sains tingkatan 4 bab 7
TRANSCRIPT
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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M@M : H@E@S@, Z@]D@ K@D QGDJBCE@[@D
:.0 Qgimgdtuo Cigl
0. Cigl y`dj kcmgdtuo nbge hgricd s`t`e
Cstcb`e Nptco
0
0
Cstcb`e nptco I`osuk XcimnbQus`t nptco [ctco tgdj`e
o`dt`N
Q`oscut`i`
J`rcs`d y`djigdjeumudjo`dOgku`-ku`pus`tpgriuo``digbgdjoudj
^^^^^^^^^
[ctco fnous
O`dt` hgimudj<Xcd`r h`e`y`y`dj igb`buc
o`dt` igifnousog `t`s s`tu tctcoO`dt` hgoudj<Xcd`r h`e`y`y`dj igb`buco`dt` sgnb`e-nb`e mgr`s`b k`rcs`tu tctco kcmgb`o`dj o`dt`
F
L r̀`o fnous L r̀`o kc ̀ dt r̀`pus`t nptcokgdj`d tctco
fnous
f
L`r`o nmlgo L`r`o `dt`r`cpus`t nptco k`dnmlgo
u
L`r`o cigl L`r`o ̀ dt`r`pus`t nptcokgdj`d cigl
V
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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=. Cigl y`dj kcmgdtuo nbge o`dt` hgoudj< i`y`, tgj`o k`d s`cz bgmce oghcb krp nmlgo
8. Cigl y`dj kcmgdtuo nbge o`dt` hgimudj mgrj`dtudj ogp`k` l`r`o nmlgo (u)
Mcb L`r`o nmlgo ]`l`e scd`r Xcf`t cigl y`djtgrmgdtuo
@b`t nptco
0u 2 f
I`y`,[gj`o,
X`cz bgmce mgs`r k`rcp`k` nmlgo
O`dt`pgimgs`r/o`dt`t`dj`d
=
u9f [c`k` cigl B`ipu
snrnt
8 =f2u2f
Dy`t`,sndjs`dj,
X`cz bgmce mgs`r
k`rcp`k` nmlgo
Icornsonp,prnlgotnr
sb`ck
=
=
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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Mcb L`r`o nmlgo ]`l`e scd`r Xcf`t cigl y`djtgrmgdtuo
@b`t nptco
; u9=f
Dy`t`,
Xndjs`dj,X`i` s`cz
kgdj`d nmlgo
Igscd
fntnst`t
7 u4 =f Dy`t`,
Xndjs`dj,X`cz bgmce oghcbk`rcp`k` nmlgo
o`igr`
:.= < Qgimgdtuo Cigl nbge i`t` k`d `b`t`d nptco
Qgimgdtuo`d cigl k`b`i `b`t`d nptco
Qgrcsonp
0. Kcjud`o`d udtuo igbce`t nmlgo y`dj mgr`k` kc mgb`o`dj e`b`dj`d.=. Mgrfudjsc `t`s prcdscp m`e`w` h`e`y` k`p`t kcp`dtubo`d nbge hgricd s`t`e `t`u
prcsi` o`h`.
8. Ogjud``d< @so`r kc k b̀`i oumu udtuo igbce`t iusue
K`b`i o`p`b sgb`i udtuo igbce`t iusue y`dj `k` kc pgriuo``d b`ut.;. Xcf`t Cigl< i`y` , tgj`o k`d s`i` s`cz kgdj`d nmlgo
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7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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O`dt` Qgimgs`r
0. Kcjud`o`d udtuo igbce`t nmlgo oghcb ogr`d` o`dt` ctu igdje`scbo`d cigl y`dj mgs`r
Icornsonp
0. Kcjud`o`d udtuo igbce`t nmlgo y`dj sgdc.
;
;
Cigl
• I`y`
• [gj`o
•
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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[gbgsonp
0. Kcjud`o`d udtuo igbce`t nmlgo l`ue.
Xtruotur I`t` I`dusc`
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7
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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Qgifnous`d H`e`y` nbge I`t`
0. Qgifnous`d cigl og `t`s rgtcd` kcm`dtu nbge ntnt scbc` k`d bcj`igdt j`dtudj=. Ogmnbge`d i`t` igifnous cigl p`k` rgtcd` kcsgmut `onink`sc.8. Wdtuo igifnous cigl p`k` rgtcd` , o`dt` i`t` igdl`kc dcpcs `t`u tgm`b.
Qgdj`w`b`d ou`dtctc h`e`y` y`dj igi`suoc i`t`
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6
Igbce`t nmlgo kgo`t
@p`mcb` igbce`t nmlgo kgo`t, ntnt scbc``o`d igdjghut k`d igdygm`mo`d
bcj`igd j`dtudj igdl`kc ogdkur O`dt` igdl`kc tgm`b k`d scd`r h`e`y`
k`rcp`k` nmlgo kgo`t k`p`t k`p`tkcfnouso`d p`k` rgtcd`
Igbce`t nmlgo l`ue
@p`mcb` igbce`t nmlgo l`ue, ntnt scbc` `oc`d igdjgdkur k`digdygm`mo`d bcj`igd j`dtudj
igdl`kc igdgj`dj O`dt` kct`rco igdl`kc
dcpcs k`d scd`r h`e`y` k`rcp`k`nmlgo l`ue k`p`t kcfnouso`d p`k`
K`b`i og`k``d tgr`dj
X`cz `d`o i`t` igdjghcb udtuoigdjgb`oo`d tgrb`bu m`dy`o h`e`y`igi`suoc i`t`
Crcs igdl`kc mgs`r
Wdtuo igdjghcb ̀ d`o i`t`,
ntnt mub`t crcs igdjghut k`d ntnt
K`b`i og`k``d jgb`p
X`cz `d`o i`t`igimgs`r Xup`y` bgmce m`dy`o h`e`y`mnbge igi`suoc i`t`.
Crcs igdl`kc oghcb.
Wdtuo igimgs`ro`d `d`o i`t`ntnt lgl`rc crcs igdjghut k`dntnt mub`t crcs igdjgdkur
Crcs
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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M`j`ci`d` i`t` igbce`t>
O`igr` Bum`dj L`rui
0. Mgrfudjsc mgrk`s`ro`d prcdscp m`e`w` h`e`y` mgrjgr`o igdjcout s`tu j`rcs burus
=. Cigl y`dj tgrmgdtuo kc `t`s sorcd mgrj`dtudj ogp`k`<(`) s`cz bum`dj l`rui (h) l`r`o sorcd k`rc bum`dj l`rui
(m) l`r`o nmlgo k`rc bum`dj l`rui (k) mcb`dj`d bum`dj l`rui
8. X`cz bum`dj l`rui
:
:
nbge
Cigl
• Dy`t`
• [grm`bco
• X`cz bgmce
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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;. L`r`o nmlgo k`rc bum`dj l`rui
7. L`r`o sorcd k`rc bum`dj l`rui
6. Mcb`dj`d bum`dj l`rui
:. Lco` o`dt` hgimudj kcbgt`oo`d kce`k`p`d o`igr` y`dj igipudy`c m`dy`o bum`dj
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7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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l`rui kck`p`tc e`dy` s`tu cigl y`dj tgrmgdtuo sgm`m o`dt` hgimudj `o`digduipuo`d h`e`y` og s`tu tctco.
O`igr` Mgro`dt`
Qgrs`i``d @dt`r` O`igr` Mgro`dt` kgdj`d I`t`
Mcb Xtruotur Fudjsc
I`t` O`igr`0 Crcs Kc`fr`ji` Igdj`w`b luib`e h`e`y` i`suo
= @d`o I`t` Muo``d Igimgd`ro`d h`e`y` i`suo
8 O`dt` i`t` O`dt` hgimudj Igifnous h`e`y` og b`pcs`d pgo`h`e`y`
; ]gtcd` Fcbgi B`pcs`d y`dj pgo` ogp`k` h`e`y` k`dtgip`t pgimgdtuo`d cigl
7 Onrnck Kcdkcdj k`b`imgrh`t ect`i
Gb`o p`dtub`d h`e`y` y`dj mnbgeigdygm`mo`d cigl o`mur
Qgrmgz``d `dt`r` i`t` k`d o`igr`
Mcb Xtruotur I`t` O`igr`
0 O`dt` Kcmu`t k`rcp`k`prntgcdbutscd`r
@k`b`e ogdy`b
Mnbge um`e ogtgm`b`ddy`
Kcmu`t k`rcp`k` o`h` /pb`stch
@k`b`e ogr`s [ck`o mnbge um`e ogtgm`b`ddy`
= L`r`o fnous Mnbge kcum`e @k`b`e tgt`p
8 Qgifnous`d Kcb`ouo`dkgdj`d igdjum`eogtgm`b`d o`dt`
Kcb`ouo`d kgdj`d igdjum`e l`r`o `dt r̀` o`dt` kgdj`d fcbgi
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3
O`dt`hgimudj<Igifnousscd`r h`e`y`og `t`s fcbgi
Kc`fr`ji`<Igdj`w`b luib`eh`e`y` i`suoAIgdj`w`b s`cz muo``d
Muo``dMgd`r h`e`y`i`suo
Jgb`dj pgifnous<Wm`e l`r`o `dt`r` o`dt`kgdj`d fcbgi
Qgdj`tup<Igdj`w`b tgipneh`e`y` i`suo
Fcbgi
Wdtuo pgimgdtuo cigl
Xcf`t Cigl<0. dy`t`=. sndjs`dj8. s c̀z bgmce oghcb
k`rcp`k` nmlgo
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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Mcb Xtruotur I`t` O`igr`
; B`pcs`dpgo`
]gtcd` igdj`dkudjc sgbpgo` h`e`y` c`ctu sgb rnkk`d sgb ond
[gip`t pgimgdtuo`d cigly`dj mnbge kcjud`o`d udtuosgb`i`-b`i`dy`
Fcbgi igdj`dkudjc m`e`docic` y`dj pgo` h`e`y` c`ctu`rjgdtui mrnick`
[gip`t pgimgdtuo cigl mnbgekcjud`o`d sgo`bc s`e`l`
7 Cigl y`djtgrmgdtuo
sgigdt`r` Ogo`b
6 Luib`eh`e`y`
H`e`y` i`suo og k`b`i i`t`sgp`dl`dj i`s` oghu`bcsgi`s` tckur/ogbnp`o i`t`tgrtutup
H`e`y` e`dy` i`suo `p`mcb`muo``d kcmuo`
: ]u`dj ]u`dj k`b`i kccsc kgdj`dhgh`cr sgpgrtc jgbgi`h` k`djgbgi`cr
]u`dj k`b`i kccsc kgdj`d uk`r`
:.=< Qgdygm`r`d H`e`y`
0. I`osuk pgdygm`r`d h`e`y` < Qrnsgs pgdj`scdj`d h`e`y` putce ogp`k` luzuo- luzuo w r̀d`dy`
=. @bur y`dj kcmgdtuo nbge tulue w`rd` kcsgmut spgotrui h`e`y` putce8.
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7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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;. Qgdjj`mudj`d spgotrui udtuo igimgdtuo h`e`y` putce
7. Qgb`djc<
Kcsgm`mo`d nbge pgdygm`r`d h`e`y` nbge tctcs`d `cr k`b`i uk`r`.
@k`b`e spgoturi h`e`y` i`t`e`rc y`dj mgs r̀ kc b`djct
Qgb`djc k`p`t kcbce`t `p`mcb` sgsgnr`dj igimgb`o`djc i`t`e`rc sgbgp`seul`d/eul`d jgrcics
:.;< Qgdygr`o`d H`e`y`
0. I`osuk<Og`k``d kc i`d` w`rd`-w`rd` k`b`i h`e`y` kcpgsndjo`d k`rc `r`e`s`bdy` nbge z`r`e-z`r`e sgpgrtc j`s, e`muo, kgmu k`d w`p kc`tinsfgr`
=. Qgdygr`o`d h`e`y` mgrj`dtudj ogp`k ̀l`r`o jgbnim`dj w r̀d` h`e`y`.8. H`e`y` igr`e our`dj kcsgr`oo`d ogr`d` l`r`o jgbnim`djdy` p`dl`dj;. H`e`y` mcru, cdkcjn k`d udju p`bcdj m`dy`o. [gt`pc h`e`y` cdkcjn k`d udju kcsgr`p nbge `tinsfgr`.7. Fgdnigd` ogmcru`d b`djct p`k` w`otu sc`dj<
Q`k` w`otu tgdj`e e`rc, i`t`e`rc mgr`k` tgp`t kc `t`s ogp`b` Cdc igdygm`mo`d h`e`y` i`t`e`rc igb`buc b`pcs`d `tinsfgr` y`djbgmce dcpcs( l`r`o bgmce kgo`t)
Og`k``d cdc igdygm`mo`d onipndgd h`e`y` y`dj igipudy`c l`r`ojgbnim`dj p`dl`dj c`ctu igr`e, lcdjj` k`d ecl`u igb`buc b`pcs`d `tinsfgr` t`dp`kcsgr`oo`d.
I`d`o`b` h`e`y` y`dj igipudy`c p`dl`dj jgbnim`dj y`dj pgdkgo sgpgrtc Mcru `o`d kcsgr`oo`d k`d kcp`dtubo`d nbge z`r`e-z`r`e y`dj tgrk`pt k`b`i
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0< pgimc`s`d=< p`dtub`d
k`b`i pgdue8< pgimc`s`d
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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b`pcs`d `tinsfgr` og i`t` pgigre`tc kc muic6. Fgdnigd` ogigr`e`d b`djct p`k` w`otu sgdl` Q`k` w`otu sgdl`, h`e`y` i`t`e`rc igb`buc s`tu b`pcs`d `tinsfgr` y`dj
bgmce tgm`b ( l`r`o y`dj bgmce l`ue) Ogtco` cdc, h`e`y` y`dj igipudy`c l`r`o jgbnim`dj pgdkgo sgpgrtc h`e`y`
mcru `o`d kcsgr`oo`d l`ue k`rc muic.
I`d`o`b` h`e`y` y`dj mgrl`r`o jgbnim`dj p`dl`dj sgpgrtc igr`e k`d lcdjj` k`p`t igdgimusc b`pcs`d `tinsfgr` y`dj tgm`b k`d s`ip`c og muic
Q`k` w`otu sgdl`, b`djct ogbce`t`d lcdjj` ogigr`e`d p`k` pgigre`tc y`dj`k` kc muic
:. Fgdnigd` i`t`e`rc bgmce igr`e p`k` w`otu p`jc sgbgp`s bgtus`d jududjmgr`pc< Xgi`s` bgtus`d jududj mgr`pc, bgmce m`dy`o e`muo `t`u kgmu tgrk`p`t kc `tinsfgr`
y`dj igdygm`mo`d b`pcs`d `tinsfgr` igdl`kc bgmce tgm`b. @p`mcb` h`e`y` i t̀`e`rc igdulu og muic , i`o` h`e`y`dy` kcsgr`oo`d nbge z r̀`e-
z`r`e cdc. Xgi`s` pgdygr`o`d, luzuo w`rd` igr`e p`bcdj our`dj kcsgr`oo`d nbge e`muo k`d
kgmu y`dj igdygm`mo`d e`dy` w`rd` igr`e s`ip`c og i`t` pgigre`tc ogtco` ctu.
5. Gsopgrcigd < Igdudluoo`d fgdnigd` ogmcru`d b`djct k`d ogigr`e`d i`t`e`rc.
0=
0=
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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:.7< Qgd`im`e`d k`d Qgdnb`o`d H`e`y` Mgrw`rd`
Qgd`im`e`d H`e`y`
0. Qgd`im`e`d h`e`y` mgrb`ou `p`mcb` h`e`y` ecl`u, igr`e k`dmcru mgrtcdkce kc ̀ t`ss`tu sorcd putce.
=.
8.
Qgdnb`o`d h`e`y` mgrw`rd`
0. I`osuk< @k`b`e prnsgs pgicbce`d h`e`y` mgrw`rd` y`dj kcogegdk`oc k`rcp`k`h`e`y` putce kgdj`d igdjjud`o`d pcjigd `t`u pgd`pcs w`rd` udtuo
igdygr`p w`rd`-w`rd` b`cd.=. Qgd`pcs w`rd` ‘ m`e`d butscd`r y`dj igimgd`ro`d h`e`y` tgrtgdtu igb`bucdy`.8. Qgdnb`o`d h`e`y` `o`d mgrb`ou `p`mcb` h`e`y` kcsgr`p `t`u kctnb`o nbge pgd`pcs
w`rd` tgrsgmut.;. [grk`p`t ku` lgdcs pgd`pcs<
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08
Cstcb`e I`osuk Z`rd`
Z`rd`
prcigr
Z`rd` y`dj tck`o k`p`t kcpgrnbgekgdj`d igdh`ipuro`d w`rd`-w`rd`
b`cd
Igr`e,Mcru,
Ecl`u
Z`rd`
sgoudkgr
Z`rd` y`dj kcpgrnbge kgdj`d
igdh`ipuro`d ku` w`rd` prcigr
I`jgdt`,
Xc`d,
Oudcdj
Z`rd`
pgbgdjo`p
Ku` w`rd` y`dj igdje`scbo`d w`rd`
putce `p`mcb` kch`ipuro`d
Igr`e + Xc`d,
Mcru + Oudcdj,Ecl`u + I`jgdt`
sc`d
;. H`ipur`d ogtcj`-tcj` w`rd`prcigr `o`d igdje`scbo`d
w`rd` putce
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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:.6< Qgdjbce`t`d Nmlgo Mgrw`rd`
Nmlgo mgrw`rd`0. Z`rd` nmlgo y`dj kcbce`t nbge i`dusc` mgrj`dtudj ogp`k`<
(`) w`rd` h`e`y` y`dj igdycd`rc nmlgo(m) w`rd` h`e`y` y`dj kcp`dtubo`d nbge nmlgo og i`t` pgigre`tc
=. Nmlgo y`dj mgrw`rd` prcigr igi`dtubo`d e`dy` w`rd`dy` sgdkcrc k`d igdygr`psgiu` w`rd` y`dj b`cd.
8. Nmlgo y`dj mgrw`rd` sgoudkgr `o`d igi`dtubo`d w`rd`dy` sgdkcrc k`d w`rd`-
w`rd` prcigr y`dj igimgdtuo w`rd`dy`.;. Nmlgo ogbce`t`d putce ogr`d` c` igi`dtubo`d sgiu` h`e`y` putce.7. Nmlgo ogbce`t`d ect`i ogr`d` c` igdygr`p sgiu` h`e`y`.
Qgdh`ipur`d Qcjigd
0. Qcjigd < m`e`d mgrw`rd`.=. Ogjud``d< udtuo igw`rd`o`d h`t k`d m`e`d pgdhgbup.8. Qrnsgs pgdh`ipur`d w`rd` `k`b`e prnsgs pgdnb`o`d h`e`y`.;. Z`rd` y`dj tgre`scb k`rcp`k` pgdh`ipur`d ku` pcjigd c`b`e w`rd` y`dj
kcp`dtubo`d nbge ogku`-ku` pcjigd.7.
6.
Qgdjgs`d`d Z`rd` Nbge I`t`
0. H`e`y` mgrw`rd` y`dj kcp`dtubo`d nbge nmlgo mgrw`rd` s`ip`c og i`t` k`d l`tuep`k` rgtcd`.
0;
0;
Qcjigd E`scb H`ipur`dIgr`e + Mcru Wdju
Igr`e + Oudcdj Lcdjj`
Mcru + Oudcdj Ecl`u
Igr`e + Mcru + Oudcdj Ect`i
Qcjigd H`e`y` y`dj kcp`dtubo`d
Mcru Ecl`u k`d Mcru
Oudcdj Igr`e, oudcdj k`d ecl`u
Igr`e Igr`e k`d oudcdj
Ecl`u Oudcdj, ecl`u k`d mcruI`jgdt` Igr`e k`d mcru
Xc`d Ecl`u k`d mcru
Igr`e
Mcru Ecl`u Oudcdj
Wdju Lcdjj`
Ect`i
7/21/2019 Sains Tingkatan 4 Bab 7
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=. ]gtcd` igipudy`c ku` lgdcs sgb y`dj pgo` ogp`k` h`e`y` c`ctu sgb rnk k`d sgbond.
8.
:.5< Ogpgdtcdj`d Z`rd` K`b`i Ogeckup`d-@pbco`sc Z`rd` K`b`i Ogeckup`dXge`rc`d
0. Qgdk`w`c`d p`b`i 8-pcd
Lgdcs k`w`c Z`rd`
K`w`c eckup Qgr`dj
K`w`c dgutr`b Mcru
K`w`c muic L`bur`d oudcdj k`d ecl`u
=. O`w`b`d B`bu bcdt`s
Z`rd` QgtudluoIgr`e MgregdtcOudcdj Mgrsgkc` udtuo mgregdtc
Ecl`u Mgrl`b`d
8. Qgrhgt`o`d Z`rd` y`dj kcjud`o`d i`jgdt`, sc`d, oudcdj k`d ect`i Xgtc`p j`im`r kchgt`o sgm`dy`o gip`t o`bc kgdj`d igdjjud`o`d gip`t pb`t c`ctu
(igdjcout urut`d) oudcdj, i`jgdt`, sc`d k`d ect`i Z`rd` ect`i udtuo igdl`kco`d j`im`r ogbce`t`d bgmce t`l`i.
Ogpgdtcdj`d Z`rd` Ogp`k` E c̀w`d Ogpgdtcdj`d Z`rd` ogp`k` [uimue`d
Wdtuo< Wdtuo< Qgdy`i`r`d Qgdkgmudj``d @i`r`d Qgr`j``d Igd`rco pgre`tc`d p`s`dj`d
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07