adat dalam dinamika politik aceh

7/23/2019 Adat Dalam Dinamika Politik Aceh

1/250

IMI]micig Mohigoni Rjco}on

IAKF

Kmo}jt0

CKKHI I\JHO[Q , QKFI] OFQIH QFIMOYOH


2/250


3/250

Imi}micigMohigoniRjco}onIakf


4/250


5/250

IMI]micig Mohigoni Rjco}on

IAKFKmo}jt0

Ckkhi I|jho{q , Qkfi} Ofqih Qfimoyoh

Dihmi Iakf

4292


6/250

Mo}ktdo}nih rkt}igi nico rimi Hj|kgdkt 4292#fiqoc mito rtjkn rkhkco}oih rkt}igi OAIOJQImi} micig Mohigoni Rjco}on Iakf

ihe mocin{nih qkrih`ihe }if{h 422?'4292

Kmo}jt0Ckkhi I|jho{q mih Qkfi} Ofqih Qfimoyoh(

Rtjjltkimkt0F{qioho H{tmoh

Kmo}jt Difiqi0]( G{tmiho mih C{ngih Kgfi

4292# OAIOJQ(Ekm{he R] OQD[ho|ktqo}iq Qoif N{ici@c( ]( Hin Itokl# Mit{qqicigDihmi Iakf( 41999( Ohmjhkqoi

Ak}inih 9# Hj|kgdkt 4292

Mo}ktdo}nih jckfOh}kthi}ojhic Akh}tk ljt Iakf ihm Ohmoih Jakih Q}{mokq &OAIOJQ/dknkt`iqigi mkheihIakf Tkqkitaf ]tiohohe Ohq}o}{}k &IT]O/

v|o . 446 f( 91 v 42 ag(OQDH0 ?56'?5?'941=;


7/250

CKKHI I\JHO[Q

Ckkhi I|jho{q gkhktogi ekcit mjn}jthi rimi `{t{qihIh}tjrjcjeo mito [ho|ktqo}iq Ckomkh rimi }if{h 422=( Qk}kcif

gkhkckqionih rkhkco}oih riqaimjn}jtichi mo Tkh|icc Ohq}o}{}k

[ho|ktqo}iq Fkcqohno micig }if{h 4226# moi g{cio dknkt`i mo

Oh}kthi}ojhic Akh}tk ljt Iakf ihm Ohmoih Jakih Q}{mokq &OAIOJQ/

qkdieio Motkn}{t Oh}kthiqojhic(

H[T CIOCI

H{tcioci imicif mjqkh mo Lin{c}iq [qf{c{mmoh( Ic{gho Rtjetig

Riqaiqit`ihi OIOH It'Tihot Dihmi Iakf( In}ol mo Ckgdiei

@itoheih Giqitini} Imi} Iakf Dkqit &@NGI/( Dihin rkhkco}oih

ihe mocin{nih dktnio}ih mkheih imi}# mo ih}itihi Imi} Rih}ihe

Dcihe mih Rktekqktihhi mo Iakf Dkqit( Kh{gkti}jt {h}{n

dkdktiri rkhkco}oih mo ih}itihi Rktih Rktkgr{ih micig Rtjqkq

Rkhkckqioih Giqicif jckf Rktiheni} Imi} mo Eigrjhe( Rkhkco}oih

mkheih ckgdiei IAITR }kh}ihe Eigrjhe Diheno} mih Eigrjhe}omin Diheno} Qk}kcif ]q{higo mo Aicihe( Kh{gkti}jt {h}{n

rkhkco}oih GML }kh}ihe Nk}ktcodi}ih Giqitini} Ckgif micig

Rkheigdocih Nkr{}{qih mo ]oheni} Eigrjhe# `{ei rkthif }ktcodi}

micig rkhkco}oih Rktkgr{ih mih Rtjqkq Rktmigioih mo Iakf(

Miri} mof{d{heo mo0 ciociZcigqokBifjj(ajg

Njh}tod{}jt


8/250

|o

P[CNITHIOHO

Mjqkh Lin{c}iq Ocg{ Qjqoic mih Ocg{ Rjco}on [ho|ktqo}iq ]k{n{

[git Gk{cidjf( Gkhkckqionih rkhmomonih Riqaiqitìhi mo[ho|ktqo}iq Nkdiheqiih Giciqoi micig domihe ]fkjcje jl

Rfocjqjrf( Rkthif gkhkco}o }kh}ihe Tkqrjh mih ]iheeirih

Qoqui dkqkt}i E{t{ }ktfimir Nkdktimiih [ho|ktqo}iq ]k{n{ [git

&4225/# Rkheit{q{}igiih Ekhmkt mo Nkaigi}ih Gk{tk{dj# Iakf

Diti} &4225/( P{cnithioho G{qcog miri} mof{d{heo ckui} kgioc0

p{cnithiohoZgiBifjj(aj(om i}i{ gk}ip{cBgioc(ajg

QKFI] OFQIH QFIMOYOH]ktai}i} qkdieio mjqkh mo Lin{c}iq [qf{c{mmoh OIOH It'Tihot

Dihmi Iakf( Gkhkckqionih rkhmomonih Riqaiqitìhi mo OIOH It'

Tihot Dihmi Iakf rimi }if{h 4224( In}ol gkcin{nih rkhkco}oih

qjqoic nkieigiih# }kt{}igi dktf{d{heih mkheih q{loqgk# imi}

d{mii# qitoi} Oqcig mih rjco}on cjnic mo Iakf( Qii} oho qkmihe

gkhkckqionih rkhmomonih Q1 mo [OH Q{hih Nicoìei _jeinit}i

micig domihe Oqcigoa Q}{mokq( Doqi mof{d{heo gkcic{o kgioc0qkfi}ofqihBifjj(ajg

NJH]TOD[]JT


9/250

Rtini}imito OAIOJQ mih ]og Rkhkco}o

Oh}kthi}ojhic Akh}tk ljt Iakf ihm Ohmoih Jakih Q}{mokq &OAIOJQ/

momotonih rimi }if{h 4226( Nkr{}{qih {h}{n gkgdihe{h qi}{ckgdiei rkhkco}oih ih}it'{ho|ktqo}iq ihe n{i} mod{i} dktqigi

E{dkth{t Iakf# DTT mih }oei {ho|ktqo}iq cjnic &[ho|ktqo}iq

Qoif N{ici# OIOH It'Tihot ihm [ho|ktqo}iq Gicon{qqickf/( R{qi}

rkhkco}oih oho dktimi mo cohen{heih nigr{q mo Mit{qqicig# Dihmi

Iakf( Qkcioh gkgliqoco}iqo rkhkco}oih inimkgon ihe gkt{rinih

nktì qigi ih}iti Iakf mih ohq}o}{qo oh}kthi}ojhic# r{qi} rkhkco}oih

oho `{ei gkhm{n{he }tihqljtgiqo Iakf mkheih aiti gkhiuitnih

qk`{gcif }tiohohe {h}{n inimkgoqo# rktuinocih'rktuinocih

rkgktoh}ifih mih `{ei tini} qoroc(

D{n{ oho imicif fiqoc mito rtjkn rkhkco}oih rkt}igi OAIOJQ Imi}

micig Mohigoni Rjco}on Iakf ihe mocin{nih qkrihìhe }if{h 422?'

4292 mkheih mihi dih}{ih DTT ihe gkg{henohnih rknktìih

OAIOJQ micig d{cih'd{cih iuic( ]oei rkhkco}o ihe }ktcodi} micig

rtjkn rkhkco}oih rkhmkn oho oheoh gkhmkni}o oq}ocif imi} mitorktqrkn}ol ihe dit{ mih gkheihicoqoq dieiogihi rjqoqo ckgdiei

imi} mih }timoqo'}timoqo imi} dktrktih micig rktnkgdiheih rjco}oq

mo miktif'miktif Iakf micig giqi }tihqljtgiqo oho( Irinif Iakf

gkheicigo tk|o}icoqiqo imi} ihe a{n{r n{i} qkdieiogihi miktif

cioh mo Ohmjhkqoi qkìn Jtmk Dit{ mih rtjqkq mkqkh}ticoqiqo: Fiqoc


10/250

|ooo

oh|kq}oeiqo gktkni doqi no}i gkgdiai micig d{n{ oho( Nigo fitir

d{n{ oho doqi dktl{heqo qkdieio ici} rkgd{ni moqn{qo }kh}ihe

rjqoqo imi} mih ckgdieihi mo Iakf# mih gkheohqrotiqo rkhkco}o'rkhkco}o ihe cioh {h}{n gkheknqrcjtiqo oq{ oho qkaiti ckdof cih`{}

mih micig(

Qkd{if niti inimkgon cifot mito rtjqkq moqn{qo ihe rih`ihe

ihe gkcodi}nih dihin jtihe mkheih dktdieio rktihhi( Jckf

qkdid o}{ nigo dkt}ktogi niqof nkrimi qkg{i jtihe ihe }kcif

}ktcodi} micig gkhkckqionih niti oho dion qkaiti ciheq{he

gi{r{h }omin( [airih }ktogi niqof }kt{}igi nigo dktonih nkrimi

hitiq{gdkt nigo mo Iakf Dkqit# Hieih Tii mih Dkhkt Gktoif ihe

}kcif gkhkmoinih uin}{ {h}{n dktdieio rkhek}if{ih gkhekhio

miktifhi( ]ihri gkhe{tiheo tiqi fjtgi} nigo nkrimi qkg{ihi#

dkdktiri higi nigo qkd{}nih mo qoho( Dirin Goafikc Ckoef mih

Fitjcm Atj{af mito Iakf Tkqkitaf ]tiohohe Ohq}o}{}k &IT]O/ ihe

gkgdktonih liqoco}iq {h}{n nkcihaitih rkhkco}oih oho( IT]O `{ei

gkhmihio rkhkt}odih fiqoc rkhkco}oih nigo micig d{n{ oho( Od{Kni Qtog{ciho mito OIOH It'Tihot Dihmi Iakf# Gohinj Qinio

mito ]fk [ho|ktqo} jl Hku Qj{}f Uickq Aihdkti# Itej ]uontjgj

mito [ho|ktqo}iq Eim`if Gimi mo _jeinit}i# Toafitm Afi{|kc mito

\oa}jtoi [ho|ktqo} mo Gkcdj{thk# mih Qoc|oi \oehi}j mito Doajaai

[ho|ktqo}# Gocih# ihe giqohe'giqohe }kcif gkgdktonih giq{nih

mih njtknqo {h}{n nkqkgr{thiih rkhkco}oih ihe nigo cin{nih(

]ktogi niqof `{ei nigo qigrionih nkrimi q}il IT]O mih OAIOJQ

Iakf ihe }kcif gkcin{nih ihe }ktdion {h}{n nkqkgr{thiih

rkhkco}oih oho(

RTINI]I MITO OAIOJQ MIH ]OG RKHKCO]O


11/250

Rkheih}it

jckf0 Gohinj Qinio

IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF OQ I UKCAJGK

immo}ojh }j j{t qjaoic qaokhak q}{mokq jh Iakfhkqk qjaok} oh

ajh}kgrjtit Ohmjhkqoi( ]fktk itk qk|ktic tkiqjhq }j akckdti}k

}fk r{dcoai}ojh jl }foq djjn( Ic}fj{ef o} oq i tkci}o|kc qgicc

ajccka}ojh jl k}fhjetirfoa iaaj{h}q# }foq |jc{gk fiq qoeholoaih}

ogrcoai}ojhq ljt qjaoic qaokhak q}{mokq jl Iakf(

Lotq} jl icc# }fk rtjcjhekm ajhlcoa} dk}ukkh @init}i ihm Iakf

&9?5


12/250

v

g{af jl Dihmi Iakf# ufoaf l{t}fkt tkm{akm }fk airiao} }j

{hmkt}ink kgrotoaic tkqkitaf uo}foh }fk Iafkhkqk rjr{ci}ojh(

Lo|k kitq il}kt }fk Fkcqohno rkiak }tki}# uk itk hju qkkohe

}fk lotq} lt{o}q jl rkiak oh Iakf# iq qfjuh oh }foq ajccka}ojh(

]fk }ftkk i{}fjtq# Qkfi} Ofqih Qfimoyoh# Cioci ihm P{cnithioho

itk cjaic Iakfhkqk tkqkitafktq ufj kgditnkm jh mja{gkh}ohe

}fk ogrcoai}ojhq jl rjco}oaic ihm qjaoic afihek {hmkt}inoheq oh

Iakfhkqk ajgg{ho}okq {hmkt }fk e{omihak jl IT]O'OAIOJQ(

Mt I|jho{q# i qjaoic ih}ftjrjcjeoq}# fiq khaj{tiekm }fkqk

tkqkitafktq }j dti|kc {hmkt}ink k}fhjetirfoa tkqkitaf oh

}ftkk tkeojhq jl Iakf0 Iakf Dkqit# Hieih Tii ihm Dkhkt

Gktoif(

]fk }fkgk ufoaf t{hq }ftj{ef }foq |jc{gk oq }fk tjck jl

imi} oh }fk ajgg{ho}# ufoaf oq ohmkkm }ogkc( ]fk tjck jl

tk|o|ic jl imi} fiq dkkh jhk jl }fk ogrjt}ih} itkiq jl tkqkitaf

oh ih}ftjrjcje ihm rjco}oaq jl Ohmjhkqoi qohak tkeojhic

i{}jhjg uiq ogrckgkh}km oh 4229 oh Ohmjhkqoi( ]fk akh}tic

ej|kthgkh} jl Ohmjhkqoi oh}tjm{akm tkeojhic i{}jhjg }j

}tihqlkt mkaoqojh'ginohe rjukt }j cjaic ej|kthgkh}q iq rit}

jl mkgjati}oqi}ojh ljccjuohe }fk licc jl }fk q}tjhec'akh}ticoqkm

ej|kthihak jl Q{fit}j oh 9??6( Ih itki# ufoaf }foq rjcoa uiq

kvrka}km }j khaj{tiek ihm etju uiq }fi} jl tkeojhic omkh}o}okq

ihm a{c}{tkq( M{tohe Q{fit}jq t{ck# imgohoq}ti}o|k ej|kthihak

ihm }fk km{ai}ojhic a{ttoa{c{g uktk mk}ktgohkm d }fk

akh}tic ej|kthgkh}( Rit}oa{citc [[ Hj( ; 9?5= ihm [[ Hj(; 9?5? qoeholoaih}c a{t}iockm }fk i{}fjto} jl }fk ohmoekhj{q

ej|kthihak qq}kg# ufoaf ckm }j ktjqojh jl f{n{g imi}# }fk

diqoq jl tkeojhic a{c}{tkq ihm |ic{kq iatjqq }fk itaforkciej(

Oh tkqrjhqk# klljt}q uktk gimk }j tk|o|k cjaic imgohoq}ti}o|k

IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF


13/250

vo

ej|kthihak ihm }j aciog ajgg{hic cihm iqqjaoi}km uo}f

}fkqk imgohoq}ti}o|k {ho}q( Ljt kvigrck# oh Ukq} Q{gi}ti }fk

}timo}ojhic ej|kthihak qq}kg# hieito# uiq jlloaoicc tk|o|km#

d{} }j mi}k }fk hieito q}occ cianq oh}ktkq} ltjg ajgg{ho}

gkgdktq }j iqq{gk imi}'tkci}km jlloak# jt ajgg{hic tkqj{takq

}j tk'kq}idcoqf hieito iq i }t{c l{ha}ojhic qjaoic jteihoqi}ojh(

Ltjg i ajgriti}o|k rktqrka}o|k# k}fhjetirfoa aiqk q}{mokq

jh }fk tk|o|ic jl imi} oh Iakf foefcoef} oh}ktkq}ohe ohqoef}q

oh}j }fk rjco}oaq jl imi} oh ajh}kgrjtit Ohmjhkqoi( ]foq oq

kqrkaoicc }t{k oh Iakf ufktk Oqcigoa ciu uiq ogrckgkh}km

iq rit} jl qrkaoic i{}jhjg# ufock [[RI oh 422< icqj

q}or{ci}km }fi} imi} dk {qkm ljt ej|kthihak( Ajhqky{kh}c#

}fk ajh}kq}i}ojh ajh}oh{kq }j kvoq} dk}ukkh }fk {qk jl imi}

ihm Oqcigoa ciu oh qk}}cohe aiqkq ihm moqr{}kq oh }fk mioc

co|kq jl Iakfkhkqk( L{t}fktgjtk# }fk rkiak ietkkgkh} ihm }fk

]q{higo moqiq}kt fi|k dtj{ef} }jek}fkt i citek h{gdkt jl

ljtkoeh'l{hmkm HEJq oh Iakf# qjgk jl ufoaf ujtn jh ekhmkt'

ky{o} oqq{kq oh Iakf( Iq mkgjhq}ti}km oh Ciociq ujtn# HEJq

ihm oh}kthi}ojhic ajgg{ho}q iekhmi l{t}fkt fi|k l{t}fkt

atki}km rjckgoaq oh }fk co|kq jl Iafkhkqk( P{cnithiohoq ujtn

qfjuq ajh}kh}ojh ihm to|ict igjhe }fk cjaic tjicq ufj itk

}fk }uj gioh lj{hmktq jl }fk tkeojh( Fjuk|kt# }fk oh}ktkq}ohe

j{}ajgkq itk }fi} }fk q}i}k# Rkgktoh}if Hieih Tii# l{hmq

ljt nkhm{to# jhk jl }fk gioh imi} k|kh}q oh }fk tkeojh( ]foq

foefcoef}q }fk lia} }fi} oh ajh}kgrjtit Iakf# }fk tk|o|ic jlimi} oh|jc|kq hj} jhc ajgg{ho} rit}oaori}ojh d{} icqj q}i}k

lohihaoic q{rrjt}( Qkfi}q ujtn jh Eij qfjuq }fk ajgrckvo}

jl }fk gkihohe jl imi}( ]fk gkihohe jl imi} oq hj} cogo}km }j i

qoheck {hmktq}ihmohe ihm klljt}q }j tk|o|k imi} fi|k ohfktkh}c

RKHEIH]IT


14/250

voo

i rjco}oaic hi}{tk( ]f{q# }fk gkihohe jl imi} oq dkohe tkoh|kh}km

}j q{o} }fk gjmkth colk jl }fk Eii ufj co|k oh Iakf(

O khaj{tiek }fk tkimktq }j qfitk }foq djjn jh }fk mhigoaq

jl }fk rjco}oaq jl imi} oh Iakf# iq qkkh d cjaic tkqkitafktq

ltjg Iakf(

Qkr}kgdkt 4292

]fk [ho|ktqo} jl Hku Qj{}f Uickq# I{q}ticoi

IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF


15/250

Mil}it Qoheni}ih

mih Oq}ocif

IGIH 0 Icoihqo Giqitini} Imi} H{qih}iti

DTT 0 Dimih Tkfidoco}iqo mih Tknjhq}t{nqo Iakf mih HoiqMiif 0 Ckgdiei rkhmomonih }timoqojhic qkrkt}o rkqih}tkh mo

@iui

MJG 0 Miktif Jrktiqo Goco}kt

MRTI 0 Mkuih Rktuinocih Tini} Iakf

MRTN 0 Mkuih Rktuinocih Tini} Nid{ri}kh*Nj}i

EIG 0 Ektinih Iakf Gktmkni

FIG 0 Fin Iqiqo Gih{qoi

OIOH 0 Ohq}o}{} Ieigi Oqcig Hkekto

OAIOJQ 0 Oh}kthi}ojhic Akh}kt ljt Iakf ihm Ohmoih Jakih

Q}{mokq

Og{g 0 Ogig# doiqihi qkdieio rkgogroh micig fic ieigi#

hig{h qktohe `{ei morktaiinih qkdieio rkgogroh

{riaiti imi}

OJG 0 Oh}kthi}ojhic Jteihopi}ojh ljt Goeti}ojh

@NGI 0 @itoheih Njg{ho}iq Giqitini} Imi}NN]EI 0 Nkcjgrjn Nkt`i ]tihqljtgiqo Ekhmkt Iakf

NRI 0 Njgo}k Rkticofih Iakf

CINI 0 Ckgdiei Imi} mih Nkd{miiih Iakf

CNGM 0 Ckgdiei Nkt{n{hih mih G{qiuitif Mkqi

CGM 0 Ckgdiei G{qiuitif Mkqi


16/250

vo|

CQG 0 Ckgdiei Quimii Giqitini}

GII 0 Gi`kcoq Imi} Iakf

Gk{hiqif 0 Dihe{hih mo eigrjhe'eigrjhe ihe moe{hinih

{h}{n nkrkh}oheih odimif gi{r{h {h}{n nkrkh}oheih

qjqoic giqitini}

Gj[ 0 Gkgjtihm{g jl [hmktq}ihmohe

GRM 0 Gi`kcoq Rkhmomonih Miktif

GR[ 0 Gi`kcoq Rktg{qiuiti}ih [cigi

HIM 0 Hiheetjk Iakf Mit{qqicig

HEJ 0 Hjh'Ej|ktgkh}ic Jteihopi}ojh

JTDI 0 Jtmk Dit{Rjcgiq 0 Rktrjcoqoih Giqitini}

Rjcto 0 Rjcoqo Tkr{dcon Ohmjhkqoi

RUO 0 Rktqi}{ih Uit}iuih Ohmjhkqoi

Yih{h 0 Rkti}{tih Miktif &Rktmi/ dion mo }oheni} nid{ri}kh

gi{r{h rtj|ohqo

Tiyih 0 Tihaiheih Yih{h

TO 0 Tkr{dcon Ohmjhkqoi]k{hen{ 0 [cigi# nio# {q}ip

]HO 0 ]kh}iti Hiqojhic Ohmjhkqoi

[HMR 0 [ho}km Hi}ojhq Mk|kcjrgkh} Rtjetig

[hqoif 0 [ho|ktqo}iq Qoif N{ici

[[ 0 [hmihe'[hmihe

[[RI 0 [hmihe'[hmihe Rkgktoh}ifih Iakf

MIL]IT QOHENI]IH MIH OQ]OCIF


17/250

Mil}it Oqo

Njh}tod{}jt |

Rtini}i mito OAIOJQ mih ]og Rkhkco}o |oo

Rkheih}itGohinj Qinio ov

Mil}it Qoheni}ih mih Oq}ocif vooo

Mil}it Oqo v|

Rkhmif{c{ih0 Tk|o}icoqiqo Imi} mo Ohmjhkqoi mih Iakf

Ckkhi I|jho{q mih Qkfi} Ofqih Qfimoyoh 9

Tk|o}icoqiqo Rktimocih Imi} mo Iakf Dkqit

H{t Cioci 4;

Tk|o}icoqiqo Ckgdiei Imi} mo Hieih Tii

P{cnithioho


18/250


19/250

@I][FH_I TKPOG JTMK DIT[ MO DIUIF NKRKGOGROHIH

Q{fit}j rimi 9??6 }kcif gkhkdidnih cifothi dktdieio

rktnkgdiheih dit{ micig }i}i rkgktoh}ifih mo Ohmjhkqoi(

Qicif qi}{ rktnkgdiheih }ktqkd{} imicif cifothi j}jhjgo

miktif# io}{ mkheih gkheeih}onih [hmihe'[hmihe Hj( ;

}if{h 9?5= }kh}ihe Rjnjn'rjnjn Rkgktoh}ifih mo Miktif

mih [hmihe'[hmihe Hj( ; }if{h 9?5? }kh}ihe Rkgktoh}ifih

Mkqi mkheih [hmihe'[hmihe Hj( 44 }if{h 9??? }kh}ihe

Rkgktoh}ifih Miktif( Rkheih}oih miqit f{n{g `{ei }kt`imo

micig nk{iheih miktif mkheih cifothi [hmihe'[hmihe Hj( 4;

}if{h 9??? }kh}ihe Rktogdiheih Nk{iheih ih}iti Rkgktoh}if

R{qi} mih Miktif( [hmihe'[hmihe J}jhjgo Miktif nkg{moih

motk|oqo gkh`imo [[( Hj( 14 }if{h 422=(Rkti}{tih }kh}ihe j}jhjgo miktif }ktqkd{} morktqoirnih

mih moogrckgkh}iqonih mkheih akri} rimi }if{h'}if{h

rkt}igi kti tkljtgiqo ihe rkh{f qkgihei} gkgdihe{h

Ohmjhkqoi dit{ dktdiqoq tkeojhicoqgk( Rkheeih}oih oho

Rkhmif{c{ih0Tk|o}icoqiqo Imi} mo Ohmjhkqoimih Iakf

jckf0 Ckkhi I|jho{q mih Qkfi} Ofqih Qfimoyoh


20/250

4 IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF

gkgdktonih nkqkgri}ih nkrimi rkgktoh}if miktif {h}{n

gkhekgdihenih ntki}olo}iq mih gkhìmonih miktif ckdof dion

qkq{io mkheih rj}khqo mih nkgigr{ih ihe imi( Iqrkn rjqo}ol

ihe `{ei motiqinih imicif nkqkgri}ih gkgdihe{h nkgdico

ohq}o}{qo'ohq}o}{qo imi} cjnic ihe }kcif moficiheo jckf nkdoìnih

qkh}ticoqiqo rimi giqi rkgktoh}ifih Q{fit}j( Nkqkgri}ih

gkgdihe{h nkgdico imi} oho gkhìmo mkgonoih rkh}ohe nitkhi

Ohmjhkqoi imicif hkeiti ihe r{hi nkgi`kg{nih }oheeo

micig d{mii mih nkgiqitini}ih( Rimi giqi Jtmk Dit{

nkgi`kg{nih oho mocofi} qkdieio ihaigih }ktfimir nkqi}{ih

hkeiti( Inodi}hi# qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih gkhìmo qkh}ticoq}oq

mih qktieig( Qkìn ì}{fhi rkgktoh}ifih Jtmk Dit{ miktif'

miktif Ohmjhkqoi on{} gkgdihe{h qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih dit{

ihe dktdiqoq rkhefjtgi}ih }ktfimir 'd{nih fihi }timoqo

mih qkho }k}iro {ei' ckgdiei'ckgdiei qjqoj'rjco}on giqitini}

mih nkrkh}oheih cjnic(

Dkdktiri miktif mo Ohmjhkqoi }ktgiq{n Iakf }omin on{}

gkhongi}o nkqkgri}ih ihe mod{ni jckf [[ J}jhjgo Miktif(

Mo Iakf imi m{i iciqih {h}{n oho( Rkt}igi# q{mif qkìn 9?;2'

ih Iakf r{hi j}jhjgo ihe moi}{t micig {hmihe'{hmihe

qkhmoto( Rimi }if{h 4229 [hmihe'[hmihe Hj( 96 }kh}ihe

J}jhjgo Nf{q{q dieo Rtj|ohqo Miktif Oq}ogkui Iakf qkdieio

Rtj|ohqo Hiheetjk Iakf Mit{qqicig morktdifit{o q}i}{q Iakf

qkdieio miktif oq}ogkui( Iciqih ihe nkm{i# gkqnor{h Iakf

rimi }if{h 9??6 }omin cieo moni}kejtoqiqonih qkdieio MiktifJrktiqo Goco}kt &MJG/# rtj|ohqo oho }k}ir }ktgiq{n qkdieio

miktif njhlcon# mih rkgktoh}ifih qoroc }omin dktl{heqo mkheih

dion( Rkti}{tih'rkti}{tih }kh}ihe j}jhjgo miktif gi{r{h

}kh}ihe j}jhjgo nf{q{q }omin miri} moogrckgkh}iqonih qkaiti


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RKHMIF[C[IH0 TK\O]ICOQIQO IMI] MO OHMJHKQOI MIH IAKF 1

jr}ogic( Iricieo rimi }if{h 4221 Iakf nkgdico mo}k}irnih

qkdieio Miktif Jrktiqo Goco}kt ihe qk}if{h nkg{moih

gkhìmo q}i}{q Mit{ti} Qoroc( Dit{ qk}kcif rtjqkq rktmigioih

ihe }ktinfot oho g{cio }if{h 422; qo}{iqo mo Iakf gkhìmo

ckdof njhm{qol {h}{n j}jhjgo miktif( [hmihe'[hmihe Hj(

99 }if{h 422< }kh}ihe Rkgktoh}ifih Iakf gkck}innih miqit

ihe dit{ {h}{n gkheogrckgkh}iqonih rkti}{tih'rkti}{tih

}kh}ihe j}jhjgo miktif mo Iakf# }ktgiq{n riqic'riqic nf{q{q

}kh}ihe ckgdiei'ckgdiei imi} mih rjqoqo imi} rimi {g{ghi(

Micig dieoih oho nigo inih moqn{qonih ci}itdkcinihe

foq}jtoq# ckeic mih rjco}on ihe rktc{ monk}if{o {h}{n gkhekt}o

qkaiti micig it}onkc'it}onkc qkcih`{}hi ihe gkheihicoqoq

tk|o}icoqiqo imi} ihe }ktìmo mo }oei nid{ri}kh mo Iakf qk}kcif

g{ha{chi [['RI rimi }if{h 422


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= IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF

Dkcihmi micig gkcihaitnih ogrktoicoqgkhi gkcic{o nkdo`inih

f{n{g imi} &imi}tkaf}/ &Mi|omqjh# 4225/(9 Njhqkr imi}tkaf}

oho monkgdihenih mito [ho|ktqo}iq Ckomkh mo gihi Ajthkcoq

|ih \jcckhfj|kh &965


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mih giqitini}# mih gkcofi} difui qoq}kg dktdiqoq imi} ihe

foktitnoq mo gihi qo rkhe{iqi gkheigdoc nkr{}{qih ihe moi

gkcofi} }ktdion }ihri njhq{c}iqo mkheih giqitini} giqof

doqi dkt}ifih micig hkeiti gjmkth &Dj{tafokt# 42290 991'

99=/( Rimi uin}{ ihe qigi jtihe ihe cioh# qkrkt}o Q{nithj

qkhmoto# {q}t{ gkcofi} imi} mih mkqi qkdieio ajh}jf rktei{cih

fom{r dktqigi ihe mkgjnti}oq( Qkdkhithi rjqoqo'rjqoqo ihe

dktdkmi oho doqi qiì no}i miri} micig imi} ihe }omin rkthif

qktieig mih qkmktfihi(

Gkqnor{h mkdi} }kh}ihe rjqoqo ckgdiei imi} a{n{r rihiq

rimi 9?;2'ih mih dihin rofin ihe gkheiheeir imi}

qkq{i}{ ihe qihei} rkh}ohe# }kthi}i qoq}kg'qoq}kg imi}

modoitnih( Qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih rimi {g{ghi ckgif rimi

giqi Jtmk Cigi( Nici{ no}i cofi} qoq}kg f{n{g# }omin dihin

ni{g kco} rjco}on ihe oheoh gkgkcofiti qoq}kg rkheimocih

imi} ihe mo{}iginih rimi giqi njcjhoic( Mo iuic 9?;2'ih

rktimocih'rktimocih imi} mofir{q figrot mo qkc{t{f Ohmjhkqoi

mih moeih}onih mkheih rktimocih hkeiti &Dj{tafokt# 42250 995'

996/( Ckgdiei'ckgdiei imi} ihe cioh {ei }omin gkhmiri}nih

rktfi}oih nf{q{q mito rkgktoh}if ihe ckdof ljn{q gkgdihe{h

qoq}kg imgohoq}tiqo hkeiti ihe gjmkth(

Ohq}o}{qo Imi} micig Rkgktoh}ifih Jtmk Dit{

Rimi giqi rkgktoh}ifih Jtmk Dit{ mo diuif Rtkqomkh Q{fit}j

ohq}o}{qo imi} gkhmiri} }ih}iheih ihe ckdof dkqit cieo( Ficoho moqkdidnih nkdoìnih qkh}ticoqiqo ihe mocin{nih jckf

rkgktoh}if Q{fit}j( Qkh}ticoqiqo gkt{rinih nkdoìnih mo

gihi rkgktoh}if gkcin{nih oh}kt|khqo qigrio rimi }oheni}

rkgktoh}ifih cjnic rkmkqiih( Fic oho mocin{nih mkheih


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gkgdkh}{n ìtoheih imgohoq}tiqo ihe nk}i} mih qkt{ri mo

qkc{t{f miktif mo Ohmjhkqoi( Nkdoìnih oho }kt}{ihe micig

[hmihe'{hmihe Hj( ; ]if{h 9?5? }kh}ihe Qoq}kg Rkgktoh}ifih

Mkqi( Iciqih {}igi ihe mog{ha{cnih imicif nkd{}{fih

rkgdihe{hih mih klkn}olo}iq rkgktoh}ifih( Inodi}hi imicif

g{ha{chi q{i}{ qoq}kg ihe ricohe qkh}ticoq}oq mih }omin

r{hi lcknqodoco}iq qkmono}r{h {h}{n gkgrktfi}onih nkrktc{ih'

nkrktc{ih ihe imi mo miktif'miktif hkeiti ihe c{iq oho(

Rkgktoh}if Jtmk Dit{ }k}ir gkhein{o nkgi`kg{nih

d{mii mih giqitini} Ohmjhkqoi# mih {ei rjqoqo imi} qkdieio

miqit rc{ticoqgk( ]k}iro imi} fihi morjqoqonih qkdieio qkho

mih d{mii &Iaaoiojco# 9?6;/( Mo dkdktiri miktif to}{q'to}{q

imi} moriqitnih {h}{n mo`{ic nkrimi uoqi}iuih mjgkq}on

mih oh}kthiqojhic( F{n{g imi} qkaiti }kjto}oq }k}ir moin{o

qkdieio qi}{ q{gdkt f{n{g ihe morinio micig rkhkckqioih

niq{q'niq{q mo rkheimocih# }k}iro micig rtin}oq finog'

finog ìtihe gkgrktfi}onihhi( Qkcigi rkgktoh}ifih

Jtmk Dit{ dihin ohq}o}{qo cjnic monkdoto jckf rkgktoh}if

mih }omin miri} moìcihnih( Goqichi qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih

t{hee{h &ckgdiei nknktidi}ih Imi} Nitj/# Nktiri}ih Imi}

Hieito &micig giqitini} Gohihenidi{ Q{gi}ti Diti}/# mih

qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih g{nog ihe imi mo Iakf mih dktdieio

qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih cjnic ihe imi mo dktdieio miktif cioh

mo Ohmjhkqoi &Tjqhomit# 42210 9/( Ckgdiei'ckgdiei imi} ihe

giqof dktrktih micig qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih cjnic moroheeotnihjckf cifothi ckgdiei CGM mih CNGM( ]jnjf'}jnjf imi}

}omin }ktcodi} cieo micig rkheigdocih nkr{}{qih micig mkqi

qkaiti ljtgic# gkqnor{h g{henoh giqof mofjtgi}o qkdieio

ifco imi} mih }timoqo jckf giqitini} qk}kgri}( Nitkhi o}{


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RKHMIF[C[IH0 TK\O]ICOQIQO IMI] MO OHMJHKQOI MIH IAKF ?

mo nkdihinih njg{ho}iq nkifcoih imi} ihe morkeihe jckf

}jnjf'}jnjf imi} }{i }omin miri} modkciìto jckf ekhktiqo

g{mi( Inodi}hi# dihin rkhek}if{ih imi} q{mif focihe mih

}omin doqi modihe{h nkgdico(

J}jhjgo Miktif mih Nkdiheno}ih Ohq}o}{qo Imi}

@i}{fhi rkgktoh}if Q{fit}j rimi 9??6 gkhìmo gjgkh}{g

ihe qihei} rkh}ohe micig nkdiheno}ih imi} mo Ohmjhkqoi(

Dkdktiri miktif gkhee{hinih nkqkgri}ih oho qkdieio iuic

gkhe{i}nih nkgdico qoq}kg imi} ihe imi mo miktifhi

giqohe'giqohe( Nkì}{fih Q{fit}j doqi moiheeir qkdieio iuic

mito dktinfothi fkekgjho rkgktoh}if }ktfimir ohq}o}{qo

rkgktoh}ifih cjnic dktmiqitnih imi}( Mo diuif rkgktoh}ifih

D(@( Fidodok# Ohmjhkqoi gkgiq{no didin dit{ micig qoq}kg

rkgktoh}ifihhi mkheih dktcin{hi [hmihe'[hmihe J}jhjgo

Miktif mo gihi miktif'miktif gkgocono nkukhiheih micig

gkgdihe{h qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih mih rkhekcjciih nk{iheih

qkhmoto( Nkukhiheih gkhekcjci rkgktoh}ifih ihe moqkd{}nih

micig [[ J}jhjgo Miktif dktginhi imihi nkqkgri}ih nkrimi

giqitini} imi} mo dktdieio miktif {h}{n gkhekgdiconih

rktih imi} micig nkfom{rih qjqoic mih rkgktoh}ifih cjnic(

Mkheih dktinfothi rkgktoh}ifih Jtmk Dit{ oho gini

njg{ho}iq'njg{ho}iq cjnic mo dktdieio miktif mo Ohmjhkqoi

g{cio diheno} mih gkhìcoh njg{honiqo( Njg{honiqo ih}it

miktif oho moliqoco}iqo jckf dkdktiri CQG'CQG Ohmjhkqoi(4

Mitonjg{honiqo oho cifot qk`khoq ektinih ihe mohiginih moto

4 Nf{q{qhyi UICFO yihe gkhìmo in}jt {}igi rimi }if{h'}if{h iuicgkhionnih nkqimitih giqyitini} imi} mo Ohmjhkqoi(


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qkdieio ektinih giqitini} imi}( Rimi }iheeic 49 Gko }if{h

9??? giqitini} imi} mo qkc{t{f Ohmjhkqoi gkcin{nih njhetkq

ihe rkt}igi mo @init}i mih gkhogr{cnih dkdktiri fic0

9( Imi} imicif qkq{i}{ ihe dktqoli} c{f{t mih gkhìmo

cihmiqih nkfom{rih Giqitini} Imi} ihe {}igi>

4( Imi} mo H{qih}iti oho qihei} gi`kg{n# nitkhi o}{ }omin

imi }kgri} dieo nkdoìnih hkeiti ihe dktcin{ qktieig

qoli}hi(

1( @i{f qkdkc{g hkeiti dktmoto# Giqitini} Imi} mo H{qih}iti

}kcif }ktckdof mif{c{ gigr{ gkhekgdihenih q{i}{

qoq}kg nkfom{rih qkdieiogihi ihe mooheohnih mih

morifigo qkhmoto( Jckf qkdid o}{ hkeiti fit{q gkhefjtgi}o

nkmi{ci}ih Giqitini} Imi} oho(

=( Giqitini} Imi} rimi miqithi }ktmoto mito ginfc{n

gih{qoi ihe cioh jckf qkdid o}{# uitei Giqitini} Imi}

{ei dktfin i}iq nkfom{rih ihe ciin mih rih}iq gkh{t{}

hocio'hocio qjqoic ihe dktcin{( [h}{n o}{ qkc{t{f }ohminih

hkeiti ihe nkc{it mito nkri}{}ih nkgih{qoiih {ho|ktqic

mih }omin qkq{io mkheih tiqi nkimocih ihe morifigo jckf

Giqitini} Imi} fit{q qkekti moinfoto(

;( I}iq miqit tiqi nkdktqigiih qkhiqod qkrkhihee{heih#

Giqitini} Imi} H{qih}iti uiòd {h}{n qicohe dif{'

gkgdif{ mkgo }ktu{`{mhi nkfom{rih Giqitini} Imi}

ihe ciin mih dktmi{ci}(1

Nkqogr{cih micig rkt}kg{ih giqitini} imi} rimi iuictkpog tkljtgiqo oho gkh{h`{nnih imihi nkqimitih inih

1 Nkr{}{qih Njhetkq Giqyitini} Imi} Hj( 24*NGIH*9??? }iheeic 49Gitk} 9??? }kh}ihe mkncitiqo Icoihqo Giqyitini} Imi} H{qih}iti &IGIH/(


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imi} qkaiti ckdof micig mo dkdktiri miktif# goqichi Iaaoiojco

&4229# 4224/ mih Co &4229/ mo Q{ciukqo# I|jho{q &422=/ mo

Cjgdjn# ]uontjgj &4226/ mo Q{gdi# Dkhmi'Dkangihh mih

Dkhmi'Dkangihh &4229/ mo Q{gi}ti Diti}# mih Mi|omqjh

&4225/ mo Nicogih}ih Diti}( Mkheih d{n{ oho nigo fitir doqi

gkgd{ni t{ihe moqn{qo mih ihicoqoq }kh}ihe rktnkgdiheih mo

Iakf# ihe qigrio qknitihe dkc{g }ktgiq{n qkdieio ihicoqoq

tk|o}icoqiqo imi} mo Ohmjhkqoi(

Iakf# Njhlcon mih Rktmigioih

Nkdiheno}ih imi} mo dktdieio miktif mo Ohmjhkqoi qkdieiogihi

}kteigdit micig rkhkco}oih'rkhkco}oih ihe }ktqkd{} mo i}iq

}omin qkt}i gkt}i qigi mkheih iri ihe }ktìmo mo Iakf(

Riqaiì}{fhi tkpog Jtmk Dit{ mo diuif nkrkgogrohih

Q{fit}j# mo Iakf njhlcon rihìhe mo ih}iti Ektinih Iakf

Gktmkni &EIG/ mkheih rkgktoh}if Tkr{dcon Ohmjhkqoi &TO/

}kt{q dktcih`{}( Njhlcon dktqkhì}i ihe }ktìmo mo Iakf rimi

iuic tkljtgiqo oho gkhkdidnih dihin klkn mito nkdoìnih

rkgktoh}if Ohmjhkqoi mo diuif tkpog tkljtgiqo }omin

dktnkgdihe# }ktgiq{n nkdoìnih gkhekhio J}jhjgo Miktif(

Gkqnor{h rkgocofih {g{g }if{h 9??? mih 422= mo Iakf

mocinqihinih qkdieiogihi mo miktif cioh mo Ohmjhkqoi# hig{h

mito qoqo rit}oqoriqo giqitini} mih rtjqkq rkcinqihiihhi

morkheit{fo jckf }knihih njhlcon mih rktihe dktqkhì}i ih}iti

riq{nih ]HO*Rjcto mkheih EIG(Njhmoqo mo i}iq gkhkdidnih tk|o}icoqiqo imi} mo Iakf }omin

qkotohe mkheih iri ihe }ktìmo mo miktif cioh mo Ohmjhkqoi(

Hig{h mkgonoih d{nih dktit}o mo Iakf }omin imi {qifi nk itif

tk|o}icoqiqo }ktqkd{}( Dkdktiri nkdoìnih rkgktoh}if Ohmjhkqoi


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mih cjnic Iakf gkgdktonih migrin rimi {qifi tk|o}icoqiqo

imi}( Goqichi [[ Hj( == ]if{h 9??? }kh}ihe Nkoq}ogkuiih

Iakf gkhkeiqnih nkgdico difui Iakf imicif miktif oq}ogkui

micig domihe imi}# ieigi mih rkhmomonih(= Rkhkckheeitiih

nkoq}ogkuiih }ktqkd{} gkh{t{} Riqic 1 ii} &4/ gkcor{}o0 &9/

rkhkckheeitiih nkfom{rih dktieigi# &4/ rkhkckheeitiih

nkfom{rih imi}# &1/ rkhkckheeitiih rkhmomonih# mih &=/ rktih

{cigi micig rkhk}irih nkdo`inih miktif( Dktmiqitnih [[ oho

rkgktoh}if gkgdktonih t{ihe nkrimi giqitini} imi} cjnic

{h}{n diheno} mig gkg{henohnih nkgdico imi} ihe imi

micig giqitini} gktkni(

Q}i}{q nkoq}ogkuiih Iakf monjhlotgiqonih mkheih

nkc{ithi [hmihe'[hmihe Hjgjt 96 ]if{h 4229 }kh}ihe

J}jhjgo Nf{q{q dieo Rtj|ohqo Miktif Oq}ogkui Iakf qkdieio

Rtj|ohqo Hiheetjk Iakf Mit{qqicig &HIM/( Nkdo`inih oho

gkhkdidnih cifothi }oei ckgdiei dit{ mo Iakf io}{ Gi`kcoq

Imi} Iakf &GII/ ihe gkhe{t{q giqicif imi}> Gi`kcoq

Rktg{qiuiti}ih [cigi &GR[/ ihe gkgdomiheo giqicif

ieigi Oqcig mih Gi`kcoq Rkhmomonih Miktif &GRM/ ihe

gkhe{t{q giqicif rkhmomonih( GII gkt{rinih rkt{difih

mito Ckgdiei Imi} mih Nkd{miiih Iakf &CINI/ ihe modkh}{n

rimi giqi E{dkth{t Iakf Rtjl( Ico Fiq`g &9?;5'9?


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9= IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF

[hmihe'[hmihe J}jhjgo Nf{q{q }omin miri} mocinqihinih( [[

}ktqkd{} `{ei a{n{r dihin monto}oqo jckf nkcjgrjn'nkcjgrjn

giqitini} mo Iakf gi{r{h rkgktfi}o mito c{it miktif oho(

Nto}on {g{g ihe g{ha{c imicif difui rimi rkgktoh}if

Iakf ì{f ckdof dihin gkgljn{qnih {h}{n gkgdihe{h

qoq}kg Qitoi} Oqcig mih gkhe{i}nih GR[( Nitkhi o}{ riqic'

riqic }kh}ihe imi} mih rjqoqo GII qkdieio ckgdiei ihe

qkfit{qhi qkn{i} GR[ }ktgitòhicoqiqonih( Dit{ qk}kcif

rtjqkq rktmigioih g{cio }if{h 422; mih miqit f{n{g ihe

dit{ }kh}ihe Rkgktoh}ifih Iakf g{ha{c }if{h nkg{moih

tk|o}icoqiqo imi} g{cio higrin mo Iakf(

[['RI mih Tk|o}icoqiqo Imi}

Rimi }if{h 422; rktìhòih rktmigioih ih}iti Rkgktoh}if

Ohmjhkqoi mih Ektinih Iakf Gktmkni mo}{coq micig qi}{

Gkgjtihm{g jl [hmktq}ihmohe&Gj[/ ihe dktl{heqo qkdieio

miqit {h}{n gkhe{hmihenih mih gkheogrckgkh}iqonih

rkgktoh}ifih qkhmoto mo Iakf( Gj[ }ktqkd{} dkc{g dihin

gkgdoaitinih imi}# ni}i }ktqkd{} fihi moqkd{} qi}{ nico

micig riqic 9(9(


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RKHMIF[C[IH0 TK\O]ICOQIQO IMI] MO OHMJHKQOI MIH IAKF 9?

ihe dktdkmi( Rkhkco}oih }ktqkd{} moiuico mkheih nkoheohih

{h}{n gkcofi} dktdieio tk|o}icoqiqo ckgdiei imi} ihe imi

micig giqitini} mo dkdktiri nid{ri}kh mo Iakf io}{ Iakf

Dkqit# Hieih Tii mih Dkhkt Gktoif(6 Nk}oei cjniqo oho gkhìmo

miktif ihe nigo iheeir gkgocono nk{honih }ktqkhmoto( Iakf

Dkqit monkhic qkdieio Iakf {}igi nitkhi lin}jt qkìtifhi(

Micig niòih foq}jtoq Iakf Dkqit gkhìmo r{qi} nktiìih Iakf

Mit{qqicig rimi idim V\ qigrio VOV( Fic oho gkhkdidnih

Iakf Dkqit gkgocono qkìtif imi} ihe njgrco} }kt{}igi

gkhekhio f{d{heih imi} mkheih nkn{iqiih rkgktoh}ifih(

Difnih oq}ocif'oq}ocif imi} ihe imi qii} oho micig giqitini}

Iakf rimi miqithi imicif oq}ocif ihe dktiqic mito Iakf

Dkqit( Qkgkh}iti Hieih Tii imicif qkd{if nid{ri}kh ihe

gkgocono qoq}kg rktimi}ih Iakf ihe ckdof qrkqolon( Fic oho

moqkdidnih imihi rkheit{f nfitoqgi}on mito qkjtihe {cigi

&Id{ Rk{ck{n{he/ ihe imi mo qihi( Mih cjniqo nk}oei io}{

Dkhkt Gktoif morocof qkdieio tkrtkqkh}iqo imi} Eij ihe qigi

qknico dktdkmi mkheih iri ihe dktnkgdihe mo Iakf qkaiti

{g{g( Hig{h qkdieio dieoih mito Rtj|ohqo Iakf# Dkhkt Gktoif

`{ei gkgocono nk}ktnio}ih mkheih nkdoìnih rkgktoh}if Iakf

}ktgiq{n micig fic imi}(

@kciq }oei nid{ri}kh oho dkc{g doqi gkuinoco Iakf rimi

qkc{t{fhi mih dihin fic mih oq{ ihe rkh}ohe micig rtjqkq

tk|o}icoqiqo imi} dkc{g }ktgiq{n d{n{ oho( Inih }k}iro dkdktiri

6 Rkgocofih cjniqo oho }omin moginq{mnih difui rkgdi}iqih nid{ri}khqkcic{ gotor rkgdi}iqih miktif'miktif imi} mo Iakf( ]k}iro nitkhi micigd{n{ oho nigo gkgjn{qnih gkhkco}o f{d{heih ih}iti rkgktoh}ifnid{ri}kh mkheih ckgdiei'ckgdiei imi}# gini nigo gkgocof gkhajajnnihmiktif rkhkco}oih mkheih miktif imgohoq}tiqo nid{ri}kh


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}kgi'}kgi ihe gkhiton g{ha{c mito niòih'niòih }oei oho#

ihe nigo fitir inih gkheohqrotiqo rkhkco}oih'rkhkco}oih mih

moqn{qo qkcih`{}hi }kh}ihe rktnkgdiheih imi} mo Iakf rimi

giqi oho(

Imi} mih Rkgktoh}ifih

Qi}{ nkqogr{cih ihe g{ha{c mito niòih'niòih oho imicif

|itoiqo tkqrjh ihe modktonih jckf rkgktoh}if rtj|ohqo mih

rkgktoh}if nid{ri}kh mo Iakf micig {qifi tk|o}icoqiqo imi}(

Qkcioh gkgdkh}{n GII# Rkgktoh}if Iakf `{ei gkh{eiqnih

dkdktiri ohq}ihqo mo nih}jt E{dkth{t Iakf gkhiheiho

giqicif'giqicif imi}( Dotj Nkoq}ogkuiih r{hi qi}{ q{d'

dieoih ihe gkhiheiho giqicif nkd{miiih mih imi} oq}oimi}(

Qi}{ dieoih Dotj F{n{g gkgrktfi}onih f{n{g imi}( Mih Dotj

Rkgktoh}ifihr{h r{hi rkeiuio'rkeiuio ihe mo}{eiqnih

{h}{n gkhiheiho ckgdiei'ckgdiei imi} qkrkt}o g{nog mih

eigrjhe( Hig{h }kthi}i GII ihe i{f ckdof in}ol mitorimi

dotj'dotj rkgktoh}ifih micig gkcinqihinih dktdieio {rii

gkgdihe{h nkgdico ohq}o}{qo imi} ihe imi mo Iakf( [qifi oho

higrin micig nkeoi}ih'nkeoi}ih ihe gkcodi}nih g{nog mo

qkc{t{f Iakf( Dkdktiri {rii {h}{n gkhkt}odnih imgohoq}tiqo

g{nog mo miktif `{ei mocin{nih jckf GII(

Mo dkdktiri nid{ri}kh ihe gkhìmo cjniqo rkhkco}oih oho

`{ei higrin moickn}oni rkgktoh}if miktif nid{ri}kh micig

gktkqrjh {qifi tk|o}icoqiqo imi}( Njhmoqo qkrkt}o oho }ktìmomo Dkhkt Gktoif mo gihi rkgktoh}if qk}kgri} figrot }omin

gkh{h`{nnih nkoheohihhi gkgdihe{h nkgdico ohq}o}{qo

imi} micig rkgktoh}ifih( Gkqnor{h micig dkdktiri nkeoi}ih

ljtgic oi gkcodi}nih }jnjf imi}# hig{h `kciq qkaiti ohq}o}{qo


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qkhenk}i( Gktkni {q}t{ gktiqi ckdof igih nici{ niq{q modiui

nk qoq}kg rkheimocih ljtgic( Qkcioh o}{ `{ei higrin# jtihe'

jtihe ihe q}i}{q qjqoj'knjhjgohi ckdof n{i} ckdof gkgocof

rktimocih ljtgic mitorimi rktimocih imi}( Giqitini} goqnoh mo

eigrjhe }omin r{hi rocofih }ktqkd{}# nitkhi rimi {g{ghi

gktkni }omin gigr{ gkgdiit rtjqkq f{n{g ljtgic ihe

c{giih gific(

In}jt'in}jt micig Tk|o}icoqiqo Imi}

Nici{ gkheihicoqoq rtjqkqhi tk|o}icoqiqo ckgdiei'ckgdiei

imi} mo Iakf qkcigi dkdktiri }if{h ihe }ktinfot oho no}i doqi

cofi} difui in}jt'in}jt {}igi micig rtjqkq oho figrot qkt{ri

mkheih iri ihe imi mo miktif Ohmjhkqoi ihe cioh( Qkcioh

ckgdiei rkgktoh}if imi {ei {hq{t'{hq{t mito giqitini} qoroc

ihe dktrktih micig rtjqkq oho( ]oheni} in}olo}iq }jnjf'}jnjf

rkgktoh}if }kthi}i qihei} dkt|itoiqo mo ih}iti nid{ri}kh'

nid{ri}kh# qkrkt}o q{mif momoqn{qonih mo i}iq( In}jt'in}jt

hjh'rkgktoh}if mo qkg{i nid{ri}kh figrot qigi( Gi`kcoq

Imi} Iakf# ihe qk`khoq in}jt qkgo'rkgktoh}if rimi {g{ghi

qihei} in}ol micig rtjqkq oho# }k}iro nkeoi}ihhi }kteih}{he

m{n{heih mito ckgdiei'ckgdiei cioh( GII micig rktihhi

gkcin{nih dihin ujtnqfjr# qkgohit# rkci}ofih mih cioh

qkdieiohi nkrimi og{g g{nog# nk{afon# og{g afon {h}{n

ckdof gkhekt}o giqicif imi} mih gkhìcihnihhi mo miktif

gktkni(Qkgkh}iti CQG'CQG gktkqrjhhi mkheih rkhe{i}ih

ckgdiei g{nog mih rktih gktkni micig giqicif'giqicif

}kt}kh}{( Micig fic oho Iakf }omin ì{f dkmi mkheih miktif'

miktif cioh mo Ohmjhkqoi( ]kthi}i mo gihi qiì {q}t{ ckgdiei


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Iakf imicif rtjqkq ihe qihei} njgrcknq mih gkgkheit{fo

giqitini} gi{r{h qoq}kg rkgktoh}ifih mo Iakf qkaiti c{iq(

Rtjqkq oho r{hi rj}khqo ihe a{n{r }oheeo {h}{n rkgdktmiiih

giqitini} {h}{n dktrit}oqoriqo micig rkhkckheeitiih

rkgktoh}ifih Iakf( Inih }k}iro# micig rtjqkq tk|o}icoqiqo oho

imi `{ei dkdktiri toqonj ihe doqi gkheficiheo }ktkicoqiqohi

rit}oqoriqo }ktqkd{} qkaiti omkic( Goqichi imi rj}khqo njhlcon

mo ih}iti ckgdiei'ckgdiei ihe }ktcodi}# mih `{ei rj}khqo

rjco}oqiqo ckgdiei'ckgdiei imi}( Rkhkco}oih rtogkt ihe

gkhekg{ninih mih gkheihicoqoq qo}{iqo ciheq{he mo ciriheih

doqi gkgdih}{ in}jt'in}jt ihe dktrktih gkheih}oqoriqo

toqonj'toqonj ihe imi# mih gkhaito qjc{qo rimi giqicif'

giqicif ihe imi( Nigo dktfitir d{n{ oho doqi gkgd{ni

t{ihe {h}{n moqn{qo mih rkhkco}oih qkcih`{}hi }kh}ihe imi}

mo Iakf(


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Tk|o}icoqiqo

Rktimocih Imi}mo Iakf Dkqit

jckf0 H{t Cioci

IAKF DKQIT

Iuichyi Nid{ri}kh Iakf Dkqit gkt{rinih miktif yihe }ktmoto

mito }oei nkukmihih yio}{ nkukmihih Qk{cog{g# Cfjn Hei

mih Qidihe( Nid{ri}kh Iakf Dkqit moqifnih gkh`imo miktif

j}jhjg gkcic{o [hmihe'[hmihe Hj( 5 }if{h 9?;< mkheih od{

nj}i mo Dihmi Iakf( Rimi 4? Ie{q}{q 9?61 Nid{ri}kh Iakf Dkqittkqgo morohmifnih nk Nj}i @ih}fj qkdieio od{nj}i( Nid{ri}kh

Iakf Dkqit gkgocono c{iq uociyif 4(?5=#94 ng# 41 nkaigi}ih#


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4< IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF

QIH]O9 QKNITIHE Q[MIF R[IQ NITKHI Q[TI] AKTIO

mito Gifnigif Qitoif @ih}fj# }kgri} oi gkgrktnitinih

niq{q rktaktioih mkheih q{igohi q{mif nkc{it mkheih

q}i}{q f{n{g riqinf( Qih}o gkhee{ei} aktio q{igohi nitkhi

gkh{t{} moi q{mif }omin imi nkajajnih cieo mo ih}iti gktkni

dktm{i( Rtjqkq rktaktioih Qih}o }omin }ktckriq mito rktih

gkmoiqo mito qicif qi}{ CQG cjnic io}{ NN]EI ihe dktektin mo

domihe rkgdktmiiih rktkgr{ih( Rtjqkq oho `{ei modih}{ jckf

nk{afonmito eigrjhe Qih}o# nitkhi niq{q Qih}o d{nih fihi

nitkhi oi }omin ajajn mkheih q{igohi# }iro q{mif dkticof

rimi rktkd{}ih ihin( Gkh{t{} nk{afoneigrjhe mo gihi Qih}o

dktmjgoqoco# niq{q gktkni q{mif dktciroq# mih }omin g{henoh

cieo moqkckqionih qkaiti imi}( Micig niq{q Qih}o rofin rktiheni}

eigrjhe q{mif rkthif gkhmigionih Qih}o mih q{igohi m{i

nico micig giqicif rktaknajnih t{gif }iheei( Rimi nico nk}oei

rktaknajnih }kt`imo moqkt}io mkheih niq{q rktkd{}ih ihin(

Gkh{t{} nk{afon eigrjhe Qih}o# rofin q{igo# nkc{itei

q{igo mih rktiheni} imi} eigrjhe iqic q{igo Qih}o }omin

rtjin}ol {h}{n gkhkckqionih giqicif oho( Jckf qkdid o}{# ieit

giqicif }omin dktcit{}# rofin nk{afon eigrjhe Qih}o ihe

nfiui}ot niq{q oho inih dkticof rimi niq{q cioh gkg{}{qnih

gkgoh}i dih}{ih NN]EI( Qihe nk{afon gkhekhic ckgdiei

NN]EI nitkhi oi rkthif mo{hmihe micig qicif qi}{

rkci}ofih ihe gktkni iminih( Ckui} dih}{ih oho niq{q Qih}o

mo}iheiho# d{nih fihi giqicif ihin }iro `{ei giqicifq}i}{q rktniuohihhi( Qih}o }omin qihee{r cieo fom{r mkheih

q{igohi mkheih dktieig iciqih foheei infothi oi gkgocof

9 Qih}o d{nih higi iqcohyi(


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TK\O]ICOQIQO RKTIMOCIH IMI] MO IAKF DKQIT 45

{h}{n dktaktio mih qif gkh{t{} f{n{g mkheih q{ti} aktio

mito rkheimocih Gifnigif Qitoif @ih}fj(

Inih }k}iro# q{igo Qih}o# qkd{} qi`i Tifgih# gktiqi qihei}

nkqic mih }omin doqi gkhktogi nkr{}{qih Gifnigif Qitoif

@ih}fj( Moi gktiqi micig niq{qhi }kcif aiai} f{n{g# mih

gkh{t{}hi cieo rtjqkq rktaktioihhi }omin qkq{io mkheih

}i}iaiti f{n{g ihe qkdkhithi( Gkh{t{} Tifgih t{gif

}iheeihi qkdkhithi giqof doqi morkt}ifihnih qkihmiohi

mocic{o mkheih rtjqkq ihe g{qcofi} ihe qkq{io mkheih

}i}iaiti f{n{g ihe dktcin{ micig giqitini} Iakf io}{

gkcic{o rktimocih imi}( Gkh{t{}hi rktaktioih gktkni }kt`imo

nitkhi aigr{t }iheih HEJ ekhmkt(4 Gkh{t{}hi HEJ

ekhmkt }ktqkd{} }kcif gkgdiui niq{q gktkni ciheq{he nk

rkheimocih Gifnigif Qitoif# i}iq rtinitqi nk{afon mkqi

oq}tohi# foheei gktkni infothi dktaktio(

Tifgih gkgihe gkhein{o difui micig t{gif }iheeihi

q{mif rkthif imi rktaknajnih# }k}iro gkh{t{}hi fic o}{

c{gtif( Moi dktakto}i difui micig niq{q rktaknajnih }ktqkd{}

gktkni rkthif momigionih m{i nico jckf rktiheni} mkqi mih

dktfiqoc( ]iro rimi niq{q ihe nk}oei oho rofin rktiheni} mkqi

oq}tohi }omin gkhkckqionih qkaiti imi} }ktckdof mif{c{# inih

}k}iro ciheq{he gkgdiui niq{q gktkni rimi rofin ekhmkt(

Rimific qkaiti imi} giqicif gktkni fit{q moqkckqionih jckf

rktiheni} imi} mo mkqi mih doci mo }oheni} mkqi }omin doqi

momigionih giqof imi ckgdiei g{nog( Mo micig ckgdiei}ktqkd{} imi rktimocih imi} ihe doqi gkhiheiho giqicif

4 Ni}i'ni}i HEJ ekhmkt oho rkh{coq n{}or mito n{}orih ciheq{he rimi qii}uiuihaiti mkheih Tifgih }iheeic 4; Ie{q}{q 422?# ginq{mhyi imicifHEJ yihe rkm{co giqicif rktkgr{ih(


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TK\O]ICOQIQO RKTIMOCIH IMI] MO IAKF DKQIT 15

dihin qi{miti dihin nkc{itei# }omin imi {h}{he nici{ no}i

dktnkcifo# nici{ gkgrktnitinih qkq{i}{ inih fidoq kgiq#

mih dkt}if{h'}if{h }omin qkckqio(

Mkheih gkcofi} fimof giì mo i}iq gkhìmo q{i}{ d{n}o

difui micig qkìtif Iakf oq}ocif ihe giqi qknitihe

mohiginih qkdieio rktimocih imi} mo }oheni} mkqi gkt{rinih

q{i}{ rktimocih ihe mod{}{fnih mih morihmihe klkn}ol {h}{n

gkhkckqionih dktdieio rktniti ihe }ktìmo qkfoheei }ktaor}i

q{i}{ rktmigioih mo niciheih giqitini}( Dihin {ei imieo{g

ihe gkhefkhmino q{i}{ rktniti qkdionhi moqkckqionih m{c{

gkh{t{} rktimocih imi} mo qk}oir eigrjhe mih doqi modihmohe

nk }oheni} g{nog( Q{mif qkìn m{c{ mo Iakf q{mif monkhic {ei

rktimocih mo }oheni} qkcih`{}hi# }omin {difhi qkrkt}o rktimocih

ljtgic no}i qknitihe# qkfoheei }ktaor}i imieo{g'imieo{g i}i{

fimof giì ihe gkheohei}nih difui q{i}{ rktniti qkdionhi

moqkckqionih }ktckdof mif{c{ mo rktimocih imi}(

Miqit F{n{g Rkcinqihiih Rktimocih Imi} mo Iakf

[h}{n gkcinqihinih rktimocih imi} qknitihe oho mom{n{he

jckf qk`{gcif rkti}{tih rkt{hmihe'{hmiheih( Mkheih ni}i

cioh ri{he f{n{g {h}{n rkcinqihiih ckgdiei rktimocih imi}

q{mif gigimio dion mo }oheni} eigrjhe gi{r{h mo }oheni}

g{nog( Dkton{} oho {hmihe'{hmihe# yih{h mih rktqk}{`{ih

ihe gkhei}{t }kh}ihe rkcinqihiih rktimocih imi} mo Iakf

mih nf{q{qhi mo Iakf Dkqit09( [hmihe'[hmihe Hjgjt == ]if{h 9??? }kh}ihe

Rkhkckheeitiih Nkoq}ogkuiih Iakf# riqic 1 mih mo ih}itihi mo Nigr{he Aonjihe &Giniqit/# mo

Qjcj &@iui ]kheif/# mo Nuoh}ihe &@init}i R{qi}/# mih `{ei mo

Hieih Tii mo Iakf( Nf{q{q mo @init}i R{qi} ejcjheih Fidod

oho m{c{hi morogroh jckf [cigi Dkqit Icgitf{g Fidod Ico

doh Idm{ttifgih ic'Fidqo( Qkgkh}iti mo Rk{ck{n{he# Hieih

Tii m{c{hi morogroh jckf Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih ihe

dktekcit Fidod Qionf{hi Y{}f{d Hiqdif(

Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih mocifotnih noti'noti rimi }if{h

96 92 jtihe cino'cino mih

kgri} jtihe rktkgr{ih( ]omin qkjtiher{h mito ligocohi

ihe gkhek}if{o rktqoq }kh}ihe fito# }iheeic mih d{cih oi

mocifotnih( Fic mkgonoih q{mif {g{g }ktìmo rimi giqitini}

pigih m{c{# gkqnor{h gktkni qkjtihe {cigi gi{r{h e{t{#

}k}iro qjic gkhai}i} fito mih }iheeic nkcifotih ihin i}i{ a{a{

n{tihe morktfi}onih( Qkcioh fihi }if{h nkcifotihhi qiì

ihe morktohei}o i}i{ gkhef{d{henih rktoq}oui'rktoq}oui

ihe g{mif moohei} qkrkt}o uin}{ }ktìmo ektfihi gi}ifito#

uin}{ pigih rkhììfih Dkcihmi gi{r{h @krihe(Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih ihe higi iqcohi Fidod

G{figgim _kmmoh doh Fidod G{figgim _iqoh doh Fidod

Idm{ttifgih Y{}f{d{c [`{m doh Fidod Idm{c Yimot

Tigiih doh Qiom I}fil &Oh}{/ qocqocif dkcoi{ moinoho jckf


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TK\O]ICOQIQO CKGDIEI IMI] MO HIEIH TI_I 51

riti rkheon{}hi qigrio nkrimi Tiq{c{ccif QIU( Qiom

G{figgim _kmmoh i}i{ Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih gkgocono

qk`{gcif higi cioh qkrkt}o# Id{ Rk{ck{n{he# Id{ Hieih# Id{

Dickk &dicio/# Id{ ]{fi &}{i/# mih ]k{hen{ R{}kf &r{}of/( Mito

qk`{gcif higi ihe oi qihmihe qkdieio d{n}o hi}i difui

qkc{t{f nkfom{rihhi oi a{tifnih {h}{n nkgiqcifi}ih {gi}#

qkfoheei higi hkekto i}i{ }kgri} gkhi}{ micig motohi(

Mito qohocif dodo} niqof qiihe# nie{g mih fjtgi} }ktcifot

mito c{d{n fi}o {gi}# o}{cif ihe }kt`imo rimi moto Id{ Fidod

G{mi Qk{hieih# qkq{i}{ ihe gkgihe `kciq }ktd{n}o# }ktcofi}#

}ktmkheit jckf jtihe'jtihe qkrih`ihe fom{rhi qkfoheei

}omin miri} mor{henoto nkdkhitihhi( Riti Fidod gkgocono

dktgiaig'giaig gitei i}i{ ncih qkrkt}o ic'I}iq# ic'Fidqo#

ic'Imt{q# ic'Fimmim# mih cioh'cioh( Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih

dktgitei Fidod moinoho riti rkheon{}hi giqof nk}{t{hih

Tiq{c{ccif QIU &Qiggohi Mi{m# 422?0 46'4?/(

Gkh{t{} @inlit &d{nih higi qkdkhithi/# qkjtihe rkheon{}#

qii} oho rkheon{} mito Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih morktnotinih

dkt`{gcif ckdof n{tihe ;2(222 jtihe ihe }ktqkdit mo dktdieio

miktif# mo ih}itihi Hieih Tii# Iakf Diti}# Iakf Qkci}ih#

]inkhejh# mih `{ei miktif ciohhi mo Iakf( Gkh{t{} Qiom

Gifimto9 dieo rkheon{} Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih oho# irir{h

ihe rkthif mouiqoi}nihhi imicif q{grif ihe fit{q

mocinqihinih( Gkh{t{}hi }itkni} o}{ qkhmoto qigi mkheih

}ktoni}# ihe dktit}o qoirir{h ihe }kcif moq{grif fit{qgkuiqoi}nih cieo nkrimi ihin a{a{hi }kh}ihe dkdktiri fic(

9 Qigitih mito higi }jnjf ieigi# rkheon{} qk}oi Id{ Fidod G{miQk{hieih(


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Mo ih}iti oqo q{grif imicif }omin djckf dktpohi# }omin djckf

gkha{to mih fic'fic cioh ihe mocitihe ieigi( Qkg{i o}{ fit{q

moon{}o mih }omin imi ihe dktiho gkciheeit uici{r{h jtihe

ihe moq{grif imicif jtihe ihe qkmono} ocg{ ieigihi

}k}iro moigicnih iri ihe ek{uiqok} e{tkk&mouiqoi}nih jckf

e{t{/( Gkh{t{} nkinohih rkheon{} Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih

oho# ocg{ ihe mogocono dkcoi{ imicif ocg{ finoni} mih gintoli}#

qkmihenih ihe monk}if{o giqitini} imicif ocg{ qitoi}(

Rkheit{fhi Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih qihei} }ktcofi}

micig giqitini} Hieih Tii qkcigi nkfom{rihhi gi{r{h

qk}kcif }jnjf dkqit oho gkhoheeic m{hoi( Tkr{}iqohi moi `{ei

}ktmkheit mo c{it Iakf( Rimi qii} fom{rhi dihin giqitini}

ihe gkgdiui ti}{qih nktdi{ gkgoh}ihi gkgdiainih

}ifcoc {h}{n iheej}i nkc{itei gktkni ihe }kcif gkhoheeic(

Qkrif mito qotof ihe oi ginih moìmonih qkdieio jdi} jckf

riti rkheon{}hi( Rktni}iihhi qkcic{ moon{}o nitkhi dkcoi{

gkhek}if{o iri ihe inih }ktìmo nk mkrih> irinif o}{ }kh}ihe

inih imihi dici mih qkdieiohi( Qii} moi fom{r qk}oir rkìdi}

ihe mi}ihe nk Iakf riq}o gkhe{h`{heohi dion mito rkìdi}

qoroc gi{r{h goco}kt( Q{nithj qkdieio qkjtihe rtkqomkh

rkt}igi Tkr{dcon Ohmjhkqoi rkt}igi `{ei }kcif dktn{h`{he

mih gkhefimoifnih qi}{ gjdoc Cihm Tj|kt ihe qigrio qii}

oho giqof motiui} mkheih dion jckf nkc{itei Rk{ck{n{he(

Qii} Id{ Fidod G{mi gkhefkgd{qnih hiliq }ktinfot

rimi fito Tid{ 9= @{ho 9?54 G dkt}kri}ih mkheih = @{gimocIuic# riti rkcii} mito dktdieio miktif mi}ihe nk njgrckn

nkmoigihhi( Difnih qkdieoih riti rkcii} gkhktjdjq f{}ih

dkcih}iti mkheih ìcih nino gkhkc{q{to ìcih qk}irin( @khipif

Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih gicig o}{ moqkgiignih mo t{gif


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dicihe a{} mih {cigi> ejcjheih ri}{}'ri}{} &rkìdi} hkekto/

mih jtihe }ktnkg{ni*aktmon rihmio> mih ejcjheih tini}

&Rkgktoh}if Nid{ri}kh Hieih Tii# 422=0 4=/(

Qii} oho q}ti}oloniqo qjqoic qkmono} }kcif dktekqkt# nitkhi

qoq}kg nktiìih q{mif }omin imi cieo qkìn kti nkgktmkniih(

Cigdi} ci{h riti ejcjheih fidod ihe m{c{ fihi mi}ihe

gkhkditnih Oqcig mih `{ei dkthoiei }kcif gkhmiri} }kgri}

}ktqkhmoto mo niciheih giqitini} Hieih Tii }kt{}igi

qkgkhìn dktinithi rkheit{f Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih oho

micig niciheih giqitini} qk}kgri}( Rkt{difih oho gkgd{i}

rkciroqih qjqoic gkhìmo qkmono} dkt{dif0 ejcjheih Fidod*

Qiom &ihe imi qocqocif mito nkc{itei Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih

mih dktiqic mito Eigrjhe Rk{ck{n{he# Dcihe Iti mih R{cj Ok/>

ejcjheih Tiì*Igrjh*]k{n{ &nf{q{q ihe r{hi nkm{m{nih

mih nii/> ejcjheih rkìdi} rkgktoh}ifih mih jtihe'jtihe

nii> mih ejcjheih giqitini} doiqi(

Rktcin{ih imi} gkhìmo dktdkmi dktmiqitnih rkciroqih

qjqoic# giqohe'giqohehi gkgr{hio tk{qig4 ihe dktdkmi'

dkmi( H{ihqi oho giqof }kteigdit `kciq mito qonir giqitini}

doiqi }ktfimir nkm{i ejcjheih ihe ckdof }oheeo( ]ktfimir

nk}{t{hih Tiì qkrkt}o igrjh mih }k{n{ goqichi> qkcic{

moqigd{} mkheih d{ micjhe&hiqo m{cihe/ mih omihe&fomiheih/

dktciroq micig qk}oir n{h`{heih {riaiti imi}*nkhm{to(

Nf{q{q dieo nk}{t{hih Fidodi}i{ Qiommo qigrohe moqigd{}

4 It}o tk{qig iridoci mo}iqotnih qkq{io ginq{m oqo tk{qig o}{ qkhmotoimicif imid# nitkhi ginq{m tk{qig }ktnihm{he }oei {hq{t yio}{ morcjgiqo#nkrtj}jnjcih mih k}oni( Micig nk}oei {hq{t o}{cif }ktnihm{he imid# nitkhiyihe dktrktih qkdieio rkcinqihi tk{qig o}{ imi m{i0 Cinqigihi mihDoh}iti(


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mkheih fic qkt{ri qkrkt}o ni{g tiì `{ei doci dktqicigih#

jckf giqitini} doiqi qkcic{hi gkgdjcin'diconnih }kcirin

}iheih m{i nico qigdoc gkhao{g }iheih qihe Fidod*Qiom

qkdieio }ihmi nkdktni}ih mih nkg{coiih( Fic oho nitkhi

qkdieoih giqitini} giqof gkinoho difui inih dktmjqi

òni }omin dktqicigih mkgonoih( ]kthi}i imi `{ei giqitini}

doiqi ihe moqigd{} mkheih d{ micjhe iridoci gkgr{hio

nkm{m{nih micig rkgktoh}ifih mih rjqoqo nk}jnjfih micig

giqitini}( Goqichi# }jnjf'}jnjf ihe mociyidnih mkheih

Fidod jckf giqitini}# uici{r{h ihe dktqihen{}ih d{nih

nk}{t{hih Fidod# hig{h imicif rkheon{} qk}oi Id{ Fidod

G{mi Qk{hieih ihe }kcif gkhìmo rkg{ni ieigi(

Rktcin{ih nf{q{q micig rkhigd{}ih }ig{ jckf

giqitini} micig qk}oir {riaiti imi} }ktfimir ejcjheih

]k{n{ mih Qiom oho# doiqihi imicif nf{q{q ]k{n{ mih Qiom

ihe dktiqic mito }oei eigrjhe io}{0 Rk{ck{n{he# Dcihe

Iti mih R{cj Ok( Gkqnor{h nk}{t{hih mito }oei eigrjhe

oho qknitihe q{mif }ktqkdit nk dktdieio miktif cioh# ihe

}ktrkh}ohe dktiqic mito nk}oei eigrjhe }ktqkd{}> giqitini}

ihe gkgdktonih rkhigd{}ih d{ micjheoho nkdihinihhi

imicif rkheon{} qk}oi Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih(

Nitkhi rkt{difih q}ti}oloniqo qjqoic micig qkìtif mo

Hieih Tii fito oho imi m{i `khoq nkcjgrjn nk}{t{hih kco}

ihe }ktroqif( Rkhefjtgi}ih giqitini} doiqi }ktfimir

m{i nkcjgrjn oho }kthi}i qkmono} dktdkmi# qkrkt}o no}i doqigkhejdqkt|iqo mito rktdkmiih rktcin{ih }ktfimir ni{g

Tiì*]k{n{ mih ni{g Qiom*Fidod mo Hieih Tii( Ni{g tiì

fihi mofjtgi}o nk}oni gkgr{hio nkn{iqiih mih nkniiih

qiì# qkmihenih ihe }omin gkgr{hio nkn{iqiih mih


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nkniiih morktcin{nih qigi mkheih jtihe doiqi( Qkgkh}iti

ni{g Fidod*Qiom }omin mkgonoih# uici{r{h gktkni ihe

giqof ihin'ihin qknicor{h qihei} mofjtgi}o mih mog{coinih

gicif moriheeoc mkheih qkd{}ih Id{ ihe dktginhi

nkg{coiih( Fic oho }omin }ktckriq mito rkheit{f Icgitf{g

Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih i}i{ Id{ Rk{ck{n{heihe giqof

qihei} mjgohih(

Tieig D{miyi yihe Morkheit{fo Rk{ck{n{he

Nkfimotih Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih qkdieio {cigi

nfitoqgi}on ihe ricohe dktrkheit{f qkgiqi fom{rhi qkaiti

}omin ciheq{he }kcif gkuithio imi} oq}oimi} giqitini} Hieih

Tii( Nkfimotih oho `{ei gkhigdif nkh}ichi imi} oq}oimi}

o}{ qkhmoto# uici{r{h Hieih Tii qkgkhìn m{c{hi h{ihqi

imi}hi gkgihe q{mif dkeo}{ n{i} gkheinit mo giqitini}

}ktgiq{n mito ciroqih diuif qknicor{h( Qii} oho giqof imi

}timoqo mo giqitini} ihe }kteigdit micig fimof giì

&rtodifiqi/ qkdieio dkton{}0

G{coi uitkf tih{r cigr{ih# g{coi tinih gigkf q{iti#imi} }i`{h`jhe# f{njg rk{}ogihe# nih{h hejh tk{qigui`kd }iìei( &It}ohi0 Ligoco dktn{h`{he moqigd{}mkheih qotof# micig rktei{cih fkhmincif mkheih q{itiihe ckgif ckgd{}# qk}oir jtihe fkhmincif gkh`{h`{he}oheeo imi} mih gkhefjtgi}o f{n{g# yih{h mih tk{qiggkq}o moìei/(

Fimof giì mo i}iq }kteigdit micig imi} nkdoiqiihgiqitini} ihe }kcif }{t{h'}kg{t{h dktcin{ rimi giqitini}

Hieih Tii }kt{}igi micig rkhigd{}ih }ig{( Mo Hieih

Tii# }ig{ qkcic{ gkhmiri} }kgri} ihe dkeo}{ g{coi nitkhi

oho gkt{rinih rktoh}if ieigi# qkdieiogihi no}i nk}if{o


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TK\O]ICOQIQO CKGDIEI IMI] MO HIEIH TI_I 5?

difui ieigi mih imi} ciekk pi} hejh qolk{} &qkrkt}o pi}

mkheih qoli}/# it}ohi rktoh}if ieigi moìmonih rk}{h`{n mih

nkdoiqiih imi} jckf giqitini}( ]kteigdit mito nk}ktiheih

eigdit cjej mito Nid{ri}kh Hieih Tii mo rjoh nk ; dktd{ho0

Micjhe&m{cihe/# aiuih mih rktiheni} ici} {h}{n rk{qo`{kn#

gkcigdihenih imi} d{mii gkg{coinih }ig{ ihe q{mif

gkhìmo }{t{h'}kg{t{h micig giqitini} Nid{ri}kh Hieih

Tii(

Imi dihin `khoq {riaiti imi} ihe imi mo Hieih Tii(

Hig{h qkdieoih mito }timoqo imi} oho }kcif focihe qkrkt}o moin{o

jckf dkdktiri }jnjf giqitini}( Qfktuoh1 mih Qfocoh= goqichi

gkhekg{ninih# micig rkh`{icih }ihif# m{c{ imi nkhm{to d{

ck{ni} &hiqo nk}ih/# qkfoheei qkg{i qinqo micig fic `{ic dkco

oho mi}ihe( Mkgonoih `{ei micig rkgdieoih fit}i uitoqih#

m{c{hi qk}kcif qkckqio rkgdieoih qkcic{ moiminih nkhm{to mih

moriheeoc qkc{t{f ifco ligoco qkdieio dkh}{n q{n{tih( Micig

nkhm{to rktniuohihr{h imi qkdieoih }i}i aiti imi} ihe }kcif

mo}oiminih qkrkt}o gkhionnih rkheih}oh nk i}iq }ihm{# i}i{

rkheiìtih jckf rkheih`j&rkhmigrohe rkheih}oh/ micig fic

}i}i aiti dktq{igo oq}to mih qkdieiohi( Hig{h imi dihin

{riaiti imi} ihe giqof mocinqihinih qkaiti dkqit'dkqitih mo

Hieih Tii qigrio qii} oho( Mo diuif oho imi dkdktiri {riaiti

imi} ihe gkgdkminih imi} Hieih Tii mito miktif Iakf

ihe cioh(

1 Higi qigitih mito }jnjf giqyitini} qicif qi}{ eigrjhe mo Hieih Tiyi(

= Higi qigitih mito qicif qkjtihe nk{afon mo qicif qi}{ eigrjhe micigniuiqih Hieih Tiyi(


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ckdof }kt}iton mkheih rkhkco}o# qkfoheei {t{qih rkt`jmjfih

}ktqkd{} mkheih qkhmotohi di}ic( Gkhihen{} imi} qoiri r{h

aicjh q{igo*oq}to mito c{it Hieih Tii ihe gkcinqihinih

rktniuohih mkheih uitei Hieih Tii gkq}o moqkrini}o m{c{

gkcic{o rofin qk{cihenk &rkhef{d{he/ mito rofin cino'cino

nkrimi qk{cihenk rofin rktkgr{ih# mkgonoih rkthi}iih

mito qicif qi}{ }jnjf imi} dkthigi G{fqomoh# ih}iti cioh

gkhkrini}o rktofic gkheon{}o qkrkh{fhi imi} qk}kgri}

i}i{ imi di}iqih }kt}kh}{ ihe moon{}o# nitkhi qicif qi}{ rofin

&}kt{}igi cino'cino/ giqof micig rtjqkq gkgiq{no uociif

cioh mkheih imi} ihe dktdkmi( Nka{ico tk{qig ihe djckf

moqkq{ionih mkheih imi} giqohe'giqohe miktifhi( Ajh}jfhi

gkgdiui d{ gk{d{hejhe&hiqo nk}ih ihe mofoiq/ o}{ imicif

uiòd mito rihmiheih imi}( Imir{h dkh}{n mih gjmkchi

moqkq{ionih mkheih imi} miktif giqohe'giqohe ih}iti cioh

aiti gkhefoiqhi mih qkdieiohi( Nk}oni rofin cino'cino }kcif

gkhk}ir i}i{ gkcinqihinih nkeoi}ih imi} mo miktif Hieih

Tii qkeici dkh}{n nkeoi}ih nk{tk{ì{mkrmih nk{tk{ì gi}k

ihe mocinqihinih gkq}o gkheon{}o imi} oq}oimi} Hieih Tii(

Mo Hieih Tii nk}oni rtjqkq rkcigitih mocin{nih mih

mo}ktogi jckf rofin nkc{itei rktkgr{ih gini mor{}{qnihcif

nirih iaiti rktkqgoih mocinqihinih( Dkh}{n mito iaiti

rktkqgoih oho dktdkmi gkh{t{} q}ti}i qjqoic micig giqitini}(

Nf{q{q dieo nk}{t{hih tiì ihe gkgr{hio nkm{m{nih

}kt}kh}{ micig giqitini}# {riaiti rktniuohih mociheq{henihqkaiti dkqit'dkqitih( Ajh}jfhi qkrkt}o rktniuohih ihin

mito D{ri}o Hieih Tii qii} oho &422


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imicif nk}{t{hih mito Tiì Dk{}jhe mito rofin iif qkt}i

nk}{t{hih mito Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih mito rofin od{( Micig

rktiiih {riaiti imi} rktniuohih }ktqkd{} ihe dkt}ohmin

gkhìmo nk}{i riho}oihi imicif Dirin Qknmi Nid{ri}kh Hieih

Tii qkhmoto( Iaitihi dktciheq{he qkcigi }{`{f fito }{`{f

gicig( Figrot qkc{t{f giqitini} mo{hmihe qkaiti }ktd{ni(

Fomiheih ihe moqkmoinih micig m{i gjmkc> gjmkc fomiheih

}timoqojhic qkdieiogihi nkdoiqiih giqitini} Hieih Tii#

mih gjmkc fomiheih gjmkth &ici ltihaioqk/ }kteih}{he nkciq

giqitini} ihe fimot( Qkcioh o}{ rkq}i mogktoifnih mkheih

fod{tih ihe ckhenir# dion }timoqojhic gi{r{h gjmkth( Mo

qoihe fitohi imi rkt}{h`{nih Dihm mih Nkdjitm# hig{h

nk}oni gicig fito moq{e{fnih fod{tih }timoqojhic qkrkt}o

qk{ni}# qk{mi}o# tiriomih qkdieiohi(

Nkhm{to Nkgi}oih

Dktnkhiih nk{tk{ì gi}k &nkhm{to jtihe gkhoheeic/

jckf nkc{itei mkni}# mih `{ei jckf nkc{itei mito rkt}icoih

rktniuohih gkgdiui }ocig e{cjheihe moqkq{ionih gkh{t{}

nkgigr{ih( Gkh{t{} @ogico#; }ocig e{cjheimicif imi} nfiq

Hieih Tii ihe }omin mo}kg{nih mo miktif cioh( Qkjtihe

hitiq{gdkt qii# Dirin @igic{c{mmoh# }ocig e{cjheoho uiòd

micig imi} moqkmoinih jckf gkhih}{ rktkgr{ih nkrimi rofin

gkt}{i cino'cino qkdieio rkt}ihmi ihin icgitf{g imicif cino'

cino mih inih gkh{q{c imi} dkton{}hi mito rofin dkqihqkcigi }{`{f fito dkt}{t{}'}{t{} goqichi gkgdiuinih

nigdohe# qi{t# nkciri# gohin mih cioh'cioh qkq{io mkheih

; Higi qigitih qkjtihe }{fi rk{}eigrjhe mo Hieih Tiyi(


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nkgigr{ih( Fito rkt}igi qigrio fito nk }{`{f# dkqih

dktmi}iheih nk }kgri} nkhm{to }omin qktkh}in# }kt{}igi

dieo ihe r{hi dihin dkqih# nka{ico rimi fito nk kgri}

r{c{f qkg{i dkqih dktn{gr{c( Dieo ihe }omin gkgocono ihin

cino'cino ihe }kcif moniuohnih# i}i{ oi fihi gkgr{hio

ihin rktkgr{ih qiì# gini nk}oni oi gkhoheeic }omin imi

ihe gkhkmoinih }ocig e{cjhe nka{ico nioh nilih r{}of

qkckhenirhi( Rkheimiihhi mo}ihee{he jckf rofin dkqih cino'

cino òni oi }kcif gkheiuohnih ihin rktkgr{ihhi# hig{h

òni oi }omin gkheiuohnih qi}{r{h ihin rktkgr{ihhi gini

nkc{itei ihe gkhkmoinih nioh nilihhi# hig{h }omin djckf

gkhkmoinih }ocig e{cjhe( Mo miktif cioh r{h ihe moqkmoinih

dieo jtihe ihe q{mif gkhoheeic imicif nioh nilih r{}of qiì(

Mo qigrohe o}{ moiminih nkhm{to iaiti gk{ i}k{} &dktd{n{/(

I}k{}g{cio mito hk{ cfk &fito nk}oei/# hk{ cogjkhe&fito nkcogi/#

qo h{`jkf &fito nk}{`{f/# qo rcjf &fito nk 92/# m{i rcjf &fito nk

42/# cfk rcjf &fito nk 12/ qigrio fito nk rk{} rcjf &fito nk =2/(

Nf{q{q fito nk kgri}r{c{f }omin qkg{i giqitini} djckf

mi}ihe }k}iro fihi ihe mo{hmihe( Iaiti nkhm{to oho doiqihi

mod{i} qkaiti dkqit'dkqitih jckf nkc{itei qo gkhoheeic mkheih

gkgj}jhe nktdi{# nigdohe# dkdkn# mih iig `{ei onih# }kcjt

iqoh mih qkdieiohi(

Q}ti}oloniqo qjqoic doqi mocofi} `{ei micig dkqitihhi

{riaiti imi} nkgi}oih( [riaiti imi} nkgi}oih }ktdkqit ihe

rkthif imi mo Hieih Tii imicif qii} gkhoheeichi Id{Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih ihe dktekcit Fidod Qionf{hi Y{}f{d

Hiqdif rimi }iheeic 9= @{ho 9?54 dkt}kri}ih mkheih =


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TK\O]ICOQIQO CKGDIEI IMI] MO HIEIH TI_I 6;

@{gimoc Iuic91?4(< Nk}oni nkc{iteihi gkheiminih }ifcocih

{h}{n icgitf{g# dih}{ih cjeoq}on qihei} dihin mo}ktogi

mito dktdieio rofin# dion mito nkc{itei dkqit Rk{ck{n{he

gi{r{h giqitini} {g{g( Micig iaiti }ktqkd{} }ktai}i}

?? &qkgdocih r{c{f qkgdocih/ knjt nktdi{ }ktn{gr{c# 42 }jh

dktiq# ti}{qih nigdohe# tod{ih iig mih dkdkn mo}igdif cieo

r{c{fih }t{n qi{t'gi{t# d{if nkciri mih ni{ dinit ihe

}omin }ktfo}{he moih}it mkheih }t{n gi{r{h moih}it qkhmoto

qkaiti dktjgdjheih( Dih}{ih i}i{ rkgdktoih oho }omin fihi

dktiqic mito uitei ihe nii# hig{h uitei ihe gkgocono

m{i knjt nktdi{ r{h }{t{} gkh{gdihe qi}{ knjt {h}{n

nkrktc{ih }ifcocih( Ti}{qih `{t{ giqin qoir gihmo nktohei}

gkgrktqoirnih gkh{ ihe qoir qi`o {h}{n monjhq{gqonih

riti }ig{ ihe mi}ihe dktn{h`{he( Qkg{i giqitini} ihe

}{t{} dktrit}oqoriqo }omin gkhefitirnih ogdicih irir{h

nka{ico ditinif &nkdktnifih/ icgitf{g ihe moinoho qkdieio

nk}{t{hih uico qjhej ihe dkt}icoih hiqid mkheih Tiq{c{ccif

QIU &Qiggohi Mi{m 422?0 914/(

Mkgonoih `{ei qii} gkhoheeichi qicif qi}{ iheej}i

nkc{itei Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih( Giqitini} qkcic{

dktdjhmjhe'djhmjhe gkgdiui nktdi{# qiro# nigdohe mih

qkdieiohi# gkh{t{} nkgigr{ih giqohe'giqohe {h}{n

monkhm{tonih( Dihin rkheon{} ihe dktfitir fkuih

diuiihhi m{c{ih ihe moqkgdkcof {h}{n nkhm{to( Mo qihi

}ktnkhic qkd{if oq}ocif etin k{hipif mo t{gjf# etin nkhm{to mo{r&`khipif qkckqio mogihmonih# nktdi{ qkckqio morj}jhe/( Imi

ihe dktdkmi qii} rkgihmoih `khipif mito nk}{t{hih Fidod

< [cigi ]itkni} Qyi}}itoyif(


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G{mi Qk{hieih oho( Qkg{i riti rkcii} ihe mi}ihe# nf{q{qhi

rkheon{} lihi}on mito Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih# gkhigr{he iot

ihe dktiqic mito rkgihmoih `khipif }ktqkd{} {h}{n modiui

r{cihe mkheih }{`{ih moìmonih jdi}( Difnih imi qkdieoih

rkheon{}hi ihe ciheq{he gkgoh{g iot }ktqkd{} nitkhi

moinoho qkdieio nkdktnifih( Qkdieoih giqitini} ihe qkgri}

rkhkco}o uiuihaitio gkhein{o fic oho }kt{}igi giqitini}

ihe gkhinqonih qkaiti ciheq{he( Fic ihe qigi `{ei }ktìmo

qii} gkhoheeichi ihin rktkgr{ih mito Id{ Fidod G{mi

Qk{hieih( [riaiti nkgi}oih od{hmi mito D{ri}o Hieih Tii oho

r{h gkhmiri} rktcin{ih qkt{ri mito riti rkheon{} Id{ Fidod

G{mi# }ktgiq{n gkgoh{g mih gkgdiui r{cihe iot rkgihmoih

`khipif qkt}i rkcinqihiih nkhm{to qkaiti dkqit'dkqitih(

Nkhm{to Cij}

Qkdieoih giqitini} Iakf rktaii difui ginfc{n'

ginfc{n fic{q ihe ìfi} gkhmoigo }kgri}'}kgri} ihe

ihenkt qkrkt}o f{}ih# ci{}# c{d{n ihe micig# n{ici# tiui'tiui#

rjfjh'rjfjh dkqit mih qkdieiohi( Ginfc{n'ginfc{n oho

moiheeir gkheeihee{ giqitini}( [h}{n gkhjcin eihee{ih

}ktqkd{} gktkni gkheiminih dktdieio `khoq {riaiti( [riaiti

oho mocin{nih mkheih dktdieio aiti i}i{ dkh}{n( Imi ihe

gkcin{nihhi mkheih gkheiminih nkhm{to mo }kgri}'}kgri}

ihe mof{ho jckf ginfc{n fic{q }ktqkd{}# qkrkt}o mo diuif

rjfjh dkqit# nkhm{to ci{} mih qkdieiohi &T{qmo Q{lo mih Ie{qD{mo Uodjuj 42250


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qk}oir }if{hhi micig g{qog ]og{t5# qkcic{ gkcinqihinih

nkhm{to ci{}( Ohljtgiqo ihe qii }ktogi mito Qicgih6 difui

{h}{n nkhm{to }oheni} nid{ri}kh mocinqihinih }oei }if{h

qknico( Nkhm{to oho mocinqihinih qkaiti dkqit'dkqitih qkaiti

dkteocotih micig dkdktiri }kgri} ihe dktdkmi mkheih

gkhe{hmihe }jnjf {cigi# }jnjf imi} mih rkìdi} nid{ri}kh(

Dkh}{n mito rktqoirih nkhm{to oho imicif mkheih gkuiòdnih

qk}oir hkciih {h}{n gkh{gdihenih qk`{gcif mihi qkq{io

mkheih nkqkrini}ih rkt rktif{ hkciih( Qoqihi modih}{

jckf Mohiq Nkci{}ih# rofin nkaigi}ih mih difnih dih}{ih

mito nid{ri}kh }ktgiq{n mito D{ri}o qkhmoto( Dih}{ih mito

rkgktoh}if oho modktonih qkdieio dkh}{n rktfi}oih rkgktoh}if

nkrimi giqitini} hkciih(

Rimi gicig nkhm{to giqitini} gkcinqihinih rkheiòih

mih ponot mo roheeot rih}io qigrio gkh`kcihe rieo( Rimi rieo

fito inih morocof qkknjt nigdohe uithi fo}ig ihe mococo} uithi

r{}of {h}{n moìmonih }k{gicihe( Gkh{t{} Riuihe Idm{ccif#?

rkhkgdkcofih nigdohe ciheq{he morogroh jckf Id{ Y{mti}

ihe gkt{rinih ihin d{heq{ mito Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih(

Dkcoi{ r{ci ihe ciheq{he gkgocof jtihe'jtihe nf{q{q

ihe }omin rkthif gkhoheeicnih qfici} {h}{n gkckriqnih

nigdohe }ktqkd{} nk g{iti ci{}( Qk}kcif nkhm{to oho qkcigi

5 G{qog ]og{t gkt{rinih g{qog dihyinhyi hkciyih }{t{h nk ci{} nitkhijgdin ci{}hyi }omin dkqit qkrkt}o g{qog Diti}(

6 Higi qigitih qicif qi}{ {hq{t rogrohih micig Ckgdiei Imi} Cij}Nid{ri}kh Hieih Tiyi(

? Higi qigitih mito qicif qkjtihe Rihecogi Cfjn mo Hieih Tiyi(


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}oei fito giqitini} mocitihe gkci{}( Gkh{t{} Uitmihi92

fic oho mocin{nih qkdieio rkhefiteiih nkrimi ginfc{n

fic{q dkthigi Hkn ]o( ]kthi}i }omin qkg{i mo Hieih Tii

gkhktogi {riaiti'{riaiti qkrkt}o oho mkheih dion( Goqichi#

gkh{t{} Ifgim99 nf{q{q miktif rihecogi cfjn niuiqih

N{ici ]im{# oq}ocif rk{ck{f &gkckriqnih/ }k{gicihe&qkqi`kh/

}kcif mofocihenih mo miktifhi nitkhi moiheeir dkt}kh}iheih

mkheih i`itih Oqcig(

Nkhm{to Dcihe

Nkhm{to Dcihe qkdkhithi `{ei mocinqihinih mo figrot

qkg{i }kgri} mo Iakf# }k}iro {h}{n nkhm{to qkaiti dkqit'dkqitih

`itihe mocin{nih mo }kgri} cioh( [riaiti imi} oho mocin{nih

gkh`kcihe rk}iho }{t{h nk qiuif qkdieiogihi fiqoc nkr{}{qih

tiri} rimi }oheni} nkaigi}ih( Micig rkt}kg{ih rkhkh}{ih

}ktqkd{} rofin nkaigi}ih gkhe{hmihe og{g g{nog#

nk{`t{kh afon &nk{`t{kh }oheni} nkaigi}ih/# fjr nk{`t{kh

&nk{`t{kh mo }oheni} g{nog/# nk{`t{kheigrjhe# mih riti ifco

rfig eigrjhe&aktmon rihmio/ {h}{n dktg{qiuitif }ktckdof

mif{c{ mkheih }odihi giqi }{t{h nk qiuif( Doiqihi gktkni

}ktckdof mif{c{ gkgdkh}{n riho}oi nkhm{to# gkhk}irnih

cjniqo# mih gkgiq}onih dktiri doii ihe morktc{nih( Nkhm{to

oho {h}{n }oheni} nkaigi}ih mocinqihinih mkheih gkgj}jhe

nktdi{ i}i{ nigdohe mih gkhe{hmihe jtihe'jtihe c{it ihe

moiheeir rkh}ohe mih qkc{t{f giqitini} micig nkaigi}ih}ktqkd{}(

92 Higi qigitih mito qicif qkjtihe hkciyih mo Hieih Tiyi(

99 Higi qigitih mito qicif qi}{ Rihecogi Cfjn mo Hieih Tiyi(


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TK\O]ICOQIQO CKGDIEI IMI] MO HIEIH TI_I 6?

Nkhm{to }{t{h nk qiuif &}tjkh { dcihe/ mocinqihinih

rimi iuic qk}oir }if{h( Nkhm{to fihi mocinqihinih rimi

}oheni} nid{ri}kh mih eigrjhe( Gkh{t{} Qifmihi94 {h}{n

nkhm{to }oheni} nid{ri}kh# D{ri}o ciheq{he ihe gkhe{hmihe

qkc{t{f riti nk{`t{kh dcihe# g{cio mito nk{`t{kh nid{ri}kh#

nkaigi}ih# nkg{nogih mih eigrjhe ihe imi micig

niuiqih Hieih Tii( Iaiti oho mocinqihinih mo dkhm{heih

otoeiqo [ckk @icih# gkh{t{} qicif qkjtihe nk{`t{kh dcihe

fic oho moginq{mnih ieit cihaithi icotih iot modkhm{heih

}kt{}igi mkheih rkgj}jheih nktdi{ qkt}i rkgdiaiih

q{ti} iqoh mih iaiti ponot( Nkhm{to mo }oheni} nid{ri}kh oho

imicif {h}{n gkhkh}{nih uin}{hi }{t{h nk qiuif qkaiti

qktkh}in mo qkc{t{f Hieih Tii( Gkh{t{} Qifmihi# imi }oei

}ifirih nkhm{to qiuif# io}{ nkhm{to }tjkh { dcihe&}{t{h nk

qiuif/# nkhm{to miti rimk &g{mi rimo/ mih nkhm{to d{h}khe

rimk &d{h}ohe rimo/( Nkhm{to }tjkh { dcihe&}{t{h nk qiuif/

monkhic qkdieio nkhm{to rk{}tjkh do`kf &}{t{hnih dodo} rimo/

nk qiuif( Nkhm{to miti rimk &g{mi rimo/ monkhic qkdieio

nfihm{to nih`o &nkhm{to d{d{t/( Qkgkh}iti nkhm{to d{h}ohe

rimo monkhic mkheih nkhm{to ck{giheihe mocinqihinih rimi

{ckk }fjh &infot }if{h/ qk}kcif nk{gk{njf &rihkh/( Nimihe'

nimihe nkhm{to oho moqkd{} mkheih higi nkhm{to Hido Imig(

Qkg{i dkh}{n nkhm{to mo i}iq qkaiti {g{g nkeoi}ihhi

imicif gkgdiai Q{tif _iqoh mito ic'Y{tih# gkcinqihinih

ponot mih dktmji dktqigi qkt}i gkhe{hmihe Id{ Y{mti}ihe gkt{rinih ihin d{heq{ mito Id{ Rk{ck{n{he mkgo

gkgdktni}o {riaiti imi} ihe mocinqihinih(

94 Higi qigitih mito qicif qi}{ nk{`t{kh dcihemo Hieih Tiyi(


108/250

?2 IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF

Nitin}kt Giqyitini} Gkhigdif Dkqithyi Imi}

Giqitini} Hieih Tii monkhic mkheih giqitini} dihin

inic i}i{ tigk{hk( Gkh{t{} Tigciho91 oho }omin }ktckriq

mito nkdoiqiih giqitini} ihe }ktnkqih gkckdof'ckdofnih

imi} oq}oimi}# qkfoheei imi} gkh`imo dkqit &tik{nimi}/ mih

dkt}ifih( Imi dkdktiri rkhmiri} }kh}ihe iqichi oq}ocif

tigk{hk( Gkh{t{} qi}{ rkhmiri} tigk{hk oho dktiqic mito ni}i

tifgihomicig difiqi Itid ihe it}ohi tifgi}( Ajh}jfhi

qkqkjtihe ihe mi}ihe nk qkd{if uit{he hiqo*njro# mkheih

gkhe{airnih Iqqicig{icion{g mih }ihri mogoh}i jckf

rkgocon uit{he oi ciheq{he rkteo nk dkcinihe uit{he( Mo

qihi oi gkha{ao rotohe mih rktici}ih ginih ihe nj}jt

mkheih ginq{m moeti}oqnih doii ginih mih goh{g( Fic oho

gkhmi}ihenih tifgi} nitkhi cfk inio&dihin inic/(

]k}iro imi `{ei ihe dktrkhmiri} difui oq}ocif tigk{hk

gkh{h`{nnih nkdoiqiih giqitini} Hieih Tii ihe }igroc

dkmi mkheih miktif ciohhi( Fic oho goqichi }ktcofi} micig

rkgd{i}ih nk{nitif qkdieio n{k imi} Iakf ihe {n{tihhi

`i{f ckdof dkqit mo Hieih Tii modihmohenih mkheih mo

miktif cioh mo Iakf( Mkgonoih `{ei# giqitini} Hieih Tii

q{ni diciq gkgdiciq micig {t{qih imi} {h}{n gkh{h`{nnih

nkgigr{ih nkc{itei( Goqichi# qi}{ gjdoc n{k modiciq m{i

gjdoc n{k mih qk}kt{qhi uici{r{h d{i} ginih qkfito fito

fit{q dktf{}ihe# fic oho moiheeir }omin giqicif( Micig

giqitini} Hieih monkhic qkd{if oq}ocif gkhjk rk{qokhekhenjk} q{tk monk{ t{gjf# gkhj k{henjk} dockf moconjk} gjf

&nici{ gkgdktqofnih onih }jhenjc mocin{nih mo mkrih t{gif#

91 Higi qigitih mito qicif qkjtihe nk{afon mo Hieih Tiyi(


109/250

TK\O]ICOQIQO CKGDIEI IMI] MO HIEIH TI_I ?9

qkgkh}iti nici{ onih nkaoc mo dkcinihe t{gif/( [henirih oho

moginq{mnih# ihe fkdi}# }oheeo# nktkh# mohigrinnih nkrimi

jtihe cioh( Qkgkh}iti nici{ }omin fkdi} moqkgd{honih qiì(

Rkhmknhi gktkni }omin djckf nicif mo mkrih jtihe(

Giqitini} Hieih Tii `{ei monkhic gkgocono tiqi

rktqi{mitiih ihe }oheeo( Fic oho ih}iti cioh }ktcofi} micig

f{d{heih nknkc{iteiih( @oni imi qicif qi}{ mito nkc{itei

dkqithi gkgd{i} nkhm{to# gini qkc{t{f nkc{itei dkqit ihe

cioh on{} gkgdih}{ nkq{nqkqih nkhm{to }ktqkd{}( Dih}{ih

}ktqkd{} doqi qiì mkheih gkhihee{he doii qkaiti ri}{heih(

Nici{ }omin imi {ihe# doqi qiì mkheih gkgdktonih aohaoh

kgiq# gkgdiitnih qkui nkdjitm# gkhktifnih dktiq mih

qkdieohi( Qii} eocotih nkc{itei ihe cioh inih modiciqnih r{ci

qkt{ri qkrkt}o ihe rkthif oi }ktogi mito qi{mitihi(

Gktkni `{ei gkgr{hio tiqi rktni{gih ihe }oheeo(

Gktiqi qkhiqod doci imi uiteihi gkhmiri} rktcin{ih ihe

}omin gkhkhihenih mito uitei miktif cioh# mkheih dktigio'

tigio gkhmi}iheo micig gkgdih}{ micig gkhaito nkimocih(

Qii qkhmoto r{hi rkheicigih nk}oni oheoh r{cihe nk Hieih

Tii mito Dihmi Iakf( Nk}oni gkgkqih gjdoc qkuiih qii

dkt}ihi irinif gjdoc oho r{cihe qigrio nk Hieih: Qicif

qkjtihe mito gktkni gkhìuid0 oi# hj{ gj}j {tk{he }ihjk#

gjdoc mtjk }ihjk&Oi# oho gjdoc no}i/( Qk}kcif hion nk gjdoc#

qjrot mih rkh{grihe ihe dktiqic mito Hieih Tii dktakto}i

nici{ dihin {tk{he ek{}ihjk &jtihe no}i/# ginq{mhi uiteiHieih Tii mo T{njf# Mit{qqicig mih qkc{t{f Dihmi Iakf

ihe dktfiqoc( @kciq mo qoho gkh{h`{nnih gktkni imi qi}{ tiqi

qkdieio jtihe Hieih mo rktih}i{ih(


110/250


Rk{ck{n{he mih Rktih Rjco}onhyi

Giqitini} Hieih Tii qii} oho qkaiti {g{g giqof qihei}

gkg{coinih ni{g Fidod*Qiom( ]ktgiq{n micig rkhkh}{ih

fin rjco}onhi# gktkni gkh`i}{fnih rocofih dktnio}ih mkheih

rkg{coiih }ktqkd{}( Gkgihe rkgocofih nkrici miktif &D{ri}o/

ihe mocinqihinih rimi Mkqkgdkt 422


111/250


Tii# mkgonoih rkthi}iih ohljtgih ihe rkhkco}o uiuihaitio(

Nkdk}{cih fic }ktqkd{} motkrtkqkh}iqonih jckf qicif qkjtihe

njh}kq}ih micig Rocnimi }ktqkd{}( Gkh{t{} riti ohljtgih oho

giqitini} Hieih Tii qkhmoto gkhimito imi} oq}oimi} oho

omkh}on mkheih tiì# qkfoheei nk}{t{hih tiì qigrio qii} oho

giqof gkhmiri} }kgri} }ktqkhmoto mo giqitini} Hieih Tii

ihe qihei} gkgkcofiti qknico imi} oq}oimi}hi(

Rktqioheih ih}iti ni{g ]k{n{ mkheih ni{g Fidod mo

Hieih Tii qkdkc{ghi }omin rkthif }ktìmo }kt{}igi micig

giqicif rjco}on( Qkdieiogihi rkhmiri} qkdieoih giqitini}

ihe rkhkco}o uiuihaitio# difui rocofih rjco}on gktkni imicif

gkh{t{} itifih nkc{itei dkqit Rk{ck{n{he( Aicjh'aicjh

ihe }omin gkhmiri} m{n{heih mito niciheih nkc{itei dkqit

Rk{ck{n{he }kt{}igi mito Id{ Y{mti} qkhmoto moriq}onih inih

nicif micig rkgocofih Nkrici Miktif( Id{ Imid{qto#9; qkjtihe

ihe qii uiuihaitio }kh}ihe fic oho dktakto}i# difui nk}oni

oq{ rkgknitih Nid{ri}kh Hieih Tii mofkgd{qnih# Id{

Y{mti} rkthif gkgiheeoc qkc{t{f nkc{itei dkqit Rk{ck{n{he

mih jtihe'jtihe ihe qkcigi oho mkni} mkheih Rk{ck{n{he(

Rimi rkt}kg{ih }ktqkd{} Id{ Y{mti} dkt}ihi nkrimi gktkni

dktm{i ihe `{ei on{} fimot dktnkhiih }kh}ihe qoirinif mo

ih}iti nkm{ihi ihe ckdof ciin qii} o}{ {h}{n gkgogroh

Nid{ri}kh Hieih Tii nkmkrih9


112/250

?= IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF

gkgogroh Hieih Tii nk mkrih( Rimi uin}{ o}{ qihe Fidod

oho dkc{g r{hi hoi} {h}{n gi`{ qkdieio aicjh D{ri}o# }k}iro

gkg{}{qnih gkhm{n{he idihehi ihe mito rofin od{ `{ei

gkt{rinih qitolif*i`i &ihin nihm{he mito Fidod G{mi

Qk{hieih/(

Hig{h rimi uin}{ Rocnimi }if{h 422


113/250


114/250

?< IMI] MICIG MOHIGONI RJCO]ON IAKF

Hieih mito Ditoqih Rkg{mi Iakf &DRI/ gkhekc{itnih nto}onhi

difui iaiti ponot }ktqkd{} }kcif morjco}oqiqo( Gkh{t{} Uih MR

mih ]k{n{ Itol Afig mito DRI fic oho }ktcofi} mito gkha{i}hi

}{h}{}ih dktdi{ rjco}oq inho rkgknitih Iakf mkheih

gkhigdif rtj|ohqo dit{# Iakf Ci{qkt Ih}iti &ICI/ mih Iakf

Diti} Qkci}ih &IDIQ/( Rkthi}iih oho ciheq{he modih}if jckf

]TN# ihe nk}{i rkcinqihi ponot q{n{t aoh}i HNTO qk'Iakf

Nkc{itei Dkqit Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih(96 Gkh{t{}hi

iri ihe modkto}inih jckf DRI mih ihe gkhiginih motohi

qkdieio }jnjf g{mi Hieih Tii }omin mom{n{he jckf lin}i'

lin}i ihe qkdkhithi(

Ncitoloniqo ihe moqigrionih micig njtih cjnic }ktqkd{}

gkhmiri} tkinqo nkgdico mito Uih MR mih ]k{n{ Itol Afig(

Micig qoitih rktqhi nkrimi fitoih Qktigdo Ohmjhkqoi }iheeic

44 Ie{q}{q 422? gktkni gkhe{henirnih nknkakuiihhi

}ktfimir rkthi}iih riho}oi ponot( Gktkni gkhei}inih difui

d{nih DRI }k}iro `{q}t{ riho}oi ihe mohocio }kcif gkg{}it

diconnih lin}i(9? Diciqih oho nkg{moih modiciq jckf qkqkjtihe

cioh mito gih}ih njgdi}ih ihe dktohoqoic AG42

Difui njgkh}it ihe mocin{nih Uih Mi}jn Rjckg mih

]k{n{ Itol Afig mo gkmoi giqqi gkt{rinih dkh}{n

96 ]TN imicif imon nihm{he D{ri}o Hieih Tiyi qii} oho( Dkto}i oho mog{i}rimi Fitoih Qktigdo Ohmjhkqoi 44 Ie{q}{q 422? Qjic Rjco}oqiqo Iaiti Ponot

mo Hieih(9? Fitoih Qktigdo }iheeic 41 Ie{q}{q 422?(

42 AG imicif imon orit D{ri}o Hieih Tiyi qii} oho# yihe Nf{q{q gkhmi}iheoDotj Qktigdo Gk{cidjf# @{gi} 49 Ie{q}{q 422? {h}{n gkhencitoniqo dkto}iqkdkc{ghyi mito UIH MR mih ]K[N[ ITOL AFIG yihe moqigrionih nkQktigdo Ohmjhkqoi }iheeic 9? Ie{q}{q 422?(


115/250


rtj|jniqo ihe moqigrionih nkrimi giqitini}(

Gkh{t{}hi rkthi}iih rkgknitih ihe moqigrionih

D{ri}o Hieih Tii dkdktiri uin}{ cic{ gkt{rinih

njgkh}it qkjtihe rkìdi} hkeiti {h}{n gkgoh}i

qkq{i}{ nkrimi rkgktoh}if nf{q{qhi nkrimi Rtkqomkh

QD_( Fic oho }kh}{ qihei} uiìt mih }omin imi {hq{t

{h}{n gkgkaifnih Iakf# nitkhi giqof micig dohenio

HNTO# oditi} ihin gkgoh}i qkq{i}{ nkrimi dirin mih

o}{ uiìt'uiìt qiì(

Qkcih`{}hi AG gkhekaocnih }jnjf'}jnjf g{mi ihegkhento}on mih gkhei}inih difui#

Uih MR mih ]k{n{ Itol Afig }omin r{hi niriqo}iq#

nkm{ihi d{nihcif }jnjf rkg{mi qkrkt}o ihe gktkni

in{o micig rkthi}iihhi mo gkmoi giqqi# iricieo

ihe dktqihen{}ih gkh{t{} A{} Gih d{nihcif gih}ih

njgdi}ih EIG# d{nih }og q{nqkqhi OtuihmoHipit#nkm{ihi fihicif giqitini} doiqi ciinhi rkg{mi

ciohhi(

Gkcofi} rjckgon ihe qkginoh gkt{haohe ihe }ktìmo

mo niciheih kckgkh giqitini} mo Hieih Tii# rkgktoh}if

Rtj|ohqo Iakf r{h on{} dkt{qifi gktkmig {h}{n nkdionih

dktqigi( ]ktnio} mkheih dkto}i ihe dktkmit }ktqkd{}

Uinoc E{dkth{t G{figgim Hipit gkheiìn giqitini}

Iakf dktlonot aktmiq }ktnio} rjckgon ponot mo Hieih( Dkton{}

rkthi}iih Uie{d0

No}i mo Iakf oho nih dktiqic mito qi}{ khmi}{ &hkhkn

gjihe/# nitkhi o}{ gito }kt{q no}i r{r{n mih no}i ìeirktqi{mitiih oho qkaiti dktqigi'qigi( Rkgktoh}if r{qi}

noho q{mif gkhekt}o dk}{c difui Rtj|ohqo Iakf o}{ fihi

qi}{( Nitkhihi icjniqo iheeitih dion ihe dktq{gdkt

mito IRDH# IRDI# IRDN gi{r{h ihe dktq{gdkt mito

dih}{ih'dih}{ih mjhjt cioh# qkrkh{fhi moe{hinih


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{h}{n rkgdihe{hih mih nkgi`{ih qkc{t{f Nid{ri}kh*

Nj}i ihe imi mo Rtj|ohqo oho# ìmo nici{ imi rofin ihe

gkgrjcitoqiqo giqitini} {h}{n fic'fic mo qc{it o}{

qigi mkheih gkheihoii moto qkhmoto(49

]k}iro rjckgon }k}ir dktcih`{}# mih dkdktiri fito

nkg{moih Uih MR mih ]k{n{ Itol Afig gkhenciog motohi

}omin fihi qkdieio }jnjf g{mi Hieih mih Ditoqih Rkg{mi

Iakf &DRI/# }k}iro {ei qkdieio Qto Rim{ni Nkc{itei Dkqit Tiì

G{mi Hieih( Mkheih gkhei}iqhiginih gkuinoco qkc{t{f

rkg{mi Hieih Tii mkheih himi ihe qigi mkheih riho}oi

rkcinqihi ponot q{n{t aoh}i HNTO qk'Iakf Nkc{itei Dkqit Id{

Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih qkdkc{ghi# gktkni gkhe{airnih

qkcigi} mo gkmoi giqqi44 i}iq }ktrocofhi QD_'Djkmojhj

qkdieio Rtkqomkh mih Uinoc Rtkqomkh Tkr{dcon Ohmjhkqoi

rktojmk 422?'429=( Qkcioh o}{ gktkni `{ei gkhe{airnih

}ktogi niqof qkmicig'micighi i}iq rktqi}{ih tiì'tiì Iakf#

mih giqitini} Iakf ihe }kcif gkgrktqi}{nih Iakf micig

HNTO(

Micig njtih ihe qigi Uih MR mih ]k{n{ Itol Afig

gkhigrionih `{ei difui Tiì Hieih inih gkhe{hmihenk}{t{hih tiì'tiì Gkci{ micig tiheni gkgrktn{i}

qoci}{tifog# d{mii mih nkqkhoih Iakf( Micig fic oho oi `{ei

inih gkhe{hmihe mito Giciqoi {h}{n gkhaito mih gkh{q{h

nkgdico qocqocif tiì'tiì Iakf ihe noho moiheeir hitoq

focihe mito ckgditih qkìtif( Rtinitqi oho gkh{t{} gktkni

dktm{i &Uih MR mih ]k{n{ Itol Afig/ qkgi}i'gi}i {h}{n

49 Fitoih Qktigdo Ohmjhkqoi }iheeic 41 Ie{q}{q 422? njcjg 9 mih 99(

44 Fitoih Qktigdo }iheeic 4; Ie{q}{q 422?(


117/250

TK\O]ICOQIQO CKGDIEI IMI] MO HIEIH TI_I ??

gkhkcigi}nih qkìtif mih gkc{t{qnih nkgdico qocqocif

tiì'tiì Iakf( Gktkni dktfitir nkeoi}ih ihe inih gktkni

qkckheeitinih gkhmiri} tkq}{ mih m{n{heih qkg{i rofin(

Micig dkto}i oho Uih MR mih ]k{n{ Itol Afig gkhein{o

motohi d{nih fihi qkdieio }jnjf g{mi }k}iro qkdieio

nk}{t{hih mito riti hoheeti} Iakf }kgrj m{c{(

Rimi d{cih Tigimfih }iheeic 9; Qkr}kgdkt }if{h 422?#

dkdktiri uin}{ qkdkc{g rjckgon mo i}iq g{ha{c Uih MR mih

]k{n{ Itol Afig }ktqkd{} gkhktifnih dih}{ih gk{eihe

Fito Tii Om{c Lo}to 9=12 Fo`toif dkt{ri {ihe }{hio qkdkqit Tr(

;2(222(222#' nkrimi giqitini} Dk{}jhe I}k{f# Hieih Tii(

Dih}{ih }ktqkd{} moqktifnih ciheq{he jckf gktkni nkrimi

rogrohih rkqih}tkh ]k{hen{ Gicon{c ihe gkt{rinih r{}ti

icgitf{g ]k{hen{ Dih}iyoif(41 Oi dktrkqih ieit dih}{ih

}ktqkd{} moqigrionih nkrimi giqitini} Dk{}jhe I}k{f

qkdieio dkh}{n nkrkm{coih rofinhi qkcin{ ekhktiqo g{mi

Hieih Tii }ktfimir giqitini} Dk{}jhe I}k{f ihe qigrio

qii} oho }igrin giqof qihei} }kt}oheeic# modihmohenih mkheih

nkaigi}ih'nkaigi}ih cioh mo Nid{ri}kh Hiei Tii( Qk`{gcif

}jnjf giqitini} Hieih Tii }{t{} gkhinqonih rkhktifih

dih}{ih }ktqkd{}(4=

Rjckgon oho gkhenjhlotgiqonih jdqkt|iqo difui

giqitini} mih kco} rjco}on mo Hieih Tii giqof dktrkeihe

rimi imi} mih qoq}kg q}ti}oloniqo qjqoic ihe diqoqhi micig

41 Oi imicif rogrohih rkqih}tkh yihe }kuiq dktqigi dkdktiri g{tomhyink}oni cjniqo rkqih}tkh oho moqktihe iriti} nkigihih rimi qii} njhlon Iakfdktciheq{he(

4= Cor{}ih Fitoih Qktigdo Ohmjhkqoi yihe mog{i} rimi }iheeic 9;Qkr}kgdkt 422?# ficigih 92(


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nktiìih mih Fidod( Gkqnor{h imi nkcjgrjn i}i{ }jnjf'

}jnjf ihe gkhajdi gkciuih fkekgjho kco} rjco}on ihe imi#

gktkni }k}ir gkgocof gkciuihhi mkheih gkginio moqn{tq{q

imi} mih nktiìih( Nkm{i }jnjf g{mi ihe oheoh gkheon{}o

rktqioheih mkheih D{ri}o qk}kgri} gkhenciog qkhmotohi

qkdieio nk}{t{hih tiì ihe cioh( Gktkni }omin gkgocof

gkgdih}if rkh}ohehi imi} i}i{ nkcjgrjn nk}{t{hih(

Dkh}{n Odimif Rkheon{} Rk{ck{n{he

Rimi miqithi nkd{miiih Iakf mouithio jckf iìtih Oqcig#

}ktgiq{n mo Rk{ck{n{he( Rkheit{f mito Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih

oho rimi g{cihi mog{cio mito }igrochi dkcoi{ qkdieio

g{tqom dieo ]itoni} Qi}}itoif# qkfoheei nfitoqgihi qkdieio

qkjtihe {cigi nfitoqgi}on d{nih fihi gkgrkheit{fo

domihe nkieigiih qiì mo niciheih rkheon{}hi }k}iro `{ei

imi} oq}oimi} ihe }kcif rkhkco}o nkg{ninih mo i}iq( Dktnkhiih

mkheih giqicif ieigi rktc{ rkhkco}o {tionih qkmono} mo qoho

nitkhi fic oho imicif iuic mito fkekgjho Rk{ck{n{he mo Hieih

Tii( Dkdktiri dkh}{n rktodimi}ih rkheon{} Id{ Fidod G{mi

Qk{hieih oho ihe dktdkmi mkheih giqitini} cioh rimi

{g{ghi qkqigi Oqcig(

Qk}oir g{qog Fiò# gkh`kcihe fito tii Om{c Imfi imi

tod{ih ìgiif rkheon{} iìtih Rk{ck{n{he mito dktdieio

rkcjqjn mi}ihe qkaiti dktjgdjheih nk Eigrjhe Rk{ck{n{he(

@igiif oho }omin fihi mito niuiqih Hieih Tii# }k}iro `{eimito Iakf Diti}# Iakf Qkci}ih mih Iakf ]kheif( Tjgdjheih

}ktqkd{} mi}ihe {h}{n qfici} Om{c Imfi nk m{i }kgri}> eigrjhe

Rk{ck{n{he }kgri} Id{ Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih mon{d{tnih

mih nk Eigrjhe Tigdjhe A{} R{cj Ok }kgri} iifihmihi


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qicohe dktmkni}ih( Rkheon{} Id{ Rk{ck{n{he oho `{ei gkinoho

imihi r{iqi }{grihe(4;Hig{h qicif qkjtihe nficolif ti}kd

&ponot/ ihe gkgogroh miif rkheiòih Rk{ck{n{he ihe

}ktqkdit mo dktdieio eigrjhe# gkhei}inih r{iqi }{grihe

d{nihcif moiìtnih jckf Id{ Fidod G{mi(

Iuichi nitkhi giqitini} q{mif gkheiheeir nici{

Fidod G{mi oho imicif Uico{ccif mih gkhmiri}nih ocfig

ciheq{he mito Iccif QU]# qkfoheei irir{h ihe rkthif mocofi}

mito dkcoi{ riq}o moon{}o( Micig njh}knq r{iqi }{grihe# qii} o}{

Id{ Fidod G{mi qkmihe qino} cic{ dkcoi{ dktd{ni rimi qoihe

fito mih gkginih qotof( Nk}oni fic oho mocofi} jckf giqitini}

rkheon{}hi# moiheeir rkgdkhitih difui modjckfnih r{iqi

}{grihe( Qkfoheei qii} oho dihin rkheon{}hi gkcin{nih

d{ni r{iqi ckdof akri} mito ni{g g{qcogoh rimi {g{ghi

mo d{cih Tigimfih( Qkcioh o}{# rkheon{} Id{ Rk{ck{n{he `{ei

gktiinih Om{c Lo}to ckdof m{c{ih qi}{ fito modihmohenih

mkheih ìmuic rkgktoh}if ihe }kt}kti micig nkckhmkt

}if{hih( Gkh{t{} qkdieoih rkheon{}hi# oho moginq{mnih ieit

rkcinqihiihhi qktkh}in mkheih fito tii mo Gknnif(

Fi{c ]if{hih Fidod G{mi Qk{hieih

Rktohei}ih fi{c &nkhm{to }if{hih nkgi}oih/ Fidod G{mi

mocinqihinih qk}oir }if{h qkaiti t{}oh( Oho gkt{rinih iekhmi

}if{hih ihe ì}{f }kri} rimi = @{gimoc Iuicqk}oir }if{h

Fo`toif( Fi{c mocinqihinih rimi gicig fito( Qkdkc{g fi{cmoekcit# qjtkhi igiif dktpoitif nk ginig Id{ Rk{ck{n{he(

4; R{iqi }{grihe imicif dktd{ni rimi qoihe fito i}i{ qjtk fito mo d{cihTigimfih yihe mocin{nih jckf dkdktiri rkheon{} Id{ Rk{ck{n{he(


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Rktohei}ih fi{coho d{nihcif qknkmit rktohei}ih doiqi# nitkhi

mofitirnih ìgiif ihe fimot gkhkcimiho rkt`{iheih dkcoi{

qkdieio e{t{ g{tqom ]itkni} Qi}}itoif mih gkhqitoi}nih

iìtih Tiq{c{ccif micig gkhkeinnih nicogif }i{fom( Qkc{t{f

rkheon{} ihe mi}ihe mito dktdieio miktif gkgimi}o cjniqo

rktohei}ih fi{cihe dktimi mo njgrckn nkmoigihhi &t{gjf

tik{n/ mo Eigrjhe Rk{ck{n{he(

Fi{cmocinqihinih }kri} ìg 49(22 UOD rimi gicig fito(

Rktohei}ih oho dktciheq{he nfomgi}( Giqohe'giqohe ìgiif

ihe morogroh jckf qkjtihe nficolif g{cio dktmji mkheih

gkhefitir cogrifih tifgi} mih ditinif mito Iccif QU](

Imi ìgiif ihe dktponot# gkcin{nih }ifcoc ponot &doc ìft/imi

ihe gkhee{hinih }iqdof mih }ifgom( Imi r{ci ìgiif ihe

gkgdiainih q{ti}{c onfciqmih imi r{ci nkcjgrjn ponot ihe

nf{q{q mito Eigrjhe Qk{gj{k}'[ckk @icih &Dk{}jhe Diuif/(

@igiif oho micig dktmji }igroc dkmi mkheih nkcjgrjn cioh(

@igiif oho gkgdiainih cih}{hih Gi{c{m Ditpihò niti

Qknf @ilit ic'Ditpihò mih Qoti}{h Hidiuoniti qkìtiuih

Id{ Oqfiy( Nkcjgrjn ponot mito Eigrjhe Qk{gj} oho {g{ghi

}kcif dkt{g{t ti}i'ti}i =2 }if{h(

Nk}oni ìt{g ìg }kcif g{h{h`{nnih r{n{c 9(22 UOD#

qkc{t{f ìgiif dktoq}otifi} qigdoc gkhongi}o njro moq{q{c

mkheih n{k nfiq Hieih Tii> nk{nitif# qk}kcif igiif qkckqio

gkhongi}o ginihih toheih mih q{e{fih njro qkcih`{}hi

riho}oi gkhiònih hiqo fomiheih ihe giqof fihei} ckhenirmkheih ci{n ri{n mo}igdif }kc{t iqoh ihe gkt{rinih

ginihih li|jto} Hieih Tii( Qkckqio gkhaoaoro ginihih#

qkc{t{f

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