sN¿m\mhnsÃ¶v BhÀ¯n¨v Bi zkn¡m³ {ian¡p¶ s]cp´ ¨³ "òa am] arXyp ]nWbmXncps¶ ¦nÂ' F¶v hne ]n¡p¶p. F¶mÂ Xsâ A´: I cWw "]nbv¡m Xncps¶ ¦nÂ' F¶v Xncp¯n ]d bp¶Xv s]cp´ Ñ³ Adnbp¶p. F§ s\sbms¡ ambv¡m³ {ian¨mepw Df fnÂ sXfnªph cp¶ B ̀ oIc k Xyw s]cp´Ñs\ \ncćw th« bmSp¶p. Cusbm cä {]tbm K¯neqsS s]cp ́Ñsâ am\ knI kwLÀjw Ihn \½p tS Xp Iq Sn bm ¡n XoÀ¡p ¶p.Bi zmk¯n\mbn kzbw Iev]ns¨ Sp¡p¶ bpànIfpw hni zmk §fpw amªpt]mIpIbpw bmYmÀ°yw a\Ênsâ At_m [ Xe ¯nÂ a§msX \nÂ¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼mgpff ̀ oI cmchØ s]cp´ Ñ³ A\m h cWw sN¿p¶p.

150 hm¡nÂ Ihn bmsX D¯ csa gpXpI.1. X¼ I a cs¯¡pdn ¨p ff s]cp´ ¨sâ Nn´ IÄ A¡m es¯ kmaqlnIm hØsb¡pdn¨v Fs´Ãmw kqN \I fmWv \ÂIp¶ Xv. ?2. "\m\n' sb ¡pdn¨pff s]cp´ ¨sâ HmÀa IÄ Fs´Ãmw. ?3. Bbncw aWnbpsS \m¡ S¡oSm, samäþ hmbnse \mhmÀ¡m\pw sI«phm³ Ignbptam ? kµÀ`taXv ?4. "" Rmbdpadtª¡mw Xn¦ fmetÃ '' F¶ aq¯ \mb cpsS hm¡nse [z \nsb´v ?5. "CSanÃmImi¯p c-p Xn¦ fns\¶pw ' þ Bibw hni Zam¡pI.6. "hminbmse \n¡ Sntb äXp t]mse tXm¶n ' þ kµÀ`taXv ?7. hoWpRm³, aI³ "ams¸'t¶mXn s]mÀ, tI«nÃ Rm³.þ kµÀ`taXv ?8. "" ]nWbv¡m Xncps¶ ¦nse¶p lm, Xncp¯p¶pþ -pW cps¶m sc ¶ ´: I cWw IqsS IqsS '' þ Bibw hni Zam¡pI.D]\ ymk cq]¯nÂ D¯ csa gpXpI1. ]m] t_m [ ¯mÂ th« bmSs¸ Sp¶ Hcp a\: km£nbpsS hnNm cWbmWv s]cp´¨³ F¶ IhnX. ' kaÀ°n¡pI.

kl ysâ aI³ þ sshtem ¸nffn {io[ cta t\m³

tNcm\ÃqÀ sIm¨pIp«³ IÀ¯m hnsâbpw If ¸pc ¡Â \mWn¡p«nb ½ bpsSbpw aI \mbn 1911þÂ GdWmIpf ¯mWv {io[ cta t\m³ P\n¨ Xv. GdWmIpfw


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almcmPmkv tImtfPnÂ \n¶v _ncpZw t\Snb At±lw hnhn[ kv ¡qfpIfnÂ imkv{X[ ym] I \mbncp¶p. I¶ns¡mbv¯v , IpSnsbm gn¡Â, HmW ¸m«pImÀ, ISÂ¡m ¡IÄ, hn¯pw ssIt¡m «pw, Ibv¸ h Ã cn, hnS aI c s¡mbv¯v XpS §n b h bmWv {][m \ IrXnIÄ.

ae bmf IhnX bnÂ Hcp bpK ] cnhÀ¯ \¯n\v km£yw hln¨ IhnX IÄ

F¶ \ne bnÂ sshtem ¸nffnbpsS IhnX IÄ {]tX yIw ]T \aÀln¡p¶p. ]pdta¡v \nÝ e sa¶v sXm¶n¡p¶ a\Ênsâ AKm [ XfnÂ \S ¡p¶ kwLÀj §Ässhtem ¸nf fnbpsS ]e IhnX Ifpw A\mh cWw sN¿p¶p. a\im kv{X] camb CuA´À ZrjvSnbmWv X¨sâ aI³, klysâ aI³ F¶o IhnX IfpsS apJy ̀ mhw.kl ysâ aI³

DÕhw \S ¡p¶ A¼ e ̄ nsâ shfn ̈ ̄ nÂ Ipfn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ apä¯v Icn¼mdIÄ t]mse bpff ]Xn\©m \IÄ Hcp§n\nÂ¡p¶p. Ah bpsS s\än¸ «§Ä shfn¨ ¯nÂ AcphnI sf t¸mse an¶p¶p. hmZ yta f¯nsâ D·¯XbnÂ Xebm«v Xmgvhct]mse ]c¶p \nÂ¡pI bmWv ]pcpjmcw. D¯ h cwKw hÀ®n¡m³Ihn D] tbmKn¨ _nw_ §Ä t\m¡pI. Icn¼m dIÄ, AcphnIÄ, Xmgvh cIÄ F¶oD] am\§Ä D] tbm Kn¨v B\bpsS ZyjvSnbneqse DÕ hs¯ ImWm \mWv Ihn{ian¡p¶ Xv. A\bpsS At_m [ ¯nÂ ImSv Hcp In\m hmbn \nd bp¶p.

apdp¡m³ Nh ¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp kwLw \Sp¡pff sIm¼ \m\msb ¡pdn¨v ]d bp¶Xv tIÄ¡pI. "" Ah³ Ipdp¼ \mWv tZhsâ s]m³XnS ¼mSWv Gäp¶ sX ¦nepwB akvXnI ¯n\pf fnÂ a{ń¡p¶Xv ]nim Np¡ fmWv. aZw Pew apgph³ tXmcp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Ahs\ DÕ h ¯n\v Iq«nbncn¡pI bmWv. Fs´mcp Xe s¸m ¡ amWh\v! Ahsâ \o- sIm¼pIÄ Fs´ Ãmtam kml k ¯n\v Hcp§n \nÂ¡pI bmsW¶v tXm¶p¶p. I®pIÄ \nW k z]v\w ImWp¶p, Xp¼n¡cw a®ptXm -p¶p]mhw imń¡m c³ hnd¨p \nÂ¡p¶p''.

DÕ h ta fw, Zosh «IÄ, P\¯nc¡v F¶nh XoÀ¡p¶ i_vZ kmKcw sIm¼³Adn bp t¶ bn Ã. Xs¶ Xf ¡m \p ff Iq¨p N§ e sbtbm IqÀ¯ tXm«n Nmcn\nÂ¡p¶ ]m¸m t\tbm Ah³ Ku\n¡p¶nÃ. B ka b¯v Ahsâ {]uU ambakvXnjvI ¯n\I ¯nsâ CcpfnÂ {`mńsâ \nemhv s]¿pI bmbncp¶p.

GtXm kml knI k¦ e ¸ ¯nÂ tabp¶ Ah³ kzm X{´ ¯nsâ Nnd IpI IÄIWs¡ henb ]pf fns¨ hnIÄ hoins¡m -ncp¶p. at\m bm{XbnÂ Ah³ F¯nt¨À¶Xv hk ´ ¯ns³ kar²nbnÂ ]q¯peªp \nÂ¡p¶ sNdp¸ ¯nÂ XsâIfnapäambncp¶p kl ykm\p tZi¯mWv. kl yXmgvhcb ÃmsX asämcnShpw Xs¶t¸m se sbmcm\¡v A\ptbm P yasÃ¶v Ah³ HmÀ¡p¶p. AhnsS aeÀhm I IÄ]q¯v amWnI yapXnÀ¡p¶p-v. akvXIw Xtem Sm³ Cfw amcpX\p-v. ]«nepw arZphmb XfncpIfpw Cu´Â] «Ifpw apIfpw hncps¶m cp¡n Im¯p \nÂ¡p¶p-v.Im«p]qt©meIÄ AarXnepw hninjvamb X®ocpambn amSn hnfn¡p¶p-v. thÀs]«pt]mb Hcp aIs\ AW bm³ sh¼p¶ A½ bpsS ̀ mh amWv Ihn ChnsS kl y\p\Âbncn¡p¶ Xv. Nncn¡p¶ hmI ¸q¡Ä, Bi zmk ta Ip¶ amcpX³, arZphnc epIfmIp¶ XfncpIÄ, IpfnÀa bmIp¶ X®oÀ CjvS t`mPysamcp¡nbpff Im¯ncp¸v.......Ch sbÃmw h\¯n\v amXr`mhw \ÂIp¶p-v.


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Nn´ IÄ IS ¶Â IqSm ¡nXoÀ¯ Xe bnÂ sXfnª k¦ev] hoYnI fnÂ Aebm³ sIm¼³ sImXn¡p¶p. aZ e l cnbnÂ asäÃmw ad¶v AXv apt¶m «mbp¶p.\o«nsh¨ ImenÂ ]mÂ¨dw sXdn¨v Im«p]m XbneqsS kÀh k zmX{´ yt¯msS \S¡p¶p. ImänÂ hcp¶Xv ]me¸qhnsâ kpKÔamtWm, AtXm Im«p]\IfnÂ \ns¡men¡p¶ If fnsâ KÔ amtWm ? sacphnsâ aZ {Zh amtWm ? B\ sXÃnS Xp¼n

ssI IÄsIm-v hmbphnÂ X¸nt\m ¡n. ]md bnÂ \n¶v Pew hmÀ¶p t]mIp¶ Xpt]mse Xsâ hocyw hmÀ¶pt]m Ip¶Xmbn Ah\v A\p`hs¸Sp¶p. hnj hffn Xn¶Xpt]mse. Pzcw _m[n¨ Xpt]mse.

ac s¡m ¼pIÄ HSnªv hogp¶p. akvX I ¯n³ sN½ ®nsâ ]qs¼mSn s]mgnbp¶p. DÂ¯ cn¸v XoÀ¡m³ `n¯nbnÂ Dc ¨ t¸mÄ cà KÔ apff ]mÂ B ]mebnÂ \n¶pXncp¶p. _ew tNmÀs¶¶v tXm¶pt¼mgpw D{K _ew Xsâ DS enÂ \nbp¶Xv B\ Adnbp¶p. kv t\ln¡m³ sh¼pt¼mÄ Xs¶ ]nSn¨psImÃm\pw tXm¶p¶p ChnsS _me y¯nÂ \n¶v Iua cm̄ nte s¡ ¯pt¼m gpff ]pcpjm \p`hs¯Ihn hyw Kyambn kqNn¸n¡p¶p. Ft§mt«m IpXn¡m \pff sh¼Â el cn]nSn¸n

¡p¶ B´cnI tNmZ \IÄ. _ew tNmÀ¶pt]mIpw t]msebpw Cc «n¡pw t]mse bpapff tXm¶Â. Bsc sbms¡tbm kvt\ln¡m\pw sImÃm \papff hy{K X.aZe l cnbnÂ ImÂ IognÂ Aa cp¶Xpw hogp¶Xpw hr£ im J I fÃ a\pj ycm

sW¶v A\b dnbp¶nÃ. IhnÄ tNÀ¯pc ¡p¶Xv t£{X XqWnem sW¶pw Adnbp¶nÃ.

hk´nsâ aWw HmÀt¯mÀ¯v B\ Im«p]m XbneqsS apt¶ dn. s]m´ bnÂ]pf fn¸pen ]Xp§nbncn¶p¶p-v. Ahs\ sIm¼n³t¡mÀ¡m³ DÕmlw tXm¶p¶nÃ. Xncntªm Sp¶ Ipc § ·m cpsS ]pÑw \ndª hm¡pIÄ adp]Sn \ÂIm³ka b anÃ. s]mbvI bnÂ Im«pt]m¯pIÄ sIm¼n«Sn¡p¶ i_vZhpw ac ¯nÂ ]¶nIÄ tXä Dc ¼p¶ i_vZhpw tIÄ¡p¶p-v. Zqsc Gdpa Sªnencp¶v thS³amÀ]mSp¶p-v. ]t£ Ch scm¶pw tI«p\nÂ¡m³ ka b anÃ. ]IÂ ]d bp¶ amac\ng epIÄ¡v AIntS Im³ Ccp«v hs¶ ¯p¶p. InfnIÄ IqS W bp¶p. BIm i¯nse \oe ]qh³a bnÂ ]oenhnSÀ¯n¡ gnªp. Im«papÃ hmk\ sNmcnbp¶p.\nemhnÂ h\tZ h \vamÀ \r¯ amSp¶p. th« arK§ fpsS Hm«̄ nÂ NnÃ IÄ HSnbp¶p. Ipdp¡ ·mÀ HmcnbnSp¶p Ccpfnsâ \ni _vZX t`Zn¨psIm-v Noho SpIÄ hne]n¡p¶p.

£W t\cw B\bpsS tNX \bpWÀ¶p. Xm³ Im«neÃ DÕ h cwK¯m sW¶v \nanj t\c t¯¡v Ah³ Xncn¨ dnbp¶p. DÕ h ] d¼nse a\pj ysc ]Xnbncn¡p¶]penIfpw Xncnctªm Sp¶ Ipc § ·m cpambmWv B\ ImWp¶ Xv. hmZytLm j §Mfpw Bc h §fpw Im«nse hnhn[ i_vZ § fmbn [cn¡p¶p. Im«ps]m bvI bnseXh f I fpsS Ic ̈n embn Ahsb Bh K Wn ¡p ¶p. DÕ h ] d ¼nse shfn ̈ §ÄIm«nse an¶man\p§ Ifmbn Ahs\ t\m¡n Nncn¡p¶p. cmdXn AI ep¶Xpw ]IÂcivanIÄ F«pImen he IÄ XoÀ¡p¶Xpw Ah³ Adnbp¶p. t]Sam\pIÄ KqVamwhf fns¡ «n\pf fnÂ \n¶pw t]SntbmsS Xs¶ t\m¡p¶p-v. h\]m XbnÂ ]pXsbmcp KÔw ]c¡p¶Xv Ah¶dnbp¶p. {]mWs\ \nÀhrXnbnte¡v ¯n¡p¶ K\v [w.

amacinI c§ sfmSnªp-mb hgnbnÂ Xma cbnse hSnhpff ]nSnbm \bpsSImÂ]m SpIÄ Bhn s]m§p¶ ]¨ ]nWvVw. Cu hgn B\IÄ shffw IpSn¡m³


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t]mbn«ps-¶v Ah³ Duln¡p¶p. A¼ e ¯nÂ \n¶pb cp¶ sIm¼phnfn Nn¶whnfnsb¶v Ah³ XoÀs¨ s¸ Sp¯p¶p.

]peÀhm bphnÂ Nmacw hoip¶ ZÀÌÄ \ndª Bäph ¡nÂ kl ysâ kuµcy[ma§ fmb B\¡q«s¯ ImWp¶p. Ah bvs¡m¸w tNcm³ sImXn¨v IpXnÄhsâ Iq¨q N§e s]m«p¶p. Ahsb Im«ph f fnIfmtb Ah³ KWn¨pff "B\

tbmSn' F¶ BÀ¸phnfntbmsS P\w Poh\pw sImt-m Spt¼mÄ ImänÂ sImSp¦mäp]SÀ¶Xmbn B\¡v tXm¶p¶p. aeshÅ¸m¨ntem ImSnf ¡p¶ Im«mf·mcpsS Bchtam BsW¶v B\ ktµ ln¡p¶p. Ipc § ·mÀ Xsâ ]pd ¯pI bdn adnbpIbmtWm ? ]q¯ Im«pac§Ä t]Snt¨m SpI bmtWm ImÂNph «nÂ sRcnbp¶ sNSnIÄ Ic bp¶ sX ´ §s\ ? Dcnsª Sp¡p¶ ac s¡m ¼pI fnÂ \n¶v càw In\nbp¶ sX ´mWv ?.

sIme¡fambnXoÀ¶ A¼e¯nÂ \n¶v ]pd¯pIS¡m\pff Adnbn¸v h¶p. Aev]kabw sIm-v i_vZ tLm jhpw shfn ̈hpw AS §n. aq¡nÂ X§n \nÂ¡p¶

ZpÀJ\v[w am{Xw _m¡nbmbn. B\bpsS Df fnÂ ho-pw Hcp h\Nn{Xw sXfnªp. sIm¼papf ¡m³ XpS§nbn«pw Ifn ssIsh Snbms¯ tIma f ·m cmb Ip«nbm\IÄ. Bäp \oÀIpSn¡pt¼mgpw {]Wb \oÀ sIm¯n¡p¶ ]nSnbm \IÄ Ah scmsSm¯v Isf fm¯ shffwIpSn¨pw Icns¼m¯ \mbv¡W Nońbpw Ah³ ckn¨pthm? Iq« ¯nÂ kpµ cnbmb ]nSnbm\bpsS Im«pXmfnet]m epff tImaf IÀW §fnÂ Xsâ at\mcYw a{ń¨pthm ? N§e sXmSm¯ AhfqsS Imen³ Xp¼nssI sIm-v Ah³ t{]a N§e_Ôn¨pthm ? CXnsâ ]c amÀYadnbp¶Xv DÂk h ] ´ ense Ipe hmgIÄ¡mbncp¶p. ]e coXnbnÂ Ipg ªpa dnªp InS ¡p¶p Ah tbm Smbncp¶ htÃm Ahsât{]aeoe I sfÃmw.

asämcp sIm¼ \m\ Xs¶ FXnÀ¡m³ hcp¶ Xmbn Ah\p tXm¶n. Ahsâba ZÞw t]mepff Xp¼nssI Xsâ t\À¡v Db cp¶p. ImSp Ipep§p¶p. ]nSnbm \IÄ t\m¡n \nÂ¡p¶p Ip«nIÄ \Sp§p¶p. Df fnÂ ASnat¨dmsW ¦nepw X¶nÂhocyw DWcp¶Xv Ah³ Adnbp¶p. Al ¦mcw ]X bp¶ i{Xphnsâ akvX I ¯nÂAh³ Bªp {]l cn¨pthm. tKm]pc ¯nse CSnªphoW XqWpIÄ¡pw IÂIjvW § ¡pta ]c amÀYadnbq.

Ccp «¯v t]Sn t¨m Snb amtemI cpsS ss[cyw ]IÂ shfn ¨ ̄ nÂ DWÀ¶pZpÀayXyhnsâ tkh ¡m cs\t¸m semcp ]«mf ¡m c³ t£{X aXnenÂ Ib dnbncp¶p.AbmfpsS shSnbps- bnÂ Ai cW\mb B a Zbm\ Bsctbm hnfnëdn ]nS ªp

hoWp. tImhnenÂ ab §p¶ am\h cpsS ssZhw B hnfn tI«pthm ? B \ne hnfnkly lyZ b ¯nÂ sN¶p X«n {]Xn[ z\n¨p. ]p{X hntbmKw kln¡msX kl y\pwB k¦ S¯nÂ ]¦psIm -p.150 hm¡nÂ Ihn bmsX D¯ csa gpXpI.1. AdnbnsÃmcp ]t£ ]´ enÂ ]te ] Sn. adnbpw Ipe hmg

bv¡dnbmw ]c amÀYw ' þ kµÀ`w hni ZoI cn¡pI.2. Im\\ hoYnbnÂ sIm¼ \m\ ImWp¶ ImgvN Isfs´Ãmw. ?


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3. A¼e apä ¯p\n¶ sIm¼ s\¡pdn¨v ImWnI fpsS A`n{]m b § sf ´ Ãmambncp ¶p. ?4. kl ysâ amXr`mhw Ihn Nn{XoI cn¡p¶ sX §s\ ?5. hnj h Ãcn Xnt¶m ? hn]n\m ´ cmf ¯nÂ hnj aP zcw h¶p

Xs¶bpw _m[ns¨t¶m ? þ C§s\ sXm¶mÂ Imc Wsa´v ?6. hcnbmbptZ ymZn¡p a±osh «nIÄ apäpw h\IpRvPI tPymX Jt{Z ymXiXw am{Xwþ hniZam¡pI.D] \ymk sa gpXpI1. ]Sn] Snbmbn hnI kn¡p¶ {]mIrX tNmZ \IÄ F{] ImcamWv "kl ysâ aI \nÂIhn Nn{XoI cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv ?


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samU yqÄ 2]I epIÄ cm{XnIÄ þ A¿ ¸ ]Wn ¡À

(C. \mcmb W³ Fw. ao\m £n b½ F¶n h cpsS aI \mbn Imh em¯mWv A¿ ¸ Wn¡À P\n ¨ Xv)

aebmf¯nse B[p\nIXmhmZ¯nsâ XpS¡¡mcnsemcmÄ F¶ \nebnemWv A¿ ¸ ]Wn ¡À apJ yambpw Adnb s¸ Sp¶ Xv. At± l ¯nsâ "Ipcp t£{Xw' F¶IhnX Sn. Fkv. Fen b änsâ "Xcnip `qan' sb kvacn ¸n ¡p ¶p.Ipcp t£ {Xw, ay X yq ]q P, IpSpw _ ]p cm Ww, Aán ]q P, lpKvfn, ]mtkPv SpAta cn¡, XpS §n bh {][m\ Ih XnI fmWv.]I epIÄ cm{XnIÄ

Htc kabw Pohn X¯nsâbpw ac W ¯nsâbpw {]XoIw F¶ \ne bv¡mWv Cu IhnXbnÂ A¿¸Wn¡À kÔysb AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv . \o Xs¶ PohnXsa¶pw\o Xs¶ Xs¶ ac W sa¶pw Ihn kÔ ytbmSv ]dbp ¶p. \nsâ I®nÂ \n_n ²

amb AÔ Imcw h¶v \nd bp ¶p. Np-nÂ L\ ssi Xyw Ddbp ¶p. \n¶nÂ ]I epIÄ ]nd ¡p Ibpw cm{XnIÄ ac W aSbp Ibpw sN¿p ¶p. \o cm{XnbpsS P\ \nbpwac W ¯nsâ Imap In bp amIp ¶p. ]pW y]m]]cn lm chpw \o Xs¶.\c \mbn ]nd ¶XpsIm-v Xmt§ -n h¶ Zpc \p ` h §fpsS hnf dbnb HmÀ½IÄ Ihnsb AkzØ\m¡p ¶p. kzÀK þ\ cIm\p ` §Ä Ihn HmÀs¯ Sp¡m³ {ian ¡p ¶p. I®m SnbnÂImWp¶ kz´w apJs¯ shdp t¸msS t\m¡mt\ Ihn¡v km[n ¡p¶p Åq. GsXmcmsfbpw s]mse Ihn tbbpw Pohn Xs¯ {]k ¶XtbmsS t\m¡n ImWm³ Zpc\p `h §Ä A\p h Zn¡p ¶n Ã. I\n hnsâ \\ hqdn \nÂ¡p¶ I®p I fpambn F¯nXs¶ Bi zkn¸n ¡m³ Ihn kÔ ytbmSmh i ys¸ Sp¶p.

"\n³ aSn bnse ¡p SnenÂ s¨þ¶`bw Xncn ¡p¶p'kÔ ysb Imap I bmbpw Ihn k¦ ev]n¡p ¶p. kÔ ysb¡p dn̈p ff HmÀaIÄ

ap{ZI fmbn \ngÂ \«p \nÂs¡ Xsâ \nd I ®nÂ \n{Z hmcmsXbmbn F¶v Ihn ]dbp ¶p. kÔ ybpsS apSn¨p HfnÂ hncÂ Npän ckn ¡p¶ Imap I \mbn amdp¶ Ihn.kÔ ybpsS aSn¡p gnbnÂ Xsâ IcÄ sIm¯n hen bp ¶ Xmbn Ihnbv¡v A\p ` hs¸Sp ¶p. ]pÃn\pw ]pgphn \p aS¡w FÃmhÀ¡pw hkn¡m³ CSap ff Cu ̀ qanbnÂXm³ A`b at\ zjn¡p ¶Xv apSn ]n¶n saS bp¶ hncÂ \o-p \n- kÔ ybpsS aSnbnse¡pSn enemsW¶v Ihn Xncn ¨dn bp ¶p.

]I epIÄ aS¡amcw`n¡p¶ kÔymthfIfnÂ \o ]Xnhmbn hs¶ ¯m dp-mbncp¶p. "ip` cm{Xn t\À¶v ]ncnbm\mhmsX Ip¶nÂ sNcn hnÂ Ign ªXv IhnHmÀs¯ Sp¡p ¶p. ]pW cmsX Npw_\w ]I cmsX aªns³ IpfncnÂ {]W bmXpccmbv IgnªXv Ihn HmÀ¡p ¶p. hmXnÂ sasÃ Xpd ¶n d§p¶ t]mse, Icn bnsesImgnbp¶ t]mse, aªp I« Aen bp ¶ t]mse Ccph cpsSbpw thÀ]n cnbÂ eLphmbncp¶p efn Xambncp¶p. ChnsS thÀ]cn b en\v kzm`mhnIhpw im´ hpambHcp ]Ým ¯ e amWv Ihn \ÂIp ¶ Xv.

hcp sa¶v \o sNmÃnsb ¦nepw h¶tX bnÃ \o Imew LSn ImckqNn bpsS ]nSnbnÂ Xpd ¨p \nÂ¡p ¶nÃ. Xmc§Ä \ns¶ emfn¨p ]d ª Xnsâ el cnbnemtWm


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\o Ct¸mgpw ? Aù aamb kwKoX elcn \pW bp hm³ acn J zm\ (e l cnacp¶v)Xn¶v adhnbnem-p t]m b XmtWm ?Xmc§Ä NncnIäp hogp ¶p. Imew NnX sbm cp¡n Im¯p \nÂ¡p ¶p. \obm Is«CcpÄ¡ b ambn amdnbncn¡p ¶p. Fsâ a\ knÂ ih Zmlw \S ¡p ¶p. hcnsÃ ¶dnªn«pw hm\w \nsâ hchpw Im¯ncn¡p¶p. PohnX¯nsâ NncImew NnXÂXn¶p

t]mbn«pw NnXbnÂ sh¡m³ Nne \Ã HmÀ½ IÄ _m¡n bmbn«p-v.Icn bne IÄ s]mgn ªp sIm -n cn¡p¶p \mgn I Ifpw hn\m gnI Ifpw IS ¶p t]m Ip¶p. taL §Ä hnd sIm f fp¶p. \o Aar XamtWm, hnj amtWm, hnjm ZamtWmF¶v Ihn kÔ ytbmSv tNmZn¡p ¶p. {Iqcn cpÄ Ib ambn amdnb Fsâ Pohn X¯nte¡v kvt\l ¯nsâ I\n hpambn \o ho-p sa ¯p sa¶v Rm³ {]Xo £n ¨n cp¶p.\nsâ \ngeÂ Bgse t¶mÀ¯v Fsâ X{ń IÄ \nsâ hnc epI fnÂ sh¨n cp¶p.\nsâ hnj aqÀO bpsS Xo{hX C¶v Rm³ Adn bp ¶p. Rm³ AXnÂ ]nS bp ¶p.C¶v Nncnªp amª Fsâ Np-nsâ tImWnÂ Hcp ]cn lmk ap{Z \n\ ¡p ImWmw. AXv Fsâ Pohn X¯nsâ arXn ap{ZIq SnbmWv.

hcpwIme § fnÂ \obn Xnte IS¶p t]mhp t¼mÄ Fcn bm¯ kqc y\pw hnfdm¯ N{µ\pw hncn bm¯ Xmchpw Ae dm¯ ISepw aªn epdbm¯ aebpw Imänepe bm¯ ama chpw \o ImWpw. AhnsS Fsâ ]cm Pbw ]Wn sNbvX kvamcIwDbÀ¶p \nÂ¡p ¶Xpw \n\¡p ImWmw.

\o Pohn Xhpw acWhpw X¶p. Ccp fpIbpw ad bp Ibpw sNbvXp. Fhn sS\n¶mWv PohnX¯nsâ ISp¯ Ibv]p ckw F¶n te¡v h¶ sX ¶ dnbmsX Rm\p gdp¶p. Fsâ Icn hoW a\kv Fcn bp Ibpw ]pI bp Ibpw sN¿p ¶p. \o t]mbv ad bq.taLw Xmc I s¯bpw Ccp«v IcntaLPm e § tfbpw hngp §p ¶p. kuc bq Y§ÄCcpfn³Ib ¯nÂ ap§n bncn¡p ¶p. Rm\pw Ah km \ bm{X ]dªp Ign ªn cn

¡p ¶p. Nnd I ä]£n bmb X\n¡v Nnd Ip ambv C\nsbm cn¡epw \o hc cptX F¶v Ihn kÔ ytbmSv ]dbp ¶p.\o I¯n ¨p sh¨ sagp Ip XncnIÄ Zln¨p XoÀ¶n cn¡p ¶p. Zo]§fpw shfn

¨hpw C\n tijn ¡p ¶nÃ. \nsâ Ime SnI fnse s]mSn IqSn X«n¡ fªv ]Sn hmXnÂsIm«nb S¨n cn¡p ¶p. \nsâ ad hnIqSn \o adbv¡q F¶v Ihn kÔ ytbmSv ]dbp¶p. \o X¶ Pohn Xhpw \o X¶ ac Whpw \o Xs¶ sIm-p t]mIp ¶p sh¶v ]dªv Ihn Ah km \n ¸n ¡p ¶p.

kvt\l ¯nsâ Xo{h Xbpw thÀ]m Snsâ s\m¼ chpw Cu Ihn Xbnse Imev]\n I amb Bg§ fnÂ \n¶v \ap¡v ]c Xnsb Sp¡m \mIpw. kvt\l ¯nsâ apdn hp

IÄ F¡m e¯pw \odn s¡m -n cn¡p sa¶v B apdn hpI tfÂ¸n¨v ad bp ¶ hÀ Adnbp ¶n Ã. kpJ Zp:J k½n {i amb PohnXw 'kÔy'bneqsS \ap¡v ZÀin ¡m \mIpw.H¶nsâ A`m h amWtÃm asäm¶nsâ k¯bv¡v angn th Ip ¶ Xv. ]I epIÄ sXfn äpf f Xmbn tXm¶p¶Xv cm{XnbpsS IqSn km¶n ²yw sIm-m W tÃm.150 hm¡p I fnÂ Ihn bmsX D¯ csa gpXpI.Xmsg ]d bp ¶ h bpsS kµÀ` sa gpXn Bibw hyà am¡p I.1. "I®p I f Sªp shdp ¸m³'2. "\n³ aSn bnse ¡p SnenÂ sN¶ `bw Xnc ¡p ¶p.'3. "efnXambv \o adªp'


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4. "NneXp-p NnX bnt·Â hbv¡m³'5. "arXn ap{Z \obXnÂ ImWpw '

6. AhnsS³ ]cm Pbw ]Wn sNbvX kvamcIw \nh ct«, \nÂ¡t« ktÔy!7. NndIä ]£n¡p Nnd Ip ambv \obn\n¸ndtI hscmtÃ, hscmtÃD]\ ymk cq]¯nÂ D¯ csa gpXpI." ]I epIÄ cm{XnIÄ ' F¶ Ihn Xbv¡v Hcp Bk zmZ\ ¡p dn¸v X¿mdm¡p I.

]«p ]m hmS þ kpK XIp amcn

1934þÂ {]ikvX Ihn t_mt[ i zcsâbpw ImÀ¯ ym\n b ½ bp sSbpw ]p{Xnbmbmbn Xncph \ ´ ]p c¯mWv kpK XIp amcn P\n¨ Xv. ]cnØnX kwc £ W ¯n \pth-nbpw kv{XoIfpsS AhImi§Ä¡pth-nbpw \S¶phcp¶ {]t£m`§fpsSap¶Wn bnÂ {]hÀ¯n ¨ph cp¶ kpK XIp amcn¡v tI{µþ tI cf kmln Xy A¡m ZanIÄ DÄs¸sS \nc h[n _lp aXnIÄ e`n ¨n «p-v. ap¯p ¨n ¸n, kz]v\ `qan, ]mhw

am\ h lr Zbw, CXÄ Nd Ip IÄ, cm{Xnag, A¼ e aWn, Xpdpªn ¸q ¡Ä XpS §n bhapJy IhnXm kamlm c§fm Wv. Xncph \´]pcw _me ` hsâ {]n³kn¸fpw "A`b'bpsS Øm]I sk{I «dnbpw "Xfncv' amknI bpsS ]{Xm [n]cp ambncp¶p.

B[p \n I XbpsS apJ ap{ZIÄ sXfn ªp ImWmsa ¦nepw Imev]\n I XbpsStas¼mSnIÄ kpKXIpamcnbpsS ImhyssienbnepS\ofw ImWmw. A´ÀapJXbpwau\m t\zjW §fpw ]e Ihn XI fnepw {]I SamWv. Ih bn{Xn PohnXs¯ \ntj [n¡p Itbm Xnc kvI cn¡p Itbm sN¿p ¶n Ã. adn¨v Ak zØ amb Xsâ a\ kns\im´n tX Snb e bm³ t{]cn ¡p¶p.Ihn Xmkmcw

Hcp Znhkw cmhnse t]meo kp ImÀ Hcp sIm¨p s]¬Ip «nbp ambn kpK XIpamcnbpsS ASp s¯ ¯p ¶p. ]n¨ ¡m cnbmb B s]¬Ip«n I®q \oÀ s]mgn ¨p sImt- bncncp¶p. t]Sn amdmsX AhÄ Ih bn{Xnsb t\m¡n Ahsf A` b tI {µ¯nem¡m\pff tImSXnbp¯ chv t]meokpImÀ ImWn¨p. tamjW¡pä¯n\v A½ Pbnenemb t¸mÄ Hä s¸«p t]mb XmWv AhÄ. F® tX ¡m¯ apSn ]mdn ¸ dªn cp¶DSp¸v Iodn̄ q §n bncp¶p. Ihn f¯v ]¨ Ip ¯nb AS bmf ap-m bncp¶p. a§nbap¡p ¯nbpw t]Sn ¨ c- I®p I fpambn sImÃm\mtWm hfÀ¯m \mtWm Xs¶sIm-p h ¶ sX¶v kwi b t¯msS Xs¶ t\m¡nb B _men Isb Ih bn{Xn HmÀ¡p ¶p. Nncn¨p sIm-v ssI ]nSn ¨ t¸mÄ AhÄ hnd ¡p I I bmbncp¶p. AhÄ¡v

hni ¡p ¶pt-m F¶v AhÄ tNmZn ¨p. t]cv tNmZn¨ t¸mÄ hnXp ¼p¶ Np-p ItfmsS Imfn F¶ hÄ samgnªp.\n§Ä¡v ]pXn sbmcp IqS ¸nd¸mbn F¶v ]dªv Ahsf A` b tI {µ¯nse

aäp Ip «n IÄ¡v GÂ¸n ̈p sIm Sp ¡p¶p. ]ntä¶v Xsâ ap¶nÂ sIm-p h¶p\nÀ¯nb Ip«n AhÄ Xs¶tbm F¶v Ih bn{Xn AÛp Xs¸ Sp¶p. Ipfn¨p s]m«psXm«v apSnNoIn ]pXnb DSp¸n«v sXfnªv Nncn ¡p I I bmcp¶p AhÄ. ssII fnÂhf IÄ Inep §p ¶p -m bncp¶p. aq¡p ¯n¡v Xnf ¡ ta dnbncp¶p. Imfn tbm bnXv F¶v AÛpXw Iqdn b t¸mÄ "CssÃ \m³ tla e Xbm' sW¶pw "F³t]À \mt\amän' F¶pw AhÄ ]d ªp. aäp Ip «nIÄ CXp tI«v ssIsIm«n BËmZw {]I Sn


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̧n ¨p. Ah fpsS s\dp I bnÂ Npw_n¨v \obn\n sb¶pw tla eXbmsW¶v Ih bn{XnBinÀh Zn¨p.

]pXnb Npäp]mSpambn tla eX s]s« ¶n W§n. AXp I-v Ih bn{Xn Gsdkt´m jn ¨p. apSn]n¶n `wKnbmbn dnº¬ sI«n ]pkvX I hpambn ap¶nÂ h¶p\n¶ Ahsf " \¶m bnhcpw ' F¶v Ih bn{Xn BinÀh Zn̈p. anSp¡n bmbncp¶p

AhÄ. XanÄ ]m«p IÄ Dds¡ ]mSn \ S¡p ambncp¶p. IY ]dbpw, ]Wn I fnÂklm bn¡pw. amk §Ä IS ¶p t]m bn.HmWw h¶p. ]q¡ f anSm\pw Duªm epsI «m\pw {]Ya\p -m ¡m\pw Iem

]cn]mSnIÄ AhXcn¸n¡m\pw AhÀ Xocpam\n¨p. HmWt¡mSn thWsa¶mbn NneÀ.kn\na ImWm\pw SqÀ t]mhm\p apff B{Klw AhÀ ad ¨p sh¨nÃ. Ih bn{Xn FÃmwtI«p sIm-n cns¡ tla eX ]dªp ""Xmtb Hcp ]«p ]mhmssS thW sat¶\¡mssi '' Ih bn{Xn AhÄ¡v hm¡p sIm Sp̄ p. ]n¶oSv Xan gvNph tbmsS tlaeX amth en¸m«v ]mSp¶Xv tI«p. AhÄ DuÀÖ kzebm bncp¶p. Zmh WnNpän So¨dmbn A`n\bn¡pw. ssI¯mfw sIm«n "PXn' sNmÃpw Icmt« A ỳmk¯n\v ssN\okv

`mj bnÂ Iev]\ ]d bpw. Ih bn{Xn Ahsf kt´m j t¯msS ho£n ¨p sIm -ncp¶p. ]t£ HmWs¯ kz]v\w I-n cp¶ tla e Xbv¡v HmWamtLm jn ¡m \mbnÃ.

\mdnb tNe bp Sp¯v saen ªp W §nb Ipªns\ Ae £ yamsb Sp¯v HcpZnhkw Imfn bpsS A½ tZj yt¯msS Ibdn h¶p. tXmf¯v amdm ¸p -m bncp¶p.apdp¡n apdp¡n \mhv Idp ¯n cp¶p. Idp¯ \mhnÂ im]h N\§Ä KÀÖ \ §fmbn s]¬Ip «nsb A½¡v hn«p \ ÂIm \p f fpff tImS Xnbp ¯ chv t]meo kp ImÀIh bn{Xn¡v \ÂIn. Ih bn{Xn B A½ tbmSv ssIIq¸n bmNn ¨p. Ip«n \¶mbn

]Tn¡p sa¶v \n§Ä¡v CS bv¡nsS Ahsf h¶v ImWm sa¶pw ]dªp t\m¡n.thW sa ¦nÂ B A½bv¡pw Ipªn\pw aIÄsIm¸w AhnsS Xs¶ I g n b msa¶pw Ih bn{Xn ]dªp. F¶mÂ KÀPn ¨p sIm-v B kv{Xo ]d ªp. "th-mw !'Xmsbsâ s]mss® io{Iw ''.

\nÊ lm b bmb Ih bn{XnbpsS ap¶n te¡v hy¯n bnÂ thjw [cn¨v hc -I ®p ambn tla eX \n¶p. AhÄ¡v Ic bm³ I®p \o cp-m bncp¶n Ã. " t]mItÃ' F¶v Iq«p ImÀ Ic bp ¶p -m bncp¶p. I¿n ep-m bncp¶ k©n bnse DSp ¸p IÄamdm̧n te¡v amän ]pkvX I §Ä hen s¨ dnªv "hmSo hmSo' tIm]t¯msS B A½apc-p sIm-n cp¶p. tla eX t]mItÃ F¶v Iq«p ImÀ Ic ªphnfn ¨ t¸mÄ Rm³tla e XbÃ Imfn bmWv F¶v ]dªv AhÄ Xsâ Zptc ymK¯n te¡v \S¶v adªp. hgn bnte¡v t\m¡n \n¶ Ih bn{Xn ]pkvXI ¯mfp IÄ ImänÂ adn bp ¶XpwAS bp ¶Xpw I-p.Hcp JWvUnI bnÂ D¯ csa gpXpI.1. " Xansgm̈ bnsemcp Infn sIm ©p¶p' þ kµÀ`w hni Zam¡p I.2. "sR«n¯ cn¡p¶ Rm³ an-m³ h¿' þ kµÀ` taXv 3. "" th-mw ! Xmsbsâ s]mss® io{Iw'' þ kµÀ`w hni Zam¡p I.4. A`b tI{µ¯nÂ F¯ns¸« Imfn bnep-mb amä § sf s´Ãmw ?5. HmWs¯ ¡p dn̈p ff Ip«n I fpsS kz]v\ § sf s´ Ãmambncp¶p.


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D]\ ymk cq]¯nÂ D¯ csa gpXpI\jvS _m e y§ fpsS \nÊ lm b XIÄ ]«p ]mhmSbnÂ F{]Im camWv A\mh cWwsN¿ s¸ Sp¶Xv ?

Chs\¡qSn. þ k¨n Zm\ µ³sImSp§ Ãqcnse ]qÃqäv {KmānÂ P\n¨ k¨n Zm\ µ³ Gd WmIpfw alm cm

Pmkv tImtfPnÂ \n¶v Cw¥ojv kmln Xy¯nÂ _ncpZm\µc _ncpZw t\Snb tijwhnhn[ tImtf Pp I fnÂ A[ ym ] I \mbn tkh \ a \p jvTn ̈p. A©p kqc y³,Fgp ¯ Ñ³ Fgp Xpt¼mÄ, ]oT \ Imew, th\Âag, Ch s\ ¡q Sn, hoSpamäw, tZimS\w, A]qÀWw, H¶m ]mTw, A\ ´w, km£ y§Ä, hn¡v XpS §nb {][m\ IrXn IfmWv.

tIhew hnem]Imhysa¶Xn\pa¸pdw sshtem¸nffnsb aebmf IhnXm kmlnXy Ncn{X̄ nÂ Nnkva cWob \m¡p¶ kn²n hntijw Hcp A\ ´ ch³ amXp es\

HmÀ¡p¶ a«nÂ k¨n Zm\ µ³ "Ch s\ ¡qSn' F¶ Cu Ihn XbnÂ Ah Xcņ n ¡p¶p.Ihn Xmkmcw

tla´Imes¯ saenª Ipfp\oÀ ssIIÄ \o«n Chs\¡qSn kzoIcn¡pIF¶v Ihn \nf tbm St]£n ¡p ¶p. sshtem¸n f fnbpsS ̀ uXnI icocw kzo I cn¡m\mWv Ihn At]£n ¡p ¶ Xv. \nftbmSv am{XaÃ Imänt\mSpw [\p cmhnt\mSpw IhnA` yÀ°n ¡p ¶p -v. Xp¼n ssI sIm-v Ihn bpsS `uXnI icocw DbÀ¯m \mWv Ben ³Np h «nse ]m©m cn¡p sNhn bm«p¶ sX¡³ Imän t\mSv ]d bp ¶ Xv. B\¡hnXIÄ FgpXnb sshtem¸nffnbpsS ̀ uXnI icocmhinjv Sw DbÀ¯m³ sX¡³

Imäns\ B\ bmbn Xs¶ Ihn X bnÂ k¦ ev]n¨cn ¡p ¶p. Xnhn e zm a e bnse"]p\ÀÖ\n' sb¶ Kpl bneqsS \pW h cp¶ \nem hpsIm -v PUs¯ aqSn ]p X¸n¡m\mWv [\p amkcmhnt\mSv Bhiys¸ Sp¶Xv. ]p\ÀÖ\n \pW I S¶mÂ ]n¶oSv ]m]P· §Ä t]td -n h cnÃ¶mWv hni zmkw.

XpSÀ¶v sshtem ¸nf fnbpsS IhnXIÄ kqNn¸n ¨p sIm-v At± l¯nsâ Ihnhyàn Xzw hc¨p ImWn¡ ¶p. Ch³ (Ct± lw) R§ fpsS HmW]m«n\p Nph Spsh¸mWv ( HmW̧m«pImÀ F¶ IhnX HmÀ¡p I.) I¶n hb ense s\Ãn³ ]mem Wv.sX¡³ ]m«n³ hocyam Wv. ]mXncm̧q hn³ tX³ \nd ¨Xpw Im¡ ¨n dInÂ kqtc yÕhw hnf bn¨Xpw Cf \oÀ ssii h amsI tImcn sbm gn̈Xpw Ch³ Xs¶. I¶n

s¡m bvXv, enÃn¸q ¡Ä, Im¡ XpS §nb Ihn XIÄ Cu `mK¯v kqNn ¸n¡p ¶p."AdnhnÂ ]¨ ssIX ̧q hn³ BXncm N{µ³, apdn hnÂ aqÀ¨ apf ¦m Sn\pIpdp¦p gÂ' F¶n § s\ bmWv Ihnsb k¨n Zm\ µ³ AS bmf s¸ Sp̄ p ¶ Xv. Adnhnsâ shbn enÂ \n¶v sshtem ¸nffn IhnX A\p `qXnbpsS lcnXw amäp ¶p sh¶v \ncq]I {]iwk bmWv k¨n Zm\ µ³ kqNn ¸n¡p ¶ Xv. apdnhn³ aqÀ¨ F¶ XneqsS]cn hÀ¯ \ §Ä¡v t{]c W bmImdpff thZ \m\p ` h § sf ¡qSn kqNn ¸n¡p ¶p.

XpSÀ¶v \nfm \Znsb I]neÀ F¶ kwL Ime IhnbpsS acpXpw Ce ªnbpw\\¨ Xmbv \Zo sb¶v k¨n Zm\ µ³ kwt_m [ \ sN ¿p ¶p. Imh y\nf bpsS Ncn {XK


20/34



XnbnÂ sshtem ¸nffn IhnXsb AS bmf s¸ Sp̄ m \mWv Ihn bpsS {iaw. \nfsb`mj bp sSbpw kwkvIm c¯ntâbpw {]hm l ambmWv Ihn hn`mh\w sN¿p ¶ Xv."\oe ¡p dpªn Im«n³ an¶Â ]nWÀt]m ep ff Ddh' kwL km ln X y ̄ nsesFńssW k¦ ev]¯n te¡v Imh yNcn{Xs¯ sIm-p t]m Ip ¶p.

Nnes¼men Nne¸ XnImcImh yt¯bpw ]pf fph ¡p Shpw ]mW¯p Sbpw k¼¶ amb \mtSmSn Km\ ]mc¼ cys¯bpw kqNn ¸n¡p ¶p. B Imhy KwK Fgp ¯ Ot\mfw F¯n b Xmbn Ihn Nn{XoI cn¡p ¶p. " Za b ń X³ Iod të ' D®m bnhmcycpsS B« ¡ Ytbbpw "km\p ¡ fne eªp s]mcpÄ tXSn' F¶Xv Ipam cm\mimsâBibKl\Xtbbpw A\pkv acn¸n¡p¶p. Imhy ]mc¼cy¯nsâ XpSÀ¶pff I®nI fmb CS tÈ cntbbpw ]n tbbpw Ihn kvacn ¡p ¶p. Cu L«¯n emWv sshtem ¸nffn Imhy {]hm l ¯nsâ `mK amIp ¶ Xv. " F«psI «pI fpsS ]«S' kqNn ¸n ¡p ¶Xv P·n Xzw hnj b am¡n sshtem ¸nffnsbgp Xnb " IpSnsbm gn¡ens\' bmWv XpSÀ¶v Zm¼Xy PohnX¯nse DÄ¸n cnhpIÄ hnj b am¡nb At± l ¯nsâ {]i kvXamb"I®oÀ¸mSw' kqNn XamIp ¶p.

\ncm`cW\pw \mZmImc\pamb Ihn Bdm«p ap§ms\¯nbncn¡p¶p. ChsâsImSn ]\n \oÀapffnÂ ]SÀt¶ dp¶ Ibv]hÃ cnbt{X( " ]\n\oÀ¸qhnt\mSv' " Ibv]h Ãcn' ) Ibv]bnse apffpw Ibv]pw arZp Xzhpw sshtem ¸nffn Ihn XbpsS `n¶ `mh §sf hyÖn¸n¡p ¶p. Chsâ hml\w "ISÂIm¡' sb¶pw ]pen t\À¡p hcpt¼mÄ "HmWhnÃm' Wv Chsâ Bbp [ sa¶pw Ihn kqNn ¸n¡p ¶p. Ipcpt¯mebpw sImSn¯qhbpw Xncp hmSbm¡nb sshtem ¸nffn Ihn XIÄ a®nsâ aW apff h bmsW¶v k¨n Zm\ µ³ HmÀ¡p ¶p. sshtem ¸nffn IhnXbnse BZn {ZmhnU`mh§Ä Is- ¯m³ k¨n Zm\ µ³ {ian ¡p ¶p-v.

" I\ emgnbnÂ \r¯w hN \ a¸w Ipcnþ t¯me bnÂ \nd ame ]qPn ¡m³ Ipd h ·mÀ '

"t\cnsâ hm¡n\pw hS ¡n\pw Ch³ s]cp amÄ, Ch\p {]nb I enIme ¯n³tXmäw'. Cu ̀ n_§sfÃmw sshtem¸nffn IhnXbnse {ZmhnUthcpIÄ NnIbm³ t]m¶hbmWv.

\oÀ XmWn«pw hämsX ISÂ tXSp¶ \nfm\ZntbmSv sshtem¸nffnbpsS ̀ uXnIico cmh in jvS§Ä kzo I cn¡m³ Ihn ho-pw At]£n ¡p ¶p. H¸w \nf bpsSka ImenImhØ tbmÀ¯v Ihn hne]n ¡p¶p. \Kc§Ä hnjw Xp¸n aen\am ¡nb\nf bnse hnj \o tcäv ]mWsâ Npc ¸p ¶bpw ¹mipw ]bv\nbpw Xf cp¶p. {Kma§Ä ayp Xph cn¡p ¶p. th« ¸«nIfmÂ hfªv \mbm «pImÀ {Kma§sf shSn sh¨phogv ̄p¶Xmbn Ihn k¦ev ]n¡p¶p. a\pjymßmhpt]mepw aeoakamIp¶p. \½ÄHgņn¨ PmXn aX ]nim NpIÄ Imhn bnepw shfp ¸nepw Bßm ¡Ä¡v hne t]ip¶p.

HmW¯n\pWcp¶Xv amthenbÃ hma\\mWv . \mw ImWp¶ hnjp¡Wn sdbnÂ]me ¯nÂ F¶pw hogp¶ Ak zØ bph cà ¯am Wv. hm¡nepw a\ Ênepw ]mcp


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jyw s]cp Ip ¶p. Imc W h cmb Ihn tbmSv (ssh tem]nÅn tbm Sv) C¶sX Ihn (k¨n Zm\ µ³ ) £a tNmZn ¡p ¶p. am¼ g¡m e ¯nsâ ss\Àa eyw Ft¶ \jvS s¸ «pt]m b Xmbn ]cnX]n¡p ¶p. \oXn bpsS angnIÄ AS ªn cn¡p ¶p. kvt\l ¯nsâIe h dbv¡v Xmgn«ncn¡p ¶p. \mSnsâ \s« Ãmb kwkvImcw NnXbnÂs]m«p ¶p.aeÀImew aW en se cn ª a cp ¶p. shbnÂ Xmgp ¶p. XWp t¸ dp ¶p.

HSp¡s¯ amhnÂ IqS W bp samän¡nfn Nne ¡p ¶p." ]mhao \mSn³ kzÀ® In® ambncp¶ h³ Zm, t\m¡p hm\nÂ ]qÀ® N{µ\mb h³ ho-pw'

kµÀ`hpw kmc k yhpw hyà am¡pI.1. Adnhn³ ]¨, ssIXþ

¸qhn emXncm̈ {µ³ apdnhnÂ aqÀ¨, apf ¦mSn¶p Ipdp ¦p gÂ 2. At¸m gmWnh s\ ¯nþ sb«p sI«p IÄ I¯pw ]«S sh®o dnÂ Xm³ s\Ãn¡p \oÀ tImcp hm³ 3. s]cp amfnh³ t\cmw

hm¡n\pw hS ¡n\pw Ch¶p {]nb taäw Ien Ime ¯n³ tXmäw 4. ]pc §Ä \n¶nÂ hnjw Xp¸p¶p; ]c Wsâ Npçp ¶bpw ¹mipw ]bv\nbpw Xf cp¶p 5. amXpems]m dp̄ mepw XoÀ¶p am¼ a¡m ew. D]\ ymk sa gpXpI. 1. "Chs\ ¡qSn' F¶ Ihn Xbv¡v Hcp Bk zmZ\ ¡p dn¸v X¿mdm¡p I.

þþþþþþ

ag sIm-p am{Xw þ dô¡v Al ½Zv 1961þÂ XrÈqcnemWv dô¡v Al ½Zv P\n¨ Xv. No«pIfn¡m c³, ]md bnÂ

]WnªXv kz]v\hmMvaqew, sXmcmag, Aeamc, inh Iman, {Kmahr£¯nse hmhÂXpS§nbh {][m\ IrXnI fmWv. 2006þÂ "Aeamc' F¶ IrXn¡v tIcf kmlnX yA ¡m Zan AhmÀUv e`n¨n«p-v. Ht«sd ae bmf kn\nabv¡v Km\c N\ \nÀh ln¨n«p-v.


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IhnXm kam lmcwBÀ{ZX häns¡m -ncn¡p¶ ka ImenI PohnX kml Ncy§ fnÂ {]W bhpw

hc-p t]mb Xmbn kwi bnt¡ -nbncn¡p¶p. hnip² amb {]Wbw Imh y`mh \bmbn Npcp§nbncn¡p¶p. {]W b ¯nsâ Xo{hhpw kpµ chpamb thZ \IÄ ]pX Xe apdsb Is¿m gnªpt]m Ip¶p C¡m e¯v Ah A\p`qXn Zmb I amb H¶mb IhnNn{XoI cn¡p¶p.

a®nÂ aqSn InS¡p¶ Nne hn¯pIÄ ag sIm -mÂ am{Xw apf ¡p¶ h bmWv.Ah {]Wbw sIm-pam{Xw FcnªpI ¯p¶ s\©nse XncnIÄ t]mse bmWv. agsIm-v am{Xw XfnÀ¡p¶ Nne NnÃ I fp-v. lz k zamb PohnXIme ¯n\nS bnÂ XfncnSp¶ ]q¯ e bp¶ Hcp {]W b Ime hpap-v. kqZoÀL amb X] ÊnÂ \n¶pWÀ¶v I¯p¶ shbnÂ NnX bnte¡v HmÀa IÄ \o«p¶ XmWv B {]W b Im ew.

ag sNhnbnÂ {]W bn\nsb t¸mse kz Imcyw ]d bp¶p. s]cphncenÂ sIm¯nA\p`qXn ]I cpIbpw ]oen \nÀ¯n \r̄ w Nhn«pIbpw sN¿p¶p. a\Ênse HgnhnS§ fnÂ ]¨¸v \nd bv¡p¶p. PohnX ¯nÂ {]l ctaÂ¸n¡p¶ shbne h ØIsfAXv IgpIn ip²nh cp¯pw. s]mSnbnepw Icnbnepw ap§n t{]X cq]nI fmbn Xocp¶ ac §Ä ag bnÂ Ipfn¨v ]pXpcq]aWnbpw. a\ÊnÂ IcnaqSnb AhØbnÂ A{]Xo£nXambn agt]mse h¶v Xsâ a\Ênsâ Cdb¯p \n¶ {]Wbn\nsb Ihn HmÀ¡p¶p. CSn an¶ensâ s]m¶pfnsIm-v sIm¯nb \á Pe inev]w t]mse IhnbpsS a\ÊnÂ {]W bn\n CSwt\Sp¶p. ]t£ {]Wb agt¯mÀ¨¡v Im¯p \nÂ¡msX {]W bn\n¡v ]Snbndt§-n h¶p.

\o ]Snbnd §nb tXmsS Rm³ Xcnip`qant]mse hc -p. Fsâ Zn\§Ä Icnbne t]mse ]d ¶p. Xcnimbn XoÀ¶ Fsâ PohnX ¯nse NXp¸nse hnsStbm Nnehn¯pIÄ C\nbpw ag bv¡mbn Im¯ncn¡p¶p-v. ag bpsS Nq- bnÂ tImÀ¡m³Ahsb HXp¡n \nÀ¯nbncn¡p¶p.

{]WbagmÂ am{Xw ]nd¡p¶ apdn¸mSnÂ s]mSnbp¶ càambn Rm³ \nÂ¡pw.Rm³ X\nsb s\m¼ c¯nsâ Cu ag sIm-v XoÀ¡pw. {]Wbw k½m \n¨ ]\nbnÂ hnd ¨pInS ¡pw.Bibw hyà am¡p I.1. "NneXp-v s]mSnsIm-v aqSn'2. "IgpIp¶p shbnensâbpffw '3. ""AdnbmsX hs¶mcp ag bnÂ a\Ênsâ Cd b¯p \n¶ XmtWmÀ½''4. "C¶p Rm³ \nsâ ]\nbnÂ hnd¨p InS ¡pw.''D]\ ymk sa gpXpI.1. "agsIm-p am{Xw' F¶ IhnX bnse {]W b `mh §Ä \ncq]Ww sN¿pI.


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samU yqÄ þ 3 & 4CXn lm k I Ym ]m {X §Ä

þ Ip«nIrjvW amcmÀkuµ cb ZÀinbpw XXzÚm \nbpw \ninX _p²nbmb hnaÀiI\pw H¯psN

cp¶ amcmcpsS \ncq]I {]Xn` Cu teJ \¯nÂ sXfnªpIm Wmw. e£vaohmck ymcptSbpw IrjvW amcptSbpw aI \mbn Xr{] t§m «mWv amcmÀ P\nẌv. ]«m¼nkwkvIrX ]mT im e bnÂ \oe I WvTiÀ½ bpsS inj y\mbncp¶p. 1928 emWv BZyIr Xn bmb kmln X y `q jWw {]kn ²o I cn ̈ Xv. ae bmfn ssien `mjm ] cn N bw,hy¯ inev]w , kmlnX yk Ãm]w, NÀ¨mtbmKw, kmlnXyhnZy, Z´ tKm]pcw, `mc]cyS\w, Ie PohnXw Xs¶ XpS §nb h bmWv {][m\ IrXnIÄ. "Ie PohnXw Xs¶'F¶ IrXn tIcf, tI{µ kmlnXy A¡m Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn.

Fw.]n. t]mfnsâ A`n{]mb¯nÂ CXnlmk§fntebpw almImhy§fntebpw\mb IÀ amXrIm ]pcpj ·m cmWv. \mbnIm\mb I ·mÀ FÃm kZvKpW§ fpsSbpwD¯a amXrI bmbncn¡pw. AkÂ ]m{X§fnem ht« kÀh ZpÀKpW §fpw H¯ptNÀ¶ncn¡pw. km[m cW PohnX ¯nÂ C§s\bpffhÀ ImW s¸Sp¶nÃ. Cu IYm]m{X§Ä km[m cW a\pjy kz `mh ¯n\v hncp²tcm AXo Xtcm BWv. A¯cwIYm]m{X§ tf ¡mÄ a\knÂ CSw t\Sp¶Xv KpW tZmj k ¦ enXcmb bYmÀY a\pj ycpsS `mh§Ä t]dp¶ IYm ]m{X§ fmsW¶v Fw. ]n. t]mÄ \nco £n¡p¶p.

Ip«nIrjvW amcmÀ Cu \nco£ Ws¯ "CXnlm k I Ym]m{X§Ä ' F¶ ]T\¯nÂ kq£va ambn hni I e\w sN¿p¶p. bYmÀY a\pjy PohnX hpw kz`mhhpwNn{XoI cn¡ s¸« Akw Jyw kmlnXy IrXnI tf ¡mÄ CXnlmk IYm ]m{X§ fmWv s]mXpP\lrZ b ¯nÂ ]Xnªp InS ¡p¶Xv F¶mWv amcm cpsS A`n{]mbw.`mcXobÀ¡v CXnlmkIYm]m{X§Ä Abho«pImsct¸mse kp]cnNnXcmWv. km[mcW¡mÀ Cu ]cnNbw ]mcmbWw sIm-p am{XaÃ, ]et¸mgpw tI«ptIÄhn sIm-pIqSnbmWv t\Sp¶ Xv. CXnlmk § fnse "kz `mhmXoX' IYm]m{X§ fsf ̀ mc XobÀIqsS sIm-p \S ¡p¶ XpImWpt¼mÄ CXnlm k Imc·mÀ Gähpw \Ã a\: im kv{XÚ cmsW¶v \½Ä Nn´n¨pt]m Ipw.

\·Xn·IÄ Bt]£nIambncns¡ km[mcW PohnX¯nÂ Ah hIXncn¡pI{]bmk amsW¶v \ap¡v t_m[ ys¸ Spw. CXnlmk IYm ]m{X§ fnse \·Xn·Ifpwkq£va ZrjvSnbnÂ XoÀ¸pI ev]n¡m \mhm¯ hn[w Ipg ªpa dnªp InS ¡p¶ XmsW¶v t_m[ y s¸ Spw. AhÀ shdpw BZÀi hy àn X z § sf sÃ¶pw bYmÀ°

a\pj ycpsS Ipd ¨ [nIw henb t¢mk ¸pI fmsW¶pw Bg ¯nepf f hni I e \¯nÂImWm\mIpw.

cmamb W ¯nse apJ yI Ym]m{X§ fpsS am\pjnI amb ZuÀ_ e y§ fmWv IYmKXnbpsS Hgp¡n\v B¡w Iq«p¶ sX¶v amcmÀ Np-nImWn¡p¶p. koX bnÂ ]mXn{] X yhpw cma \nÂ ]nXr ̀ àn bpw {`mXr kvt\ lhpw, {]Pm c Ö \hpw ap´n \nÂ¡p¶p. F¶mÂ Cu Iev]nX KpW § fnÂ h¶ps] Sp¶ am\pjnIamb ]pgp¡p¯pIÄ amcmÀ Np-n¡m Wn¡p¶p. koX X\n¡p Im hÂ \n¶ e£ aWs\ sXdn]dªv B«nb I änbnÃmbncp¶psh ¦nÂ cmambWw Bc W yImWvTt¯msS Ah km


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School of Distance Education\n¡pam bncp¶psh¶v amcmÀ Nq-n¡m Wn¡p¶p. e£ aWs\ B«nb I änbXpsIm-m WtÃm cmhW\v Ffp¸ ¯nÂ koXsb I«psIm -pt]m hm\mb Xv. e£ aWt\mSpff ZpÀ`mjWw koXsb kXo Xzw ssIsh Snªv Hcp km[m cW kv{Xobmbn amäp¶p.

cmasâ Imc yhpw hn`n¶ aÃ. AÑsâ hmKvZm\ ]me \¯n\pth-n cmPm [nImcw hens¨dnªp Im«nte ¡pt]mb Xym Knbmb aI³ F¶ XmWv cmasâ apJ y

`mhw. F¶mÂ kÀhKpW k¼¶\mb cma\pw X\na\pjy\mbn Xocp¶ Nne kµÀ`§Ä amcmÀ Np-n¡m «p¶p. ]«m `ntjIw aqS §nt¸mbXnepff Zp:Jw koX bpsSap¼nÂ ad bnÃmsX ]pdt¯ s¡m gpIp¶p. ]n¶oSv Im«nte¡v A\pbm{X sNbvXAtbm ²ym hmknI sfÃmw Xncn¨pt]mb t¸mÄ e£ aWt\mSv cma³ ]nXmhns\ Ipäs¸ Sp¯n kwkm cn¡p¶p-v. hnÑn¶m `ntj I ¯n\pw ImcWw ̀ qX cmb ̀ c Xt\bpwssItI bntbbpw Ipä s¸ Sp¶ H¶ne [nIw kµÀ`§Ä cmam b W¯nep-v. Nn{XIqS¯nencns¡ Xs¶ kµÀin¡ms\¯nb ̀ cXt\mSv sXän²mcWtbmsSbmWv cma³s]cpam dp¶ Xv. cmasâ ]nXr`ànbnepw {`mXrkvt\l ¯nepw {]Pm cRvP Xz̄ nepwImWp¶ Cu sshcp² y§Ä CXnlmk IYm ]m{X§ fnse bYmÀ° a\pj yXbp

sS Nn{XoI cW ¯n\pff DZm l cW § fmWv.{]Xn\mb I \mb cmh W³ "Hcp a\pj y\p-m Im³ ]mSqff kIe ZpÀKpW§fpw \nd ª h \sÃ¶v ' {io l\pam³ Xs¶ hnfn¨p ]d bp¶Xv amcmÀ Nq-nIm«p¶p. kpµ cImWvU¯nÂ l\pam³ cmh Wsâ cq] t¯bpw ss[c yt¯bpw HmPÊnt\bpw {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶p. kÀÆ e £ W bpà s\¶v {]iw kn¡p¶p. cmh WsâA[À½w temI cmh W XzamtWm ssXtem Iy]nP b amtWm F¶v amcmÀ At\z jn¡p¶p. ZznK znPbw t\Sp¶ N{I hÀ¯namÀ _lpam \nX cmIpt¼mÄ aq¶ptem IhpwPbn¨ cmh W³ F´psIm-v _lpam \nX \mhp¶nsÃ¶v amcmÀ tNmZn¡p¶p. cmhWs\ sI«n bn« ImÀ¯y hoc ymÀÖp \ \s\ \mw _lp am \n ¡p t¼mÄ AXnsâ

ap¡mÂ ]¦pt]mepw C{µs\ sI«nbn« cmh W\pw \mw \ÂIp¶nÃ. \½Ä _lpam\n¨mepw CsÃ ¦nepw cma³ AXp sNbvXn«ps-¶v ImfnZm k³ cLphw i ¯nÂ ]dªn«p-v.

tZhi{Xphmb cmhW³ tZhmcm[Icmb X]kznIsf t{Zmln¨n«ps-¦nÂ AXv ZWvU \oXn am{Xambn ImWmt\ ]äq F¶v amcmÀ ]dbp¶p. cpÜnWo lc WIÀ¯mhmb {ioIrjvW³ apXÂ At\Iw _lp`m cy·msc Bcm [n¨pw BZ cn¨pw t]mcp¶\mw cmhWs\ am{Xw AXnsâ t]cnÂ Ipäw ]d bp¶ sX ń\mWv F¶pw amcmÀtNmZn¡p¶p.

cmamb Ws¯ \mep Iq«p ktlm Zc·m cpsS IY F¶ \ne¡pw amcmÀ t\m¡n

ImWp¶p-v. cma e £ aWmZnIÄ, _menkp{Koh ·mÀ, cmhWIpwÌÀ® hnò j W·mÀ, k¼mZn PSmbp¡Ä F¶n§s\bpff Iq«p ktlm Zc·m cnÂ Gähpw D¯awHSphnet¯ XmsW¶v amcmÀ IcpXp¶p. `c Xe £a W ·m cpsS tPymjvT\pth -nbpff kl\w k¼mXn A\pP\pth-n sNbv XtXmfw al¯csa¶v ]dªpIqSm. A\pP \mb PSm bphns\ c£n¡m \mbn k¼mXn Poh XymKw sNbvXp. PSmbphmIs«koXsb c£n¡m³ cmh Ws\ hgnapS ¡p¶ Xn\nsS kzÀKw ]qIn. hm\c {`mXm¡fpsS IYbnÂ A\pP³, tPyjvTs\ sImÃn¡bmWp-mbXv. sXän²mcWbmWv tPymj Tsâ ac W ¯n\v Imc W ambXv F¶Xv IYm k µÀ`s¯ Gähpw timI ]qÀWhpwlrZ b t£m Ì hpam¡n XnÀ¡p¶p. cm£k k tlm Zc\am cpsS IY bnÂ tPyjvT³


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School of Distance Education(cmh W³) A\ysâ `mc ysb I«psIm -pt]m ¶ Xns\ A\pP ·mÀ (IpwÌÀW\pwhnòj W\pw) Hcp t]mse FXnÀ¡p¶p-v. IpwÌÀ®³ tPyjvT \pth-n bp²wsNbvXv sImÃs¸ Sp¶p. hnòj W³ tPyjvTsâ A\o Xns¡ Xnsc cmae £ aW ·mtcmSv tNÀ¡p¶p.alm `mcXw.

alm `mc¯nse {]Xn\m b I \mb Zptc ym[\sâ al Xz§Ä amcmÀ NnI sª Sp¡p¶p. s]äp hoW XpapXÂ Zptcym[s\ D] t£n¨pIf bm\mbncp¶p hnZpccpw aäpw[yX cmjv{StcmSv D]tZin¨ Xv. AbmÄ ImcWw Ipew apSnbpsa¶pw AhÀ ]d ªp.Btcbpw sNhn sImf fmsX Zptcy[ \³ ]nXrk tlm Zc]p{X·msc D]{Zhn¨psIm-ncp¶p. ZpÀ½ Xn, ZpÀ_p²n, Zpcmßm hv, tem`] cmb W³, t{Im[ ] cmb W³ F¶n§ s\bpff iIm chm¡pI IÄsIm-mWv Zptc ym[ \³ hnti jn¡ s¸ «Xv.

Ipcpt£{Xbp²¯nsâ Ahkm\w ̀ oa\pambpff Zzµzbp²¯nÂ XpS NXªv hoW Zptcym[\³ XpSÀ¶p-mb Zpc´§Ä¡pw Iem]§Ä¡pw km£nbmbn Iptd\mfpIÄIqSn acn¡msX InS ¶p. Cu Ah k c¯nepw ]ecpw Zptc ym[s\ A[nt£]n¨p. {ioIrjvW³ t]mepw ]tcm £ ambn AXnÂ ]¦psIm -p. an{X sat¶m i{Xp

sht¶m IcpXm \mIm¯ ac ap«nt]mse bmbn XoÀ¶ Chsâ taÂ C\nhm ¡pIÄsh«nbn«ns«´mWv F¶m bncp¶p {ioIrjvWsâ ]tcm £ amb A[nt£ ]w. CXptI« Zptc ym[ \³ ssI c-pw \ne ¯q¶n Duc sIm-v \nhÀ¶p \n¶v ]pcnIw Npfn¨v D{Kamb adp]Sn ]d ªp. "" Rm³ hn[nbmw h®w A[ yb\w sNbvXp, Zm\w sNbvXp, `qanbS¡n hmWp,cmPm¡ fpsS Xe bv¡paosX \n¶p, anI¨ sFi zcyhpw tZthmNnXambn t`mK§fpwA\p ̀ hn ̈p. kz [À½w t\m¡p¶ £{Xn bÀ CjvS s¸«pw hn[w sIme bp taäpFsâXnt\¡mÄ \Ã Ah km\w BÀ¡m WpffXv. Rm³ kplr¯p¡sfmSpw A\pP ·m tcmSpw IqSn kzÀK̄nte¡v t]mIpI bmWv. \n§tfm k¦Â]w sI«p hnjm

Zn¨p Ign¨pIqt« -nbpw hcpw '' Cu hm¡pIÄ tI«v BIm i ¯p\n¶v ]pjv] hrjvSnbp-mbn KÔÀhm ]vk cÊpIÄ hmZ ytLmjw apg ¡n. \½Ä "Xm³ t]mcna ' sb¶v eLqI cn¡p¶ Zptc ym[ \sâ hm¡pIÄ¡v Akm [mcWamb t{ijvL Xbp-m bncp¶p F¶mWv CXv sXfnbn¡p¶ Xv. Cu t{ijvTX CXnjm k Ihn Xs¶ ]n¶oSv Nn{XoIcn¨n«p-v . [À½{i²bm³ DStemsS kzÀKw ]qInb bp[njv Tc³ tZh³amÀ¡nSbnÂ alm {] `mh t¯m sSbncn¡p¶p. Zptc ym[s\ I- t¸mÄ AaÀjw ]q- t{X.CXp I- \mc Z³ Zptc ym[ \sâ kzÀK tbm KyXsb ¡pdn¨v ]d ªXv {it² b ambn.Gähpw henb ̀ b¯nepw AXym]¯nepw kÀh{]mWn`b¦camb acW¯nÂ t]mepwsXÃp `b s¸ SmsX \Sp§msX \nÂ¡pI F¶ Xns\ tZh kn²hpw KÔÀhm `n\µ y

hpamb Hcp ]pWyambmWv \mcZ³ hni ZoI cn¡p¶ Xv. Zptcym[s\ kzÀKm h Imcnbm¡nbXv CXm Wv. Zptcym[ \sâ \nÀ`b Xz̄ nsâ t\sc adph i amWv bp[njvTnc\nepf f Xv.

AÀÖp\s\¡mfpw anIhv ImWn¨ IÀ® t\mSv bp[njvTc\v _lpam \t¯¡mÄ `b ambncp¶p. òjva tcbpw t{ZmWtcbpw Ir] tcbpw Ai z°m amhnt\bpwAh cpsS ZpÀÖ b XtbmÀ¯v bp[njvT c³ ̀ b ¶p. bp[njvTncsâ Ømbn ̀ mh ambncp¶ Cu ̀ bw Imc W amWv ]mWvUhÀ¡v hmc Wmh X¯nse Ac ¡nÃ ¯nÂ sN¶v ]mÀ¡p Ibpw AhnsS \n¶v Hfn t¨m Sp Ibpw th-n h ¶ Xv. FhnsSt¸mbmepwZptcym[\³ Nmc³amscs¡m-v X§sf sImÃnt¨¡psa¶v bp[njv Tnc³ ̀ b¶p. GI


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School of Distance EducationN{I bnÂ ]n¨ bnc t¡ -nh ¶p. AÀÖp\sâ A`ym k_e¯mÂ ]m©m ensb th«v _Ôp_ew t\Sn A`nhy²{]m]ns̈ ¦nepw ]Ip¯pIn«nb cmPyw NqXpIfnbnÂ \jvSs¸ Spt¯-n h¶p. ]m©m ensb t¸mepw ]Wbw sht¡-n h¶p. ]m©men k`bnÂ A] am\nXbmb t¸mÄ bpZnjvTncsâ £{Xnb Xzw am{XaÃ BW¯w t]mepwNqfnt¸mbn. AÚmX hmk ¡m e¯v bp[njvTnc\v ho-pw CtX A\p`h ap-mbn]m©menbnÂ Imamthiw ]q- IoN I³ AXv \nd th dm¯ tZj y¯nÂ Ahsfbp[njvTncmZnIfpsS ap¼nen«v Nhn«v. AÚm Xhmk ¯nem b XpsIm-v òa\v Dincpff \mev hm¡v t]mepw ]d bm³ km[n¨nÃ. ià cmb ktlm ZcpsS ]n´pWD-mbn«pw ̀ bw Hcp ZuÀ_eyambn bp[njv Tncs\ ]n³XpScpIbmbncp¶p. Cu ZpÀ_eX Nq-n¡mWn¨v alÀjnamÀ amÀ¡Wv tUb³ bp[njv Tct\mSv ]dªp. "" t\ti_e tk zXn NtcZ[À½w'' HcmÄ X\n¡v _e anÃm F¶p IcpXn sXsc sª Sp¡p¶{]h y¯n F´pX s¶ bmbmepw Abmsf kw_ Ôn¨nS t¯mfw AXv A[À½ amsW¶mWv CXn\v kµÀà \pk cn¨v e`n¡p¶ hnim emÀYw.

Zptcym[³ ]mWvU h tcmSv sNbvX ISpwssI IÄ i{Xp kwlm c¯n\vth-nGXv cmPmhpw sN¿p¶Xpw Xs¶. £{XnbÀ AwKnI cn¡p¶ ZWvV \oXn am{Xam

Wv. ImfnZmk³ hnti jn¸nN t]mse " ]cmXn kÔm\ hnZ yIÄ' ]b änbmWv ]ecpwPbw Is-¯nbncp¶Xv. Ipcpt£{X¯nÂ ]mWvUhcpw IrjvWsâ au\m\ht¯msS Nne "]cmXn kÔm\hnZyIÄ' ]bänbmWv i{Xpkwlmcw \S¯nbXv . Cu A[À½§Ä kÀÆ £ {Xnb km[mcWamWv. Cu \ne¡v Zptc ym[ \sâ A[À½ § tfbpwAkm [mcW ambn ImtW - XnÃ. Ah amänsh ¨mÂ Bc yP\§Ä¡p-m bncnt¡-p¶ kÀh \·Ifpw Zptc ym[ \\p-m bnc¶p. {]Pm XÂ] c\mb cmPmhmbncp¶pZptcym[ \\³. òjvam ZnIfmb KpcpP\§ tfmSpw amXm]nXm¡ tfmSpw AbmÄ¡v th-pthmfw ̀ à ymZc§ fps-m bncp¶p...]mWvUh cpambn kÔn sN¿pI' Fs¶msXmgn¨v KpcpP\§fpw FÃm CjvS §fpw Zptc ym[ \³ A\pk cn¨p. iIp\nt]mepw

c-p kµÀ` ̄ nÂ ]mWvU h tcm Sn W §p hm³ Zptc ym[\s\ D] tZ in ¡p ¶p -v.AXnepw t`Zw Bß l XybmWv F¶ Xmbncp¶p Zptc ym[ \\sâ \ne ]mSv.Zptcym[\\sâ amXr`àn t{ijvT ambncp¶p. bp²w \S¶ ]Xns\«pZnhkhpw

AbmÄ A½ bpsS A\p{Klw hm§ntb bp² ¡ f ¯nte¡v ]pd s¸ «n«pffq. BA½ bmIt« [À½w Pbn¡t« F¶ ÃmsX aI\v {]tX yIw Pb amiw kn¨nÃ. kplrs¯¶ \ne bnÂ Zptc ym[\t\¡mÄ t{ijvT\mb HcmÄ `mcX ¯neps- ¦nÂ AXv Abm fpsS kplr¯mb IÀ®\m sW¶v amcmÀ Nq-n¡m Wn¡p¶p. i{Xp] £ ]mXnsb¶p IcpXs¸« ̀ K hm³ IrjvW t\mSpt]mepw Zptcym[\\v _lpam\ambncp¶p.sXm®qsäm¼Xv ktlm Zccpw At±l ¯n\p th-n bp²¯nÂ {]mW XymKw sNbvXp

F¶ XnÂ \n¶v B ku{`m {X̄ nsâ Bgw a\Ênem ¡m³ Ignbpw.]mWvUhÀ Zptc ym[ \\v ASp¯ ktlm Zcmbncp¶nÃ. A¸w H¸w hfÀ¶ h cmbncp¶nÃ. AXpsIm-p Xs¶ kz´w sFi zcy¯nsâ A] lÀ¯m ¡Ä F¶ \nebnte Ahsc ImWm³ Zptc ym[ \\v Ignªncp¶qf fq. Cu ØnXn¡v Abm f hsci{Xp¡ sf¶ ̀ mh ¯nÂ ho£n¨Xv a\pj yk l P amtb ImWm \mhq.

alm `mc¯nse \mbI {]Xn\m b ImZnIsf amcmÀ shdpw Ip«nI fmbn ImWp¶p. Ii ]ni IqSp¶ Ch cnse apXnÀ¶ Iq«nbm bmWv IÀ®s\ ImWp¶ Xv. Xdhm«nse apXnÀ¶ {][m \h yànIsf Htcm cp¯ cmbn amcmÀ ]cnNb s¸ Sp¯p¶p.

a¡ sf sNmÃn Zp:Jn¡p¶ Ipńbpw KmÔm cnbpw, Bcm[ \m]m{X§ fmb


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`Khm³ hmkptZ h\pw Ipcp]nXm al³ ̀ ojva cpw, ]p{XhmÕ eyw sIm-v AÔ \mbnXoÀ¶ [yX cmjv{SÀ, Akv{XhnZym\n[nbmb t{ZmWmNmcycpw aI³ Ai z°mamhpw kzbw \njv] £ hmZnsb¶v hnti jn¸n¨ _e`{Z³ C§s\ F®nbm semSp§m¯ a\pj y{]Xncq]§Ä. EjnI hnbmb IyjvW ssZ z]mb \\v {]am WaÀ¸n¨psIm -mWv amcmÀ Ah km\n¸n¡p¶ Xv.D¯ csa gpXpI.1. Fw. ]n. t]mfnsâ A`n{]m b ¯nÂ CXnlmk IYm ]m{X§Ä F§ s\bpf f h

cmWv ?2. "F¦nÂ BZnIm hyw Bc WyImWvUt¯msS Ah km\nt¡ -nbncp¶p.' þ amcmcpsS Cu A`n{]mbs¯ km[qI cn¡pI.3. cmambW IYm ]m{X§ fpsS am\pjnI ̀ mhw amcmÀ hnh cn¡p¶ sX § s\.4. \mepIq«p ktlm c·m cpsS IY F¶ \ne¡v amcmÀ cmam b Ws¯ t\m¡nIm

Wp¶sX§s\5. AÚmX hmk Ime¯v bp[njvTnc\v ho-pw tamt´ -nh ¶ sX´v ?6. Zptcym[ \\sâ kZvKpW § sf s´ Ãmambncp¶p.7. CXnlmk Imc³ cmam b Ws\ Ah Xcn¸n¨Xv F§ s\bmWv 8. Zptcym[ \sâ hotcm NnXamb hnShm§Â amcmÀ hni I e\w sN¿p¶ sX §s\D] \ymk sa gpXpI.1. "CXnlmk I Ym]m{X§Ä bYmÀ° a\pj ycpsS hep¸w IqSnb t¢mk ¸pI fm

Wv.' amcmcpsS teJ \s¯ Bkv] Zam¡n Ah temI\w sN¿pI.

kv]µn¡p¶ AØnamSw þ s{]m. Fw. sI. km\p.

1927þÂ Be ¸pg bnemWv Fw.sI. km\p P\n¨ Xv. ZoÀLImew alm cmPmkv tImtf PnÂ ae bmfw s{]m^ k dmbn tkh \a \pjvTn¨ At±l ¯nsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ Ah [mcWw, A\p`qXnbpsS \nd §Ä, Npa cnse Nn{X§Ä, cmP hoYn, {]`mXkµÀi\w XpS §nbhbmWv. "N§ ¼pgbpsS þ \£ {X§fpsS kvt\l`m P\w 'F¶Poh Ncn{X IrXn Gsd {it² b amWv. kv]µn¡p¶ AØnamSw F¶ Cu {]_ÔwN§ ¼pgbpsS Ah km\ \mfpIsf hnIm chmbvt]msS hc ¨pIm Wn¡p¶p.

tcmKnbmbn XoÀ¶ N§ ¼pg ISp¯ GIm´XbnÂ \mSI im e bmb temIs¯¡pdn¨v Xm³ Ipdn¨n« hm¡pIÄ HmÀs¯ Sp¡p¶p.NnInÕ¡v t]mepw ]W anÃmsX\ncm{i b \mbn \ncmi \mbn Ihnbth Xm³ A´ ycwKt¯mSSp¡p¶psh¶v N§¼pg Xncn¨dnbp¶p. B Xncn¨ dnhv At±l ¯nsâ ka Nn¯X \jvS s¸ Sp¯p¶p.Nnet¸mÄ ss\cm iyhpw AaÀjhpw Bß \nµbpw tXm¶p¶p. {]im ´X A\p`hn¡p¶ A]qÀÆ thf I fnÂ \nX yim´n¡pth-n sh¼Â sImf fp¶p. ]-v X¶nÂcq] s¸« NnX dnb Nn´ IÄ ho-pw At±l ¯nsâ HmÀ½ bnÂ h¶p. temI {] iw kbmIp¶ apÄs¨SnIm«nÂ Ae ªpXncnªp. ZpÀK a§ fmb ZpÀKa§Ä Xm-m³ Ignªp. ]t£ FÃmw shdpsX bmbncp¶p. Xsâ {]Xm]w Pe tc J bmbncp¶psh¶v C¶v AcnsI h¶v ]p©ncnXqIp¶ ih IpSocw HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶p. X\n¨ncn¡pt¼mgmWv C¯cw Nn´ IÄ Ihnsb aZn¨ncp¶ Xv.

Xs¶ ¡m Wm³ Bsc ¦nepw h¶mÂ tcmKm hØ ad¶v {]k cnt¸msS hÀ¯


28/34


29/34



l ¯n\v km[n¨nÃ. CS ¸ f fnbnse Xd hm«phI Øe ¯mWv At±ls¯ kwkvI cn¨ Xv. A¶v A´ntam ] Nmcw AÀ¸n¡m³ F¯nb h cnÂ Cud \Wnbm¯ I®pIÄD-m bncp¶nsÃ¶v Fw. sI. km\p HmÀ¡p¶p.

ih IpSoc¯p\pap¼nÂ Bkmbw Ime¯v Fw. sI. km\p Nn´m `mct¯msS\ne sIm -p. \nem hnÂ \ocm Sn\nÂ¡p¶ ]mXn cm hpIsf ]me ̧q hnsâ ]cn afw]pÂIn \nÂ¡pt¼mÄ, B IÃdbv¡pf fnse lrZbw kv]µn¡pIIbpw B kv]µ\wHcp ]Ã hnbmbn Db cpI fbpw sN¿p¶ Zriyw Fw. sI. km\p k¦ ev]n¡p¶p. Nmc¯pff ama c¡m hnsâ sIm¼¯v sIm¡pcp½nbncn¡p¶ InfnIÄ, B ih IpSo cclky¯nsâ ]Ãhn am\¯v \£{X§sf Adnbn¡p¶Xv \£{X§Ä hnkvab¯mÂI®p Nn½n t]mIp¶Xpw teJ Isâ k¦ ev] ¯nÂ sXfnRvMph ¶p.

X]sâ A½ þ Fw. Fw. _joÀ

kmlnXy \ncp]W cwK¯v X\Xv ap{Z]Xn¸n¨ sUm. Fw.Fw._joÀ Imen¡äv kÀÆI emimebnÂ ae bmf hn`mKw A[ ym] I \mbncp¶p. I hnXbnse Nne {]iv\§Ä,

Bimsâ ]Wn¸pc, kmlnX ymtemN\, Ipam c\mimsâ cN \minev]w ae bmf sNdpIYm kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, A£ cmÀYw, Ipam\mimsâ t\m«p_p¡pIÄ XpS §nb hbmWv {][m\ \ncp] W{KÙ §Ä

kaql¯nse A\oXnItfmSv {]XnIcn¡m\pff k¶²Xbpw AXns\ Iebm¡namäm\pff {]Xn_ ² Xbpw alm ti zXmtZhnsb ̀ mc X¯nse Fähpw henb Fgp¯pImcnbm¡n XoÀ¡p¶psh¶v Fw. Fw. _joÀ A`n{]m b s¸ Sp¶p. a\pj yXzw Xs¶bmWv almtiz XmtZhnbpsS cmjv{Sob ZÀi\sa¶v "X]sâ A½' F¶ t\mhÂ hniI e\w sNbvXv Fw. Fw. _joÀ Nq-n¡m «p¶p. Hcp X¯ zim kv{Xt¯mSpw hntZ bXzw ]peÀ¯msX \nµnX hÀK ¯n\pth-n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶XneqsS Cu Fgp¯pImcn hm¡pw {]hÀ¯nbpw kwtbm Pn¸n¡p¶p. at\m cmP y¡m cmb Fgp¯pIm cpsSIqsS IqSm³ AhÀ X¿m dÃ. ]Wnsb Sp¡p¶ h tcmsSm¸w ]Wnsb Sp¡m\pw H¸wAh cpsS I®ncpw ]¦ ¸mSpw BhnjvI cn¡m\pw amlm ti zXmtZhn X¿ dmIp¶p.

If f\pw sIme ]mXInbpamb aI t\m Spff Hc ½ bpsS \njvI f ¦hpw ]mh \hpamb kvt\l ¯nsâ IY sbt¶m k¼ ¶À sIme bmfnbm¡n hfÀ¯pIbpw X§fpsS Ifn¸m h bm¡n amäpIbpw sNbvX XojvW bu h \¯nsâ IY sb t¶m hnti jn¸n¡m hp¶ Hcp t\mh emWv "X]sâ A½' X]\v ho«nÂ \n¶v kvt\lw e`n¨nÃ.AÑ\pw ktlm Zc\pw Ahs\ ]cnK Wn¨nÃ. sXcphnÂ ZmZbmbn hfÀ¶ Ahs\A½ am{Xw kvt\ln¨p. IpXdnamdm\mhm¯ hn[w Kp-mbnk¯nsâ ]nSnbneaÀ¶pt]mb Ahsâ XIÀ¶ PohnX ¯nse Htc sbmcmi zmkw A½ bmbncp¶p. X]³ a\ÊnÂ ]d ªpsIm t- bncp¶p. "At½, \n§Ä sN¿p¶Xv icn, Rm³ sN¿p¶sXÃmw sXäv' A½¡v XW emhm³ Ah\v B{K l ap-v. aäv B¬ a¡fpsS IqsSt]mIm³ A½ tbmSv AhÀ \nÀt±in¡p¶p. F{X ]Ww thW sa ¦nepw F¯n¡msa¶v ]d ªpt\m ¡p¶p. Rm³ IqSn t]mbmÂ \n\¡v ]ns¶ Bcpap-m hnsÃ¶mbncp¶p kvt\l \n[nbmb B A½ bpsS adp] Sn. A½sb ¡pdnt¨mÀ¯v Ah³hnXp¼n. Xm³ AI s¸« sIWnbnÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sm \mhnÃtÃm Ft¶mÀ¯v Ah³ thZ \n¨p.

sXcphnÂ ZmZmbmsW ¦nepw Ah³ kv{XoIsf D] {Zhn¨nÃ. IqsS bpf f hsc


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AXn\v A\ph Zn¨XpanÃ Btcm cpanÃm̄ hÀ¡pw Ah³ Xm§m bn. ]mh s¸« Hcpkv{Xosb c£n¡m \mbn X]³ FXnÀKp- I tfmSv Gäv ap«n acn¡p¶p. AXphscaI s\¡pdnt¨mÀ¯v Xe Xmgv¯n \S¶ A½ A¶v A`nam \t¯msS Xe bpÀ¯n\S ¶p. Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb thi ybmIp¶ XnÂ c£n¡m³ th-nbmWv Xsâ aI³Poh XymKw sNbvXsX¶v B A½ HmÀ¯p.

B A½ C³kvs] IvSdpsS ap¼nÂ s]m«ns¯ dn¡p¶p-v. Xsâ aIs\ hmS IKp - bm¡n XoÀ¯ At[m temI \mb I\mb `hm\n _m_p hns\t¸mep f f hÀam\ycmbn Pohn¡p¶ Xnse sshcp²yw AhÀ tNmZyw sN¿p¶p. X]s\ A§ s\bm¡nXoÀ¯ hyh k YnXnbnte¡mWv alm ti zXmtZhn hncÂ Np-p¶ Xv.

k¦pNnX cmjvv{Sob ¯nÂ hni zkn¡m¯ Fgp¯pImcn kmaqlnIm hØbv¡v amäw hcm³ B{K ln¡p¶p. ]mh s¸ «hsâ PohnX \nehmcw DbÀ¯m \mhm¯Hcp `cWIqS s¯bpw AhÀ AwKo I cn¡p¶nÃ. kzbw hniZo Icn¡m \pff Hcp_m[ yXsb¶ \ne bv¡mWv a\pj ycpsS {]iv\§ sf ¡pdn¨v AhÄ FgpXnsIm t-bncp¶p¶Xv.

]mcn Øn X I Ie þ Pn. a[pkqZ \³sF. F. Fkv DtZym KØ \mbncp¶ Pn. a[pkqZ \\³ ]q\bnse thÀUv C³Ìn

äy«v Hm^v ksÌ bv\_nÄ F\ÀPnbpsS Ub cIvSÀ P\d embncp¶p. {Ko³ F\ÀPnF¶ amknI bpsS No^v FUnä dmWv. IYbpw ]cnØnXnXbpw, lcnX \n]q]Wwae bmf ¯nÂ F¶nh bmWv {][m\ ae bmf IrXnIÄ.

]mcn Øn Xn I Ie tIh e a bmb {]IrXn t_m[ ̄ ntâtbm Krlm Xp cXz¯nsâtbm Ie b Ã. AXv PohnX¯nsâ ka kvXta J e I tfbpw DÄs¡m f fp¶H¶mWv. ]p\:Øm]n¡m\m hm¯ hn`h §fpsS ]n³_e¯nÂ sI«n¸Sp¯ B[p\n

hy h kmb k¼Zv hy h Øbpw cmjv{Sobhpw kmt¦ XnIbpw kwkvIm c hqsa ÃmwISp¯ {]Xnk Ônsb t\cnSm³ t]mhpI bmsW¶v Pn . a[pkqZ \\³ Cu teJ \¯nÂ ap¶ dnbn¸p \ÂIp¶p. PohnXw {]IrX ym\pkm cnbmb ]mX bnte¡v ]cnWans¨ t¯ - Xnsâ Bh iyw BfpIÄ Xncn¨ dnªv XpS §nbncn¡p¶p. Cu Xncn¨ dnhmWv B[p\nIm\́ cbpsS apJap{Z. CXv ̀ mjbnepw kmlnXy¯nepw \thm\v tajwkrjvSn¡pw. B[p\nIm \´ camb Cu ]Ým ¯ e ¯nemWv ]mcnØnXnI Ie DZbwsN¿p¶ Xv. ]cnanXamb hn`h §Ä A\nb {´nX ambn NqjWw sNbvXv F¡m ehpwkpJ kar²nbnÂ Ignbm sa¶ km¼ ¯nI hnZ KvZcpsS \nK a\§Ä Ab YmÀYhpwDt«ym] y\pamsW¶v Xncn¨ dnªv hcp¶p. hnI k \hpw kwkvIm chpw kpØnc hgn

I fnte¡v Xncn¨phnSp¶ XmWv icnbmb dnbenkw.]mcnØnX Ie Hcp ZÀi \t¯mSpw hnt[ b Xzw ]peÀ¯p¶nÃ. F¶mÂ FÃmZÀi\§Ä¡pw ]mcnØnXnI Iesb DÄs¡m f fm\mIpw. kakvX Poh Pme § fptSbpw \oXnbpàamb \ne\nÂ]nt\mSpam{X amWv AXn\v {]Xn_² X. F¶mÂ AXv XnI¨pw Acm jv{Sob amW¶v ]d ªpIqSm. ]cnØnXnsb shdpw Krlm XpcXbmbnam{Xw ImWcpXv F¶mWv kqNn¸n¡p¶ Xv. ImÀjnI an¨ ¯nÂ \n¶p-mb aqe [\hfÀ¨bpw X§ fpsS emt`Ñbv¡\pkcn¨v imkv v{X kmt¦XnIXsb sacp¡nsbSp¯aqe[\ DSaIfpsS BÀ¯nbpamWv ]mcnØnXnI hn\mi¯nte¡v \bn¨sX¶v teJ


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I³ Nq-n ¡m «p ¶p. ]mcn Øn XnI ho£ W s¯ t¸mepw X§Ä¡ \p Iq e am¡nXoÀ¡p¶ apXemfn¯ X{´§Äs¡ Xnscbpff Pm{KXbmWv ]mcnØnXnI IebpsScmjv{Sobw.

]mcnØnXnI Ie sb ¶mÂ Hcp Xcw kb³kv ^n£ \msW¶v Nne sc ¦nepwsXän²cn¡mdp-v. Ct¡mfPnbpsS imkv {XobsX¡mtfsd kmaqlyhpw cmjv{Sobhpw

Bßo bhpw a\: im kv{X] chpamb ka k yI fmWv ]mcnØnXnI I ebv¡v hnj b amIp¶Xv.kaIm enI kwkvImc¯nsâ aqe y§sf A] \nÀan¡pIsb¶ [À½w ]mcnØn

Xn I I e bv¡p -v. kmt¦ Xn I bpsS taÂt¡mbva \ne \nÂ¡p¶ temI¯v {]IrXn¡nW §nb Hcp _ZÂ kmt¦ XnIX AXv apt¶m«v sh¡p¶p. Cu _ZÂ\nÀanXnbnÂ `mh\bpw ̀ mjbpw BhnjvImc ssienbpw ]pXnb Is- ¯ epIÄ¡v hnt[b amIp¶p. kmt¦XnI XbpsS IS ¶pI b änÂ \½psS temI §fpw hm¡pIfpw\jvS s¸ Sp¶p. km{amP yXz̄ nsâ `mjbpw kwkvIm chpw IS ¶pI bdn BZna \nhmknIfpsS ̀ mjbpw PohnXhpw CÃmXm¡p¶p. hmWn`¯ntâbpw ]cky`mjbptSbpwIS¶p Ib ä¯nÂ X\Xpw {Kma yhpamb hm¡pIÄ \jvS amIp¶p. `mj timjn¨v AØn¡qS amIp¶p.

hyànhmZ¯ntâbpw ip²Iem hmZ¯ntâbpw ASn¯dnbnÂ ]Sp¯pbÀ¯nbAlwkzXzs¯ A]\nÀ½n¨v ]pXnsbmcp ]mcnØnXnIkzXw sa\ªp \ÂIpIsb¶[À½w ]mcnØnXnI Ie \nÀÆ ln¡p¶p-v. kv{XoIÄ, BZna \nhmknIÄ, ̀ ojWnt\cnSp¶ kk yP´pPme§Ä XpS§n FÃm Xnc kvIrX kz Xz§Ä¡pw ]mcnØnXnI Ie ]pXpPoh³ ]I cp¶p. XnckvIrXcptS XpÄs¸sS hnhn[ hn`mK § fpsSkz c§Ä Iem ] camb tcJ s¸ Sp¯pI F¶Xv C¡m es¯ Fgp¯pIm csâ \ntbmKamWv. _àosâ _lpk zcX ( Poly Phony) UbtemKv F¶o ]cnI ev] \IÄ {]kà amIp¶Xv AXn\memWv. Iesb Aß{] Imi ambn Npcp¡m\nhnÃ. ]mcnØnIIe PohnX ¯nsâ ka {KXbpsS {]Im i \am Wv.

a\pj ycpsS Bßob ]p\À\nÀanXn¡v Iebpw kmlnX yhpw klm b I amI Wsa¶ teJ I³ A`n{]m b s¸ Sp¶p. ]mcnØnXnt_m[w ]g abnte ¡pff aS ¡ aÃ.AXv Øe _ ÔnXamb Ncn{Xt_m [ ¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂIp¶p. FgpX s¸« \pW IÄ]p\:]cntim [n¡p¶p. kpØnc Xbv¡pff {]mtbm KnI amÀK§Ä tXSp¶p.ac ¸m h IÄ ho-pw hmbn¡pt¼mÄ

þ hn. cmPIrjvW³kmlnX yhnaÀi I³, Ne Nn{X \ncp]I³, Xnc ¡ YmIr¯v, kwhn[m I b³

F¶o \ne I fnseÃmw {it² b \mWv t{]m.hn. cmPIrjvW³ {im²w, tcmK ¯nsâ]q¡Ä, au\w tXSp¶ hm¡v, ImgvNbpsS Aim ´n, sNdpI YbpsS NµÊv F¶nhbmWv {][m\ IrXnIÄ.

Imcpcnsâ IY I fnbÂ Xe sb Spt¸msS \nÂ¡p¶ Hcp krj SnbmWv "açmhIÄ' F¶v hn. cmP I yjvW³ A`n{]m b s¸ Sp¶p. Cu IY bnse \neo\ `wKnbpffi ywKmc`mhw IY ]pd ¯ph¶ Ime ¯pXs¶ \ncp]I {i² t\Snbncp¶p. AaÀ¯s¸« ssewKnIm`nem j ¯nsâ Xc f amb {]Im i \sa ¶Xv kv{XolrZ b ¯nsâ Bg§Ä tXSnt¸mb ]nÂ¡me sNdpI YmIr¯p¡sf tamln¸n¨ a\Èmkv{X ka k ybmbn amdpIbp-mbn. am[ hn¡p«nsb t¸m epff Fgp¯pImÀ ImcqÀ sXm«pIm WnÑ


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Cu `mh ta J ebv¡v ]p¯³ s]mcpÄ k½m \n¡pI bp-mbn. IYm k ¦ ev] ¯nÂ]e s]m fns¨ gp¯pIfpw \S ¶pI gnª C¡m e¯v "ac ¸mh IÄ' ho-pw hmbn¡pt¼mÄ a\ÊnÂ ]Xnbp¶ Awi §Ä Is- ¯m \pff {ia amWv Cu Ipdns¸¶v teJI³ ]d bp¶p.

Zm¼XyXIÀ¨bpsS Ahinjv Sambn hminbpw k¦Shpw IqSnIeÀ¶ Hcp hnImcw

"açmh Ifn' se IYm \mbnI bmb \fn\nbpsS Df fnÂ DS¡n\nÂ¡p¶p-v. ]pdta¡v AhÀ {]ISn¸n¡p¶ Xmht« Iqk enÃmbv abpw hnhmltamNnX sb¡pdn¨v \m«n]p ds¯ AbÂ¡mÀ km[m cW ]d bm dpff Ipä §Ä hI sh bv¡msX kz X{´PohnXw \bn¨pt]m cp¶ h fmWv \fn\n. XtâShpw ̂ enX t_m [hpw thZ \Isf IqSsª dnbm³ Ahsf klm bn¡p¶p-v. Imcpcnsâ `mK ylo \I fmb IYm ]m{X§fnÂ \n¶v \fn\nsb thÀXncn¨v \nÀ¯p¶ hkvXpXX AhÄ Iem ImcnbmsW ¶ XmWv.

Ah fp-m ¡nb ]mh IÄ tIm] ¯n\pw hnem k `mh ¯n\panSnbnÂ shdp¸n\pwkaÀ¸ W¯n\panSbnÂ BfnI ¯p¶ Ah fpsS lrZb ¯nsâ {]Xnê\ambncp¶p.

Ah fpsS Ag ImÀ¶ icoc¯nsâ hSnhpIfmhm ln¨ B açm h IÄ aXnbm bncp¶pNpäpapff hÀ¡v Ipäw ]d bm³. kz´w kÀKm ß I Xbnte¡v Npcp§m³ ioen¨tXmsS AhÄ¡v A] hmZ§sf t]SnbnÃm Xmbn. Cu Iqk enÃmbvasb "Al´'sb¶mWv F\yqa td äÀ hnti jn¸n¨ Xv. IemImc\p kl P amb Cu Al ´ bmWv \fn\nsb \fn\nbm¡n amänb Xv.

\fn\nbpsS hyànk ¯ bpsS ]c `mKtim `bv¡mbn F\ypa td äsd krjvSn¨Xv Gsd DNnXamsW¶v teJ I³ Np-n¡m «p¶p. a\pj ysc hkvXpX I fm¡n amäpIbmWtÃm F\ypa td äÀamcpsS tPmen. F\ypa td ädpsS tNmZy§Ä¡v XÀ¡p¯cw]d bp¶ \fn\n Xsâ "Al´' sIm-v F\yqatdä dpsS ^b ense Hc ¡ ambn Npcp§p¶nÃ. Ah km\w B DtZ ymKØsâ lrZ b¯v hnkvabw IeÀ¶ a[pcm k zmØyw P\n¸n¨v AhÄ ]n³hm §p¶p.

\fn\nbpsS PohnX ¯ntâbpw Ie bptSbpw ]Wn¸pc cl k y§Ä shfn¨ ¯psIm -p h cm³ ImcqÀ Is- ̄ nb hnh cW coXn {]tX yIw ]cn K W\AÀln¡p¶p.\fn\nbpsS Bß \njvTamb ImgvN¸mSneqsS IY AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶psh¦nÂ D] cnXe kv]Àinbmb \À½ ¯nsâ Øm\¯v hnIm c§ fpsS Ips¯m gp¡v A\phm NI\v A\p`hn¡m³ Ignbpam bncp¶psh¶v teJ I³ hni I e\w sN¿p¶p.F¶mÂ Hcp aq¶m asâ \ne ssI sIm-v A] cnNnX\mb Hcp hyànbpambn \fn\n\S ¯p¶ skmd ] d¨nÂ tI«v ckn¡pI bmWv ImcqÀ sN¿p¶ Xv. kw`mjW{][m \amb Cu IY bnÂ " Ub temKv' am{XamWv Xsâ {][m\ IYm ]m{X̄ nsâ am\knImhØ ]c Xm\mbn ImcqÀ Ahew_n¨n«pf f Xv. km[mcbmbn Imcqcnsâ IY I fnÂhnXdmdpff temtIm ¯nI fptSbpw [mÀ½nI ho£ W § fptSbpw tat¼m SnIÄ CuIY bnÂ Ipd hmWv. IY ḿ y¯nÂ \fn\n F\ypa td ädpsS a\knÂ DWÀ¯nb {]XnI cW§Ä kqNn¸n¡m³ th-n am{X amWv ImYnIÄ t\cn«v \½ tfmsS´ ¦nepw ]dbp¶ Xv.

\thm °m \Im e ¯nse aäp sNdpIYm Ir¯pIÄ CtX {]ta bs¯ F§s\kao]n¡pambncp¶psh¶v teJI³ hnNn´\w sN¿p¶p. s]mä¡mSv CSXqÀ¶ ]Ým¯e hÀ® \sIm-v \mbnI bpsS hnjm Zkpµ capJ ¯n\v IqSpXÂ angnth Ipambn


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¶Xv. BkzmZIÀ IqSnbmWv. AkzmZ\w ]p\:krjvSnbmbXn\mÂ IebneqsS hntamN\{] {Inb \nc ćw \S ¶psIm -ncn¡p¶p.

a\pj ys\ kw_Ôn¨nS t¯mfw kz X{ýw [mÀ½nI bpambn IqSn _Ô s¸ «ncn¡p¶p. kz´w CÑ tbm sSm¸w kZmNmcs¯ ¡pdn¨p IqSn Ah\v t_m[ hm\mth -n

h cp¶p. [À½ k ¦ S§Ä a\pj ysâ am{Xw Ah Imi amWv. AXvsIm-v Iebv¡v kuµ cyimkv{Xw am{XaÃ, [À½imkv{Xw IqSnbp-v. \Ã \S ¸nsâ D¯ chmZnXzwI¿m fnt¸m cp¶ A[nImc tI{µ §Ä kz X{´ `c Ws¯ kwi b t¯msSbpw òXntbmsSbpamWv ho£n¨pt]m ¶ Xv. H¶p t\m«w sXänbmÂ hgnsXän t]mIp¶ Xh cmWv hni zmknIÄ F¶v AhÀ kzbw hni zkn¡p¶p. sXämbn hym Jym\n¨mtemF¶v t]Sn¨v Hcp Ime¯ ss__nÄ hmb \ t]mepw k` IÄ hne ¡n bn cp ¶p.ss__nÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Ipä ¯n\mWv Sn³tU ens\ Np«psIm ¶ Xv. kzX{ámb FÃ At\z j W§ tfbpw krjvSnItfbpw k` kwi b t¯msSbmWv t\m¡nbXv.

cmjv{Sobm[nIm chpw hyXykvXaÃ. ImfnZmk³ BZÀi cmPmhmbn {]iw kn¨Zneo]nsâ {]P IfpsS KpW§fnsem¶mbn At±lw Ah Xcn¸n¡p¶Xv {]PIÀ cmPmÚ I fnÂ \n¶pw ISpInS hyXnN en¡p¶nsÃ ¶ XmWv. cmjv{Sm[nImcw Ft¸mgpwB{K ln ¡p ¶Xv A\p k cn ¡p¶ {]Pm k © b s¯ bm Wv. ]t£ Iem Im c ·mÀFt¸mgpw \hh yXnbm\§Ä k¦ ev]n¡pIbpw Ah bpsS cq] I ev] \bnÂ Bßmhv AÀ¸n¡pIbpw sN ¿p¶p.

ka {Km [n ] X y § fpsS kphÀ® Imew Ie bpsS No¯ Im e am bn cp ¶p sh¶v teJI³ Np-n¡m «p¶p. F´v, F§s\ FgpXWw FgpXm sa¶v `c WIqSw Xocpam \n¨ Ime¯v tamkvtIm bn tebpw skâ v ]otä gkn_ÀKn tebpw Nn´ IÀ¡pw

Fgp¯pImÀ¡pw Poh\pw sIm-v ]mem b\w sNt¿ -nh ¶p.Npcp¡ ¯nÂ krjvSnbpsS kZm Nmc¯n\p Imh emfmhm³ A[nIm c¯nsâbmsXmcq]hpw \ÃXÃ. A[nImc¯nsâ IqS¸nd¸mWv ̀ bw. ]pXnb sX´pw AXns\t]Sns¸ Sp¯p¶p. Ah X§ fpsS Ccn¸nSw Cf ¡psa¶v AhÀ IcpXp¶p. Cu ̀ bwlnwk bnte¡v \bn¡p¶p. HXp¡m \mh ¯ Xns\ BZ chnsâ {]tem `\§ fneqsShis¸Sp¯p¶p. kÀKkzmX{ ýs¯ Ip¯nbmbmepw \¡nbmbmepw sImÃpI Xs¶sN¿p¶p.

\ne hnepff AX y]vXnbmWv krjvSnbpsS auenI tNmZ \. kX y¯nÂ kz´w\ne \Â]n\pth-n AXv {]XrXnsb ]qcn¸n¡pI bmWv sN¿p¶ Xv. AXpsIm-v

krjvSnbpsS Ncn{Xw Ncn{Xs¯ \nc ´ cambn amänsbgpXp¶ Xnsâ Ncn{XambnXocp¶p. Bbp[§Ä¡pw ]oV\§Ä¡pw {`jv Sn\pw ]pckv Imc{]tem`\§Ä¡pw BhnjvI cWXzcsb AS¡n \nÀ¯m³ Ignªn«nÃ. FXnÀ¸pI fpsS a[ y¯nÂ Xs¶bmWv t{ijvT amb Ie cq]w sImf fp¶ Xv. IemImcsâ GXv kml Ncy¯nepw]Y yamb A{]nb k Xyw hnfn¨p] dbp¶p. Abm fpsS hncÂ A[À½ ¯n\v t\scNp-p¶p. þþþþþþþþþþþ

malaya sahithyam -2

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